You are on page 1of 88

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

trSm

]]SdEdIif;aqG;aEG;jcif; qkdonfrSm aeYpOf&ifqkdifMu&onfhudp jzpfonf}} [l pmwrf;

ukd tpcsDxm;ygonf/ EdkifiH\jyemrsm;ukd ,Ofaus;nifomaom EdkifiHa&;enf;rsm;jzifh ajz


&Sif;vkdolrSeforQwkdYonf awGUqkHSdEIdif;jcif;enf;vrf;ukd wefzkd;xm;tm;ukd;Muonfom jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh pmwrf;onf *kPfodum&Sd tqifhjrifhonfh EdkifiHa&;vkyfvdkolrsm;twGuf rsm;pGm
rS taxmuftuljyKEdkifrnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/

wpfzufom;u oabmwlnDrI ,lvdkaomfvnf; jiif;qefaevQif bmvkyf&rnfenf;
paomjyemrsm;udk pmwrf;wGif aqG;aEG;tajz&Smxm;ygonf/ ]] wpfzufoludk oabm
aygufatmifvkyfyg? 'l;axmuffatmifrvkyfeJY }} paomynmom;ygvSonfh vkyfenf;udkifenf;rsdK;
ukd tus,fw0ifh wifjyxm;ygonf/

ed*Hk;wGif ]] qefYusifoludk rdwfzuftoGifajymif;jcif; }} [laomacgif;pOfjzifh ajz&Sif;r&
EdkifouJhodkY &Sdaeaomjyemrsm;udk &IaxmifhopfrSMunfh ajz&Sif;enf;&SmEdkifyHkudk &Sif;jyxm;yg
onf/

uRefrwdkYEdkifiHtaeESifhvnf;aumif;? uRefrwdkYtrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf taeESifhvnf;
aumif; vuf&Sd&ifqdkifae&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk awGUqHkaqG;aEG;SdEdIif;jcif;jzifhom ausmfvTm;
Edkifrnf[k cdkifrmpGm,HkMunfygonf/ odkYjzpfyg aqG;aEG;dSEdIif;jcif;\ tESpfom&ESifh tusdK;t
jrwfwdkYudk aphikpGm em;vnfoabmaygufapEdkifrnfh pmwrf;udk trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf
0ifrsm; aocsmpGm zwf&IavhvmMuyg&ef wdkufwGef;tyfygonf/

atmifqef;pkMunf
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rIK;
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

jzefYusufMunfh&Ijcif;
cufcJolrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;dSEdIif;jcif;


oHwrefy&d,m,fqdkonfrSm oifvkyfvdkonfhtvkyfudk wpfzufom;tm; vkyfcGifhay;vdkuf
jcif;yif jzpf\/
tDwvDoHwref 'efeD&,fyg;

dSEdIif;aqG;aEG;jcif;qdkonfrSm aeYpOf&ifqdkifMu&onfh udpjzpfonf/ reufvufzuf&nf
aomufaepOf oifu zdeyfwpf&H0,fzdkY vdktyfaeNyD[k qdkonf/ ZeD;onfu 'Dvawmhtukeft
usawGrsm;aeNyD r0,fygESifhOD;[k qdkonf/

&Hk;udka&mufonfhtcg rdrdu aoaocsmcsmtcsdef,l jyifqifxm;aomwifjycsufudk
txuft&m&Sdu acgif;pOfavmufudkzufMunfhNyD; y,fcsvdkufonf/ tvm;wludp&yfrsm;udk vl
wdkif;BuHKzl;Muonfom jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonf wpfcsdefr[kwfwpfcdsef? wpfenf;r[kwfwpf
enf; uwfowfcufcJaomolrsm;ESifh qufqHNyD; dSEdIif;wdkifyifMu&rnfom jzpfonf/ uwfowf
aomolrsm;[kqdk&m omreftajctaewGif oabmaumif;vdkufavsmwwfolwdkYonfyif Muyf
wnf;aom tajctaewGif pdwfwdkNyD;vufaygufuyfolrsm; jzpfoGm;wwfonfudk owdjyKoifh
onf/

wu,fhudk cufcJaomtajctaersm;vnf;&Sdwwfygonf/ oifhpum;udkvHk;0em;raxmif
bJ olajymvdk&majymaeolESifh rnfodkY aqG;aEG;&rnfenf;/ olvdkcsifonfhtcsufr&vQif pdwfqdk;
pdwfaumufwwfolESifh bmqufvkyfoifhoenf;/ ]] igajymovdkvkyf&ifvkyf rvkyfEdkif&ifoGm;
awmh }} [k qdkaevQif wu,fbJxjyef&awmhrvm;

odkYr[kwf aqG;aEG;aepOf wpfavQmufvHk; oifajymorQudk Mum;azgufNyD;aESmuf,Sufwwf
olrsm; oifhudkpdwfrcs& t&nftcsif;rrSD[k pGyfpGJaeolrsm; aqG;aEG;ae&onfudkyif oifhtjypf
aMumifh jzpfonf[k xifatmifvkyfaeolrsm; oifuomtavsmhray;vQifawmh jyemtBuD;
tus,fwufNyD[k Ncdrf;ajcmufaeolrsm;udk rnfodkYudkifwG,f&rnfenf;/

tcsuftvuftrSm;rsm; (odkYr[kwf) vdrfvnfxm;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk oHk;ae
ol oabmwlnDcsuf&cgeD;rS wpfckck&cgeD;rS rjzpfEdkifaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifjyvmol
t"dyg,fr&SdtcsdefqGJol (odkYr[kwf) aqG;aEG;&efudkyif rsufpdrdSwfNyD;jiif;qefaeolrsm;ESifh rnfodkY
aqG;aEG;&ygrnfenf;/

oabmw&m;rsm;t&qdkvQifawmh oifwdkYonf tjcm;wpfzufvl\ vdktyfcsufrsm;? pdk;&drf
ylyefrIrsm;? tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk &SmazGaz:xkwfMurnf/ xdkYaemuf ESpfzuftusdK;&SdEdkifrnfh tvm;
tvmrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;pOf;pm;Murnf/ onfrSm awGUqHkaqG;aEG;tajz&Smjcif;wdkY\ tESpfom&
[k qdkMuonf/

odkYaomf oifhwpfzufvlonf odkYaom yHkpHrsdK;udk pdwfr0ifpm;bl;qdkvQif b,fvdkvkyf
rnfenf;/ oifuawmh oabmwlnDcsuf wpfckudk vkdcsifonf/ olu ]] [ifhtif; }} [kom wGif
wGif jiif;qefaeNyDqdkvQif bmvkyfrnfenf;/


[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

pdefac:csuf - 5 ck

]] [ifhtif; }} udk ausmfjzwfvdkvQif ]] [ifhtif; }} \aemufuG,fwGifbm&Sdaeonfudk od
atmifvkyf&rnf/ rsufpdrdSwf jiif;qefjcif;? wdkufcdkufapmfum;jcif;? aumufuspfjcif; wdkYonf
wpfzufvl\ yifudk,fADZyif jzpfonf[k cyfvG,fvG,f pGyfpGJ&ef roifhyg/ xdkodkYjyKrlwwfaom
tusifhwdkY\ aemufwGif rnfodkYaom aphaqmfcsufrsm;&Sdonfudk odEdkifvQif olYtrltusifhrsm;udk
vnf; ajymif;ypfEdkifygonf/

olu apmfum;wdkufcdkufaejcif;onf olpdwfqdk;&efvdkaejcif;aMumifh jzpfEdkifonf/ olu
tavsmhtwif;r&Sdjcif;onf olaMumuf&GHUaeaomaMumifh jzpfEdkifygonf/ xdkYtjyif olu enf;
uvGJvQif tjcm;bmrS rodaomaMumifh odkY uwkwfusif;xJ0if ydwfqdkYckcHaejcif;vnf; jzpf
Edkifygonf/

ol uav;b0u aqmhupm;&if; wwfcJhaom aqG;aEG;SdEIdif;onfh enf;twdkif; vdkufem
aeonfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/

vufajrSmuft&HI;ay;jcif;uvGJvQif ZGwfaywdkufcdkufaejcif;wpfckom &Sdonf[k ol em;
vnfxm;yHk&ygonf/

tu,f yl;aygif;SdEdIif;tajz&Sm &Edkifonf[k olu oabmaygufxm;vsufESifhyif
olYtwGuftusdK;r&Sd[kxifvQif olu jiif;y,frnfom jzpfonf/ tu,f olu olY\ tusdK;pD;
yGm;udk tmrcHEdkifonf[k qdkOD;awmh ol\vuf&SdtajctaerS aemufqkwf&jcif;jzifh rsufESmysuf
rcHvdkbJ &Sdwwfonf/ xdkYjyif SdEdIif;aphpyf aqG;aEG;&ef tBuHonf oifhxHu ponfqdkygu xdk
tcsuf (oifupwifcJhonf qdkonfhtcsuf) aMumifhyif olu wrify,fcswwfygao;onf/

aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;\&v'fwGif EdkifolESifh&HI;ol [lom &Sdrnf[k oluowfrSwfxm;NyD; igonf
EdkifudkEdkif&rnf[k qHk;jzwfxm;jcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ odkYr[kwf rdrdudk,frdrd tiftm;&SdvSNyD[k
owfrSwfxm;NyD; tb,fhaMumifhaqG;aEG;&rnfenf;[k xifaejcif;vnf; jzpfwwfonf/ ]] igzuf
uawmh wpfjym;om;rS tavsmhray;Edkif? rif;wdkYb,favmuf vdkufavsmEdkifrvJ }} [laom cH,l
csufrsdK;vnf; &SdwwfMuygonf/

odkYaom tajctaersm;udk ausmfvGefEdkif&ef tcsuf 5-ckudk ausmfjzwf&ygrnf/
(1) ol\ qdk;&Gm;aom cHpm;csufrsm;/
(2) olY0oD"avhtusifhrsm;/
(3) awGUqHkaqG;aEG;jcif;\ &v'ftay: ol\tqdk;jrif0g'/
(4) olYudk,fol txifBuD;aejcif;/
(5) oif\jyefvnfwkefYjyefrI wdkY jzpfMuonf/

yxr ta&;BuD;qHk;tcsufrSm oifu jyefrwkefYjyefrdzdkY jzpfonf/ ]] oluawmif apmfum;
armfum;vkyfaeao;wm igujyefcsvdkufr,f }} [laom tawG;rsdK;r0ifrdzdkY jzpfonf/ rdrd\tjyK
trlrsm;udk xdef;&efvdkygonf/ jyefvnfwkefYjyefrnfhtpm; rdrd\pdwfudk wnfNidrfatmifxm;
OD;wnfcsuf rsufajcrjywfap&ef vdkygonf/

'kwd, tcsufrSm wpfzufvl\ oabmxm;qdk;rsm;udk yaysmufapzdkY jzpfonf/ ol\


[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

aMumuf&GHrIESifh &efvdkrIwdkYudk yaysmufap&efrSm ol\tumtuG,frsm;udk azmufxGif; olem;


axmifatmif ajymEdkifzdkYvdkonf/

wwd,tcsufrSm upm;uGufajymif;zkdYjzpfonf/ ol\vkyfaeMuvSnfhzsm;rIrsm;? apmfum;
wkdufckdufrIrsm;? ZGwfjiif;wwfrIrsm;ukd vrf;aMumif;ajymif;ay;&rnf jzpfonf/ ,cifvkyf&yfrsm;
ukd &yfqkdif; ESpfOD;ESpfzuftusKd;&Sdaprnfh enf;vrf;rsm;ukd &SmazGMu&efjzpf\/

pwkxtcsufrSm ESpfzufpvkH;uvkdufavsmjcif;jzifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; uGm[csufrsm;usOf;
ajrmif;oGm;atmifvkyf&ef? olYzufuvkdufvkdufavsm&jcif;jzifh olYrsufESmrysufap&ef okdYr[kwf
&&SdvmrnfhoabmwlnDcsufonf olYtwGufatmifjrifjcif;wpf&yftjzpf jrifvmap&ef vkyfay;
zkdYjzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh oabmwl& vG,fapjcif;yifjzpfonf/

oifh wpfzufvlonf tiftm;ukdokH;jcif;jzifh tEdkif&Edkifonf[k qufvuf,kHMunfaeqJ
jzpfeKdifonf/ xkdtcg oifuvnf; oifh\tiftm;ukd tokH;cs&rnfjzpf\/ okdYaomf xkdokdYtokH;
csjcif;jzifh olESifhoif&efoljzpfroGm;zkdYukd owdxm;&rnfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifhaemufqkH;tcsufrSm
oljiif;y,f&efcufcJonfhtajctaeukd zefwD;zkdYjzpfonf/
xkd;azmufausmfjzwfjcif; r[mAsL[m

pmwef;wGif txufwGifaz:jycJhaom pdefac:csuf 5 ckukd ausmfvTm;ekdifrnfh xkd;
azmufausmfjzwf aqG;aEG;jcif;qkdif&mr[mAsL[mukd qufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;ygrnf/ tqifhqifh
aqmif&GufoGm;rnfqkdygu rsufESmcsif;qkdifxdyfwkdufawGY&rnftajctaerS yckH;csif;,SOfjy
emajz&Sif;&onfhtajctaeukd a&mufoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ owdjyK&rnfrSm rnfonfhenf;vrf;rS
atmifjrifrIukd rkcs&aprnf[k wm0efrcHekdifjcif;yifjzpfonf/

r[mAsL[monf tvkdvkdodPfESifh qefYusifzufjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm cufcJaom
tajctaewGif oifu obm0twdkif; wkefYjyefrnfhvrf;aMumif;ESifhqefYusifzufudk vkyf&efvdk
vdrfhrnf/

wpfzufvlu oifhudkwdkufcdkufvmrnf (odkYr[kwf) oifhurf;vSrf;csufrsm;udk ydwfqdkYxm;
rnfqdkygu vlYobm0t& oifuvnf; olYvdkyif wkefYjyefvdkrnfomjzpfonf/ olu olYtaet
xm;rS wpfjym;rS ravsmhEdkif[kqdkvQif oifuvnf; wpfpufrStavsmhay;vdkrnfr[kwf/ olu
zdtm;ay;vmvQif olYudkvnf;wkefYjyefzdtm;ay;csifrnf/ odkYjzifh wpfzufom;\ ckcHrIudk acszsuf
&efBudK;pm;&if; ydkydkqdk;&Gm;aom ckcHrIESifh &ifqdkifvm&wwfonf/

xdk;azgufausmfjzwfjcif; r[mAsL[m\ tESpfom&rSm oG,f0dkufaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/
oifu wpfzufvl\ckcHrIudk a0SYa&SmifoGm;&efjzpfonf/ tBuHmPftopftqef;udk &dkufoGif;
rnfhtpm; olYbmomol pOf;pm;rdvmatmifaqmif&Gufyg/

olYudkaqmif&Guf&rnf[kajymrnfhtpm; olYbmomolawG;ac:vmygap/ olYtwm;tqD;
rsm;udk oifuacszsufzdkYBudK;pm;rnfhtpm; olYbmomolazgufxGufvmygap/ tcsKyfqdk&vQif xdk;
azgufaqG;aEG;jcif; r[mAsL[mqdkonfrSm oif\enf;vrf;wdkYudk wpfzufvludk toHk;csapjcif;
jzpfonf/

r[mAsL[mudk ae&mwdkif;wGif oHk;Edkifygonf/ ppfyGJwpfckudk ajyNidrf;atmif aqmif&Guf


[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

aeaom oHwrefrsm;rStp vifESifhr,m; tdrfrIjyemudk aqG;aEG;yGJtqHk; toHk;cs &Edkifygonf/



tqifh - 1
rwkHYjyefygESifh jyefrcsygESifh
yGJMunfhpifjrifhay:udk oGm;vdkufyg

pdwfqdk;aewkef;pum;ajymaevQif aemiftcg aemifwtBuD;tus,f&rnfh taumif;
qHk;aom rdefYcGef;udk ajymrdygvdrfhrnf/
trf;A&dUpfbD;,m;pf

rdrd ywf0ef;usifrS awGUqHkaqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk apmifhMunfhvQif yg0ifaqG;aEG;aeolwdkY wpfOD;
ESifhwpfOD; rqifrjcif wkYHjyefaeyHkudk trsm;tjym;awGU&ygvdrfhrnf/ awGUqHkaqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk
atmufygtwdkif;awGU&rnf/
cifyGef; (jyem\ aomhcsufudkawGU&SdNyD[k ,lqum) wdkY tdrfawmh tm;vHk;&IyfyGaewmyJ
wdkYwpfckckvkyfMuOD;rS jzpfr,f
ZeD;
(rdrdtm; wdkuf&dkufwdkufcdkufonf[k ,lqNyD;) &Sifu bmwpfckrS vufzsm;eJYrwdkYbJeJY
&Sifwm0ef,lxm;wmawGawmif wpfckrSrvkyfao;bl; r[kwfvm;? raeYnuqdk....
cifyGef; (jzwf) igodygw,fuGm? qdkvdkwmu....
ZeD;
(em;raxmifb)J trdu
I u
f m;vm&ifay;ygr,fqNkd y;D 'DreufrS usrbJ vkyv
f u
kd &f w,f
cifyGef; (jyemt&if;udk jyefazmf&if;) rif;tjypfudkrif; odyfzHk;raeeJY udk,fqdkvdkwmu
ESpfa,mufpvHk;....
ZeD;
(em;raxmifbJ) aemufNyD; 'DaeY uav;awGausmif;oGm;ydkYzdkYu &SifhtvJSY....
cifyGef; (cH&cufNyD;) tJ'gvm; 'DaeYreuftpnf;ta0;&Sdygw,fvdkY igajymxm;w,f
r[kwfvm;
ZeD;
(atmf) [kwfwmaygh? &Sifhtcsdefu 'Dtcsdefxuf ydkNyD;wefzdk;BuD;oudk;? usKyfawmh
'Drdom;pkrSm ae&mwdkif; aemufwef;ucsnf;yJ/ pdwfukefw,f&Sifh pdwfukefw,f
cifyGef; (jyefatmf&if;) atmf[kwfvm;? 'DtdrfrSm b,folu ydkufqH&Smaew,fqdkwmvJ
owd&ygtHk;

txufyg tjyeftvSefatmf[pfjiif;ckefrIaMumifh cifyGef;onf tvdk&Sdaom tdrfoefY&Sif;
a&;twGufa&m ZeD;onf tvdk&Sdaom tdrfudp tultnD&a&;twGufyg rnfodkYrQ tusdK;
r&SdcJhay/

oufa&mufrIwpfcku wkHYjyefrIwpfck jzpfay:ap ,if;uwpfzef wefjyefwkHYjyefrIudk
jzpfay:apjyefonf/ odkYjzifh tjiif;yGm;rIonf tqHk;r&Sd qufvufjzpfay:aeonf/ tvkyform;
or*ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m 0efxrf;rsm;onf vkyfief;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifhygwfouf tjiif;yGm;Mu
aomtcg odkYr[kwf vlrsdK;pkrsm;onf vkyfief;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifhywfouf tjiif;yGm;Muaomtcg
(odkYr[kwf) vlrsdK;pkrsm;onf e,fajrESifh ywfouf ppfcif;Muaomtcg txufygyHkpHudk xyfcg
xyfcg awGUjrif&wwfonf/


[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(u) obm0 wkefYjyefrI oHk;rsdK;



vlqdkonfrSm wkefYjyefrI ,E&m;rsm; jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh tcuftcJ wpfckckESifh &ifqdkif&
aomtcg bmrSpOf;pm; raetm;awmhbJ wkHYjyefjcif;rSm obm0yif jzpf\/ tawGU&trsm;qHk;
wkHYjyefrI oHk;rsdK;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
(u) (1) jyefxdk;ESufjcif;

wpfpHkwpfa,mufu rdrdtm; wdkufcdkufvmaomtcg Zmwdpdwft& wkHYjyefrIwpfckjzpf
ay: ,if;rSm xdkoltm; jyefvnfwdkufcdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkoltm; xdxdrdrd taMumif;odoGm;
atmif tarmufaxmifjy&ef jzpfonf/ olu pGmoavmuf udk,fujyefpGm&ef jzpfonf/

wpfcgwpf&H odkY xyfwlxyfrQ jyefpGmjyjcif; cH&aomaMumifh wpfzufvlonf (aemuf
qkwfoGm;) NidrfusoGm;vdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif tcgrsm;pGmwGif enf;aMumifh oifonfvnf; tusdK;
r&Sdaom? wefzdk;BuD;rm;aom &ifqdkifrIudk BuHK&wwfonf/ tusdK;rJhaom tjyKtrlwpfck jyKvkyfap
&ef olYudktm;ay;&m a&mufoGm;apEdkifonf/ olYudk,folvnf; ]] at; rif;ighudk &efvdkaew,fvdkY
ig,lqxm;wm 'gu oufaojyaewmyJ }} [k aocsmpdwfcsoGm;vdrfhrnf/ xdkYaemufwGifrl tcsD
tcs atmf[pfqlylrI? uavmfrI? pdefac:rI? w&m;wpfabmifjzpfrIESifh aemufqHk;ppfaMunmrIudk
wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifhjzifh qufwdkuf jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf/

wkHYjyefrIonf oif\vufiif;vdkvm;csufrsm;udk tusdK;jzpfaponfhtBudrf enf;yg;ouJh
odkY a&&SnfqufqHrIrsm;udkvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh ysufpD;apwwfygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf
oifhtzdkY ppfyGJ(i,f) wpfyGJudkyif tEdkif&vdkufaomfvnf; ppfBuD;wpfckvHk;udk oifhtzdkY ppfyGJ(i,f)
wpfyGJudkyif tEdkif&vdkufaomfvnf; ppfBuD;wpfckvHk;udk &HI;&ouJhodkY &Sdygonf/

wkHYjyefjcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh aemufjyemwpfckrSm ESpfzufpvHk;onf t&nftcsif;
wlolrsm;jzpfNyD; twdkuftcdkuf twdkYtaxmif uRrf;usifolrsm; jzpfaewwfonf/ rlvuyif oif
u olwdkYtm; wkHYjyefwdkufcdkuf&ef arQmfvifhxm;aumif; xm;cJhMuayvdrfhrnf/ rdrdu olwdkYudkjyef
wdkufcdkufonfESifhwNydKifeuf olwdkY\ tuGufxJ 0ifrd&ufom; jzpfvdrfhrnf/
(u) (2) tavQmhay;jcif;

jyefvSefwdkufcdkufrI\ qefYusifzufrSm tavQmhay;jcif; jzpfonf/ oif\wpfzufvlaMumifh
aqG;aEG;yGJwGif rsm;pGmuoduatmufjzpfum yGJjywfoGm;ap&ef tavQmhay;&jcif;rsm;vnf; &SdEdkif
ygonf/ olu oabmwlnDrI r&jcif;onf oifhaMumifh jzpfonf[k t"dyg,faygufonftxd
zdtm;ay;vmEdkifygonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJwm&Snfvmjcif;? qufqHrIysufjym;jcif;? &orQ tcGifhtvrf;
tm;vHk; qHk;&HI;jcif;wdkYtwGuf vHk;0wm0ef&Sdonf[kqdkvQif oifvufcHEdkifrnfvm; tavQmhay;
vdkufjcif;u ydkaumif;onf[k xifoGm;wwfonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf oabmwlnDcsufrsm;jyKvkyfNyD; aemufwpfaeYwGif ]] ighES,faemf bmaMumifh
rsm; 'DavmufwHk;cJhygvdrfh? bmawGudkrsm;oabmwlcJhygvdrfh }} [k udk,fhudkudk,f tjypfwifrdwwf
Muonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh um;wpfpD;0,f,l&mwGif um;taMumif; taotcsm ravhvmbJ t0,f
pmcsKyf csKyfrdMuonf/ tb,fhaMumifh odkYjzpf&ovJ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf um;yGJpm;u t


