24 Urban Planning

URBAN PLANNING
1. NEED FOR
It is a great human enterprise servino
"The modern city is a complex organism. of the land on which ne th
and spiritual needs of man. It is a segment
the material
to trade, to play and to pray
selected to live and to work, to learn and
people have factories and offices, sch00ls
and libraries, theatres
is a music of homes and shops,
places and government centres, fire
meeting
and hospitals, parks and churches, a network of streets and
and offices. These are woven together by
stations post channels. To arrange all
water, sanitation, and communication
transportation routes,
the city develops is the function of the general plan"
these facilities properly as

(Gallion and Eisner, 1969, 186).

health and housing, proper
To obtain and maintain public safety, public
commercial facilities, education, morality, peace and quiet law and
transportation, to remove
as a whole. It is not enough
order in urban areas, the area must be planned
essential to redesign
that are in sanitary. It becomes
existing buildings and structures
conditions that cause slums. As we know slums
the whole area so as to eliminate the
are characterized by the over crowding
of dwellings, the lack of adequate streets, and
the lack of banks, the presence of outmoded
alleys, the absence of recreational areas,
street patterns, lack of light and air etc. It
is believed that the removal of individual
structures that are offensive, would be only a palliative.
"The entire area needed
for the region,
redesigning so that a balanced, integrated plan could be developed and
not new homes but also schools, churches, parks, streets,
only
including
shopping centres. In this way it was hoped that the cycle of decay of the area cou
190%,
be controlled and the birth of future slums prevented" (Gallion and Eisner,
181).
and
Cities are human lot of economic, social
agglomerations characterised by a
cultural diversities. These diversities lead to the development of differential land use
functional characteristics and layout patterns within the urban area. After Se
World War the phenomenal growth in urban population in most of developlin
countries has not only lead to the increase in the size and number of urban cenu
accentuation of intra and inter urban disparities but creation of numerous pro0
uels,
related to food, shelter (housing), transport, supply of water, electricity and u c
lems
drainage, environmental problems, public health and sanitation, ete. "These prob
eable,
can be solved only by urban planning which can help in making our cities liveat
UrbanPlamming

287
and healthy not only for present generation but for
a
safe
our children and grand
as well."(Tiwari, R.C., 2012, 722).
c l e a n ,

children
hil Urban Dlanning is a guide to orderly urban
olfare, and convenience of the people of development provide health,
to
safety, w e l f a r e ,

safetys the complex relationships between differentcommunity.

a It organizes and
urban land uses. The urban
cOora the physical development of the
plan directs
community and its environs in relation
to its socio- cocio-economic well-being for the fulfilment of the rightful common
requirements.

2. MEANING AND DEFINITION OF URBAN PLANNING

"Urban pianning is an applied discipline in which plans are formulated and
t e d for the development, improvement and reconstruction of existing urban
centres and planning and development of new urban areas. Its prime objective is to
rove the quality of the city life and make judicious utilization of its land
arces. It endeavours to solve urban problems and improve the quality of urban
life." (Tiwari, R.C., 2012, 722). It is based on various principles which undergo
the changing social and economic needs of the urban
changes depending upon
community.
urban planning given by
Following are some significant definitions of
economists and urban planners
prominentgeographers,
is the welfare of citizens and to raise the
1. Underlying idea of town planning - L.D. Stamp.
standard of living of the people.
science and art concerned primarily with the city's ever

2. City planning is the - James Forde.

changing pattern.
as will promote the
is simply the exercise of such foresight
3. City planning rational
development of a city and its environs along
orderly and sightly convenience and commercial
with due regard for health, amenity and
lines - Nelson P. Lewis.
and industrial advancement.
accommodation of several limits to make
4. The touch stone of planning is the - H.M. Mayer
harmonious whole.
a complete but of urban life.
is to improve the quality
urban planning
S. The essential aim of R. Knowledge and J. Wareing
planning is mainly
a

above definitions that urban

It is quite evident from for the present and
a comprehensive programme
provides which they become
gOvernmental plan which the implementation of
of urban centres by urban facilities are
ure developmentaccessible and pollutionless and essential problemless and
centre becomes
Can, beautiful, and thus,
urban
rather than
urban dweller as a process
d l e to each accurate to
define an urban plan for the
c a l . It is probably more
Eisner (1969, 188). "t is a pattern
Gallion and builders in locating
their
concl statement. To
to guide the city
the city, a pattern s u c c e s s . It is a design for the physical,
c a l development of prospect for
invest and measuring the welds the sociological,
framework for
the city; It
social, and political
economic, city into a
structure."

