Case Study of

Modern Urban Planning

Source – Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Urban Land Use Models in Urban Land Use and Transportation
Content

1. Modern Planning

2. Hierarchy of Plans

3. Urban Structure - Modern Concept

Definition
 Population - A population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group
or species , which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of
interbreeding.
 Population density - It is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume;
it is a quantity.
 Land uses - are categories that refer to the different socioeconomic activities
occurring in a particular area, the human behavior patterns they create, and their
effects on the environment.
 Road – A wide way leading from one place to another, especially one with a specially
prepared surface which vehicles can use.
 Road Pattern – Different prototype of roads, organic, gridiron, hexagonal etc.
 Infrastructure - The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities
needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

Source – URDPFI Guidelines,Wikipedia

 Tourism - The commercial activity of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining
tourists, and business of operating tours.
 Disaster Management - Disaster Management can be defined as the organization
and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian
aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to
lessen the impact of disasters.
 Census of India - A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and
recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly
occurring and official count of a particular population.

Source – URDPFI Guidelines,Wikipedia

Urban Area & Urbanization
 Urban Area - Urban areas where major population have nonagricultural
jobs. Urban areas are very developed, meaning there is a density of human structures
such as houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways. "Urban area" can
refer to towns, cities, and suburbs.
 Urbanization - Urbanization is a population shift from rural to urban areas, "the
gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in
which each society adapts to the change.
 Town - A built-up area with a name, defined boundaries, and local government, that
is larger than a village and generally smaller than a city.
 City - A city is a large and permanent human settlement.
 District - An area of a city , especially one characterized by a particular feature or
activity.
 Zone - An area or stretch of land having a particular characteristic, purpose, or use,
or subject to particular restrictions.
Source – URDPFI Guidelines
Governing Body
 Municipal Corporation- A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local
governing body, including (but not necessarily limited
to) cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships.
 Municipal Council - A municipal council is the local government of a municipality. It
may refer to what are also called city councils and town councils.
 Nagar Panchayat - A Nagar Panchayat or Notified Area Council (NAC) or City
Council in India is a settlement which is in transition from rural to urban.

Population

Settlement ----- Town ---- City ----- State ----- Region ----- Nation

Area
Source – URDPFI Guidelines
Planning/ Modern Planning
PLANNING IS PROCESS OF ORGANISING,
TECHNOLOGY PEOPLE
1.PEOPLE AND THEIR
2.ACTIVITIES OVER
3.SPACE AND
4.TIME CONSIDERING RESOURCES ACTIVITIES

5.RESOURCES AND
6.TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE
DEVELOPMENT TIME SPACE

Planning is used to enhancement of quality of life through

1.PRODUCTION, 2.PROVISION and
3.UTILIZATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES with
4.PEOPLES CHOICE , their
5.SAFETY & SECURITY with
6.ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Source – Prof. H.B.Singh, (Ex.)Head of Regional Department, SPA Delhi

 Economy
Social welfare through
Economic Growth, full
Employment, Equity and Social Welfare
Social justice
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN Employment Equity

Area
Organizing Population,
Economy, Resources and
Mobility over Regional
Space
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN Node Linkage

Orderly Development of Folk Geddisian

City for its efficient
triangle
functioning &
enhancement of QOL
Place Work
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Evolving Efficient Living CIAM’s triangle

Activities and Space
Relationship through
Movement
layouts and Spatial details
Working Recreation
ZONAL/AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Plot Development, Architecture

Buildings, Roads, Water
Supply, Power, Sewerage, Projects
Drainage, Poverty
Alleviation, P.D.S. etc. Civil Engg. Socio-economic

PROJECTS / PROGRAMMES

Development, Planning and Projects: Inter-linkages

 Structure of a City

Area – District, Sectors,

DC Neighborhoods
Nodes – CBD, DC, SC, CC etc
Networks- Rail, roads,
infrastructure

CBD
Institutional

Industrial

Source – Prof. H.B.Singh, (Ex.)Head of Regional Department, SPA Delhi

 Concentric Zone Theory

 It was created by Sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925.