[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

em;uyfNyD; wGef;aeonf/ om;orD;rsm;uvnf; um;opfBuD;armif;NyD; tdrfjyefcsifaeMuonf/ rdrd


udk,fwdkifunf; pmcsKyfyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk (em;rvnfonfh wdkifatmif) ar;jref;&rSm &Suf
tm;em aeonfwdkYaMumifh jzpfygonf/

tavQmhay;jcif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh rauseyfp&m tusdK;oufa&mufrIudkvnf; jzpfap
wwfygonf/ rdrdudk,fwdkifu t&HI;ay;vdkuf&onf[k cHpm;&onf/ xdkrQru rdrdNydKifzuftm; ol
\ (&efvdk)jcif;twGuf tusdK;&SdapNyD; rdrdtzdkYvnf; nHhonf? a&Smfonf? aysmhonf [laom trnf
qdk;&&Sdaprnf/ ,if;tcsufudk NydKifzufESifhtjcm;olrsm;uvnf; aemiftem*wfwGif tcGifhta&;
,lEdkifonf/ uav;qdk;wpfa,muftm; tvdkvdkuf tBudKufaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh ,if;uav;\
tusifh(qdk;)udk cdkifNrJapouJhodkY a'goxGufwwfoltm; tavQmhay;jcif;onf aemiftcgwGif
a'goxGufwwfoltm; tavQmhay;jcif;onf aemiftcgwGif a'gojzifh aygufuGJjcif;udk tm;ay;
&ma&mufonf/ oif\ txufvlBuD; (odkYr[kwf) trIonf\ aMumufp&mh (a'go) onf csKyf
xdef;vdkYr&Edkif[k xif&wwfonf/ odkY&mwGif (a'go) qdkonfrSm xdef;csKyf&aomt&m jzpfonf/
bmbJjzpfjzpf olonf olYxufBuD;aom txufvlBuD;a&SharSmufwGif ,ckuJhodkY aygufuGJ0Hhvdrfh
rnf r[kwfyg/

wpfcgwpf&H uREfkyfwdkYonf ,ckaemufqHk;tBudrftjzpf tavQmhay;vdkufvQif olESifhaemif
wpfoufwm vrf;cGJEdkifvdrfhrnf[laom t,lvGJjzifh qifjcifwHkw&m;rJholwpfOD;tm; vdkufavsmrI
jyKvkyfwwfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif tcsdeftcgrsm;pGm xdkolonf aemufxyftavQmhay;rIrsm;&&Sd
atmif uef;wufvmwwfonf/ tqdkwpfck&Sdonf ,if;rSm ]] vdkufavsmjcif;qdkonfrSm usm;
wpfaumifudk trJom;wHk;rsm;qufquf auR;aevQif ,if;usm;onf tom;udknD;aiGUNyD;
oufoufvGwform; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfjcif; jzpfonf }} [k qdkygonf/
(u) (3) tqufjzwfvdkufjcif;

wwd, wkefYjyefrIrSm qufqH&cufol? (odkYr[kwf) tzGJUtpnf;ESifh tquftoG,fjzwf
vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ tdrfaxmifwpfckqdkvQif uGm&Sif;jcif;? tvkyfwpfckqdkvQif EIwfxGufjcif;? zufpyf
vkyfief; wpfckqdkvQif vkyfief;zsufodrf;jcif; jzpf\/

wpfcgwpf&H a&Smifjcif;onf rSefuefaomenf;jzpf\/ yk*dKvfa&; (odkYr[kwf) pD;yGm;a&;vkyf
ief;onfu rdrdtay: tay:pD;,lapEdkifaom udp&yf (odkYr[kwf) rMumcPaemifcsdefcs&aom
udpwpf&yf jzpfaeygu ,if;udk tqHk;owfjcif;u taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ odkY tqufjzwfjcif;
tm;jzifh wpfzufvlonf tajctaerSefudk odjrifum ydkaumif;rGefpGm qufqHvmapEdkifygonf/

odkY&mwGif tquftoG,fvHk;0jzwfjcif;\ aiGaMu;wefzdk;? pdwf"gwfa&;&mwefzdk;rsm;u
BuD;rm;wwfygonf/ azgufonfqHk&HI;jcif;? vkyfief;wufvrf;ydwfjcif;? rdom;pkNydKuGJjcif;rsm; jzpf
wwfygonf/ tqufjzwfjcif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh aemiftcgwGif aemifw&wwfaom t&ifpvdk
wkefYjyefrIrsm;vnf; jzpfwwfygonf/ tvkyfwpfckwGif0ifNyD;rS txuft&m&SdESifh tqifrajyol
udk,fa&;udpwpfckudk aqmif&Guf&mwGif vkyfazmfudkifzufudk pdwfysufolwdkYonf tajctaeudk
pdwfr&SnfEdkifawmhbJ tqufjzwfvdkufonfudk rMumcPawGU&wwfygonf/ ,if;wdkYonf wpf
zufvltay:wGif em;vnfrIvGJNyD; udp&yfatmifjrifzdkY qufrBudK;pm;awmhay/ xdkYaMumifh tquf


[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

jzwfjcif;tm;jzifh (udpwpf&yfudk jyefjyef tpysdK;ae&aomMumifh) bmwpfckrS NyD;ajrmufatmif


jrifEdkifrnf r[kwfay/
(c) wkefYjyefjcif;\ tEm&,frsm;

uREkfyfwdkYonf wkHYjyefrIjyKvdkufaomtcg rlv&nfrSef;csufudk rsufajcjywfoGm;wwfonf
yHkpHwpfcktaejzifh 1970-81 ckESpfu tD&efwGif jzpfyGm;aom jyefay;rIwGif yifw*Gef\ wkHYjyef
yHkudkMunfhyg/ jyefay;qGJrI jzpfcgptcsdef owif;axmufwpfa,mufu yifw*Gefajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sd
oltm; udptwGuf vufeufudkifwyfzGJUrsm;taejzifh bmrsm;aqmif&Gufxm;ygovJ [kar;
ygonf/ tajzu vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;wGif "m;pmcHrsm; vGwfajrmufvmNyD;rS aqmif&Guf
rnfh cyfMurf;Murf; udkifwG,frIrsm;udk BuHqaeygonf[k qufajymonf/ ae&mwGif olonf
rpOf;rpm;ajzvdkufaMumif; odomonf/ "m;pmcHrsm; vGwfajrmufvmNyD; rMumrD tar&duefu
vufpm;ajc wkYHjyefrI jyKvkyfrnfudk odxm;aom tD&efausmif;om;rsm;onf "m;pmcHrsm;udk t
b,ftaMumif;aMumifh vTwfay;rnfenf;? yifw*Gefonf ae&mwGif rdrd\ vdktyfcsufudk rdrd\
vufpm;ajcvdkpdwfESifh a&maxG;oGm;jcif; jzpfayonf/

tcgaygif;rsm;pGmwGif wpfzufvlonf oifhtm; rwkHYjyef? wkYHjyefatmif BudK;pm;aejcif;
jzpfEdkifonf/ xdktcg yxrqHk; qHk;&HI;rIrSm rdrd\ &nfrSef;csuf jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh atmif
jrifpGm aqG;aEG;apEdkifonfhpGrf;&nfudk qHk;&HI;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ wpfzufvlonf oifhtm; rdrd
udk,fudk rxdef;EdkifbJ pOf;pm;OmPfrJhoGm;ap&ef BudK;pm;jcif; jzpfonf/ oifhtm;BudK;udkifEdkifap&ef
rQm;aejcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh oifhwkHYjyefonfESifhwNydKifeuf ol\pufuGif;wGifrdoGm;avNyD/

wpfzufvl\ t"dutpGrf;rSm oifhtm;rnfrQtxd wkHYjyefatmifjyKEdkifonfh tay:wnf
onf/ ta&Shtv,fydkif;rS tMurf;zuftkyfpki,fuav;wpfckonf vrf;ay:u tar&duefwpf
a,mufudk cyfvG,fvG,fzrf;qD;xm;vdkuf&Hkjzifh urmhtBuD;qHk; EdkifiHBuD;ESifhtwl wpfurmvHk;\
tm&HkpdkufrI? pdk;&drfylyefrIwdkYudk jzpfay:&,lapEdkifyHkudk pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ jyefay;orm;rsm;wGif udk,f
ydkif tpGrf;owd[l rsm;rsm;pm;pm;r&Sd/ olwdkY\ t"dutiftm;udk tar&duefvlxk\ wkHYjyef
rIrS &&Sdonf/

wkHYjyefjcif;onf oifhtzdkY trSm;BuD;ra&mufapumrl oufa&mufrI? wkHYjyefrI[laom
tusdK;r&SdvSonfh oHo&mwpfck jzpfay:aponf/ txufwpfae&myg ZeD;onftm; olYcifyGef;
udk bmaMumifhatmf&ovJ [kar;Munfhprf;yg/ ]] olu uRefrudk atmfwmudk; }} [kajzygvdrfhrnf/
cifyGef;onftm; ar;MunfhvQifvnf; tvm;wltajzrsdK; ]] olu usKyfudkatmfwmudk; }} [kajzyg
vdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh wkHYjyefjcif;jzifh rdrdonfvnf; jyem\ tpdwftydkif;wpfck jzpfvmygvdrfh
rnf/ *sdyf (csdwf) *sdyfcsif;om csdwfrdEdkifonf [laom pum;&Sdonf r[kwfygvm;/
(*) tay:upD;NyD; Munfhvdkufyg

oifhya,m*aMumifh oufa&mufrI? wkHYjyefrIwnf;[laom oHo&mwpfck jzpfvm&jcif;
onf raumif;bl;qdkvQif rnfonfu aumif;ygovJ aumif;wmu ,if;puf0dkif;udk zsufypf
EdkifpGrf; oifhwGif&Sdjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ BudKufonfhtcsdefwGif wpfzufoufzsufypfEdkifpGrf; jzpfyg


[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

onf/ ,if;rSm rnfodkYrQ rwkHYjyefjcif; jzpfonf/ &lyaA'oifwef;wGif ]] oufa&mufrIwdkif;wGif


wlnD ajymif;jyefjzpfaom wefjyefoufa&mufrI &Sdonf }} [k oifMum;cJh&\/ 4if; e,lwef\
Oya'oonf 0wK(ypnf;) rsm;ESifhom oufqdkifonf/ pdwfESifh roufqdkifyg/ 0wKrsm;u wkHY
jyefonf/ pdwfu rwkefYjyefbJ aevdku aeEdkifonf/

tdk[ife&D\ 0wKwpfyk'fwGif wkHYjyefrI rjyKjcif;\tpGrf;xuf (xda&mufyHk)udk awGUEdkif
onf/ om;uav;udk jyefay;qGJcH&NyD;aemuf rdbrsm;onf jyefay;rsm;\awmif;qdkcsufudk rvdkuf
avsmcJhMuay/ umvMumaomtcg jyefay;orm;rsm;onf uav;\wm0efBuD;vGef;vSojzifh
uav;udk jyef,lMuyg&ef rdbrsm;tm; aiGay; awmif;yefcJhMu&onf/ 0wKonf pdwf"gwf
a&;&mvGefqGJyGJudk azmfusL;jc,frIef;xm;\/ rdbrsm;onf wkHYjyef&ef jiif;qefjcif;tm;jzifh (0g)
rwkefYjyefjcif;tm;jzifh jyefay;orm;rsm;udk tEdkif,lcJh\/

awGUqHkaqG;aEG;rI cufcJ&IyfaxG;vmaomtcg aemufudk ajcwpfvSrf;qkwfyg/ acgif;&Sif;
&Sif;xm;NyD; tajctaeudk "r"d|mefusus Munfhjrifvdkufyg/ awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJonf Zmwfpifay:
wGif usif;yaeonf[k xifjrifvdkufNyD; oifu Zmwfpiftay:rSpD; jrif&aom yGJMunfhpifay:
odkY wufoGm;vdkufyg/ ae&mwGif yGJMunfhpifqdkonfrSm (aqG;aEG;yGJESifh) pdwf"gwftm;jzifh cGm
Munfhjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ yGJMunfhpifrSae Zmwfpifay:rS &ifqdkifyGJudk tjyifvlwpfa,mufvdk
wnfwnfNidrfNidrf tuJjzwfEdkifonf/ ESpfOD;ESpfzuftwGuf rQrQww pOf;pm;a0zefNyD; jyemudk
ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifygvdrfhrnf/

a&S;*syef "g;a&;ynmwGif oifwef;om;wdkYtm; wpfzuf,SOfNydKifoludk ]] [dk;ta0;uawmif
wpfvHk; }} tjzpf &IjrifMu&ef oifMum;xm;onf/ qmrl&dkif;\ xdyfoD;wpfOD;jzpfaom rlqm&Sdu
tcsufudk ]] teD;&Sdypnf;rsm;udk ta0;rSjrifenf; }} [k ac:onf/ ]] yGJMunfhpif }} rS &Ienf;
onf twdkif; jzpfonf/

yGJMunfhpifodkY wufoGm;jcif;qdkonfrSm rdrd\ obm0 tm&HkcHpm;rI? pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rS
a0;&modkYcGmjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/

trSeftm;jzifh jzpfEdkifvQif aqG;aEG;yGJrprDuyif pifjrifhay:odkY wufxm;oifhayonf/
enf;tm;jzifh BudKwifjyifqifrI jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJumvtwGif;rSmvnf; tcgtcGifh&wdkif;
yGJMunfhpifjrifhay:odkY wufoifhonf/ umvwpfavQmufvHk;wGif NydKifzuf\ cH&cufaom jyKrl
aqmif&GufyHkudk pdwfvdkufrmefyg wkefYjyef&ef tBudrfBudrf qHk;jzwfrdygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif rdrd&nf
rSef;csufyef;wdkif bmjzpfonfudk tNrJowd&zdkY vdkygonf/
(C) atmifyef;udk rsufajcrjywfygapeJY

aqG;aEG;yGJ\ &vm'frSm rdrd\&yfwnfcsufudk &,l&efr[kwf? rdrd\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfh
qnf;&ef jzpfonf/ tcsufESpfcsuf\ uGmjcm;rIrSm ta&;BuD;ygonf/ yGJMunfhpifjrifhay:a&muf
NyD; yxrqHk;vkyf&rnfhtvkyfrSm rdrd\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk pdppf&ef jzpfonf/

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(C) (1) vdktyfcsufrsm;udk owfrSwfyg



rdrdvdktyfcsufrsm; bmjzpfovJ[k rdrdudk,fudkar;Munfhaomtcg trsm;tm;jzifh wdus
aomtajz&Sdonfudk awGU&wwfonf/ ]] uRefawmfuawmh Ou|BuD;u aemifESpftwGuf uRef
awmfh|me toHk;p7dwfudk wpfq,fhESpf&mcdkifEIef;wdk;apcsifygw,f }} ponfyif jzpfonf/ onf
rSm rdrd\&yfwnfcsufjzpf rdrdvdkcsiforQudk tcsuftvuf? pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsuf? twdtus
az:jyxm;jcif; jzpf\/

rdrd&yfwnfcsuf\ aemufuG,fwGif rdrd\vdktyfcsufrsm;&Sdaeonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm &yfwnf
csufudk jzpfay:apaom rdrd\ awmifhwcsuf? pdwf0ifpm;rI? pdk;&drfrI paom taMumif;&if;cHrsm;
jzpf\/ ]] bmaMumifh }} [laomar;cGef;jzifh rdrd\ vdkvm;csufudk az:xkwfay;Edkifonf/ ]]bm
aMumifh 'gudkvdkcsifaeovJ igb,fjyemudk ajz&Sif;aewmvJ

awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJqdkonfrSm ESpfzufoGm;vrf; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh wpfzufvl\ vdktyf
csufudk rjznfhqnf;bJESifh rdrd\ vdktyfcsufudkcsnf; jznfhqnf;&ef rjzpfEdkifyg/ xdkYaMumifh ol\
vdktyfcsufudkvnf; rdrd\vdktyfcsufuJhodkY em;vnfoabmayguf&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ txuf
vlBuD;u rdrd|me toHk;p&dwfudk wdk;ay;zdkY wGefYqkwfaejcif;onf olu ukrPDOu|jzpfzdkY arQmfrSef;
aejcif;ay:wGif wnfEdkifygonf/ olYudk NcdK;NcHacRwmol wpfa,muftjzpf ukrPDtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
u jrifap&efrSm olYtzdkYrsm;pGm ta&;BuD;onf r[kwfygvm;/

rdrd\ &yfwnfcsufudk r&&Sdonfhwdkif rdrdvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;Edkifonfhtcgvnf;
&Sdygonf/ |metwGuf &oHk;aiG wpfq,fhESpf&mcdkifEIef;wdk;a&;wGif ratmifjrifaomfvnf; tjcm;
tcGifh tvrf;wpfckudk wDxGifBuHq Edkifygonf/ odkYjzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUuvnf; rdrd|merS
txufvlBuD;udk tjrifMunfvifapEdkifygvdrfhonf/ rdrd\ pDrHudef;udk tqifhqifhcGJMunfhvQif
rjzpfEdkifbl;vm; yHkpHtm;jzifh ,ckESpftwGuf ajcmuf&mcdkifEIef;wdk;NyD; ukrPDOu|topf cefYtyf
NyD;rS aemifESpftwGuf aemufxyf ajcmuf&mcdkifEIef; wdk;ay;rnf [laom tmrcHvQif rjzpfEdkifbl;
vm; rdrd\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk wdwdusus owfrSwfvdkufygu odkYaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGmudk
awGUvmygvdrfhrnf/

tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udkvnf; wif;Muyfaom &nfrSef;csuftm;jzifh rMunfhjrifbJ rdrd\vdktyf
csufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;rnfh wdusaom om"ursm;tjzpf ,lqyg/ &&Sdrnfh &vm'fum; &nfrSef;
xm;aom oabmwlnDcsufrsdK; jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ wpfzufvlu rdrd\ wifjycsufudk oabmwlvufcH
rnf[k uHaouHr qdkEdkifrnf r[kwfaomfvnf; aqG;aEG;yGJ tawmtwGif;wGif ydkaumif;aom
tcGifhtvrf; wpfckudk &&SdapEdkifygvdrfhrnf/
(C) (2) BATNA SdEdIif;aqG;aEG;yGJ rvkyfbJESifh&Edkifonfh taumif;qHk;&vm'fudkowfrSwfjcif;

aqG;aEG;yGJ&vm'f Prize onf rdrd\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk enf;enf;yg;yg; jznfhqnf;ay;
aom oabmwlnDcsuf wpfckjzpf&HkESifh rvHkavmufyg/ SdEdIif;oabmwlnDcsuf &vm'fonf Sd
EdIif;aqG;aEG;yGJ rvkyfbJESifh rdrdbmom&,lEdkifaom taumif;qHk;&vm'f BATNA Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement xufydk tusdK;&SdzdkY vdkygonf/

BATNA udka&G;vQif wpfzufvl\ oabmwlnDcsufrvdkbJ rdrdvdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;
10