properties of the
economic, and
a n d geographic
288 Settlement Geogranik
aphy
PLANNING
3. FORMS OF URBAN
in the form of urban plan accord:.
There may be considerable variation
of the city. The plan for a city would be m
physical conditions and problems to time but a general n
as condition may alter the
affairs of people from time
of vital importance to the welfare
master plan represents certain provisions
to Gallion and Eisner (1969, 188), a oe
urdan people and their city. According general
plan or master plan city represents:
for
may be built to accommoda.
) A decision on the number of people city
the
date.
(1) The standards by which the city
will be developed.
uses of land, the
ii) Decisions on the appropriate relation betweenNie relation
ion
between the land to be developed for residential, commercial, and
nd
industrial enterprise.
these
the lines of communication that link areas the
-

(iv) Decisions on ne
communication system.
() Decisions on the plan for reservation of open space throughout the city.
These broad decisions are essential to the formulation of a pattern for city
building. The health of urban development rests upon these decisions as they present
the aspirations of the urban community and set the goals towards which the city may
advance. Thus, the general plan may be regarded as a reference guide for the
planning commission.
According to Gallion and Eisner (1969, 189), general plan serves as the basic
frame of reference for all administrative and regulatory measures relating to the
physical development of the city the zoning ordinance, subdivision regulations,
urban renewal, the capital improvement expenditures. To them, the general plan
comprises two basic elements (1) the plan for landuse, and (2) the plan for
circulation.
(1) The Plan for Landuse : The general plan designates the areas of the city
adapted to development for the various land uses : residential, commercial, industrial
and open space. It sets forth the standards for density of landuse in terms of
population or building built. It defines the areas to be reserved for recreation,
conservation agriculture etc. This plan would guide the city and public utility
corporations in the design of utilities - sewers, gas, water, electric distribution, street

lighting etc.
(2) The Plan for Cireulation : The general plan provides plan for major
highways and streets, mass-transportation routes, railways, airfields, and waterways
It also defines the traffic arteries, parkways, freeways and their intersections and
interchanges. In this plan all lines of communication are integrated for the circulation
of the people and goods in and about the urban area. As the city develops, this
will become the retference for improvements and extensions for the circulation
plan
system (Gallion and Eisner, 1969, 189-190).
 U r b a nP l a n n i n g
289
4. TYPES OF URBAN PLANNING
Abercrombie has stressed
the elements for urban
on
Patric
o f conication, land
planning which are
eans
of
m e a n s
communio
open and community agglomeration. A.M.
ements for the purpose of
ncluded 7 elem
zone,

Basset has urban planning: 1. roads, 2. parks,

for public buildIdings, 4. communal reserve
3. p l a c e t o r land, 5. zonal areas, 6. public
ads. In this way, on the basis of constituent elements, urban
7. small roads.
routes, and

planningmaybe divided into following groups

1) Landuse
Planning : Land use planning is regarded as the base of urban
For the purpose of urban planning suitable zones are defined for different
planning. F o r

functions. For different functional classes like industry, trade, administration,

dential, educational al institutions, public offices, public land, parks, and transport
railway station, air field etc.) separate functional zones are to
centres (bus stop,ra
withi the municipal boundary
develop

(2)Transportation Planning: Transport planning is concerned to remove

art bottlenecks
transport bott and traffic congestions and to improve urban traffic. It involves
lutions such as WIdening of roads, segregation of slow moving vehicles,
various soluti

struction of over bridges, tunnels and subways, bypass roads, andunderground

constr
In metropolitan cities crowded business area are often segregated from
tc.
railways etc.

vehicular traffic.
It is also known as economic planning. It includes
(3)Functional Planning: structure of population. It also
delimitation of various functional zones and functional
includes the present
and future appraisal of working population (work force) engaged
functional classes.
in different
Plan related with location and layout
Housing Planning :
(4) Residential or
residential planning.
residential areas are included under
and house planning of situation,
residerntial areas according to site and
Determination of layout of different
areas for the families belonging
determination of separate residential
of
of house plans are the major aims
economic and social status, and provision residential
or improvement is
also a part of
residential planning. Slum clearance
removed and slum dwellers
Where slum clearance is essential, slums are
planning.
colonies mainly free of cost. In many
cases
are offered residences in new planned
electricity etc. are provided
basic civic amenities like drinking water, roads, drainage,
0 improve the environmental conditions of
such slums.
for
It includes the evolution, study and planning
) Planning of Services: to the urban
aterent type of services, amenities and
other supplies to be provided
facilities like supplies of drinking
Management and planning of public
uents. parks and entertainment,
schools

