GROUP 11

MODERNISM
GARDEN CITY

RASHA KP
S8
R no. 27
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT: The Origin A garden city is a town designed
for healthy living and industry; of a size that makes possible a full
measure of social life, but not larger, surrounded by a rural belt; each a
self sufficient entity of 30000 population, ringed by an agricultural
belt.

HISTORY
●Concept of “Garden City” was introduced by ,Ebenezer Howard
(London,1898) in his small remarkable book “To-morrow”(later re-
published as “Garden cities of To-morrow”.

●He wanted to design an alternative for overcrowded and polluted

industrial cities of that century.

●His solution centred in developing smaller “garden cities” ,linked by

canal and transit and covered by a permanent green belt.

● He founded the Garden City Association (later known as the Town

and Country Planning Association or TCPA), which created First
Garden City, Ltd. in 1899 to create the garden city of Letchworth and
Welywn .
FEATURES OF GARDEN CITY OF HOWARD

●accommodate 32,000 people

● 6,000 acres (2,400 ha),

●planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces,

public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m)
wide, extending from the centre.

●The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it

reached full population, another garden city would be
developed nearby.

●Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities

as satellites of a central city of 50,000 people, linked by
road and rail
THREE MAGNETS”

● Howard pushed the idea of garden city by a diagram” The Three

Magnets” in trying to understand and represent the attraction of city he
compared each city to a magnet ,with individuals represented as
needles attracted to magnet.

● depicts 3 magnets

1.advantages and disadvantages of town life

2.advantages and disadvantages of country life 3.town-country life,
incorporating advantages of town and country life
 TOWN COUNTRY MAGNET
Beauty of nature- peace all-
TOWN MAGNET COUNTRY MAGNET over the places.

POSITIVE ASPECTS NEGATIVE ASPECTS POSITIVE ASPECTS NEGATIVE ASPECTS Social opportunity-
cumulative growth.
1. Opportunities for 1. Distance from 1. Natural beauty 1. Dullness
work work
2. Meadows 2. Lack of society Fields and parks of easy
2. Choices of 2. Closely out of ,forests, wood access- equal chances.
employment nature 3. Low rents 3. Lack of drainage Low rents- high wages.
3. High wages 3. Isolation from
4. Bright sunshine 4. Low wages
crowds
5. Abundant water 5. Lack of Low rates- plenty to do.
4. Social 4. High rents
amusements
opportunities
6. Fresh air 6. General decay Low prices- no sweating.
5. Amusements 5. Dirty air
7. healthfulness
6. Well-lit streets 6.Slums
Field for enterprise- flow of
capital.
Solution
Pure air and water- good
Combination of advantage of town and country planning in the town drainage. Bright homes &
country magnet He proposed a town in a country “garden city” gardens- no smoke, no slums.
Freedom- Co-operation.
DEFINITION OF GARDEN CITY

●Term means ‘a city in a garden ‘ or city of gardens’.

● By Garden cities and Town Planning Association ,1919

“a garden city is a town designed for healthy living and industry; of a size that makes possible a full
measure of social life; but not larger ;surrounded by a rural belt; the whole of the land being in public
ownership or held in trust for community”
●Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts",
containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.

●The garden city introduced the use of greenbelts that have served many uses including the
preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation, pollution
minimization, and growth management.

● Garden city tradition endowed urban planning with a social and community dimensions.

●The garden city idea however, showed how both industrial estates and collective retailing spaces
could be used within a comprehensive planning approach to serve public purposes.
CORE PRINCIPLES OF GARDEN CITY

●Strong community
●Ordered development
● Environmental quality

PRINCIPLES OF GARDEN CITY

● Co-operatve holding of land to insure that the advantage of appreciation of land values goes to
the community,not the private individuals
●Economic and social advantages of large scale planning
● Establishment of cities of limited size, but at the same time possessing a balanced agricultural
industrial economy
●Urban decentralisation
● Use of a surrounding green belt to serve as an agricultural recreational area
FEATURES OF GARDEN CITY

1. Contains open spaces and gardens around all the

dwelling houses and factories
2. Has a population which is neither too small nor too
large.
3. It is a city owned by all citizens on a co-operative basis
4. Its is an independent entity having its own civic life and
affording all daily needs with adequate spaces for
schools and other functional purposes
5. It is a self sufficient unit having its own industries
6. It is surrounded by periphery by a green belt.
7. It need not have the rapid transit arrangement
8. The surplus fund is utilised for the development of the
community itself
CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT OF A GARDEN CITY •

●Circular city growing in a radial manner or pattern.

●Divided into six equal wards, by six main Boulevards that radiated from the
central park/garden.
●Civic institutions (Town Hall, Library, Hospital, Theatre, Museum etc. ) are placed
around the central garden.
●The central park enclosed by a crystal palace acts as an arcade for indoor shops
and winter gardens.
●The streets for houses are formed by a series of concentric ringed tree lined
avenues.
● Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km .
●A 420 feet wide , 3 mile long, Grand avenue which run in the center of
concentric rings , houses the schools and churches and acts as a continuous
public park.
●All the industries, factories and warehouses were placed at the peripheral ring
of the city.
● The municipal railway was placed in another ring closer to the industrial ring ,
so that the pressure of excess transport on the city streets are reduced and the
city is connected to the rest of the nation.
GARDEN CITY CONCEPT IN PRACTICE

1. The first Garden City evolved out of Howard’s principles is Letchworth Garden City designed by Raymond
Unwin and Barry Parker in 1903.
2. The second one to evolve was Welwyn Garden City designed by Louis de Soissons and Frederic Osborn in
1920.

LETCHWORTH, ENGLAND, UK
●Letchworth- 35milesfrom london.
●land of 3822 acres.
● reserved green belt- 1300 acres.
●designed for maximum of35ooo
population
●in 30 years-developed with15000
population and 150 shops, industries
25 townplanningandarchitecture
Letchworth is a independent city with
a complete municipal life of its own
● It is an industrial city with all the functions and
activities of a self contained community
● It is planned as home for all kind of industries
with facilities of cheap light,power,power,fuel and
water
●Letchworth is meant for all lasses of people, the
workers and the owners

WELWYN, UK
●Welwyn- 24 miles from London.
● land of 2378 acres.

●designed for a maximum of 40000

population.
● in 15 years-developed with10000 population
and 50 shops, industries 29

● Welwyn garden city was the second garden

city in England (founded 1920) and one of
thefirst new towns (designated1948).
●it is unique in being both garden city and
a new town and exemplifies the physical,
social and cultural planning ideals

● Streets are designed so as to give the concept

of a Neighborhood unit.

●Separation of the pedestrian walkways from

the main roads gives a sense of natural beauty.

● Personalization of Homes in Welwyn with

varying roofline, texture and composition for
each house.

● Open and green spaces are Given on a large

scale.