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

Edkifonf/ rdrd vlBuD;ESifh vpmwdk;a&;udk aqG;aEG;jcif; jzpfygu oif\ BATNA rSm tjcm;tvkyf
wpfck ajymif;vkyfzkdYjzpfonf/ q,fausmfouft&G,fom;orD;ESifh olwkdY\&IyfyGaeaom tcef;t
wGuf aqG;aEG;jcif;\ (BATNA)rSm xkdtcef;ukd ukd,fwkdif&Sif;vif;ay;&ef jzpfaumif;jzpfeKdifonf/
'kwd, taumif;qkH;rsm;onf rdrdESifhwuG rdrdESifh wpfyg;olwkdYtMum; qufqHa&;twGuft
aumif;qkH;r[kwfonfrSmrSefygonf/ taMumif;aMumif;yif xkdxuf BATNA aumif;aomajz
&Sif;csufukd &SmazGSdeKdif;ae&jcif; jzpfygonf/ okdYaomfrdrdBATNA onf ta&;MuD;aom SdEdIif;
oabmwlnDcsufwpfcktwGuf pHcsdefwkdif;aywH jzpf&ayvdrfYrnf/

BATNA Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement aqG;aEG;&&Sdcsufukd owfrSwf&m
wGif taumif;qkH;okH;rsKd;ukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf/ (yxr) rdrd\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd taumift
xnfaz:&ef rdrdwpfOD;wnf;taeeJY bmrsm;vkyfEkdifovJ tvG,fqkH;Oyrm- rdrdu0,foljzpfae
vQif aemuf a&mif;olwpfa,mufukd&Sm&ef? rdrdu a&mif;oljzpfaevQif aemuf 0,folwpfa,muf
ukd&Sm&efjzpf\('kwd,) wpfzufvlu rdrd\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd tav;*&kjyKvmap&ef oltm;bm
rsm;wkduf&kduf jyKvkyfay;EkdifovJ Oyrm- oltm;usOf&ef(oydwfarSmuf&ef) okdYr[kwfppfaMunm
&ef jzpf\ (wwd,) rdrd\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd yhHykd;ay;Ekdifrnfh wwd,tpkwpfckukd udpxJokdY
rnfokdYqGJoGif;vmEkdifovJ ,if;rSm w&m;&kH;okdYwuf&ef okdYr[kwf Mum;ujzefajzrIukd vufcH&ef
jzpfonf/ ,if;okdYjzpfEkdifajcrsm;ukdpkpnf;jyD;aemuf taumif;qkH;ukda&G;vkdufyg/

taumif;qkH;aemufwpfckqkdonfrSm BudKwif&SdaeNyD;r[kwf ,if;udkzefwD;,l&onf/ oif
\ BETA u rcdkifrmvQif ckdifrmatmifjyKjyif,l&rnf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh vuf&Sdvkyfief;rSmyif tjcm;
tvkyfwpfck&&ef pOf;pm;rnfhtpm; tjcm;vkyfief;wpfckrS tvkyfurf;vSrf;csuf wpfckudk &atmif
&Smxm;yg/ rdrd\tdrfudk a&mif;&efaqG;aEG;aeonf qdkygpdkY pdwf0ifpm;olwpfa,mufudk jyNyD;&Hkjzifh
at;raebJ aemufwpfu,f0,fvdkolwpfa,mufudkyg &Smxm;yg/

BATNA onf aqG;aEG;rI pGrf;&nf\ aomhcsuf jzpfonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJwGif oifwpfzuf
vlxuf taumifBuD;onf? tiftm;ydkonf? tawGUtBuHKydkrsm;onf [laom tcsufwdkYxuf rdrd
\ BATNA u rnfrQydkaumif;onf [laomtcsufu ydkta&;ygonf/ (aemufvkyfief;u)
tvkyfurf;vSrf;csuftopfu aumif;aevQif oif\vpm auseyfzG,f&mwdk;ay;&ef oifhvlBuD;u
pOf;pm;vdrfhrnf/ txl;ojzifh txufvlBuD;u oifhtvkyfae&mwGif cefYxm;&ef tjcm;wpfa,muf
udk rowfrSwfao;vQif odkYydk jzpfEdkifygonf/ rdrdwGif tvm;tvmaumif;aom 'k-taumif;
qHk; aemufwpfenf;&SdaeNyD; wpfzufvlwGif r&Sdygu aqG;aEG;yGJwGif rdrdu tompD;&Edkifygonf/
wenf;tm;jzifh rdrd\ BATNA aumif;oavmuf aqG;aEG;rIpGrf;&nf ydk&Sdayrnf/

BATNA udk tdyfxJrSm aqmifxm;yg/ wpfzufvlu tjyif;txefxdk;ESufvm pdwfvIyf
&Sm;vmygu tdyfudk tomt,mykwfNyD; 'DwdkufyGJutqifrajyawmif iguawmh tdkauyguGm
vdkYajymvdkufyg/
(C) (3) aqG;aEG;oifh roifh qHk;jzwfyg

rdrd\vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh rdrd\ BATNA udk odem;vnfNyD;aemuf aqG;aEG;zdkYoifh? roifh
pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ tcsdKUaom yk*dKvfrsm;onf tvkyfuxGufoGm;&ef oifhonfrSmMumvSNyDjzpfonfh
11

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

wdkifatmif (tcsdefrsm;pGm,l) tvGefSif;yef;ESdyfpufaom txufvlBuD;ESifh bmaMumifhqufNyD;


aqG;aEG;&ef BudK;pm;aewwfMuygoenf; tavhtusifh rdrdwGiftjzpf&Sdonf[k rvHkjcif;? rdrd
udk,fudk tjypfwifjcif;wdkYonf taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfEdkifaomfvnf; tcgrsm;pGmwGif rdrdtwGuf
'k-taumif;qHk; BATNA udk rowfrSwfEdkifjcif;? odkYr[kwf rsufajcjywfjcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfEdkifonf/

wpfcgwpf&H rdrd\ BATNA onf wpfzufvlESifh &&SdEdkiforQ oabmwlnDcsufxuf ydk
aumif;aeEdkifygonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJ[lonfrSm wefzdk;BuD;ygonf/ tcsdefukefvlyef;&Hkru ,if;tcsdef
twGif;wGif tjcm;aom taumif;qHk;rsm;udkvnf; vufvGwfqHk;&HI;Edkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh aqG;aEG;
rnfqdkaomtcg aocsmpGm pOf;pm;a0zefNyD;rS qHk;jzwf&ef vdkayonf/

rdrd\ BATNA udk &Sdonfxufydk wefzdk;jzwfrdwwfygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;orm; trsm;tjym;
wdkYonf udk,fhudkudk ,HkMunfrIvGefaeaom a&Shaersm;\ tBuHay;csufrsm;tay:tm;xm; jy
emrsm; aqG;aEG;jcif;rjyKbJ &Hk;wif&ef qHk;jzwfcJhMu&mrS pD;yGm;a&;ysufpD;rIESifh BuHKcJh&ygonf/ &Hk;
a&mufaomtrI? oydwf odkYr[kwf ppfyGJwdkif;wGif wpfzuf odkYr[kwf ESpfzufpvHk;tzdkY rdrd\
BATNA onf rdrdxifxm;oavmuf rpGHaMumif;awGU&wwfonf/ tcsufudk BudKodxm;ygu
oabmwlnDcsuf r&? &atmif wGef;tm;wpfck jzpfvmEdkifonf/
(C) (4) &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudk rsufajcrjywfygapeJY

xdkYaMumifh &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifonf rdrd\ BATNA u pGrf;aqmifEdkifonfxuf rdrd\
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk ajyvnfapaomoabmwlnDcsuf wpfckjzpf&rnf/ NydKifzuf\ vdktyfcsufrsm;
udkvnf; wyfEdkifoavmuf jznfhqnf;ay;&ayrnf/ rdrd\&nfrSef;csuf (yef;wdkif) bmjzpfonfudk
odem;vnfonfhaemufwGifrl ,if;udkrsufajcrjywfatmif Munfhxm;&rnf/ udprSm vG,fvSonf
r[kwfay? a'goxGufaomtcg wdkufcdkufvdkpdwfay:vmwwfonf/ pdwfysuftm;avsmhaomtcg
aqG;aEG;yGJrSxGufoGm;vdkpdwf jzpfvmwwfonf/ odkYjzpfvQif obm0wkHYjyefrIqdkonfudk rnfodkY
aomenf;jzifh z,fxm;Muygoenf;

(i) upm;uGufudk trnfwyfay;vdkufyg

wpfcgwpf&H vuf&SdtajctaewGif epfajrmyg0ifywfoufaeaomtcg rdrdu wkefYjyefae
onfudkyif owdrxm;rdbJ &Sdwwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh yxrqHk;vkyf&rnfrSm (wpfzufvl\) enf;
AsL[mudk todtrSwfjyKxm;vdkuf&ef jzpfonf/ a&S;a[mif; ('@m&D) rsm;wGif ewfqdk;wpfa,muf
vdk trnfwyf ac:vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh ,if;ewfqdk;udk armif;xkwfNyD; jzpfonf[k t,l&Sdonf/
xdkYaMumifh wpfzuf\ rw&m;aom enf;AsL[mudk xkwfaz:vdkufEdkifjcif;jzifh ol\wefcdk;udk y,f
zsufNyD;jzpfvdrfhrnf/
enf;AsL[moHk;rsdK;

enf;AsL[m'gZifaygif;rsm;pGm&Sd&m ,if;wdkYudk a,bl,stm;jzifh twm;tqD;jyKjcif;? &efp
&dkif;pdkif;jcif;? xifrSwfrSm;apjcif; wdkYay:wGifwnf oHk;rsdK;oHk;pm; cGJjcm;Edkifonf/
12

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(i) (1) ausmufwHwdkif;um&Hjcif;



ausmufwHwdkif;um&Hjcif;enf;AsL[monf wpfqHcsnfrQa&GUray;aom enf;jzpfonf/ wpf
zufvlonf tavsmhtwif; vHk;0rvkyfyJ ol\&yfwnfcsufrSvGJ tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mr&SdaMumif;
oifhtm;oabmaygufapygvdrfhrnf/ ausmufwHwdkif;udk wpfcgwpf&H NyD;NyD;om;udpwpf&yf toGif
jzifhawGU&\/ ]] udpujywfNyD;om;bJ bmrSxyfvkyfvdkY r&awmhbl; }} odkYr[kwf csrSwfNyD;aom ay:vpD
tjzpfawGU&wwfonf/ ]] 'gu uRefawmfwdkY ay:vpDyJ? usKyftaeeJYbmrSvkyfvdkY r&bl; }} odkYr[kwf
,cifqHk;jzwfcsufwpfckudk udk;um;vmwwf\/ ]] vc&Spf&mcdkifEIef;rS wdk;r&&if uRefawmfEIwfxGuf
ygr,fvdkY or*tzGJU0ifawGudk uwdcHcJhNyD;om;yJ }} wpfzef wpfzufvlonf tqHk;r&Sdaom aESmufaES;
MuefYMumrIudk jyKvkyfwwf\/ ]] uRefawmfwdkY xyfNyD;qufoG,fyghr,f }} odkYr[kwf aemufqHk;pum;
tjzpf ]] BudKufvJ,laygh rBudKufvJxm;cJhaygh }} [lqdkEdkifonf/ oifxyfrH tBuHjyKwifjyorQudk
]] [ifhtif; }} [kom tajzay;vdrfhrnf/
(i) (2) wdkufcdkufrIrsm;

wdkufcdkufrI qdkonfrSm zdtm;ay;enf;AsL[m jzpfonf/ oifhtm;aMumuf&GHUNyD; aerxd
xdkifrom jzpfoGm;um NydKifzuf\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tavQmhay; vdkufavsmatmif&nf&G,f
onf/ tawGU&trsm;qHk;rSm olxifovdk vufrcHvQif aemifjzpfvmrnf tusdK;qufudk az:jy
Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif; jzpfonf/ ]] 'Dvdkvkyf&ifvkyf? rvkyf&if }} [l jzpf\/ oif\wifjycsufudk tjypf
&Sm\/ ]] cifAsm;wifjyxm;wJh udef;*Pef;awGu odyfuGmaew,f }} oif\ odumudk xdyg;apjcif;
jzpf\/ ]] 'Dtvkyfudk cifAsm;vkyfwmrMumao;bl; r[kwfvm; }} oif\ tqifhESifh vkyfydkifcGifhudk
axmufjy\/ ]] usKyfwdkYu wu,fqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&SdoleJYom ajymcsifwm }} wdkufcdkufolonf olYvdk
vm;csuf r&rcsif; oifhtm;apmfum; tEdkifusifh xdk;eufrnf jzpfonf/
(i) (3) vSnfhpm;rI

vSnfhpm;jcif; qdkonfrSm oifhtm;tavQmhay;ap&ef vdrfnmaom enf;AsL[m jzpfonf/
wpfzufvo
l nf &d;k om;pGm trSew
f &m;udk az:xkwaf eonf [laom oif\cH,cl suu
f kd tcGiahf umif;
,lwwfonf/ wpfenf;rSm rrSefuefaom? vkyfBuHxm;aom? &IyfaxG;aom udef;*Pef;rsm;udk
toHk;jyKNyD; pm&if;Z,m;udk vdrfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ aemufwpfenf;rSm NydKifzufonf udp&yfudk
qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdol wpfOD;uJhodkY [efaqmifum rdrdxHrS &Edkifoavmuf Spf,lNyD; wu,fqHk;jzwf
&rnfh tcsdefa&mufrS olYtxufvlwpfa,mufuom tqHk;tjzwfay;EdkifaMumif; ajymjcif; jzpf
onf/ ,if;udk ]] r&SdwJhtmPm }} enf;[k ac:onf/ aemufwpfenf;rSm ]] xyfaqmif; }} enf;
jzpfonf/ rdrdu oabmwlnDcsuf&NyD[k ,lqNyD; aemufqHk;rS wpfzufu xyfwdk; wifjyawmif;
qdk vmenf; jzpfonf/
enf;AsL[mudk todtrSwfjyKyg

enf;AsL[mwpfck\ tusdK;oufa&mufrIudk ajczsuf&ef aomhcsufrSm ,if;udk todtrSwf


13

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

jyKjcif; jzpfonf/ wpfzufol\ enf;AsL[monf ausmufwHwdkif;enf; jzpfonf[k todtrSwfjyK


vdkufvQif olYudk tavsmhtwif; rvkyfwwfol[k ,lqrl avsmhoGm;vdrfhrnf/ wdkufcdkufvmrIudk
twdtusem;vnfxm;jcif;jzifh aMumuf&GHUjcif;? pdwfqif;&Jjcif;'Pf rcH&bJ wpfzufvl\ vdrf
vnfvSnfhzsm;rIrS uif;vGwfEdkifonf/

xdkenf;rsm;\ xda&mufrIrSm rdrdtay:bmvkyfvdkufonfudk oifu rodjcif;tay: wnf
onf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh oifhazgufonfu ]] aps;EIef;udk olu oabmusygonf odkY&mwGif ol\ygwem
u pmcsKyfudk jyifqifcsuf trsm;tjym; rjyKvkyfbJ vufrSwfa&;xdk;cGifhrjyK }} [k ajymvmonf/
qdkygpdkY olonf ol\ ygwemtm; ]] vlqdk; }} tjzpf toHk;csaejcif;udk owd rjyKrdygu olajym
aom jyifqifcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyf&ef oabmwlvdkufvdrfhrnf/ enf;AsL[mudk odem;vnfxm;jcif;
jzifh owdxm; qufqHEdkifonf/

todtrSwfjyK&ef tcufqHk;enf;AsL[mrSm vdrfnmcsufrsm; jzpf\/ NydKifzufonf trSefudk
rajymbJ oifu trSef[k ,lq&ef tm;xkwfvdrfhrnf/ ol\ ,ckajympum;rsm;ESifh ol\twdwf
uajympum;rsm; vkyfyHkudkifyHk? rsufESmay;? udk,f[eftaetxm;? toHaetoHxm;wdkYtMum;
o[Zmw rjzpfrIwdkYudk apmifhMunfh&efvdkonf/ vlvdrfonf pum;vHk;rsm;udk usifvnfpGm a&G;cs,f
oHk;EIef;Edkifaomfvnf; pdk;&drfaMumifhusrIaMumifh vdyfjymroefYaomaMumifh toHedrfhjrifh udkrlrxdef;
Edkifay/ rsufESmay;udkvnf; xdef;&efcufwwfonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh oltNyHK;onf tcrJh jzpfaewwf
onf/ pdk;&drfaMumifhusrI qdkonfrSm taMumif;&if;trsm;&Sdwwfojzifh oJvGefp wpfckwnf;jzifh
rvHkavmufyg/ oJvGefptrsm;udk &SmMunfh&rnf/

enf;AsL[mrsm;udk apmifhMunfhjcif; qdkonfrSm Edk;Edk;Mum;Mum;&Sdjcif;om jzpfonf/ tvGef
trif; oHo,&Sdjcif; r[kwfay/ wpfcgwpf&H uREkfyfwdkYonf tjcm; vlwpfa,muf\ tjyKtrludk
em;vnfrI vGJwwfonf/ ,ckacwfwGif emrnftBuD;qHk; EdkifiHa&;jrifuGif;wpfckrSm 1960-ckESpf
ukvor*wGif rdefYcGef;ajym&if; qdkAD,uf0efBuD;csKyf eDuDwmu&k&Sufu pm;yGJudk zdeyfjzifhxkaeyHk
jzpfonf/ vlwdkif;u ol\vGefuJaom tjyKtrlonf taemuftkyfpkudk Ncdrf;ajcmuf&ef &nf&G,f
aom enf;AsL[mwpfck jzpfonf[k ,lq\/ ]] ckwpfBudrf zdeyfeJYxk&if aemufwpfcgus EsLuvD;,m;
vufeufeJY rxkaybl;vm; }} [k awG;Muonf/ aemiftESpf oHk;q,ftMumwGifrl u&k&Suf\om;
qma*u olYzcif\ &nf&G,fcsufonf trsm;xifxm;wmESifh rsm;pGmuGJjym;aMumif; &Sif;jy\/

qdkAD,uf,leD,H e,ferdwf tjyifzufodkY ta&muftaygufenf;aom u&k&Sufu taemuf
EdkifiHvlxkonf jyif;xefaomEdkifiHa&; tajctwifyGJrsm;udk BudKufESpfoufMuonf[k Mum;zl;xm;
\/ xdkYaMumifholu taemufEdkifiHy&dowf oabmusrnf[k ,lqum rdrdwifjyvdkonfh tcsufudk
zdeyfjzifhpm;yGJudk xkjcif;jzifh tav;teuf azmfjyvdkuf\/ y&dwfowfu vefYjzefYNidrfusoGm;aom
tcg u&k&Sufxuf tHhMooGm;ol r&Sdawmhay/ ol (taemufEdkifiHom;wpfa,muf)vdk BudK;pm;jyK
rlcJhonf r[kwfygvm; u&k&Suf\ tqifrajyaom jyKrlcsufonf rwluGJjym;aom ,Ofaus;rI
ESpfckaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom em;vnfrI vGJrSm;csufwpfckom jzpfygonf/

xdkYaMumifh a&'gudk toHk;jyKyg/ oHcsyfumtusudk r0wfygESifh/ vdrfnmjzef;oef;rIwpfck
odkYr[kwf rodrom xdk;ESufrIwpfckudk cHpm;rdaomtcg pdwfxJrSm rSwfxm;vdkufyg/ ,if;udk tod
trSwfjyKvdkufjcif;jzifh ajczsufvdkufNyD; ,if;onf {uef{u udpwpfck r[kwfbJ jzpfEdkifzG,f&m
14

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

wpfcktjzpfom pdwfwGifaw;xm;ay;vdkufyg/ qufqH&cufolrsm;onf enf;AsL[mwpfckudkom


oHk;Muonf r[kwfojzifh tjcm;taxmuftxm; rsm;udkvnf; &SmMunfhyg/
rdrd\ aysmhuGufrsm;udk odem;vnfyg