waler, electricity, gas etc., drainage and sewage,

COeges etc. are included under the planning of services.
Towns : It is
related with the formation of new
0Planning for Future This planning is
of the big congested city.
Panned towns outside the municipal limits cities. This
of population in metropolitan
order to check the concentration
n linear or
is towns, expanded, dispersed,
radialirough the development of satellite
radial towns.
 Settlement Geogra
290
PLANNING
OF URBAN
CONCEPTS
5.
number of concepts
and principles which t
on a
Urban planning is based environment and
sOcio-economic requirem
upon the physical
change depending much attention wasgiven on the
ofthe urban people. In early urban planning streets etc. while at layout
of the roads and present
of the buildings and patterns and width added. Some of the signif
various economic and socjal aspects
have also been nificant
are discussed
here.
concepts of urban planning
(1) Garden City Concept
Garden city may be defined as totally planned and relatively self-containes
"a
environmental quaji
master plan emphasizing
setlement developed according toa
The garden city is an early successfil
and spaciousness" (Johnston, 1986, 169). the garden city Was
settlements. The plan of
modern attempts to develop such
Howard (1850-1928) Who experienced
devised by a British stenographer, Ebenezer
social andeconomic advantages of city life
in London city a chance to combine the
rural environment. Badly influenced by
with the advantages to the living in a healthy
conditions of British cities,
the depressing ugliness, haphazard growth and unhealthy
Howard had an idea which he set forth in a little book named Tomorrow: 4
the end of the nineteenth century
Peaceful Path to Social Reform' published in
1902 entitled 'The Garden City of
(1898). Its extended volume was published in
Tomorrow'.
In his book Howard described a town in which the land would remain in the
single ownership of the community and dwellings would be distributed about a large
central area in which the public buildings would be situated. In the garden city, the
shopping centre would be located on the margin of the town and industries on the
outskirts. Such city would have a population of about 30 thousand covering an area
of 1000 acres. There would be a permanent belt of agricultural land of 5,000 acres
surrounding the entire city.
One year after the first publication of his book, Howard founded The Garden
City Association in 1899 in London, and in 1903 the First Garden City, Ltd. obtained
4,500 acres of land, 34 miles away from London in Hertfordshire and founded the
City of Letchworth. It was designed for a maximum population of 35,000 with a
belt coming thirty years, the town of
surrounding agricultural of 3,000
acres. In
Letchworth had grown to a population of 15,000 with more than 150 shops and sixty
industries. Again a second garden city, Welwyn was established in 1920 covering tne
site area of 2,400 acres. It was designed for a
population of 40 thousand. It wasa
located in Hertfordshire. In these cities, the
agricultural belt remaining a permane
protection often considered the only usefulness of vacant land on the periphery
towns. The principal object
of the Garden City is to create a town for the benefit
the community.
The growth of the Garden city are reversed from the practices of JSual

speculative city. The use of specific areas are determined by the tnehe the
Garden City. Only factories and zoning
workshops are built in the industrial zones and s shops
 Urban Planning