 Based on Human ecology theories done by Burgess and applied on Chicago, it was the first to give
the explanation of distribution of social groups within urban area.
 This concentric ring model depicts urban land use in concentric rings: the Central Business
District (or CBD) was in the middle of the model, and the city expanded in rings with different land
uses. Source – Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Urban Land Use Models in Urban Land Use and Transportation
 Burgess often observed that there was a correlation
between the distance from the CBD and the wealth of
the inhabited area; wealthier families tended to live
much further away from the Central Business
District. As the city grew, he observed that the CBD
would expand outwards
 The zones identified are:
 The center was the CBD
 The transition zone of mixed residential and
commercial uses
 Low-class residential homes (inner suburbs)
 Better quality middle-class homes (Outer Suburbs)
 Commuters zone
 It is effectively an urban version of Von Thune's
regional land use model developed a century earlier.
It contrasts with Homer Hoyt’s Sector Model and the
multiple nuclei model.
Criticisms
 The model has been challenged by many contemporary urban geographers.
 First, the model does not work well with cities outside the United States, in
developed under different historical contexts.
 It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging landscape
Physical features –
 Decentralization of shops etc.
 Urban regeneration and gentrification - more expensive property can be found
in 'low class' housing areas.
 The model does not fit polycentric cities.
 Sector Theory

It is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt .

 It is a modification of the Concentric zone model of city development.
 The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it allows for an outward progression of
growth.
 As with all simple models of complex phenomena its validity is limited.
Source – Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Urban Land Use Models in Urban Land Use and Transportation
Explanation
 While accepting the existence of a central business district, Hoyt suggested that zones expand outward
from the city center along railroads, highways, and other transportation arteries. Using Chicago as an
example, an upper class residential sector evolved outward along the desirable Lake Michigan shoreline
north of the central business district, while industry extended southward in sectors that followed railroad
lines.
 In developing this model Hoyt observed that it was common for low-income households to be near
railroad lines, and commercial establishments to be along business thoroughfares. Recognizing that the
various transportation routes into an urban area, including railroads, sea ports, and tram lines, represented
greater access, Hoyt theorized that cities tended to grow in wedge-shaped patterns -- or sectors --
emanating from the central business district and centered on major transportation routes
 Higher levels of access meant higher land values, thus, many commercial functions would remain in the
CBD but manufacturing functions would develop in a wedge surrounding transportation routes.
 Residential functions would grow in wedge-shaped patterns with a sector of low-income house
bordering manufacturing/industrial sectors (traffic, noise, and pollution makes these areas the least
desirable) while sectors of middle- and high-income households were located furthest away from these
functions. Hoyt's model attempts to state a broad principle of urban organization.

Source – Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Urban Land Use Models in Urban Land Use and Transportation
Limitations

 The theory is based on early twentieth century transport and does not make
allowances for private cars that enable commuting from cheaper land outside city
boundaries.
 This occurred in Calgary in the 1930s when many near-slums were established
outside the city but close to the termini of the street car lines.
 These are now incorporated into the city boundary but are pockets of low cost
housing in medium cost areas.
 Physical features - physical features may restrict or direct growth along certain
wedges
 The growth of a sector can be limited by leapfrog land use

Source – Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Urban Land Use Models in Urban Land Use and Transportation
Multiple Nuclei Theory

Source – Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Urban Land Use Models in Urban Land Use and Transportation
 An ecological model put forth by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman
in the 1945 article "The Nature of Cities."
 A city may have started with a central business district, similar
industries with common land-use and financial requirements are
established near each other.
 Increase of movement allows for the specialization of regional centers.
 No clear CBD (Central Business District) in this type of model.

Source – Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Urban Land Use Models in Urban Land Use and Transportation
 References
1. Master Plan Delhi - 2021

2. http://moud.gov.in

3. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Urban Land Use Models in Urban Land Use and Transportation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME & ATTENTION

NITIN THAKRAL
RAJAT CHOPRA