NydKifzufu rdrdtay:toHk;csaom enf;AsL[mrsm;udk aumif;pGmajczsuf&eftwGuf ol\
enf;AsL[mrsm;udkomru rdrd\cHpm;csufudkvnf; odem;vnf&ef vdktyfonf/

rdrdu wpfzufvltm; wkHYjyefaeNyDqdkonfudk yxrqHk; rdrd\ cEmudk,frS od&onf/ Adkuf
xJu atmifhvmonf &ifuckefvmonf rsufESmueDvmNyD; vufz0g;wGif acR;jyefvmonf/ xdk
tcsufwdkYu wpfckckrSm;aeaMumif; aqG;aEG;yGJwGif oifonf wnfNidrfrIudk rxdef;EdkifawmhaMumif;
jyonf/ oifonf yGJMunfhpifjrifhodkY wufcsdefwefNyDjzpfaMumif; Tef;aeMuonf/

uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;wGif pdwf"gwfa&;&mt& xdcdkufvG,faom ae&mrsm;&SdMuonf/ ,if;wdkYudk
(aysmhuGuf) rsm;[k ac:Edkifonf/ tcsdKUonf ao;i,faom a0zefrIrsdK;udkyif wl;wl;cg;cg; wkHYjyef
wwf\/ wpfpHkwpfa,mufu rdrdudkavSmifonf[k xifrSwf,Hkjzifh tBuD;tus,f a'goxGufwwf
onf/ rdrd t,ltqudk vufrcHvQifyif rcHEdkif? r&yfEdkif jzpfwwf\/ tcsdKUurl udk,fhwGif wm0ef
&Sdonf[k ,lqvnf;aumif;? wpfzufom;u rdrdudkrkef;wD;rnfpdk;vnf;aumif;? tcsif;rsm;rSm
aMumufvnf;aumif; tavQmhay;wwfMuonf/

rdrdaysmhuGufrsm;udk odxm;ygu wpfzufu rdrd\aysmhuGufudk wdkufcdkufvmonfESifhodEdkif
onf/ wpfzef,if;odkYodvdkufjcif;jzifh rdrd\obm0wkefYjyefrIudk xdef;csKyfEdkifvdrfhrnf/ rdrdtm;pepf
pnf;urf;r&Sd? acgif;&Iyfaeol[k tac:rcHvdkvQif pepfwus pnf;urf;&Sdatmif BudKwifjyifqifxm;
yg/ xdkYaemufwGifrl tjcm;wpfa,mufu rdrdtm; A&koku Edkifonf[k pGyfpGJaomtcg cgxkwfvdkuf
Edkifygvdrfhrnf/

uREkfwdkYonf NydKifqdkifrItwdNyD;aom ywf0ef;usifwGif aexdkifvkyfudkif aeMu&onf/ xdkY
aMumifh EIwfjzifhwdkufcdkufrIrsm;&Sdrnfudk arQmfvifhxm;NyD; ,if;wdkYudk *&krpdkufygESifh/ wpfzufvlonf
rdrd\a'go? taMumufw&m;ESifh vdrfjymroefYrIwdkYtay: tcGifhaumif;,l&ef arQmfvifhxm;aMumif;
owd&yg/ rdrdu pdwfcHpm;rIrsm;udk rxdef;csKyfEdkifbJ aqG;aEG;&mwGifxda&mufrI r&Sdygu olYtBudKuf
jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf/ uREkfwdkYi,fpOfu upm;az:wpfa,mufu &efvdkapmfum;vmaomtcg ]] ajym
csif&majym ig*&krpdkuzl; }} [k ajymcJhMuonf r[kwfygvm; oifcef;pmonf vlBuD;rsm;tae
jzifhvnf; owd&zdkYaumif;aom oifcef;pmwpfck jzpfygonf/

wdkufcdkufxdk;ESufjcif;cH&aomtcg wpfzufvludk 'gxufydkNyD; bmrSrvkyfwwfoltjzpf &Ijrif
jcif;onf rsm;pGmtaxmuftul jzpfapygonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh txufvlBuD;u rdrd\ vkyfazmfudkifzuf
rsm;a&ShwGif rMumcP tjypf&Sm qlyljcif;cH&aom trsdK;orD;wpfOD;\ cH,lcsufudk MunfhMupdkY/
]] olYtaMumif;udk acgif;xJxnfhxm;wkef;u udk,fwdkifa&m rdom;pka&m odyfNyD;pdwf'kua&mufcJhMu
&w,f? aemufawmh ol[m igh&JUb0eJY bmrSrqdkifbl;vdkY qHk;jzwfNyD; oleJYcGmNyD; pOf;pm;vdkufw,f
'Dawmh atmf 'if;[m vleJYoleJY b,fvdkqufqHr,fqdkwm rodwJh oem;p&mow0gygvm;....
vdkY oabmaygufvmw,f/ tJ'Daemuf olbmvkyfvkyf uRefru vspfvsL&Ixm;vdkufw,f/ uRefrudk
15

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

b,fvdk cvkwfwdkufwdkuf rvIyfrSef;odawmh olYtusifhqdk;vJ &yfoGm;ygw,f }}


(p) tcsdef,l pOf;pm;yg

pum;uGufudk trnfwyf vufiif;wkHYjyefrIudk a&SmifNyD;aomf aemufwpfqifhrSm pOf;pm;
&ef tcsdef,ljcif; jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh yGJMunfhpifjrifodkYwuf&ef jzpfonf/
(p) (1) acw&yfvdkufyg bmrS rajymygeJY

wif;rmaom aqG;aEG;yGJ wpfck\tv,fwGif tvG,fqHk;tcsdef,l pOf;pm;enf;rSm &yfem;NyD;
bmrSrajymjcif; jzpfonf/ pdwfqdk;aepOf pdwfysufaepOf wkHYjyefjcif;jzifh tusdK;r&SdEdkifyg/ rdrd\
qkH;jzwfcsufonf wvGJwacsmfjzpfaewwfonf/ onfrSm &kd;&kd;pdwfykdif;qkdif&m udpwpf&yf r
[kwfyg/ a'gopdwfwif;usyfrIwkdYESifh ,SOfwGJaeaom wdusaomZd0"gwk ajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh jzpf
ay:vmygonf/ ,if;ajymif;vJrIrsm; ys,foGm;onftxd puefYtenf;i,frQ tcsdef,ljcif;jzifhyif
udpt&yf&yfukd ykd ,xmblwusus jrifapEdkifygvdrfYrnf/ aomrwf*sufzmqefu a'goxGuf
aevQif pum;rajymrSD wpfq,ftxd a&wGufyg/ odyfa'goxGufaevQif wpf&mxd a&wGufyg [l
ajymbl;ygonf/

acw&yfem;jcif;jzifh oifhtzkdY yGJMunfhpifjrifhay:okdYwuf&ef puefYtenf;i,f &apouJh
okdY wpfzufvltm;vnf; pdwfNidrfoGm;ap&ef tcGifhtvrf;&ygapvdrfYrnf/ tajctwifqufajym
a&;udponf olwm0efjzpfvmvdrfYrnf/ oifbm awG;awmMuHqaeonfukd rodaomaMumifh ol
u ydkrQrQww wkHYjyefvmvdrfYrnf/ txda&mufqkH;aqG;aEG;rItcsKdUrSm vkH;0eKwfydwfaejcif;jzifh
NyD;ajrmuf atmifjrifoGm;wwfygonf/

okdYpOfvQuf wpfzufvluqufvuf qlylaeonfqkdygpkdY? &kyf&Sifxkwfvkyfolwpfa,muf
\ ola|;MuD;onf omreftao;tzGJY udpuav;rsm;MuKH&vQifyif aygufuGJwwf\/ a'goxGuf
vQif oluqGJxkd;csifpdwf aygufrdaMumif;? rdwfaqGtm;ajymjy&m rdwfaqGu]]'DvkdpOf;pm;Munfhyg}}
olu cifAsm;ukd atmfaigufaewmr[kwfbl;? olbmolatmfcsifvkdY atmf[pfaewm? tJ'Dawmh
aemufwpfcg tJ'Dvkda[mufvm&if ukvm;xkdifaemufausmukdrSD? vufykdufjyD;xkdifaevkduf? ol
a[mufoHawG cif;Asm;tay:uausmfjyD; vGifhoGm;vdrfYr,f/ ol'Dvkd yGifhxGufoGm;wJhtwGuf ol
twGuf b,favmufaumif;oGm;w,fqkdwm cifAsm;bmomwGufMunfhvkdufyg[k tBuHay;yg
onf/ aemiftcgwGif xkwfvkyfolu tBuHvufawGYwGifatmifjrifaMumif; jyefowif;ykdYonf

tvkyform;or*ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwkdY aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif rMumcPawGYBuHK&wwfaom
pum;ppfxkd;yGJrsm;ukdvnf; txufygcsOf;uyfenf;jzifh a&SmifvGJEdkifygonf/ wpfcgwGifrl ESpfzuf
vkH;u wpfBudrfrSmwpfa,mufom pdwfqkd;aMu; [laompnf;urf;wpfck csvkdufMuonf/ xkdt
cg wpfzufua'gxaevQif aemufwpfzufu rwkHYjyefbJae&awmhonf/ wkHYjyefrdvQif rdrdwkdYt
zkdY aysmhnHNyD; rxdef;csKyfEkdifolrsm;jzpfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ pnf;urf;aMumifh wkHYjyefrIwefjyef? wkHY
jyefrIoHo&mvnf; ysufoGm;avonf/

cHpm;rIqkdonfukd vkH;vkH;BuD;y,fxm;vkdYr&paumif;yg? y,f&efvnf;rvkdyg/ cHpm;rIESifhvuf
awGUaqmif&GufrI tMum;rS uGif;qufukd jzwfypfvkduf&efomvkdygonf/ a'goxGufjcif;? pdwf
16

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

ysufjcif;? pkd;&GHUjcif;wkdYukd cHpm;Munfhyg/ wpfzufvlukd xkd;ESufvkdu pdwful;jzifhxkd;ESufvkdufyg/ odkY


&mwGifcHpm;rIESifh &kwfw&ufjzpfay:aom EdI;qGpdwfudkawmh vufawGUtaumiftxnf raz:vdkuf
ygeJY/ EdI;qGpdwfudk ab;z,fxm;NyD; rdrdtjyKtrludkvnf; &yfxm;vdkufyg/ odkYjyKvkyf&mwGif em&DESifh
csD Mumonfxif&aomfvnf; trSeftm;jzifh puefYtenf;rQom Mumygvdrfhrnf/ wpfzufvlu
atmf[pf aigufief;aepOf odkYr[kwf ausufwHwdkif;umenf;oHk;aepOf odkYjyK&ef rvG,fonfrSm
rSefygonf/ odkY&mwGif aqG;aEG;rI atmifjrifa&;twGufrl vdktyfcsufwpfck jzpfygonf/ ormusrf;pm
wGif vmonfhtwdkif; ]] em;axmif&mwGif jrefygap? ajym&mwGifMumygap (vufawGU) vkyfaqmif
&mwGif tcsdef,lyg }}
(p) (2) wdwfacGudk jyef&pfyg

&yfxm;onfqdk&mwGif tcsdeftuefYtowf&Sdonf/ pOf;pm;&ef tcsdef,lyg (wdyf) acGudk
ajymif;jyefjyef&pfNyD; wpfcgjyefzGifhouJhodkY ajymcJhorQpum;tajctwifudk jyefajymMunfhyg/ wpf
zufoltm; ]] cifAsm;bmqdkvkdw,fqdkwmudk usKyfaoaocsmcsm em;vnfcsifvdkYyg }} [k taMumif;
jyNyD; ,cktcsdeftxd aqG;aEG;cJhNyD;orQudk jyefoHk;oyfjyyg/

yHkpHtm;jzifh rdrdu tNyD;owfta&mif;t0,fwpfckudk 0,folESifhtwl pmcsKyfrcsKyfrD aemuf
qHk;tBudrf jyefvSefavhvmaeMuonf qdkygpdkY? olu tajctaeuawmhtawmfaumif;ygw,f?
0efaqmifrIpmcsKyfudkaum oabmrwlEdkifbl;vm;? tcrJhav? b,fvdkwkef;? oabmwlw,fr[kwf
vm; [k oluurf;vSrf;vmonfqdkygpdkY/

olYvSnfhuGufudk csufcsif;wkHYjyefNyD; ]] tif; }} okYdr[kwf ]] [ifhtif; }} tajzay;vdkufygu
qHk;jzwfcsuftrSm;csrdzdkY trsm;BuD;aocsmonf/ xdkYaMumifh yGJMunfhpifjrifhay:u Munfhyg/ (wdyf) acG
udk jyefzGifhjyvdkufyg wpfzufvltm; ]] [,f&Da& cifAsm;bmqdkvdkw,fqdkwm odyfoabmrayguf
bl;? ck'Dtajctaexd a&mufvmyHkudk jyefMunfhMu&atmif/ tck udpudk vGefcJhwJh oHk;vu pcJhMuwm
[kwfw,faemf }}

]] [kwfw,fxifyg&JU }}

]] tJ ppcsif;wkef;u cifAsm;u 0efaqmifrIpmcsKyfudk ckta&mif;t0,fudpESifh owfowf
pD aqG;aEG;csifw,fvdkY ajymcJhw,f r[kwfvm; }}

]] [kwfawmh [kwfw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'geJYywfoufvdkY wpfrsdK;oabmaygufxm;w,f }}

]] uJ pmcsKyfrSm;&ifvJ jyifygaemf? cifAsm;eJYusKyfeJY pmcsKyfyg tydk'fawG tm;vHk;twGuf wpfaeY
ubJ tNyD;owf oabmwlnDcsuf &cJhNyD;om; r[kwfvm; }}

tcsufudk [,f&Du rnfodkYoabmxm;onfjzpfap? rdrdtzdkY yGJMunfhpifjrifhay: a&muf
aeNyD; ol\aemufqHk;awmif;qdkcsufudk vdkufavsm&ef rvdktyfcJhay/ trSeftm;jzifh [,f&Dudk
wdkufppfrS cHppfodkY tenf;i,fajymif;oGm;apEdkifcJhNyD/

[,f&D\ enf;AsL[mqdkonfrSm rsufvSnfhjyonfESifhwl\/ jyuGufrsm;udk tjrefqHk;vkyf
aqmifvdkufojzifh vufvSJYtuGufudk rjrifvdkuf&ay/ wdyf jyefzGifhonfqdkonfrSm ,if;vufvSnfh
uGufudk aESmifhaES;oGm;apjcif;jzpf\/ rdrdonf vSnfhuGufudk oabmaygufNyD; ,if;\ xda&muf
rIudk ajczsufay;Edkifygonf/
17

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;


wpfzufvlu olYwifjycsufyg cRwf,Gif;csufudk rsufpd&Srf;oGm;ap&ef &nf&G,f rdrdtm;
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;pGm yHkzdvmygu ]] tcsuftvufawGu rsm;vGef;awmh &IyfaxG;ukefNyD
jyefMunfhMuOD;pdkY }} [k ajymjyyg/ odkYr[kwf cifAsm;pDrHudef;xJygwJh tydk'fawG wpfckeJYwpfck b,f
vdkqufaew,fqdkwm jyefajymjyygOD;? uRefawmf wpfae&m? ESpfae&mem;rvnfvdkufvdkY }} [k ajymyg/
tcsuftvufrsm;udk tao;pdwf&Sif;jyapaomtcg olY\wifjycsufrS tm;enf;csufrsm;udk ydk
jrifomvmygvdrfhrnf/

aqG;aEG;yGJudk aES;auG;apaom enf;wpfenf;rSm rSwfpkcsa&;jcif; jzpf\/ wpfzufvlajym
orQudk vdkufa&;NyD; ]] onf;cHygcifAsm ckeajymvdkufwmav; em;rvnfvdkufvdkY jyefajymygOD; }} [k
cGifhyefEdkifonf/ pmeJYayeYJ rSwfwrf;wpfcka&;jcif;onfvnf; pOf;pm;zdkYtcsdef&apouJhodkY wpfzufvl
tm; av;av;pm;pm; qufqH&mvnf;a&mufonf/ wcsdKUu ]] uRefawmfaumif;aumif; oabm
raygufbl; cifAs }} [kajymvQif rdrda&Smf&musrnf[k pdk;&drfMuonf/ trSeftm;jzifh xdkolrsm;onf
ar;tyfonfh ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;&ef ysufuGufaomaMumifh tnmcH&zdkY vrf;t&SdqHk;olawGjzpfonf/
atmifjrifaom aqG;aEG;olrsm;u cyfwHk;wHk;[k txifcH&jcif;onf aqG;aEG;&mwGif tm;omcsuf
wpfckjzpfaMumif; odMuonf/ ,if;txifaMumifh aqG;aEG;rIudk aES;oGm;apEdkifonf/ a&Smfonf [k
[efaqmifp&m rvdkyg/ &Sif;vif;csuf vkyfay;&efomawmif;qdkyg/

csufcsif;ajymp&mpum;vHk;&SmrawGUaomtcg ]] uRefawmf cifAsm;ajymorQudk taotcsm
oabmraygufao;bl; }} [laom tvGwfusuf pum;vHk;udk oHk;Edkifygonf/
(p) (3) em;csdef,lyg

pOf;pm;&ef tcsdefvdkaomtcg tem;,lvdkufyg/ wpfOD;uwkdifay;jyD;aemuf wpfOD;uazmuf
ay;jcif;jzifh aqG;aEG;yGJonf tjyD;owfvkdYr&atmif MumvmaomtcgrsKd;wGif em;csdef,ljcif;ponfh
ESpfzufpvkH;tm; pdwfavQmhjyD; yGJMunfhpifjrifhokdY oGm;cGifh&ap\/ rMumcPem;csdef,ljcif;jzifh aqG;
aEG;yGJrsm; ykdtusKd;&Sd\/

tem;,l&efwifjyjcif;tm;jzifh rdrd\qkH;jzwfEkdifpGrf; r&SdrI aysmhnHrItjzpf t"dyg,f ayguf
oGm;rvm;[k pkd;&drfwwfMu\/ ,if;twGuf obm0Muaom qifajcwpfckukd&Sm&efvkd\/ ]]uGsef
awmfwkdYajymMuwm tawmfMumoGm;NyD qufrajymcif aumfzDwpfcGufavmuf jrefjrefaomufMu
&atmifvm;}}[k qkdEkdifonf/ okdYr[kwf ]]'D[m tawmfaumif;wJhar;cGef;ygbJ? uGsefawmftajz
oGm;&SmNyD; csufcsifjyefvmcJhygr,f}}[kvnf; ajymEkdifonf/ vG,fulaomqifajcwpfckonf rsm;
pGm taxmuftuljzpfapygonf/

taumif;qkH;qifajcrSm rdrd\ aqG;aEG;azmf(tzGJUom;)rsm;ESif aqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyf&efjzpfonf
,if;rSm raumif;aomtMuHjzifhjyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf[k wpfzufuxifjrifp&m&Sdaomfvnf; vkH;0
w&m;0ifaomudpjzpfonf/ wpfzufvlu wifjycsufwpfck okdYr[kwf tcsuftvuftopfrsm;
ukd ay;vmaomtcg rdrdonfvnf;aqG;aEG;azmfrsm;ESifh wkdifyif&efvkdtyfvmonf/ rdrdu um;
wpfpD;0,f&ef&Sdaomtcg wkdufwGef;aeaomyGJpm;tm;]]qkH;jzwfcsufrcscif uGsefawmfhrdef;reJY acw
cPavmuf wkdifyifyifcsifw,f? 'D&yfuGufukd wpfywfavmufywfNyD;? vrf;avQmufvkduftkH;r,f
em&D0ufMum&if jyefvmygr,f}}[kajymjyyg/ aqG;aEG;&mwGif wpfa,mufwnf; jzpfaeaomtcg
18

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

vkyfaz:ukdifzuf? rdrd\ q&m okdYr[kwf rdwfaqGwpfa,mufa,mufESifh zkef;jzifhqufoG,f


aqG;aEG;yg/

tcef;rS xGuf&efrjzpfaomtcg tjzpftysufwpfck odkYr[kwf &,fp&mwpfckajymjcif;jzifh
aqG;aEG;yGJudk acwvrf;ajymif;ay;vdkufyg/ or*trIaqmifwpfa,mufonf olig;rQm;c&D;xGuf
pOfu &dkufxm;aom "gwfyHkrsm;udk tdyfxJrSmaqmifxm;NyD; aqG;aEG;yGJwif;rmvmcsdefwGif ,if;
wdkYudk pm;yGJay:odkY jypfwifwwfonf/ xdktcg aqG;aEG;zuftm;vHk;vnf; olwdkY tawGUtBuHK pGefY
pm;cef;rsm; taMumif;ajymMuavawmhonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJjyefpaomtcg wif;rmrIavsmhaeavNyD/

aqG;aEG;yGJwGif tem;,lenf;wpfenf;rSm aqG;aEG;az:wpfa,mufudk twlac:vmjcif;
jzpfonf/ enf;tm;jzifh wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf taxmuftuljyKay;Edkifonf/ wpfa,muf
u pum;qdkaepOf aemufwpfa,mufu yGJMunfhpifjrifhay:wufNyD; tajctaeudkapmifhMunfh Edkif
onf/ jyefay;orm;wpfa,mufa,mufESifh ta&;qdkaomtcg &Jrsm;onf ygwemwpfa,mufESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G af vh &So
d nf/ ygwemu &Jvyk if ef;wdEYk iS hf ywfouf ormorwfusaom? obm0
usaom a0zefcsufrsm;ay;\/ rwkHYjyefap&ef BudK;yrf;ay;\/ &JwdkYarmyef;vmMuaomtcg olwdkY
udk,fpm; wm0efay;\/
(p) (4) wpfxdkifwnf;ESifh ta&;BuD;aom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; rcsygeJY

wpfzufvl\ a&SharSmufwGif oabmwlnDcsuf ay;vdkuf&ef pdwf"gwfa&;&mt& tiftm;
BuD;pGmzdtm;ay;jcif; cHae&NyD qdkygpdkY/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif trSm;uif;apaom vufoHk;enf;rSm ta&;BuD;
aomqHk;jzwfcsufwpfckudk wpfxdkifxJESifh rcsrd&ef jzpfonf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif yGJMunfhpifjrifhay:odkY
wufoGm;NyD; tJ'DrSm qHk;jzwfyg/

wpfzufvlu pmcsKyfwpfckudk xdk;ay;NyD; tjrefvufrSwfxdk;ay;&ef awmif;qdkvmaomtcg
]] uRefawmfha&Shaeu tm;vHk;udk oludk,fwdkifjyefNyD; ppfaq;&rS auseyfw,f/ a&ShaeawGtaMumif;
cifAsm;odom;yJ }} [k ajymEdkifonf/ odkYr[kwf ]] cifAsm;'DpmcsKyftwGuf tcsdefawG? tBuHOmPfawG
,lcJh&r,f xifw,f }} [k ar;vdkufyg/ olu acgif;ndwfvQif ]] 'Dawmh uRefawmfuvnf; tJ'DvdkyJ
tcsdefawG? tBuHOmPfawG,lNyD; oHk;oyfrS w&m;rQwrSmaygh }} [k qufajymyg/ pmcsKyfudk acguf
odrf;vdkufNyD;aemuf ]] uRefawmf reufjzefvmcJhr,f }} [k tqHk;owfvdkufyg/