in the
nmercial zones,
commercial
zones. oOpen
spaces remain 291
for further
thefuture needs and for the
appropriate use
The Garden city movement development according to
provided in the
as a plan.
own program ch adhered to whole was a forerunner of the
which
The Garden broadly similar principles of
A s s o c i a a princin
post-war New
urban decongestion. City
uty Association itself town
planning and
Plannin
Town and Country ning Association in presaged
1918, still a potent
the
founding of the
British towm planning policy". (Johnston, 1986, pressure group in
New Town Concept
170).
(2)
ow town concept suggests the formation of new
municipa limits of a
metropolitan city. Such towns must planned towns outside the
be equipped with
ilities so as to attract industrial, business and residential all urban
e standing, self-contained and socially balanced urban houses. New town is "a
centre, planned
receive overspill population and employment in balanced proportions fromprimarily to
conurbations." (Johnson, 1986, 327) congested
England suffered heavy damage to its cities during the Second World War. The
Town and Country Planning Act, l944 had extended financíal aid to local
authorities
for the purchase of land when rebuilding was possible. The
damage large urban
of
areas impressed many scholars and planners with the
possibility of recapturing
suitable open spaces within their congested cities. The English people had seen the
advantages of the small community as a better way of life. In 1944, the county of
London had a population of 4 million in the area of 117 square miles. At the core lies
the city of London, one mile square with 5,000 people. Extending out from this
centre, Greater London had a population of 8 million in an area of 700 square miles.
The planning programme under the Town and Country Planning Act, 1944, under the
direction of Prof. Patrick Abercrombie was directed toward rebuilding the war-torned
city and relieving the intolerable overcrowding and congestion.
Abercrombie's 1944 Greater London Plan proposed ten new towns as overspill
limit of green belt. 15 New Towns
reception areas for London city beyond the outer
were designated in Britain between 1947 and 1950.
"The planned decentralization of
within the inner core of the metro-
London, by a reduction of population density
from the centre, was implemented
area and dispersal of people and industry
pontan Towns in England, Scotland and
the New Towns programmes of the 15 New
y London region. These towns
have invited
Wales, eight are located within the than one-half million people."
development and will accommodate more
Strial related to the larger orbit of
Some new towns were
dlon and Eisner, 1969, 337). facilities of the central city.
Odon to make available to their people the special in
near
Skelmersdale Liverpool
new towns were
designated:
wO additional road in 1962.
the Glasgow-Edinburgh
andLivingstone. located south of towns were
conceived as
new
Further in the
n e tradition of garden city,
some

thousand and 60 thousand

with all
Comm
communities rangir between 50 Basildon,
anging in population Among such
New Towns,
facilitiee
facilities
to serve and support this population. settlements while
substantial existing
Northam
Northampton and dPetersborough
were based
on

built from nothing.

Pelerlee, NNewton
Felerlee. a
ewton Aycliffe were essentially
92 Settlement Geog aphy
The experience of New Town elsewhere differs from that of Britain,.
the Second
In .
nt
the oldest predate the Se.
United States, there are more than 150 New Towns,
until 1960. Here nri
World War. A number of others were in the blue print stage private
Britain. fo accommodate the increas
development is more significant than in easing
population congestion
and relieve within the city of Paris, the French Governmentin
1960 approved a plan for three urban nuclei beyond the municipal limit of the urban
cis
The plan for decentralization of Stockholm has resulted in two new towns in uthan
city
planning: Vallingby and Farsta.
the future role of Ne
their overall success and imitation overseas,
"Despite
Towns in Britain is in doubt because of declining birth rates, changing attitudes
towards urban renewal and concern about inner-city depopulation." (Johnston, 1936
328)
(3) Urban Renewal Concept
Urban renewal refers the rehabilitation of those parts of cities deemed to have
fallen below prevailing standards of urban society. Urban renewal activities are

generally confined to inner-city areas, raising problems inadequate housing,

of a mix

of conflicting different land uses, traffic congestion, environmental degradation,

social molaise etc.

Following the Housing Act of 1949, a general plan of the city into which
U.S.
As a consequence, the
the redevelopment project was integrated became necessary."
federal government to include
Housing Act of 1954 extended the role of the
rehabilitation and conservation, and the programme was expanded from
redevelopment to urban renewal." (Gallion and Eisner, 1969, 315).
Gallion and Eisner (1969, 329) write, "As urban renewal moves into high gear it
the purpose of it all. Slums must be eradicated and
may behoove us to mediate upon
and
the families from them must have decent housing. Blight must be removed
and
further spread prevented. Run-down business sections need rehabilitation
industrial areas must be cleaned up. The decay must be carved out, and renewal can

serve that purpose."

According to Johnston (1986), "Urban renewal is generally pursued by publie
rather than private bodies because it involves many small urban lots, areas of very
high land values beyond the capacity of private commercial funds, poor
environments, official restrictions (or urban zoning) and the needs of low-income,
low-status inhabitants which cannot be satisfied on the open market. Private and
public interests occasionally cooperate on urban renewal schemes."
The slum clearance and re-housing programmes by local authorities we
initiated by the 1930 Housing Act in the United Kingdom. But the interpretation o
this duty varied conside:ably among different authorities. After the Second Wor
War, programme of urban renewal was redirected and its scope and scale we
increased, partly to tackle damage in war but also to make more vigorous by the n
was
ideas of town planning. An additional feature of this phase of urban renewal
planned dispersal, as in the case of new towns.
 Urban Planning
293

