Presented By Md Manzar Nezami Md Mustafa kamal

A microprocessor is an electronic device that consists of millions (or billions) of transistors packed into one IC. Its function is to execute instructions in the form of programs, calculate and store its results. Microprocessors are used widely in our everyday lives.

P is a complex, powerful device:

Able to process huge amounts of data. Built using transistors etched on silicon die. Needs external components to support operation.

Microcomputer system support P operations.

The microprocessor can be used to perform complex operations by giving it instructions. These instructions are called programs. Programs are loaded into memory, and are executed line-by line by the microprocessor.

Definition: A complete electronic system built around the microprocessor to support the microprocessor operation. May consist of CPU, memory, I/O (disk drives, keyboard, mouse), system bus, and supporting circuitry. CPU as the brain controls actions of all components.

ROM

Floppy

RAM

CD-ROM

CPU

Supporting Circuitry

Keyboard

Mouse

HDD

Memory

Power Supply

CPU

LCD Display

Keypad

A P-based system consists of many components:

CPU. Memory. I/O: disk drives, keyboard, mouse. System Bus. Supporting circuitry.

All components communicate using System Bus.

Parallel I/O

Serial I/O

Interrupt Circuit

System Bus

Timing

CPU

Memory

CPU

Master of all components. Job:

Get instructions from memory. Execute instructions. Perform calculations (may use math co-processor). Control bus operations.

CPU consists of:

ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit):
Performs arithmetic/ logic computations.

CU (Control Unit):
Responsible to retrieve instructions, analyze, then execute.

Registers:
Fast internal storage. Used to temporarily store addresses, data, processor status.

Memory

Stores instructions and data for CPU. Each memory location given unique address.
CPU refers to address to access.

Types:
Read-Only Memory (ROM). Random-Access Memory (RAM). Non-Volatile Memory (NVM).

Timing

Synchronizes all components in the system.

All components refer to the clock timing for operations.

Generates square waves at constant intervals. Crystal oscillator + timing circuitry. Higher clock speed allow computers to function faster.

Input/Output. Connects P with external devices:

Add functionality to P.

Interfaces with P using ports. Examples:

Keyboard. Mouse. Display monitor.

Built into board Using card slots.

An electric motor together with its control equipment and energy transmitting device forms an Electric Drives. Some examples of electricdrive systems are: A ceiling fan motor with regulator and also with blades, a food mixer with food to be processed, a motor and conveyer belt with material on its belt and so on. Electric drives are mainly two types:DC Drives AC drives

AC drives are those in which motive power provided by ac motors. Though speed control of dc motors is easy as compared to ac motors, but ac motors have some advantages which outweighed the advantages of dc motors, and so with the development of different techniques of speed control of ac motor drives, now days, ac motor drives are more extensively use in industries.

Low maintenance cost. AC drives have a better power factor in most applications. Harmonics reduction is cheaper in case of AC drives. Higher transient response capability. AC drives are of lower cost in comparison to DC drives.

High braking cost. Complex braking strategy. Complex and expensive technique. Problem of switching losses. High insulation cost.

speed

control