BudKwifcsxm;NyD;om; qHk;jzwfcsufwpfckudk qdkif;vdkufjcif;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh rSefuefaomf
vnf; tNrJwrf; jzpfEdkifrnf r[kwfay/ qHk;jzwfcsufudk tjrefay;&ef vdktyfaomtcg wpfzufvl
tm; ]] uRefawmf tcsdefqGJrxm;csifygbl;/ uRefawmfhXmeudk w,fvDzkef;cPavmuf qufyg&ap/
tJ'g cGifhjyKyg/ uRefawmf csufcsif;jyefvmyghr,f }} [k ajymjyyg/ tjyifzufodkY acwav;rQ xGuf
vdkuf &vQifyif taxmuftultrsm;BuD; &Edkifygonf/ pum;0dkif;rSa0;&modkY (0g) yGJMunfhpifay:
odkYa&mufvQif pdwf"gwfa&;&m zdpD;rIavsmhoGm;vdrfhrnf/ qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ef tylwjyif; vdktyfonf[k
vnf; rxif&awmhay/ ueOD;wHkYjyefrIudk pGefYy,fNyD;NyD jzpfojzifh qHk;jzwfcsufudk "r"d|mefusus
MunfhjrifEdkifvdrfhrnf/

wpfzufvlu wufokwf&dkufjcif;udk vufrcHygESifh? olu tcsdefuefYowfrIjyKvmaomtcg
,if;oabmxm;rSefrrSef prf;oyf&ef aqG;aEG;yGJudk a&TUqdkif;cdkif;vQif tajzrSefxGufvmygvdrfhrnf/
19

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

pmcsKyfqdkonfrSm rdrd\ oabmwlnDrIvdktyfonfudk tNrJowd&yg/ tjrefwkHYjyefjcif;onf tBuD;


qHk;trSm; jzpfEdkifonf/ rdrdaemifcgwGif pdwfqif;&J&rnfh tavQmhay;csufudk rdrduom vkyfEdkifyg
onf/

(q) pdwfrwdkygeJY? taMumif;rjyvdkufygeJY? rdrdvdkcsifwm &atmif,lyg

NcHKqdk&aomf qufqH&cufolwpfa,muf odkYr[kwf cufcJaomtajctaewpf&yfESifh
&ifqdkif&aomtcg obm0tm;jzifh wkHYjyefvdkufwwfMuygonf/ onfrSm rdrdjyKvkyfEdkiforQ
tBuD;qHk;trSm; jzpfygonf/ qufqH&cufolESifh&ifqdkif&aomtcg yxrqHk;vkyf&efrSm olYudkxdef;
csKyf&efr[kwfbJ rdrdudk,fudk xdef;csKyf&ef jzpfygonf/ rdrd\obm0 wkHYjyefrIudk upm;uGuftrnf
ay;jcif;jzifh ab;csdwfypfvdkufyg/ xdkYaemuf pOf;pm;zdkY tcsdef,lyg/ ,if;tcsdeftwGif; rdrd\ vdkvm;
csuf yef;wdkifudk rsufajcrjywf csdefxm;yg/ xdkyef;wdkifrSm vdkvm;csufrsm;udk rdrd\ BATNA u
jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonfxuf ydkaumif;aom oabmwlnDcsuf jzpf&rnf/ pdwfwdkrnfhtpm; vuf
wkHYjyefvdkufrnfhtpm; rdrdvdkcsifwm &zdkYudkom tm&Hkpdkufxm;yg/ yGJMunfhpifay:wufjcif; qdkonf
rSm txufygudprsm; aqmif&Gufjcif;yif jzpfonf/

20

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

tqifh- 2
olwdkYbufodkY ajymif;vdkufyg

tmCmwtpGJtvef;ESifh a'gowdkYudk &ifqdkifawGUoifhonfh tajctaersdK;&Sm;yg;onf/
xdkodkY &ifqdkifawGUrnfhtpm; olwdkYESifhtwl vdkufavsmjcif;jzifh jyefvnfwdkufcdkufzdkY jyifqif&ef
tcsdef ydk &Edkifonf/ qefYusifzufwdkufcdkufaeaomavwGif uefYvefYjzwf&GufvTifhae&if; av
oifh wdkufvmrnfh tcsdefudk apmifhonfhenf;udk odxm;oifhonf/
FORTUNE DEFELICE 1778

wpfcgu urmhtBuD;qHk;qufoG,fa&;ypnf;ukrPDBuD;wpfcku urmhtBuD;qHk;av,mOf


ysH xkwfvkyfa&;ukrPDBuD;udk a':vmoef; (150)wef qufoG,fa&;pepfwpfcka&mif;&ef aqG;aEG;
aeMuonf/

tawmftqifajyaeNyD; aemufqHk;wGif 0,f,lrnfh av,mOfukrPDu 0,f,la&;TefMum;
a&;rSL;ESifh qufoG,fa&;ukrPD\ ta&mif;tzGJUacgif;aqmifwdkY rajyrvnf jzpfMuonf/ av,mOf
ukrPDu a'gowBuD;ESifh pGyfpGJonf/ qufoG,fa&;ukrPDu tjyif;txef ckcHumuG,fonf/
aemufqHk;&vm'frSm bmrQta&mif;t0,f rjzpfjcif;yif jzpf\/

xdkudpudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfaomtcg t"dutrSm;rSm em;r0ifEdkifatmif pdwfwdkaeaom
vludk tusdK;taMumif;&Sif;vif;&ef BudK;pm;aecJhjcif;yif jzpfonfudk awGU&onf/ xdktcsdefrsdK;wGif
ajymorQpum;udk vHk;0em;raxmifbJ &SdvQif&Sdrnf/ odkYaomf ydkydk em;vnfrIvGJ aumufcsuf
csoGm;Edkif\/

xdkodkY &efvdkaeaom olrsm;ESifh jyemwpfckudk raqG;aEG;rD xdkolrsm;udk t&ifqHk; pdwf
ajyoGm;atmif vkyfzdkYvdkygonf/ yGJMunfhpifay:odkY wufoGm;jcif;onf oifhpdwf"gwfwnfNidrfrIudk
&apcJhNyDqdkygu oifwpfzufom;\ pdwf"gwfwnfNidrfatmif wnfaqmufay;&ef vdkygonf/

oifh wpfzufom;onf r,HkouFmpdwfrsm;ESifh jynfhESufaernf? pdwfqdk;aernf? (odkYr[kwf)
xdwfvefYwkefvIyfvsuf &SdvQif &SdaeEdkifonf/ oluomrSefNyD; oifurSm;onf[k ,HkMunfaeNyD;? oifh
pum;udk em;raxmifvdkbJ &SdEdkifonf/ xdkodkYaomol\ &efvdkpdwfrsm;udk aysmufysufap&efvdktyf
onf/ xdktcgrSom olu oif\tjrifudk em;axmifvdrfhrnf/ oifhudkav;pm;pGm em;axmifvdrfh
rnf/ oifhudk olu ESpfoufcsifrS ESpfoufrnf jzpfaomfvnf; oifhudkawmh vlom;wpfa,muf
vkdyif qufqHvmygvdrfhrnf/

odkY pdwfaysmhoGm;ap&ef t"dutcsufrSm oifu olarQmfvifhxm;onfESifh qefYusifzuf
udk aqmif&Guf&ef jzpfonf/ olu em;ydwfxm;vQif oifuwGef;tm;ay; ajym&vdrfhrnf/ olu
wdkufcdkufvQif oifuckcHvdrfrnf[k ,lqxm;onf/ xdktcg oifu zdtm;vnf;ray;? ckvJrckcH
bJESifh olYbufodkYom ajymif;vdkufyg/ olYtjrif olY&IUaxmifhudk todtrSwfjyKyg/ xdkYaemuf oifwwf
EdkiforQ olESifh oabmwlvdkufyg/

cufcJaomolwpfa,mufudk vdkufavsm&rnfrSm oifrESpfNrdKUqHk; tvkyfwpfck jzpfEdkifygonf
olu olYem;rsm;udk ydwfxm;vQif olYvdkbJjyefvkyfvdkrnfrSm "rwmyif jzpfygonf/ olu oifh&Iaxmifh
21

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

rS tjrifudk todtrSwfjyKzdkY jiif;qefaeygvQif oifuvnf; olY&Iaxmifhudk todtrSwfjyKvdkrnf


r[kwfyg/ olu oifajymorQtm;vHk;ESifh oabmxm;uGJvGJygonf[k qdkaeygvQuf olYwifjycsuf
wpfckckESifh oabmxm;wdkufqdkif&efrSm cJ,Of;vSygvdrfhrnf/ onfwdkYrSm obm0usaomfvnf;
aqG;aEG;yGJwpfck wpfqdkYaezdkYtwGuf taumif;qHk; az:jrLvmyif jzpfonf/
(u) olu oifajymonfudk em;axmifapvdkygu olajymonfudk oifut&ifem;axmifvdkufyg/
(c) olu oift
h jrifukd todtrSwjf yKapvdyk gvQif ol&Y UI axmift
h jrifukd oifu t&iftodtrSwf

jyKvdkufyg/
(*) olu oifESifh oabmwlnDvmap&ef olESifhwwfEdkiforQ vdkufavsmoabmwlvdkufyg/
(u) wuf<upGm em;axmifyg

rMumcPqdkovdkyif aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf atmufygyHkpHtwdkif; jzpfwwfMuonf/ ygwD Au
olwdkY\ tpOD;wifjycsufudk az:xkwfonf/ ygwD Bu oljyefvnfwifjy&rnfh tcsufudkom
pdwfapmaeojzifh ygwD A ajymaeonfudk em;raxmifrd? xdkYaMumifh tvSnfhodkYa&mufaomtcg
ygwD Bu olajymvdk&mudk ajymvdkufonf/ xdktcg Au ]] igajymwm olrMum;vdkufbl;? jyefajym
rS jzpfr,f }} [k xifNyD; olYtvSnfha&mufaomtcg ajymNyD;om;rsm;udk jyefajymonf/ Buvnf;
twdkif;jyefvkyfonf/ odkYESifh b,fvdkrS tusdK;r&Sdaom em;xdkif;rsm;\ aqG;aEG;yGJjzpfoGm;&
awmh\/

oifuom em;axmifzdkY toifh&SdaevQif xdkodkYaom tajctaeudk y,faysmufapEdkifyg
vdrfhrnf/
(u) (1) oifhwpfzufom;udk em;axmifyg

wpfpHkwpfa,mufudk pl;pdkufem;axmifvdkufjcif;onf olYtwGufoifvkyfay;Edkif&m tm;vHk;
wGif tvG,fulqHk; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ vlom;tm;vHk;wGif rdrdudkem;vnfoabmaygufapvdkaom
qE &SdMuonfom jzpfonf/ xdk qEudk jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;jzifh aqG;aEG;yGJudk tvSnfhtajymif;
jzpfapEkdifygonf/ atmufyg Oyrmudk avhvmMunfhyg/

oHrPdpuf&Hktvkyform;or*ESifh tkyfcsKyfrItydkif;wdkYonf aemufwpfESpftwGuf pmcsKyf
csKyfqdk&ef aqG;aEG;aeMuonf/ ,cifESpfu odkYaom aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufcJhonfhtwGuf (191)&uf
Mumaom tvkyform;oydwfBuD; jzpfcJh&m ESpfzufvHk; txdemcJhNyD;NyD/ ,ckESpfwGifvnf; vkyfc
jzefajza&;udpwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;zufrS wif;rmaom oabmxm;udk udkifpGJxm;jyefonf/ xdkjyem
odkY a&mufonfESifh taxGaxGrefae*smu ]] 'Dudpuawmh uRefawmfwdkY vHk;0ravsmhEdkifwJh udpyJ
vdkY ,HkMunfygw,f }} [kqdkonf/ xdkYaemuf ]] 'g uRefawmf wyfEdkiforQ ajyajyvnfvnf ajym
aewmyg }} [kxyfajymonf/

xHk;pHtwdkif;qdkvQif xdkae&mwGif tvkyform;or*onf wkHYjyefwdkufcdkufvdkufrnfom
jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ,ckESpf tvkyform;acgif;aqmifu rlum; ]] uRefawmf taxGaxGrefae*smBuD;
ajymwmudk oabmusygw,f? wwfEdkiforQ ajyajyvnfvnf ajymaewmyg qdkwmudkaygh }} [k
qdkonf/
22

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;


odkY or*bufrS vdkufavsmzGifhay;vdkufaomtcg taxGaxGrefae*smu vkyfc
jyemwGif tb,fhaMumifh tav;teufxm;ae&onfudk &Snfvsm;pGm&Sif;jyawmhonf/ ol&Sif;jy
orQudk or*bufu pdwf&SnfpGm em;axmifNyD;aomtcg or*jyefvnfwifjyorQudkvnf; tkyf
csKyfa&;bufu aoaocsmcsm em;axmif&awmhonf/ odkYESifh tm;vHk;u arQmfvifhxm;onfh
oydwfBuD;onf ay:aygufrvmawmhyg/

em;axmifjcif;onf pdwf&SnfrIESifh rdrdudk,fudk xdef;csKyfrIwdkY vdkygonf/ wpfzufuajym
onfudk csufcsif;wkHYjyefjcif; odkYr[kwf aemufwpfqifh wufzdkYpdwfxJrS tpDtpOfcsaejcif;wdkY rvkyfyJ
oifhwpfzufom;ajymaeorQudk pl;pdkufem;axmifzdkY vdkygvdrfhrnf/ em;axmif&jcif;onf cufcJvQif
cufcJygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf txufwGif jyocJhonfh erlemuJhodkYyif wefzdk;BuD;Edkifygonf/ oifhwpf
zufvl\pdwfwGif;odkY 0ifMunfhEdkifaom jywif;aygufwpfck &aponf/

oif\wpfzufvlonf pdwfqdk;? pdwfysufaeygu taumif;qHk;aomenf;rSm olYrauseyf
csufrsm;udk olxkwfaz:ajymorQ em;axmifvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/ olu rSm;aeonfhwdkifatmif
odkYr[kwf olajymonfrsm;u oifhudkapmfum;ovdkjzpfaeonfhwdkifatmif olYudkrwm;ygESifh/ ol
ajymaecsdefwGif ]] tif; }} ]] [kwfvm; }} ponfjzifh vdkufay;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? olYudk pl;pdkuf
Munfhaejcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? oludkem;axmifaeaMumif;olodygap/ olt&SdefavsmhoGm;aomtcg
olajymp&m bm&Sdao;ovJ[k at;at;oufom xyfar;yg/ olajymorQudk ]] qufygtHk; tJ'Dawmh
b,fvdkjzpfoGm;ovJ }} ponfjzifh pum;axmufay;yg/

vlwdkif;vlwdkif;onf rdrd\rauseyfcsuf? cHpm;csufwdkYudk xkwfazmfajymvdkuf&jcif;jzifh
wpfpHkwpf&maom auseyfrIudk tppftrSef &SdMuonf/ pdwfqdk;aeaom azgufonfwpfa,mufudk
udk,fubmrSvkyfray;EdkifvQifaomfrS olajymorQ rauseyfcsufrsm;udk av;av;pm;pm; em;axmif
vQif pdwfrysufbJ &SdwwfaMumif; ta&mif;refae*smwdkif; odMuonf/

xdkYaMumifh txda&mufqHk; aqG;aEG;SdEdIif;a&;orm;rsm;onf olwdkYajymonfxuf tq
aygif;rsm;pGm ydk em;axmifwwfMuonf/
(u) (2) olajymorQudk jyefajymjyNyD; rSef rrSefar;yg

wpfzufvludk em;axmifae&HkrQru oifu em;axmifaeaMumif; olodatmifvkyfzdkYvnf;
vdkygao;onf/ xdkYaMumifh olajymorQudk olYudkjyefajymjyyg/ Oyrmoluajym
cifAsm; awmfawmfa&SmfwJhvlyJ? cifAsm;vlawGudkvnf; cifAsm;rEdkifbl;? cifAsm;

ajymwkef;uawmh pnf;eJYurf;eJY vkyfyghr,fqdk? tckawmh cifAsm;vlawGu

xifwmvkyfwmyJ/
cifAsm;jyefajym [kwfNyD cifAsm;qdkvdkwm uRefawmfjyefajymr,f? uRefawmfhvlawG uRefawmf

rEdkifbl;? uRefawmf cifAsm;udk ajymxm;wkef;u pnf;urf;wus vkyfr,f

ajymxm;w,f?tck uRefawmfh vlawGu vkyfcsifwma&Smufvkyfaew,f

cifAsm;qdkvdkwm uRefawmf ajymovdkbJaemf/
oluajym
[kwfw,fav? uRefawmf 'gbJ ajymaewm/
cifAsm;jyefajym tJ'gqdk&if 'Dudpudk b,fvdk&Sif;Mur,fvdkY MunfhMu&r,f/
23

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;


jyefNcHKajymjcif;qdkonfrSm olajymorQudk oifhpum;ESifh olYudk jyefajymjyjcif;yif jzpfonf/
oifh t,ltqrsm;udk xnfh&efrvdkouJhodkYyif olrSm;onf rSefonfudkvnf; ajymaep&mrvdkao;
acs/ ]] uRefawmfh vlawGu olwdkYrSefw,fxifwmudkvkyfwm? cifAsm;u rauseyfbl; [kwfp }} [k
olYudk jyefajymvQif olu auseyfrnf r[kwfacs/

txufwGifaz:jycJhovdk jyefajymvdkufjcif;jzifh wpfzufvlu oifonf olYudk aumif;pGm
em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;NyD[k auseyfoGm;onfhtjyif oifuvnf; olajymorQ tcsuftm;vHk;
udk NcHKiHkrd rrd? rdrdbmom oHk;oyfEdkifygonf/
(c) olYudk todtrSwfjyKyg

oifhwpfzufom;udk em;axmifNyD;aomtcg aemufwpfqifhtaeeJY olYzufu ,lqcsufrsm;
udk todtrSwfjyK&ef vdkygonf/ vlom;wdkif;onf tb,frQ *Gusonfh vljzpfygap olYudktod
jyKjcif;udk cHvdkonfom jzpfomf/ xdkudpudk jznfhqnf;ay;vdkufvQif oabmwlnDcsufrsm; &Edkifrnfh
tajctae wpfckudk wnfaqmufNyD; jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

wpfzufom;\,lqcsufudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;onf olY,lqcsufrsm;udk oabmwljcif;
r[kwfyg/ olY,lqcsufonf ,lqcsuftrsm;tjym; &Sdonfhteuf wpfckyifjzpfaMumif; oifu
vufcHjcif;rQom jzpfonf/ ]] cifAsm; b,fvdk&Iaxmifhu Munfhw,fqdkwm uRefawmf jrifEdkifygw,f }}
[k qdkjcif;rQom jzpfonf/ oifu ]] cifAsm;ajymaewmawGudk uRefawmf oabmaygufygw,f }}
[k qdkvQif vHkavmufygonf/

oifhwpfzufvludk olYzufu tjrifrsm; ajymqdkcGifh jyKvdkufNyD;aemuf olYt,ltqudk tod
trSwfjyKvdkufjcif;jzifh olYpdwfxJwGifvnf; ]] igh t,ltqtjyif tjcm;t,ltqawGvnf; &SdEdkif
ygao;vm; }} [laom tawG;tac:twGufae&m &vmapEdkifygonf/

wpfzufvl\ t,ltqudk todtrSwfjyK&mwGif tm;tygqHk;aomenf;rSm olYt,ltq
udk olYt&ifudk,fu wifjyvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/

tar&duefu qdkAD,ufwGif usL;bm;EdkifiHrsm;rS ]] 1962-ckESpf usL;bm;'Hk;ysH jyem }} wGif
ta&;ygqHk;aom t"duyk*dKvfrsm;\ pkaygif;aqG;aEG;yGJudk 1989-ckESpfu usif;ycJhygonf/ xdk
tpnf;ta0;odkY wufvmaom qdkAD,ufESifh usL;bm;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf xdkpOfu EsL;uvD;,m;
xdyfzl;wyf 'Hk;ysHrsm; vQdKU0SufpGm wyfqifcJhjcif;tay: ckcHwdkufcdkuf umuG,fvdkpdwf &Sdonfudk &dyfrd
aom (xdk 'Hk;ysHjyem jzpfpOfu tar&duef umuG,fa&;0efBuD;) a&mbwfruem;rm;&m; u
atmufygtwdkif; p ajymvdkufonf/

]] tJ'Dwkef;u uRefawmfom qdkAD,uf 'grSr[kwf usL;bm;acgif;aqmifom jzpfcJhr,f qdk&if
tar&duef[m usL;bm;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufzdkY pDpOfaewmvdkY ,lqrSmyJ? cifAsm;wdkY &cJhwJh t
axmuftxm;awGt& qdk&ifawmh cifAsm;wdkYcscJh aumufcsuf[m rSefwmyJ? 'gayr,fh uRefawmf
wdkY 'Dvdk0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufzdkY &nf&G,fcsuf r&SdcJhygbl;? qdkwmudkawmh ajym&rSmyJ }}

qdkAD,ufESifh usL;bm;udk,fpm;vS,fwdkY\ acgif;xJ &Sdaeonfudk odkYBudK todtrSwf
jyKvdkufjcif;jzifh ruem;rm;&m; ajymorQudk olwdkYu av;pm;pGm em;axmif&eftqifh jzpfoGm;Mu
onfudk awGUcJh&onf/
24