1949, grants have been provided in Britain for the in situ upgrading of
Since
g urban on and renovation has gradually replaced the emphasis on
position

existatnd redevelopment. The prograinmes of General Improvement A reas and

removal and

Action Areas wereset up by the Housing Act of 1969 and 1974

H o u s i n g A d

where people could benefit from the related programmes for upgrading
respectively,

e n v i r o n m e n t by the local authority. In such local

physica
planning schemes, the
the was also encouraged.
participa
public
clearance and improvement scheme was introduced in 1956.
India, the slum
In

provisio for acquisition of slums and re-housing of families whose

made
It
nthly income was below R. 350. In April 1972, the Government of India
monthly
introduced the Central Scheme for Environmental Improvement in slum areas and
orovided assistance to the states for launching slum improvement
financial

in cities with a population

of 8 lakhs and above. The aim is to create a
p r o g r a m m e s

conservation and rehabilitation as

healthy residential environment by prevention,
varied conditio. in the respective slum areas. In the old city slums spot
applicable to
houses is often required, where in the outlying peripheral
as
clearance of dilapidated
installation of street utilities, recreation facilities and other improvements
slum areas
conditions. In some slum areas drainage is the real
are desirable for improving living conditions. It is noteworthy
and unpaved lanes present chaotic
problem and winding the aim of slum clearance and
rehabilitation of all slum
that as a planning strategy,
1989, 207).
dwellers is not feasible (Singh, L.R.,

(4) Master Plan Concept

It include a review of the
Master plan refers the comprehensive city plan. must
trends, a
structure ofa city or planning area, a measurement of development
physical specific and
definition of goals and objectives for future growth and change,
and charts which delineate the plan and
recommendations in the form of maps

establish standards of density and building

intensity in support of the plan (Gallion
and Eisner, 1969, 186). Plan' has been
'Master
with 'General Plan'. The term
Master plan is synonymous individual lot topa
almost scheme for property development from an
applied to every 'General Plan' identifies long-
centre or a city. The term
large estate, a shopping as a foundation
for
by or for a government agency
range, comprehensive planning These terms aare
within specific corporate limits.
overall land development policies it from the varied
but General Plan has been adopted to distinguish
nterchangeable, and Eisner,
associated with Master Plan (Gallion
govenmental applications
1969, 1987). studies of
comprehensive surveys and
careful and
aster plan is based on future growth of the city, having
scientific

and the prospect of urban

Conditions the physical development of the
It directs
inques and creative experience. its socio-economic well-being
for the
to
comm and its environs in relation and adopted
y of the people. Master Plan prepared
ment of common requirements for the
and long-term general plan
by planning commission is a comprehensive
Plan may be
referred to as
Master
ph however,
of the city. Thus,
evelopment
 Urban Plamning

295
plan and shall be officially certified bythe planning
has described the commission and the
t h e G e n e r a l

he
legislative body. Ladislas Segoe (1941)
following terms
Master Plan in the
comprehensive city plan or master plan must
"The
therefore be : (1) a balanced
a n d
attractive general design best suited to
o t h e r w i s e

present and probable future

in scale with the population and economic
scale
ds, (2) prospects of the community,
with its financial resources, present and
(3) in scale

criteria calls for the application of scientific prospective.

and The satisfying
o ft h e a b o v e
as well as
artistic effort, in
aduce a city plan of attractive form, pleasing balance and detail,
order to produce

attuned to
economic
and social tivities of the community."
the
6. URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA
practice
The of urban planning in India a s in
vogue since
as early as
rehistoric times. The nature and condition of urban planning in different historical
eriods have been changing considerably according to geographical,
geographical, soci
social,
economic and political conditions of the country.
economic and
(1) Prehistoric Period
The first highly advanced Indian civilization began its evolution as early as
3000 B.C. and reached ts peak between 2500 and 2000 B.C., known as Indus Valley
Civilization. It covered a large area extending about 1600 kilometres through the
Indus Valley and along the coast of Arabian Sea to the west and east of the mouth of
the River Indus. "It was essentially an urban civilization, with a cosmopolitan society
and extensive trade with the outside world. Among some 70 metropolitan centres
thus far uncovered, the two principal sites are Mohenjo-Daro, about 480 km. from
the sea coast, and Harappa, about 640 km. farther up the river. Both were durably
constructed of brick and laid out in accordance with ambitious and intelligent
planning (Burns, 1991, 115).
The streets, varying in width from 2.5 to 10 metres were regularly aligned,
sometimes running straight for nearly 800 metres. The main streets were duly
oriented to the points of the compass and intersected at right angles, dividing the city
into square or rectangular blocks, each of which was divided lengthwise and
crosswise by a number of lanes (Majumdar, 1977, 21). Generally each house had a
well, a bathroom and a good system of covered drainage along the street. The house
were made of well-made burnt bricks.
2) Ancient Period
The scattered descriptions of villages and towns are found in ancient Indian
Buddhist and Jain
ures Such as the Puranas, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, is found that all
res, Kautilya's Arthashastra, Patanjali's Mahabhashya, etc. Iton
high banks or
lele ues were located on major rivers and occupied a site
associated with rivers,
laka
e other towns and cities which were not particularly
Sana Seas are those whose location was based on strategic points, religious
sanctity or important routes.
 Settlement Geography
296
lastinapur, Mathura, Pataliputra, Vaishal
like Ayodhya,
Indraprastha, Shrawasti, Kashi. Ch
Puranic cities