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(c) (1) wpfzufom;\ cHpm;csufrsm;udkvnf; todtrSwfjyKyg



oifhwpfzufom;\ cHpm;csufrsm;udk rsufuG,frjyKoifhay/ oluwdkufcdkufaejcif;\ aemuf
uG,fwGif olYa'go&Sdaewwfonf/ olu rsufpdrSdwf jiif;y,faejcif;\ aemufwGif aMumuf&GHUjcif;
&Sdaewwfonf/ olYcHpm;csufrsm;udk avQmhyg;roGm;apbJESifh oifajymorQonf olYem;wGif;odkY 0if
rnf r[kwfacs/

oifh\wpfzufvlonf olYukd b,folurS em;vnfrIr&SdaMumif; olYudk tm;vHk;u 0dkif;
ypfy,faeaMumif; ,lqaumif; ,lqaernfjzpf olYcHpm;csufudk em;vnfaMumif; jyvdkufvQif
olYudk tawmftwef aysmhajymif;oGm;apEdkifygonf/ ]] uRefawmfom cifAsm;ae&mrSmqdk&ifvnf;
uRefawmfvnf; pdwfwdkrdrSmygbJ }} [laom oabmrsdK;jzifh tb,fhaMumifh olpdwfqdk;aeaMumif;
oabmaygufonfudk ajymjyEdkifygonf/

owdjyK&eftcsufrSm oifonf wu,fpdwfygvufyg todtrSwfjyKaeovm; odkYr[kwf
[efaqmifaeovm; qdkonfudk oifhtrlt&m [efyeftaetxm;rsm; rSwpfqifh oif\ wpf
zufom;u tvG,fwul od&SdoGm;Edkifjcif;yif jzpfonf/
(c) (2) cGifhvTwfzdkY awmif;yefyg

uReaf wmfwYkd uav;b0uyif awmif;yefzYkd oifMum;cJ&h onf/ upm;&if;rawmfwq xdcu
kd f
rdvQif ]] rawmfvdkYygaemf }} vdkY odkYr[kwf ]] aqm&D;yJ }} avmufajymvdkufrS qufNyD;upm;vdkY t
qifajyrnf/ odkYaomf oifcef;pmudk vlBuD;jzpfaomtcg arhoGm;wwfMuonf/ odkYaomf odkY
awmif;yefvdkufjcif;onfyif wpfzufom;\ cHpm;csufudk taumif;qHk;aom todtrSwfjyKjcif;
yif jzpfonf/

oifucGifhvTwfzdkY awmif;yefaomfvnf; atmufBudKU wdk;vQdK;zdkY rvdkyg/ udk,fhudkudk,f tjypf
uif;jcif;vnf; r[kwfap&yg/ oifESifh awGU&rnfholonf oif\azgufonf jzpfaeonfqdkygu
jzpfvm&aom jyemonf olYtjypfaMumifh jzpf&apumrl ]] tckvdk jzpf&wm uRefawmfpdwfr
aumif;ygbl;Asm? cifAsm;u uRefawmfhtaumif;qHk; azgufonfyJ? b,f'Dvdk jzpfapcsifyghrvJ }} [k
oifhzufu t&ifqHk;awmif;yefvdkufyg/ olYzufuvnf; awmif;yefzdkY tajctaersm; jzpfay:vm
ygvdrfhrnf/
(c) (3) ,HkMunfrIudk wnfaqmufyg

oifwpfzufvludk todtrSwfjyKjcif;onf tm;enf;rIudk az:jyjcif; jzpfoGm;rnf[k oif
pdk;&drfygvdrfhrnf/ trSefrSm olYudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;onf oif\tiftm;udk xif[yfaejcif;yif
jzpfonf/ oifwpfzufvlu tcsufudk owdjyKrdap&ef olYudk todtrSwfjyKonfh wpfcsdefxJwGif
oifhudk,fudk ,HkMunfrIudk ay:vGifatmif jyo&ef vdktyfonf/ Oyrm oluwdkufcdkufvmygu
oifhrsufESmudk wwfEdkiforQwnfNidrf udk,fhudk,fudk ,HkMunfrI&Sdaom rsufESm[efyef? udk,fae
udk,fxm;ESifh toHudk xm;yg/ rwfrwf&yf olYrsufESmudk aoaocsmcsmMunfhyg/ olYemrnfudk
ac: ajymyg/ oifhwGif aMumuf&GHUjcif; uif;aMumif;odvQif aysmhajymif;vmapygvdrfhrnf/

1979-ckESpfrS 1981-ckESpftxd tD&efwdkYu oHkYyef;rsm;tjzpf csKyfaESmifxm;jcif; cHcJh&aom
25

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

tar&duefoHwref wpfOD;udk erlemtjzpfMunfhEdkifygonf/ olYtapmifhu olYtcef;wGif;odkY 0ifvm


onfhtcgwdkif; olu tapmifhudk ]] vmygxdkifyg }} [k zdwfac:onf/ aemufydkif;wGif olu &Sif;jy
onfrSm ]] 'Dvdk tao;tzGJ enf;vrf;av;eJYyJ olu uRefawmf&JU {nfhonf jzpfoGm;&w,f/ tajc
taeudk xdef;csKyfolu uRefawmfjzpfvmw,f/ 'Dtcef;[m ightcef;? ighe,fajrqdkwJhtod0ifvm
NyD;awmh uRefawmfhtwGuf oufom&m tawmf&vmw,f }} [k qdkonf/ onfrSm wpfzufvl
udk todtrSwfjyK&if; rdrdu tajctaeudk xdef;csKyfEdkifcJhrI Oyrm wpfck jzpfygonf/
(*) oifwwfEdkifaom ae&mwdkif;wGif oabmwlvdkufyg

txufuqdkcJhwJhtwdkif; oifwpfom;ajymonfwdkYudk em;axmifNyD;NyD? olYudkvnf; todt
rSwfjyKNyD;NyDqdkygu olESifhwwfEdkiforQ oabmwlvdkufyg/ rdrdESifh oabmwlnDaeolwpfOD;udk wdkuf
cdkuf&rnfrSm tawmfcufonfhudp jzpfygonf/
(*) (1) tavQmhray;bJ oabmwlyg

oifu wpfpufrS tavQmhay;&ef rvdkyg? oifu oabmwlNyD; jzpfaeonfhudp rsm;udk
vdkufoabmwl&Hkom jzpfonf/

tar&duef qDedwfwm wpfa,mufu olY0efxrf;rsm;udk odkY rdefYMum;cJhonf/ ]] uRefawmf
rJqE&SifawGu rSm;aeapOD;awmh olwdkYeJY b,fawmhrS rjiif;ygeJY? uRefawmfhrJawG qHk;&HI;ukef&HkyJ
&Sdr,f/ cifAsm;wdkY wuodkvfawGrSm oifcJh&wmeJY ajymif;jyefvkyfrSmyJ? wuodkvfawGrSmu oabm
wlwmawGudk tomxm;NyD; oabmrwlwJhtcsufawGudk aqG;aEG;zdkY oifMuw,f/ 'DrSmuawmh
'Dvdkr[kwfbl;? uRefawmfhrJqE&SifawGu cifAsm;wdkY oabmrwlEdkifwJh (99%)udk ajym&if cifAsm;
wdkYu uRefawmfwdkY oabmwlygw,fvdkY ajymNyD;? cifAsm;wdkY vufcHEdkifwJh usefwJh (1%)udk pl;pdkufNyD;
aqG;aEG;vdkufMuyg }} rwljcm;em;csufrsm;udk tm&HkpdkufMujcif;rSm obm0usvSygonf/ rwlnDcsuf
rsm;udk SdEdIif;rS jyemudk ajz&Sif; &rnfr[kwfygavm/ odkYaomf aqG;aEG;yGJtpwGifawmh wlnD
aom tcsufrsm;wGif tm;jyKtajcwnfMu&zdkY vdkygonf/
(*) (2) [kwfuJhrsm;udk pkaqmif;yg

]] [kwfuJh? [kwfwmaygh }} ponfwdkYrSm oabmwlnDcsufrsm;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom
pum;vHk;rsm; jzpfonf/ xdkpum;vHk;rsm;onf wpfzufom;tm; aysmhajymif;vmapEdkifygonf/ oif
u tavQmhay;jcif;r[kwfbJ tjcm;wpfzufudk [kwfuJh? [kwfwmaygh? rSefw,f ponfjzifh ajym
Edkifrnfh tajctaeudk apmifhyg/ [kwfwmaygh 'Dae&mrSm cifAsm;bufu Munfh&if rSefwmyJ ponf
wdkYudk wyfEdkiforQ rsm;rsm;ajymay;yg/

xdkYtwl oifuvnf; wpfzufom;udk [kwfuJh rsm;rsm;ajymatmif zefwD;ay;&ygrnf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh wpfzufvlu ]] cifAsm;wifjycsufawG[m b,fvdkrS,kwdr&Sdbl; }} [k qdkvmvQif
oifujyef ]] cifAsm;qdkvdkwmu uRefawmfwGufjyovdk jzpfrvmEdkifbl;vdkY qdkvdkwmvm; [k
jyefar;yg/ olu ]] [kwfw,f }} [k qdkvdkufvQif &efvdkaom a0zefrIrS qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sdaom
aqG;aEG;yGJtjzpfodkY ajymif;oGm;EdkifNyD jzpf\/
26

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;


[kwfuJh wpfckpDwdkif;onf wif;rmrIudk wpfp wpfp avQmhyg;apygonf/ olajymaeonfh
tay:wGif oabmwlnDrI rsm;rsm; &avav wu,fhta&;ygaomudprsm;udk oifu wifjyonfh
tcg olu oabmwlnD&ef vG,favav jzpfygonf/
(*) (3) wpfzufvlESifh vdIif;EIef;Sdyg

oabmwlnDaMumif;udk toHxGufNyD; ajymrS&onf r[kwfyg/ oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf av;
eufpGm aqG;aEG;aeonfudk oif owdxm;MunfhvQif jrifygvdrfhrnf/ wpfa,mufu wa'gifaxmuf
NyD;ajymvQif aemufwpfa,mufuvnf; wa'gifay:rSm axmufNyD;ajymrnf/ wpfa,mufu toH
wdk;NyD;ajymvQif aemufwpfa,mufuvnf; wdk;wdk;vdkufajymrnf/ olwdkY owdrxm;bJESifh wpf
a,mufESifh wpfa,muf SdEdIif;ajymqdkaewwfMuonfudk awGU&rnf/

wpfO;D ESihf wpfO;D qufo,
G &f mwGif tcsut
f vuftrsm;pkukd twGi;f om;tjzpfxuf twGi;f
om; tjzpfxuf toGifo@eftjzpf o,fydk;oGm;jcif;u ydkrsm;onf/ oifhwpfzufvl\ ajymqdk
qufqHyHk trlt&mudk avhvmyg/ olu pum;aES;aES;ajymvQif oifuvnf; cyfajz;ajz; avQmh
ajymoifhonf/ olu ta&;BuD;onfh tcsufrsm;udk ajymonfhtcg udk,fudk a&ShodkYudkif; ajymvQif
oifuvnf; a&Shudk udkif; em;axmifjcif;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;aMumif; jyoifhonf/ olvkyfovdk vdkuf
vkyf&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfyg/ oif\ ajymqdkqufoG,fa&; trlt&mudk olESifh [yfrdatmif
vkyfzdkY jzpfygonf/ olESifh vdIif;EIef;jcif; Sdoifhonf [k qdkMuygpdkY/

oifh wpfzufvl\ bmompum; toHk;tEIef;udkvnf; *&kjyKoifhonf/ olu t&yfoHk;
pum;udkajymvQif oifuvnf; omreft&yfoHk;pum;rsm;u ydk xnfhoGif; oifhonf/

oif\ wpfzufvlESifh olem;tvnfqHk;jzpfrnfh bmompum;[efyefjzifh qufoG,foifh
ygonf/
(C) vludkvnf; todtrSwfjyKyg

olajymonfudkvnf; em;axmifonf? olwifjycsufudkvnf; todtrSwfjyKonf? wwfEdkif
orQvnf; olESifh oabmwlnDvdkufNyDqdkvQif oifu olYudk vlyk*dKvfwpfOD;taejzifh todtrSwf
jyKNyD; olYudkav;pm;aMumif; jyovdkufNyD; jzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif onfxufydk olYudk vl
yk*dKvfwpfOD;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKzdkY vdkaumif;vkdayvdrfhrnf/

urmay:wGif ajz&Sif;&tcufqHk; y#dyuwpfckjzpfonfh tm&yf? tpa&; y#dyuudk erlem
jy&ayrnf/ (1977) ckESpftxd tm&yfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tpa&;EdkifiH &Sdaeonfudkyif tod
trSwf rjyKEdkif&HkrQru emrnfyif wyfrac:Muacs/ xdkESpfEdk0ifbmwGif tD*spforw tE0gqm'wf
onf a*s&kqvifNrdKUodkY ordkif;c&D;oGm;jcif;jzifh tqdkyg tpGJBuD;udk acszsufvdkufonf/ tpa&;wdkY
tzdkYrSmrl olwdkYEdkifiHudk vGefcJhaom av;ESpfurS 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufcJhol &efolEdkifiH\ acgif;aqmif
wpfa,muf tvnfa&mufvmjcif;avmuf tHhMop&maumif;aom t&mr&Sdacs/ olwdkY\ tD*spf
Ekid if t
H ay: cH,cl surf sm;rSmvnf; uarmufur jzpfuek Mf uonf/ wif;rmrIrsm; avQmyh g;oGm;ygonf/
xdkc&D;pOfwpfckESifhyif y#dyu\ (90%)jzpfaom pdwf"gwfa&;&m? twm;tqD;udk ausmfjzwfEdkif
cJhonf/ xdkc&D;pOfwpfckESifhyif tE0gqm'wfonf b,folYurS jzpfEdkifrnf[k rxifcJhaom tD*spf
27

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

ESifh tpa&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkEdkifrnfh vrf;pudk az:ay;cJhonf/



pdwfynm&Sifrsm; tvdkt& vlwpfOD;udk yk*dKvfa&;t& todtrSwfjyKjcif;jzifh pdwftodESifh
tm&HkvTJacsmfjcif;udk jzpfay:aponf/ qdkvdkonfrSm vufawGUb0ESifh rdrdcH,lxm;onfwdkYtMum;
uGJjym;aejcif;yif jzpfonf/ oif\ wpfzufvlu oifhudk &efoltjzpfjrifaecJhonfudk oifu olYudk
yk*dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muftjzpf todtrSwf jyKvdkufaomtcg ,cifu rdwfaqGwpfOD;tjzpf ae&m
odkY ,lvdkufonf/ xdktcgwGif olonf ]] todESifh tm&HkvGJrSm;aejcif; }} udk avQmhyg;ap&eftwGuf
oifh wpfzufvlonf ol\cH,lcsufudk ajymif;vJzdkY BudK;pm;vm&awmhonf/
(C) (1) olYta&;ygrIESifh t&nftcsif;&SdrIudk todtrSwfjyKyg

oifonf vufaygufuyfaom oifh txuft&m&Sdudk &Hk;udpwpf&yfwGif qefYusifajymqdk
&ef vdkvmonf qdkygpdkY olu oifonf olvkyfydkifcGifh odkYr[kwf ol t&nftcsif;udk pdefac:vm
onf[k xifaumif; xifaeayvdrfhrnf/ odkYxifvQif ajymorQudk oluydk ckcHydwfqdkYayvdrfh
rnf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif oifu olYudk pdefac:aejcif;r[kwfaMumif; xif&Sm;&atmif oifbmrSrajymrD
]] q&mu ydkodygw,f }} odkYr[kwf ]] q&murS vkyfydkifcGifh&SdvdkY ajym&wmyg }} ponfwdkYudk BudK
yPmr ysdK;oifhonf/

oifhwpfzufvlonf twBuD;vGef;aevQif oifhtwGuftcuftcJ r[kwfbJ tcGifhaumif;
[k omrSwfvdkufyg/ olY b0ifudk avyifhay;&ef vdktyfonfh tjcm;olrsm;\ todtrSwfjyKjcif;
tay:wGif rSDcdkae&oonfom jzpfonf/ todtrSwfjyKvdkaom qEwdkYudk oifu jznfhqnf;ay;
EdkifonfESifhtrQ olYudk aysmhajymif;apEdkifonf/ udk,fhudkudk,f txifBuD;b0ifajrmufaeaom AsL&dk
u&ufqDrS oifu uif;vGwfcGifhwpfckudk vdkcsifonf qdkygpdkY ]] olrsm;awGu cifAsm;[m 'DudprSm
awmh t"du yk*dKvfyJ? cifAsm;u NyD;&ifNyD;wmyJqdkvdkY vmcJhwmyJAsm }} ponfjzifh pvdkufEdkifonf/
(C) (2) vkyfazmfudkifzuf qufqHa&; xlaxmifyg

oif wpfzufvludk todtrSwfjyK&ef taumif;qHk;aomenf;rSm vkyfazmfudkifzuf qufqH
a&;udk xlaxmifjcif; jzpfonf/ olu
Y kd vufzuf&nf oGm;aomuf&atmif? aeYvnfpmoGm;pm;&atmif
ponfjzifh zdwfac:yg/ xdktcsdefrsdK;wGif rdrd0goemyg&m udptaMumif;? rdom;pktaMumif; odkYr[kwf
olpdwf0ifpm;&m udpwpfckckudk ajymqdk pum;vufqHk usaeoifhonf/ odkYr[kwfuvnf; tpnf;
ta0; rprD odkYr[kwf NyD;aomtcg a&mufwwf&m&majymjcif; ponfh trlt&mrsm;onf trSef
xda&mufygonf/

vkyfazmfudkifzufcsif; qufqHa&; qdkonfrSm aiGpkbPfrSm aiGpkouJhodkYyif wu,fhjyem
ay:vQif toHk;cszdkY jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwdkY cifrifESpfoufolESifhqufqH&aomtcg omrefjyem
rsm;udk ajyaysmufoGm;apEdkifonf/ rdrdESifh cifrifolwpfOD; aqG;aEG;yGJodkY a&mufrvmvQif ]] olae
raumif;vdkY jzpfrSmyJ }} ajzodrfhEdkifonf/ rdrd rESpfoufoluom a&mufrvmygu ]] ol wrifpD;ydk;wm
ighudk apmifhae&atmif vkyfwm }} ponfjzifh xifwwfonfom jzpfonf/ wpfenf;ajym&vQif
oif\ wpfzufvlonf oifESifh yk*dKvfa&;t& cifrifaeygu oifhudk oHo,\ tusdK;cHpm;cGifh
ay;ygvdrfhrnf/ enf;tm;jzifh em;vnfrI vGJrSm;jcif;qdkonfudk y,fazsmufEdkifygonf/
28

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(i) olYudk rxdk;qGbJ oifhtjrifudk wifjyyg



oifwpfzufvludk tm&Hkpdkuf em;axmifNyD;NyD/ olYudkvnf; todtrSwfjyKNyD;NyD qdkaom
tcgwGif oluvnf; oifhwifjycsufrsm;udk em;axmifzdkY eD;pyfvmygNyD/ oifhtjrifrsm;udk wifjyzdkY
tcsdefusa&mufvmygNyD/ odkYaomf xdkodkYwifjy&if;ESifh olem;rsm;udk jyefydwfroGm;ygapESifh/ ta&;BuD;
qHk;tcsufrSm oifhpdwfaepdwfxm;udk jyifqifzdkY jzpfygonf/ jzpfaeus cH,lcsufrSm tjzL odkYr[kwf
trJ qdkaom cH,lcsuf jzpfwwfygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm uRefawmfrSef&ifolrSm;w,f? uRefawmfrSm;&if
olrSefw,f qdkaomtjrif jzpf\/ xdktjrifudk ]] ESpfOD;pvHk; }} [laom cH,lcsufjzifh tpm;xdk;yg/
]] udk,fh[mudk,fawmh rSefaewmyJ }} [laom tjrif jzpfonf/

oifu oif\ wpfzufvludk ]] cifAsm;&JU tawGUtBuHKt& qdk&ifawmh cifAsm;ajymaewm
awGu rSefaewmyJ? uRefawmfh tawGUtBuHKusawmh wpfrsdK;jzpfaew,fAs }} [k ajymEdkifonf/

olYxifjrif,lqcsufudk todtrSwfjyK&if; olYudk rqefYusifbJESifh jcm;em;aom tjrifwpfck
udk wifjyEdkifygonf/ odkYaom tajctaewGif uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;wdkYonf Nidrf;csrf;pGm ,SOfwGJ
aeEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
(i) (1) ]] 'gayr,fh }} [k rajymygESifh? ]] [kwfuJh 'ghtjyif }} [kqdkyg

oif\ jcm;em;aom tjrifwpfckudk wifjyawmhrnf qdkvQif yxrqHk; pum;OD;tjzpf ajym
Mum;avh&SdonfrSm ]] 'gayr,fh }} [laom pum;vHk;yif jzpfonf/ Oyrm aps;0,folu ]] &Sifhypnf;
BuD;u aps;BuD;vSacsvm; }} [k qdkvQif a&mif;olu ]] 'gayr,fh 'Dypnf;u taumif;qHk;tpm;
xJuygAsm }} [k ajymavh&Sdonf/ jzpfavh&SdonfrSm 0,folonf ]] 'gayr,fh }} [laom pum;pk
aemufwGif ]] cifAsm;ajymwmrSm;aeNyD }} [k pGyfpGJcsufyg0ifaeonf[k xifoGm;wwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
]] 'gayr,fh }} [laompum;pkudk Mum;vdkufonfESifh aemufuvmaom pum;wdkYudk rMum;vdkawmhay/

xdkYaMumifh ol ajymorQudk [kwfuJhvdkufNyD;rS aemufwGif ]] 'ghtjyif }} [laom pum;quf
jzifh oifajymvdkonfwdkYudk qufNyD;ajymoifhonf/ txufyg OyrmwGif 0,folu ajymorQudk
a&mif;olu oabmwlvdkufNyD; ]] [kwfygw,f? cifAsm;ajymovdkyJ uRefawmfwdkYqdkifu aps;EIef;u
jrifhwmrSefygw,f/ 'ghtjyif aps;EIef;enf;enf;ydkwJhtwGuf t&nftaoG;ydkaumif;w,f? ydkNyD;pdwfcs
&w,f? aemufydkif;jyifqifwJhtcg pdwfcsrf;om&w,f qdkwmawG &Sdygao;w,f }} [k qdkoifhonf/

ajzmifhajzmifhBuD;qefYusifaeaom tcsufrsm;udk udk,fydkcHomatmif pum;ajymif;ajym
Edkifygonf/ ]] cifAsm;'DtwGufudk odyftav;teuf xm;wmudk uRefawmfoabmaygufygw,f
av;vJav;pm;ygw,f/ bmbJjzpfjzpf uRefawmfzufu tjrifudkawmh wifjycGifhjyKygOD; odkYr[kwf
cifAsm;eJYuRefawmfuawmh vHk;0jcm;em;aewmyJAs/ cifAsm; 'Dtcsufudkawmh xnfhrwGufrdbl;xif
w,f }} [k acsmarGUatmifajymEdkifygonf/ oif b,fudk b,fvdkbJajymajym oifajymonfh tcsuf
onf olajymaeonfhtcsufudk xyfrHjznfhpGufonfh oabmjzpfoifhNyD; olYtcsufESifh 0da&m"d rjzpf
oifhyg/

29

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(i) (2) ]] uREfkyftaMumif;ajymyg? ]] oifh }} taMumif;rajymygESifh



oifESifh oifhwpfzufvlwdkY aqG;aEG;&mwGif olYtaMumif;udk ajymonfxuf udk,fhtaMumif;
udkom ajymqdk wifjyaeygu olYudk taESmuft,Suf jzpfap&ef cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/

Oyrmtm;jzifh oifonf uwdzsufNyD; pnf;urf;csdK;azgufcJhaom vli,fwpfa,mufESifhawGU
NyD; aqG;aEG;&onf qdkygpdkY? oifu ]] cifAsm; uwdrwnfwJhvlyJ? wm0efrJhvkyfwmyJ }} odkYr[kwf
]] cifAsm;[m wpfudk,faumif;qefw,f? udk,fhudpom udk,fMunfhwmyJ? tzGJUtpnf;&JU rsufESm
raxmufbl; }} ponfjzifh ]] oifhtaMumif;udk pajymvdkufygu aemufydkif;wGif oifaqG;aEG;
qHk;rorQudk olYem;xJ0ifrnf r[kwf }}

xdkodkYrpbJ ]] udkjzL&m raeYwkef;u uRefawmfpdwf"gwfusoGm;w,f? wpfckck jzpfoGm;NyDvm;
vdkY pdwfylvdkuf&wmAsm? zrf;rsm;oGm;NyDvm;vdkY vdkufpHkprf;ao;w,f }} ponfjzifh oif\cHpm;csuf
ESifhtawGUtBuHKrsm;udkom pajymoifhonf/ xkdokdYaom ]]uREfkyftaMumif;}} pum;pkrsm;ukd okH;jcif;
jzifh wpfzufvlukd wkdufckdufjcif;r[kwfawmhbJ oluvnf;oifhpum;ukd em;axmifzkdYvG,fvmyg
vdrfYrnf/ oifu oifhtaMumif;ukd jyefwifjyaejcif;jzpf olu r[kwfrrSef[kqkdum y,fcszkdYcJ
,Of;vdrfYrnf/ ]]uRefawmf b,fvkdcHpm;&wm}} ]]uRefawmf b,fvkd,lqwm}} ]]uRefawmfpdwfysuf
oGm;wm}} ponfjzifh jyemwpfckaMuifh oifjzpfcJh&onfrsm;ukd wifjyjcif;jzpf olukdqefYusif
aejcif; r[kwfEdkifawmh? oifESifholwkdYjcm;em;csufrsm;ukd olukd odapjcif;rQomjzpf olwGif ol
ukd,fykdif tjrif&Sdovkd oifhwGifvnf; oifhukd,fykdiftjrif&Sdonfukd az:jyjcif;rQomjzpfonf/
(i) (3) ckdifNrJpGm &yfwnfyg

wpfzufvlukd todtrSwfjyKonfqkd&m oifutavQmhay;&rnf[k qkdjcif;r[kwfyg/ olY
tjrifukd todtrSwfjyKonfESifh wpfcsdefwnf;wGif oif\tjrifwifjycsufukd ckdifNrJpGmukdifpGJxm;
aMumif; olodatmifjy&rnfjzpfonf/

oifu ckdifNrJpGm&yfwnfxm;jcif;onf olukd todtrSwfjyKjcif;ukd qefYusifacszsufaponf
r[kwfyg/ ckdifNrJwnfwHhaom vlwpfa,muf\ todtrSwfjyKjcif;? cH&jcif;onf tm;enf;awGa0
ol wpfa,muf\ tavQmhay;vkdufavsmjcif;xuf? wpfzufvltzkdY ykdrkdwefzkd;&Sdygonf/

wpfckESihfwpfck qefYusifzufrsm;[k xif&aom jcm;em;aomtjrifukd ckdifNrJpGm pGJukdifjcif;
wkdYukd wpfcsdefwnf;wGifjyKvkyfjcif;onf xkdwpfckwpfckpDukd wpfcsdefpDcGJ aqmif&Gufjcif;xuf rsm;
pGm ykdrkdxda&mufrI&Sdygonf/
(i) (4) jcm;em;csufrsm;tay: taumif;jrif0g'jzifh todtrSwfjyKyg

oifwpfzufom;ESifh wwfEdkiforQ vkdufavsmjcif;qkdonfrSm oifwkdY\jcm;em;csuf zkH;uG,f
xm;&ef r[kwfyg/ jcm;em;csufrsm;ukd yGifhvif;pGm todrSwfjyKjcif;jzifh oifh wpfzufvltzkdY olY wif
jycsufukd oifuem;vnfaMunufoGm;jyD[k pdwfcsoGm;apEkdifygonf/ tcsufonf vlrsKd;a&;
y#dyursm;ukd ajz&Sif;&m ta&;ygvSygonf/ vlrsKd;a&;y#dyursm;ukd ajz&Sif;&m ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
wkdY\ uGJjym;jcm;em;csufwkdYukd taotcsmaz:jyNyD;rSom oabmxm;jcif;wlnDaeonfh tcsuf
rsm;ukd todtrSwfjyK jzpfEkdifonfukdawGU&ygonf/
30

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;


jcm;em;csufrsm;ukd taotcsmppfaq;Munfhvsif ESpfzufpvkH;uxifxm;oavmuf jy
emrBuD;rm;wwfaMumif; awGY&wwfygonf/ okdYaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&HwGif wpfu,fBuD;rm;aom
jyem jzpfaewwfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh oifhwifjycsufrsm;wGif taumif;jrift,ltqrsm; yg0if
ae&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ pdwfauseyfavmufaomajz&Sif;csuf wpfpkHwpf&m &Ekdifavmufonf[k
,kHMunfaMumif;ESifhxkdokdYaom oabmwlnDcsufukd&atmifaqmif&Guf&ef toifh&SdaMumif; &J0YHpGm
wifjyxm;oifhonf/ oifht,ltqukd &J0YHpGmpGJukdifxm;yg/ xkdYtjyifjcm;em;csufrsm;ukdajz&Sif;
&Ekdifonf[k ,kHMunfaMumif; &J0YHpGmwifjyyg/
(p) awGYqkHaqG;aEG;a&;twGuf tajctaeaumif;rsm; wnfaqmufyg

tusOf;csKyf qkd&ygvQif oifausmfjzwf&rnfh twm;tqD;rsm;rSm wpfzufvl\oHo,
ESifh &efvkdrIrsm;pdwfxm;aom em;rsm;ESifh rcefYav;pm;vkyfrIrsm; jzpfygvdrfYrnf/ oifhr[mAsL[m
rSm olYzufokdYae&majymif;vkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ oif\wifjycsufukd av;pm;pGmem;axmif tod
trSwfjyKNyD; oifhcHpm;csufukd oabmaygufolwpfa,mufukd &efvkd&efjyK&efrSm cufcJygvdrfYrnf/
oifajymorQem;axmifcJholwpfa,muf\pum;ukd jyefem;axmif&efrSm cJ,Of;aomt&mr[kwf
awmhyg/ av;pm;jcif;qkdonfrSm twkHYtjyefoabm&Sdwwfonf/

oif\tjyKtrltay: tYHtm;oifhESpfNcdKufaom oifhwpfzufvlu 'Dvluawmhigh&JUjy
emukd wpfu,foabmaygufom;bJ? usefwJholawGuoabmrS raygufEkdifwm 'Dvlodyfrqkd;bl;
oleJYqkd&ifawmh aqG;aEG;vkdY&Ekdifavmufw,f [laomtjrif tpm;0ifvmygvdrfhrnf/ xkdtcgwGif
oifausmfjzwf&efBuH&G,faeaom wHwkdif;BuD;wGif tufaMumif;av; ay:vmNyD[k qkdEkdifygjyD/

31

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

tqifh- 3
wwd,ajcvSrf;
upm;ykHajymif;yg? y,frcsygESifh? ykHpHajymif;yg
raumif;rI 'kp&kdufukd vdrfrmyg;eyfpGmjzifh uGsEkfyf qefYusifygrnf
0DvQH&SdwfpyD;;,m;

wefjyefxkd;ESufjcif;

,ck SdEkdif;aqG;aEG;rI tajctaeaumif;ukd oifuzefwD;cJhjyD;jzpf&m aemufoif &ifqkdif
&ef wm0efrSm enf;vrf;ukdajymif;vJ&ef jzpfonf/ buftoD;oD;\tusKd;w&m;rsm;ukd oifhtae
jzifh aqG;aEG;SdESKdif; jznfhqnf;ay;vkdaomfvnf; oif\wpfzufom;url ol\oabmxm;ukd
om ykHaoqkyfukdifxm;vkdaumif; xm;rnfjzpf&m jyemjzpfvmavNyD atmufygaqG;aEG;csufukd
pOf;pm;okH;oyfMunfhyg/
bwf*sufTefMum;a&;rSL; cifAsm;&JUbwf*sufukd q,f&mckdifEkef;xufavQmhNyD; jzwfr,fqkdwm

uGsefawmfvufrcHEkdifygbl;? 'gaMumifh tJ'dtwkdif; q,f&mckdifEIef;bJ

jzwfvkdufMu&atmif/
ukefa&mif;|metBuD;tuJ tJ'gawmhrjzpfeKdifbl;Asm tJ'DavmufavQmhcsvkdufvkdYu uGsefawmf
wkdY r&yfwnfEkdifygbl;/
bwf*suf TefMum;a&;rSL; 0rf;enf;ygw,fAsm cifAsm;tjzwfcHygvdrfYr,fvkdY usefwJh|metBuD;
awGukd uGsefawmfajymxm;NyD;NyD? cifAsm;tjzwfrcH&if usefwJhSdEkdif;
xm;awGvnf; ukdY&kd;um;,m; jzpfukefvdrfYr,f/
ukefa&mif;|metBuD;tuJ cifAsm;jyemukd uGsefawmfem;vnfygw,f? uGsefawmfjyemukd
vnf; cifAsm;u em;vnfatmifBuKd;pm;apcsifygw,f? uGefawmf
|merSm pDrHcsuftopfwpfck pvkyfaeygw,f/ tJ'DpDrHcsuft& ukef
xkwfvkyfrIawG wufvmygvdrfYr,f? okdYayrJh q,f&mckdifEkef;om
jzwfcH&&ifawmh taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufEkdifrSmr[kwfbl;
uGsefawmfwkdYESpfa,mufaygif;NyD; ukrPDtusKd;twGuf tajzwpf
ckck &atmif&SmMupkdYvm;Asm/
bwf*sufTefMum;a&;rSL; uGsefawmfuvnf; 'gbJvkdcsifwmyg? cifAsm;&JUyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf
rIukdvkdcsifwmyg? tJ'gaMumifh bwf*sufukd jzwfvkdufMu&atmif/
ukefa&mif;|metBuD;tuJ 0rf;enf;ygw,fAsm? uGsefawmfoabmrwlbl;/
bwf*sufTefMum;a&;rSL; MunfhygOD;Asm? cifAsm;ukd uGsefawmf'kura&mufapcsifygbl;? 'gay
rJh tck bwf*sufukdawmh jzwf&vdrfYr,f/
ukefa&mif;|metBuD;tuJ ajcmuf&mckdifEIef;jzwf&ifaumAsm? 'gqkd&if cifAsm;&nfrSef;csuft
wGuf trsm;BuD;eD;pyfoGm;EkdifygNyD? b,fvkdoabm&ovJ/
bwf*sufTefMum;a&;rSL; enf;enf;awmhvG,fvmygNyD? tckawmh av;&mckdifEkef;bJ cifAsm;
32

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

&Sm&awmhrSmaygh/
ukefa&mif;|metBuD;tuJ ajcmuf&mckdif;Ekef;uawmh uGsefawmfhtwGuf tqkH;pGefygbJ
bwf*sufTefMum;a&;rSL; 'Dudp Ou|BuD;ukd wifjyMuwmaygh/

oif\qefYusifbufyk*Kdvfu tavQmhray;awmhbl;qkdvQif oifbmvkyfrnfenf;/ olu
t,ltqwif;rmaevQif (q,f&mckdifEkef;xuf enf;wmukd uGsefawmfvufrcHEkdifbl;) olujcdrf;
ajcmufvQif(cifAsm;'kua&mufoGm;rSm uGsefawmfrvkdvm;ygbl;) okdYr[kwf tjcm;taMumif;awG
jyaecJhvQif (tjcm;|metBuD;tuJawGukd uGefawmfajymNyD;NyDAsm? bwf*sufjzwfwmukd cifAsm;vuf
cHr,fvkdY)qkdwmrsKd;awGESifh &ifqkdif&vQif bmvkyfrnfenf;/

oif\ wpfzufvl\ awmif;qkdcsufrsm;onf usKd;aMumif;rqDavQmf[k ,lqp&m&Sdonfh
twGuf oifpdwfxJwGif jiif;y,fjypfvkdufzkdY ay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ oifuvnf;oif\ t,ltqukd
ajymqkd&if;ESifh ol t,ltqukd wkYHjyefygvdrfYrnf/ oluvnf; oifht,ltqukd y,fcsNyD; olt
t,ltqukd xyfwifygvdrfYrnf/ oifhawmfonfhtavQmhtwif;vkyf &cJhvQifaomfrS oifu 0Suf
zJukdifxm;onf[k olu ,lqNyD; oiftavQmhay;onfukd ,lvkdufNyD;rS oifxyfavQmhap&ef
awmif;qkdygvdrfhOD;rnf/ olzufu zdonfukd oifxyfNyD;cH&rnf/ trSefqkdvQif oifonf tajc
taersKd;ukd a&SmifaecJhonfr[kwfygvm;? jyemukdtajz&&eftwGuf oifhukdvufcHvmap&ef
qGJaqmifzkdY enf;vrf;rsm; &Sdygovm;/
(u) enf;vrf;ukd ajymif;vJusifhokH;jcif;ykHpHopf okH;pGJjcif;

enf;vrf;ukdajymif;vJ&eftwGuf oifvkyfcsifonfESifh ajymif;jyefvkyf&efvkdygonf/ wpf
zufom; ajymonfukd jiif;y,frnfhtpm; vufcHvkdufyg/ oifjzpfapcsifonfhykHpHrsKd;tjzpf ajymif;
vJ usifhokH;yg/ wpfenf;qkd&vQif ykHpHopfESifhaqmif&Gufyg/

ykHpHopf ajymif;vJusifhokH;onfqkdonfrSm ESpfOD;ESpfzuftusKd;ESifhukdufnDap&ef wpfzuf
om;ajymonfhpum;rsm;ukd toGifo@efajymif;,l&ef jzpfygonf/ &kyfykHum;csyfwpfck\ ywfywf
vnfrS abmifrsm;ukd topfvJouJhokdYjzpfonf/ wpfzufom;\ ajymMum;csufrsm;tay:wGif jy
em tajz&&ef ykHpHtoGifajymif;,ljcif;yifjzpfonf/ wpfzufom;onf jyem\tajzukd &
atmif &Smay;aeouJhokdY oifuwkYHjyef&ygrnf/ xkdtcgrS olu enf;vrf;opfwpf&yfxJokdY 0ifvm
ap&ef oifqGJaqmifEkdifygvdrfYrnf/

atmufyg Oyrm-ukdMunfhyg/ 1979-ckESpf r[mAsL[mvufeufBuD;rsm; uefYowfa&; t
qifh(2)aqG;aEG;csufukd tar&DueftxufvTwfawmf cGifhjyKcsuf&&ef wifjy&ygonf/ vkdtyfonfh
axmufcHrJ okH;ykHESpfykH&&eftwGuf txufvTwfawmfacgif;aqmiftaeESifh jyifqifcsufwpf&yf
ukd xnfhoGif;csifygonf/ twGufu qkdAD,uf\f oabmwlnDcsufvkdaeygNyD? xkdtcsdefwGif
vli,ftxufvTwfawmftrwf *sKd;qufbD'if*sLeD,m armfpukdokdYoGm;&efESifh BuHKaeygonf/ xkdY
aMumifh txufvTwfawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;u oltm; jyemESifhywfouf qkdAD,ufekdifiH
jcm;a&;0efBuD; tif'&D*&kdrDukdESifh ar;jref;cJhyg&ef rSmvkdufygonf/
33

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;


armfpukdwGif tiftm;jcif;NydKif&efu rnDrQygacs/ tar&DuefbufrS vli,ftxufvTwf
awmftrwfuav; ? qkDAD,ufbufu oHwrefavmuwGif tvGeftawGYtBuKH&dSonfh acgif;
aqmifBuD;wpfOD; ? *&kdrDuukdu wpfem&DcefYMumatmif pum;pajymygonf/ vufeufwyfqifrI
jyKdifyGJwGif tar&duefukdrD&ef rnfokdYvkdufae&onfqkdonfukd ajymygonf/ xkdYaMumifh r[mAsL
[mvufeufwyfqifrI uefYowfa&; oabmwlnDrI tqifh(2)onf tar&duefrsm;twGuf wpf
yef;omrI trSef&&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh oabmwlnDcsufukd tajymif;tvJr&SdbJ tar&d
ueftxufvTwfawmfu vufcHoifhonf[k *&kdrDukdu &Sif;jyygonf/ jyifqifcsufESifhywfouf
*&kdrDukdtaeESifh vkH;0oabmrwlyg/

tck bD'if&JUtvSnfha&mufygNyD? *&kdrDukdESifhqefYusifNyD;jiif;aernfhtpm; bD'ifu cyfwnf
wnf okdYajymvkdufygonf/ ]] rpwm*&kdrDukdcifAsm;? vlBuD;rif;ajymwm odyfukdvufcHEkdifp&m
aumif;ygw,f? vlBuD;rif;ajymwmawGtrsm;BuD;ukd uGsefawmfoabmwlygw,f/ tar&duef t
xufvTwfawmfu uGsefawmfrdwfaqGawGqDukd jyefa&mufwkef;u vlBuD;rif;ajymwmawGukd jyef
vnfwifjy&if; tcsKdUtxufvTwfawmftrwfawGjzpfwJh *kd;0g;wm;? [rf;wkdYu vufcHMurSmr[kwf
bl; olu aemufuvnf; tiftm;rao;vSbl;cifAs? bD'ifuquf xkdtrwfrsm;\ ylyifaMumifh
MurIudk uRefawmfb,fvdkjyef&Sif;jy&r,fqdkwm uRefawmfhudk tBuHay;apcsifygw,f }}

tawGUtBuHK Eke,fao;aom tar&duefuav;tm; tBuHay;&ef *&dkrDu pdwfygvmyg
awmhonf/ ol\,HkMunfrIuif;rJhaeaom tar&dueftxufvTwfawmfrsm;tm; b,fodkYem;cs&
rnfqdkonfudk *&dkrD,dku q&mBuD;vkyfNyD; oifMum;ay;ygonf/ bD'ifu ar;cGef;rsm; wpfckNyD;
wpfck ar;ygonf/ *&dkrD,dkuvnf; ar;cGef;wpfckjcif;udk tajzay;ygonff/ aemufqHk;wGif jyifqif
csufudk vufcHvdkufygu txufvTwfawmfwGif rJtrsm;tjym; &Edkifonfqdkonfudk *&dkrDudku
oabmaygufoGm;NyD; olY\tjrifudk ajymif;vJvdkufygonf/ ol\ oabmwlnDcsufudk tar&duef
trwfuav; &oGm;cJhygonf/