Kaushambi, Madurai,
Kanchipuram, Sanchi, ampa
basis. Ayodhya city occupied
an area of 5.4 km. x 141
on planned
built and
etc. were
length and 3.2 km. in breadth
covered an area of 16 km. in was
Pataliputra city
mortall all around.
surrounded by deep
(3) Medieval Period
They established
rulers in town planning.
Great interest was taken by Mughal
on planned basis. A
number of cities including Srinagar, Agra, Fatehni
many towns examples of city plannino
Sikri, Shahjahanbad (old Delhi) present good
surrounded by wall made
with a population of about 60 thousand was
Shahjahanbad
Delhi Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Ajamer
of quartzite. The city had four gates namely each other at right
Gate and Lahauri Gate. The city
had two main roads intersecting
Chandni Chawk or Faiz Market. The
central was known as
angles. This area
Katra. Locality occupied by
zones : Haveli and
residential area was divided into two
and the area inhabited by business men and
elite class people was known as Haveli'
artisans was called Katra'.
medieval period. Jaipur city was established
Jaipur is a planned city of the late
A.D. The city is built on a rectangular plan
by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh in 1727
irounded by 6 metres high wall. Covering a
total area of 8 square kilometres, the
which roads and streets intersect each other
city's layout is based on gridiron plan in
at right angles. The palace of the King is
situated in the northern part of the city. The
were made of pink sandstone, so
city had six gates and the buildings of entire city
that the city of Jaipur is also known as pink city.
(4) Modern Period
in
During British Rule, Western models in city planning were frequently applied
focus was
developing a number of towns and cities in India. In city planning, main
on administrative and military objectives. British planning introduced civil lines and

military cantonments in many Indian cities. The work of town planning was started
in the end of nineteenth century when Improvement Trust was established in Mumbai
(1898). Mumbai Improvement Trust executed more than 70 development plans
within a span of 50 years. Since then a series of improvement trusts were established
:Mysore in 1903, Kolkata in 1911, New Delhi in 1911, Lucknow in 1919, Kanpurin
1919 and Allahabad in 1920.
A project work for planning New Delhi was taken up in December 1911 which
was based on the garden city concept of Ebenezer Howard. Thus, Delhi became the
first garden city of India occupying an area of 1280 hectares to reside 65 thousand
people. Its lay out relied on the hexagonal pattern surrounded by arcuate roads. At
the same time (191) Jamshedpur city was planned by Julian Kenedy. This is basea
on the principle of neighbourhood units.
A fter Independence, a number of planned cities have been established
ffeent parts of tne u n he planned cities include Chandigarh, Bhubaneshwa
inagar, Itanagar, Kandhila, Paradwip, Haldia etc. These cities have obeen
ectablished using m0uc ecnniques in city planning. In many old cities various
U r b a nP l a n m i n g
297
evelopment A u t h o r i t i

Authorities and Improvement Agencies are functioning in order to plan

Deve
suitable places, and to prepare Master Plans for redevelopment
opian of
new colonies

cities.

T h e m a s
nlan of Chandigarh was developed in 1951 by Maxwell Fry and
t e r

The England and P.L. Verma, chief engineer for the state. The initial stage
population of 150 thousand site of 9,000 acre, but a
provides for
J a n e D r e w

a on a
of
theplan
f the of 500 thousand is anticipated. The layout plan is based on a huge
population
future
ds intersecting at distances of about 800 metres in one direction
gridiron o fm a j o r

metres
other. These roads determine neighbourhood sectors, each
in the other.
about 15,000 people. The commercial and
nd 1200
a n d

size and housing

in size
240
acres

centres
the heart of this great square. The capital complex is
cupies
ministrative of the city on a site of 220 acres.
northern boundary
nart along
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