*&dkrDudk\ rlvoabmxm;udk tpyxrwnf;u jiif;y,fvdkufygu ESpfzufom;quf
tjiif;yGm;MuzdkYom &Sdygw,f? *&dkrDudkudk,fwdkif jyemudk tajz&Smaeoltjzpf bD'ifuqufcH
cJhygonf/ tBuHOmPfvnf; awmif;cJhygonf/ txufvTwfawmf trwfrsm;\ pdk;&drfylyefcsufrsm;
udk rnfodkY ajzazsmuf&rnf? pmcsKyfudk tar&dueftxufvTwf\ oabmwl twnfjyKcsuf &ap&ef
b,fodkYaqmif&Guf &rnfqdkonfh jyemudk tajz&Smonfhenf;ESifh tjyKoabm aqG;aEG;yGJyHkpH
tjzpf ajymif;vJusifhoHk;jcif;yif/

yHkpHtoGifopf ajymif;jcif;onf atmifjrifrI &cJhygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkvQif pum;&yf
wdkif;onf t"dyg,ftrsdK;rsdK; aumufEdkif jzpfygonf/ oifhwGif taumif;jrifoabm yg0ifonfh
pGrf;&nf&Sdygonf/ wpfzufvlu rnfodkYqdkap olajymMum;csuftay: jyemudk tajz&Smrnfh
yHkpHwGif;odkY oGif;,lEdkifonfh pGrf;&nfyif jzpfonf/ *&dkrDudku ,ckvufcHoGm; ouJhodkY oifh\
t"dyg,faz:jycsufudk wpfzufom;u rMumcP vufcHoGm;wwfygonf/ olY\ oabmxm;udk
oifu rjiif;cJhonfhtwGufvnf; oltHhMooGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ olY\ aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udkvnf; jyef
&Sif;jycsifaernf jzpfygonf/

oifh\ qefYusifbuf yk*dKvftaeESifh aqG;aEG;dSEdIif;rI\ &v'fay: tm&Hkpdkufaernf
34

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

jzpfonfhtwGuf vdrmyg;eyfpGmjzifh oifu toGifajymif;vdkufonfudkaomfrS olowdrjyK vdkufrd


onfvnf; jzpfygonf/ tNydKiftqdkif oabmxm; ESpf&yfudk tBudwfte,f jiif;aernfhtpm;
ESpfzufpvHk;\ tusdK;w&m;rsm;udk taumif;qHk;jzpfap&ef rnfodkYvkyfMurnfqdkonfudk yl;aygif;
tajz&Smonfh yHkpHjzpfoGm;ygonf/ odkYvkyf&eftwGuf oif\wpfzufom;xHrS cGifhawmif;&efyif
rvdkyg/ yHkpHopfudk pajymif;vdkuf&Hkom jzpfygonf/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;ol wpfa,muftaejzifh
odkY yHkpHajymif;wwfjcif;onf BuD;rm;qHk; pGrf;tifwpf&yf jzpfonf/ yGJudk ajymif;enf;rSm usm;uGuf
yHkpH ajymif;zdkYyif jzpf\/
(c) jyemudk tajz&Smonfh ar;cGef;rsm; ar;yg


oif\ wpfzufvltm; jyemay:tm&Hkpdkufvmap&ef vkyfaqmif&mwGif tjrifomqHk;
enf;rSm olYudk 4if;jyemudk &Sif;vif;jyjcif; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf oabmxm;rsm;udk wifjyaeygu
wpfzufom;\ oHo,udk tvG,fwulEdI;qGouJhodkY jzpfwwfygonf/ ydkaumif;onfhenf;rSm ar;
cGef;rsm; ar;&efjzpfonf/ wpfzufom;udk oifu tajzrSefrsm; ajymaernfhtpm; ar;cGef;rSefrsm;
udkom oifuar;yg/ olYudk oifudk,fwdkifu q&mvkyfrnfhtpm; jyemuom q&mjzpfygap/

toGifajymif;&mwGif taumif;qHk;ESifh wpfckwnf;aom vufeufud&d,mum; jyem
tajz&Smonfh ar;cGef;yif jzpf\/ vdktifqEudk xdk;jyvdkufygonf/ xdkqErsm;tm; jznfhqnf;&ef
enf;vrf;&Smjcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/ toHk;usqHk; ar;cGef;rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyEdkifygonf/
(c) (1) bmaMumifhqdkwmudk ar;yg

wpfzufom;\t,lltqudk ql;ajimifhcvkwfwpfcktjzpf owfrSwfrnfhtpm; tcGifht
vrf;wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfyg/ olu oabmxm;udk ajymjyaeonfh tcgwGif ta&;BuD;onfh
tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfonfh oif\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk today;aejcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
olYzufu ydkrdkajymvmap&ef atmufygar;cGef;rsm;ESifh zdwfac:yg/ ]] vlBuD;rif;u 'gudk bmaMumifh
vdkcsifygovJ }} ]] jyem[mbmvJ }} odkYr[kwf ]] vlBuD;rif;ubmudk pdk;&drfaMumifhMuaewmygvJ }}
olbmudkvdkcsifonfudk odatmifvkyfyg/ olajzonfhtcgwGif taotcsmrSwfyg/ aqG;aEG;yGJonf
ol\ oabmxm;rS ol\ vdkcsifonfh tusdK;w&m;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJa&muf&SdoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
xdktcgwGif jyemudk tajz&Smrnfh aqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

taMumif;wpfpHkwpf&mudk oifrnfodkYar;onfqdkjcif;u rnfonfudk ar;onfuJhodkYyif
ta&;BuD;ygonf/ wdkuf&dkufar;cGef;rsm;onf olYtm; qefYusif&m usaecJhyguvnf; oG,f0dkufar;
cGef; yHkpHESifh ar;yg/ ]] vlBuD;rif; 'gbmaMumifh vdkcsifw,fqdkwm uRefawmfaoaocsmcsm oabm
raygufao;ygbl; 'g[m vlBuD;rif;twGuf bmaMumifhta&;BuD;w,fqdkwmudk uRefawmfjrifvm
atmif ulnDygcifAsm }} odkYr[kwf ]] 'gudk vlBuD;rif; tawmfxufoefaeyHk&ygw,f/ bmaMumifh
qdkwmudk uRefawmfvnf; em;vnfoabmaygufcsifygw,f/ ]] oif\ar;cGef;udk atmufygtod
trSwfjyKrIESifh pum;pvQif aumif;ygonf/ ]] vlBuD;rif; ajymaewmudk uRefawmfMum;&ygNyD? ukrPD
35

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

&JU ay:vpDuawmh &nf&G,fcsufaumif;r,fqdkwm uRefawmfvHk;0 ,HkMunfygw,f/ aus;Zl;jyKNyD;


tJ'gudk uRefawmfhudk &Sif;jyygvm;cifAsm; }} oifhtaejzifh pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdaMumif; av;pm;orI&Sd
aMumif; jy&mwGif oif\ toHae? toHxm;? rsufESmtrlt&m? udk,fcEmtrlt&mrsm;onfvnf;
oif\ pum;vHk;rsm;uJhodkYyif ta&;BuD;ygonf/

wpfzufom;\ pdwf0ifpm;rIrsm;udk azmfxkwf&mwGif MuufoGefeDOudk wpfvTmjcif;cGm&ouJh
odkYyif jzpf\/ atmufwGif erlemjyxm;aom pum;ajymyHkonf wpfvTmNyD;wpfvTm cGmoGm;jcif;yif
jzpfonf/ ]] cifAsm;bmaMumifhtvkyfu EkwfxGufcsifwmvJAsm }} [k e,l;a,mufOya'ynm&Sif
rsm; tzGJU\ vlBuD;u ar;ygonf/ ]] bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh uRefawmfhrSm aiGydkNyD;vdktyfaeygw,f
q&mwdkYqDu uRefawmfvdktyfoavmufxd aiGwdk;NyD;ay;EdkifrSm r[kwfygbl; }} [k vli,fu ajz
ygonf/

]] b,fvdk tcuftcJrsm;&SdaeygovJ }}

]] uRefawmfwdkY vifr,m;rSm uav;wpfa,mufwdk;vmygNyD? uRefawmfwdkY ydkus,fwJhtcef;
udk ajymif;&ygawmhr,f }}

]] 'gjzifh&if bmjyemrsm; &SdaevdkYvJ }}

]] tdrfvc uefYowfxm;wJh wdkufcef;rsdK;udk&SmvdkY r&vdkYyg }}

jyem\ t&if;tjrpfudk vlBuD;jzpfolu odoGm;aomtcgwGif vlBuD;taeESifh ol\
yk*dKvfa&;tquftoG,frsm;rSwqifh &Smay;onfhtwGuf vli,fonf ol\0ifaiGESifh oifhwifhaom
wdkufcef;udk &oGm;ygonf/ xkdvli,fuvnf; xkdtzGJYwGif aemufxyftESpfokH;q,f tvkyfvkyfjzpf
oGm;ygawmhonf/ xkdtzGJUwGif acgif;aqmifvnf; jzpfoGm;cJhygonf/ twGif;tajctaerSefukd
pkdufpkdufrwfrwf &Smjcif;tm;jzifh ESpfOD;ESpfzufauseyfoabmwlrnfh &vm'f&Ekdifygonf/ vlwpf
a,muf\vkdtyfcsufqkdonfrSm olwpfa,mufwnf;twGuf vkdtyfcsufomru ol\ ywf0ef;
usiftokdif;t0kdif; twGufvnf; jzpfEkdifonfqkdonfukd owdjyKyg/ ol\wif;rmaomoabmxm;
qkdonfrSm olwpfOD;wnf;\oabmxm; [kwfcsifrS[kwfayvdrfYrnf/ ol\txufvlBuD;? 'g&kduf
wmtzGJU? tpk&S,f,mykdif&Sifrsm;? or*tzGJU0ifrsm; okdYr[kwf olrdom;pkwkdY\oabmxm;rsm;? ykd
NyD;jzpfaumif;jzpfygvdrfYrnf/ xkdYaMumifh olwkdY\tusKd;w&m;rsm;? pdwftm;xufoefrIrsm;ukdvnf;
ar;zkdYvkdtyfygonf/
(c)(2) bmaMumifhrjzpfwmvJqkdwm ar;yg

oifhwpfzufom;taeESifh olU vkdtifqEukd azmfjy&ef0efav;aeygu oG,f0kdufonfhenf;
AsL[mukd okH;yg/ ]]tb,faMumifh}} ar;cGef;ukdrajzygu ]]bmaMumifhrjzpf&rSmvnf;}} ar;cGef;ukd
ar;yg/ a&G;p&menf;vrf;wpfpkHukd &nf&G,fNyD; ]]bmaMumifh 'Denf;vrf;ukdrokH;&rSmvJ}} okdYr[kwf
]]'Denf;vrf;ukdokH;&if rrSm;Ekdifbl;vkdfY rxifbl;vm;}} vltrsm;onf olwkdY\twGif;pdwfukd azmfjy
&ef 0efav;wwfygonf? wpfzufom;ukda0zefvkdMuygonf/ bwf*sufESifhywfouf oifaqG;
aEG;&w,f qkdygpkdY/ ]]ukefa&mif;|me&JU bwf*sufukd bmaMumifhavQmhjypf&rSmvJ}} oifar;cJhvQif
ukefa&mif;|metBuD;tuJu okdYjyefajzygvdrfYrnf/ ]]bmaMumifhqkdwm uGsefawmfajymjyygr,f
36

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

ta&mif;awGxkd;usvdrfUr,f bkwftzGJUuvnf; uGsefawmfwkdYukdtjypfwifvdrfYr,f? uGsefawmf


vnf;tvkyfjyKwfygvdrfYr,f}} olu olpdwf0ifpm;rIESifhywfoufNyD; ta&;BuD;onfhowif; tcsuf
tvufrsm;ukday;vkdufygNyD? ta&mif;vkyfiefESifhywfoufonfh ol&JUpkd;&drfylyefrI? 'g&kdufwmtzGJU
\ tjypfwifrIukd aMumifhMurIESifh oltvkyfjyKwfrnfukd ylyefrIwkdYukd xkwfaz:vkdufjcif;yif/ oif
\wpfzufom;u olbmukdpdwfxJwGif &Sdaeonfqkdwm raz:xkwfao;bl;ygu oifuyif pwif
az:xkwfNyD; rSm;&ifjyifzkdYolukdajymyg/ tu,f oifonf wGefYqkwfaeaom ukefxkwfvkyfolwpf
OD;ukd t&Sdefwkd;xkwfvkyf&ef qGJaqmifcsifonfqkdvQif oifhtaeESifh odkYolYudkajymEdkifygonf/
]] vlBuD;rif;ajymaewmudk uRefawmf'Dvdkem;vnfygw,f? vlBuD;rif;u ukefxkwfp&dwfudk avQmh
csNyD; t&nftaoG;jrSifhwifNyD;awmh 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;udk ,HkMunfpdwfcs&atmif vkyfcsifw,f
r[kwfvm; cifAsm }} rdrdwdkY vkyfcsifonfrsm;udk wpfzufom;em;vnfrI vGJrSm;aevQif jyifqifay;
vdkonfh pdwfudkxdef;csKyfEdkifcJhMuygonf/ ukefxkwfvkyfolu odkYajzaumif;ajzygvdrfhrnf/ ]] 'D
twdkif;awmh wdwdusus rrSefbl;cifAsm? cifAsm;wdkY [dktaMumif;awGarhoGm;NyDudk;...}} tpcsDNyD;
oljzpfcsifonfrsm;udk olqufajymygvdrfhrnf/

oif\ wpfzufvlu qufNyD;jiif;qefaeOD;rnfqdkvQifawmh ,ckoifod&wJh owif;tcsuf
tvufawGudk toHk;csNyD; olYtay:wGif tompD;&atmif oifvkyfvdrfhrnf[k olu oHo,jzpf
aejcif; jzpfEdkifonf/ olpdwfoufom&m &ap&eftwGuf oif\ pdwf0ifpm;rIudk yxrOD;pGm
odkYajymjyyg/ ]] aps;uGuftopfawGudk tusdK;&Sd&SdtoHk;cszdkYtwGuf ukefxkwfvkyfrI t&SdefjrSifhcsifwm
uRefawmfh qEygyJ/ uRefawmf&JU ukefpnfjzefYcsda&;orm;awGu 'DukefpnfawGtwGuf uRefawmfh
udk ylqmaeMuygNyD/ uRefawmfhtay: ,HkMunf&rItwGuf ta&;BuD;wJh tajctaeudk a&mufae
ygNyD/ cifAsm;taeeJYukefxkwfvkyfrIudk t&SdefjrSifhrItcuftcJawGrsm; jzpfae&if uRefawmfhudk enf;
enf;yg;yg; ajymjyygvm; cifAsm }} oifjzpfcsiforQudk wpfcsdefwnf; ajymjyvdkufvQif oifhtwGuf
tE&m,f&Sdrnf[k ,lqvQif tpwGiftm;vHk;udk ajymjy&efrvdkyg/ oifjzpfcsifonfudk enf;enf;
u pajymyg? oljzpfcsifonfudkvnf; ar;yg/ NyD;awmhrS wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh tjyeftvSefajymoGm;yg/
(c) (3) tu,fqdkwJh ar;cGef;udk ar;yg

'kwd,ajcvSrf;rSm jzpfEdkifonfhenf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;udk wpfzufom;ESifh aqG;aEG;zdkYyifjzpfonf/
wpfzufom;\ t,ltqtaetxm;udk qefYusif&mrusyJ jzpfEdkifonfh tajzrsm;wifjy&eftwGuf
tiftm;tBuD;qHk; t*Fvdyfbmompum;&yfwpfckudk oHk;yg/ (tu,fom qdkwJh) ar;cGef;ygyJ/

oifh&JUazgufonfu odkYajymonfqdkygpdkY ]] 'DpDrHudef;vkyfief;twGuf uRefawmfwdkYrSm
bwf*sufaiG 'gtukefyJcifAs? aemufxyfwpfjym;rS ydkay;aiG r&Sdawmhygbl; }} xdktcgwGif olYudk
odkYjyefar;yg ]] pDrHudef;umvudk wdk;csJUvdkufNyD; bwf*sufvdkaiGudk aemifESpfbwf*sufxJu oHk;
r,fqdk&ifaumAsm }} odkYr[kwf ]] cifAsm;&JUbwf*suftajctaeeJY udkufnDatmifpDrHudef;&JUyrmP
udk avQmhvdkuf&ifaumAsm }} odkYr[kwf uRefawmfhtaeeJY cifAsm;&JUtxufvlBuD;udk cifAsm;wdkY
ukrPDtwGuf b,fvdktusdK;&SdEdkifw,fqdkwm &Sif;jyNyD;awmh bwf*sufwdk;jrSifhay;zdkY ajym&ifaum
Asm }} oifhtaeeJY ar;cGef;wpf&yf&yfudk olpdwf0ifpm;vmap&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhygu oifonf
37

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

taetxm;opfudk atmifjrifpGma&muf&SdvmcJhygNyD/ csufjcif;qdkovdkyif olonf oifESifhtwl


enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGaeygNyD/

oifwdkY\aqG;aEG;ajymqdkrIudk enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK; OmPfxkwf&SmazGonfh aqG;aEG;yGJtjzpf
ajymif;vdkufyg/ wpfzufom;\ taetxm;wGif &yfwnfvdkufNyD; ol\oabmxm;udk tjcm;
pum;vHk;rsm;oHk;pGJ enf;vrf;trsm;xJu wpfcktjzpfESifh jyefNyD;ajymjyyg/ OyrmqdkygpdkY oifu
c&prwftm;vyf&ufudk rnfodkYtoHk;csrnfqdkonfudk aqG;aEG;&if; oifhrdom;pkESifh tcuftcJ
&SdaeonfqdkygpdkY 'DtqdkjyKcsufudk wkduf&dkufjiif;y,fvdkufrnfhtpm; ]] 'gvnf;jzpfEdkifwJhenf;yJ }} [k
jyefajzEdkifygonf/ tjcm;enf;vrf;wpfckudkvnf; oifu tBuHay;NyD; oif\ ZeD;? cifyGef;udk t
BuHxyfay;zdkYvnf; awmif;yg/ ]] aemufwpfenf;uawmh wdkYrdbrsm;tdrfudk tvnfoGm;MuzdkYygyJ?
'grSr[kwf &ufudkcGJvdkufNyD; c&prwfrSm rif;rdbawGqD? ESpfopful;rSm wdkYrdbawGqD tvnfoGm;
aeMu&ifaum? wjcm;enf;vrf;awGudkvnf; rif;pOf;pm;&ao;ovm; }}

oif\ wpfzufom;u oif\enf;vrf;rsm;udk a0zefvmrnfqdkvQif oif'Dvdkvnf;ajym
Edkifygonf/ ]] cifAsm;&JU qef;ppfa0zefrIawGudk uRefawmfem;axmifcsifygw,fAsm? odkYayr,fh tp
rSmawmh &SdEdkifwJhenf;vrf;awGudk t&ifaz:xkwfMu&atmifyg/ NyD;awmhrS b,fenf;vrf;u t
aumif;qHk;vJ qdkwmudk uRefawmfwdkY a&G;Muwmaygh }} jzpfEdkifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk tjyKoabm
ESifh OD;pGmyxr az:xkwfNyD;rS aemufrS qef;ppfcsdefq a&G;cs,f&ef jzpfygonf/
(c) (4) wpfzufom;\ tBuHOmPfudk awmif;yg

enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;udk wpfzufom;ESifhaqG;aEG;&eftwGuf aemufwpfenf;rSm ol\tBuH
OmPfudk awmif;&efjzpf\/ oifodkY tBuHOmPfawmif;cHvdrfhrnf[k olarQmfvifhxm;vdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs/ ]] uRefawmfbmvkyfoifhw,fqdkwm tBuHOmPfay;ygvm;cifAsm }} [k olYudkajymyg/
cifAsm;om uRefawmfhae&mrSm&Sdr,fqdk&if cifAsm;bmvkyfrvJcifAsm }} odkYr[kwf uRefawmfh&JUt
okdif;t0ef;awGudk cifAsmtaeeJY b,fvkdrsm;jyef&Sif;jyygrvJ}} tar&dueftxufvTwfawmftrwf
bD'ifu qkdAD,ufEkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD; rpwm*&kdrDukdxH csOf;uyf&mrSm okH;pGJcJhwJhenf;yifjzpfonf/

wpfzufom;xHrS tBuHPfawmif;jcif;onf ajrmufyifhay;&musygonf/ wpfzufom;
&JUt&nftaoG;eJY*kPfukd todtrSwfjyKay;&m usygonf/ xkdenf;onf wpfzufom;ukd aysmh
ajymif;vmap&ef vkyf&momru oif&ifqkdifae&aom jyemESifhtcuftcJrsm;ukd wpfzufom;
odvmap&ef jyKvkyfay;&mvnf;usonf/

tvGefw&m;aoqefvSaom txufvlBuD;wpfa,mufxHrS ukrPDrl0g'ESifhywfouf
tavQmhay;vmap&ef? wifjyawmif;cH&ef oifBuKHawGY&NyD qkdygpkdY/ oifuom wkduf&kdufawmif;cH
vkdufrnfqkdygu oif[m ukrPD\rl0g'pnf;urf;rsm;ukd vkdovkdajymif;vJjypf&ef BudK;pm;aeNyD[k
olu us,fus,favmifavmif jyefajymvdrfYrnf/ tpm; oifu okdY wifjyonfqkdygpkdY ]]rp
w,fvfabmhyfcifAsm ukrPDrl0g'ESifhywfouf&if uGsrf;usifolwpfa,mufvkdY vlBuD;rif;ukd olrsm;
awGu ajymMuygw,f}} tajctaet&yf&yfukd oifu&Sif;jyNyD;onfhtcg okdYqufar;yg? ]]uGsef
awmfb,fvkdqufvkyf&r,fqkdwm tBuHay;ygvm;cifAsm; }}
38

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;


oif\ jyemrsm;wGif oif\ wpfzufom;vnf; yg0ifywfoufvmcJhNyD qdkygu olY&JU
tmPmawG&SdaMumif; oifu wifjyxm;onfh olqufvufxdef;odrf;ayawmhrnf/ oif\jyem
twGuf tajzudk oludk,fwdkifu az:xkwfvmjcif;rsdK; rMumcPjzpfEdkifygonf/ rpwmw,fvf
abmhyf taeESifh ukrPDrl0g'udk >cif;csufjyKNyD; tavQmhay;vmjcif;rsdK; jzpfEdkifygonf/

odkYaomfvnf; tu,f olu ukrPD\rl0g'udk jyefudkifpGJvmcJhjyefvQifvnf; olYzufrS
pdk;&drfylyefcsufrsm;udkvnf; oifu todtrSwfjyKNyD; olYtBuHOmPfudk odkYqufvufawmif;cHyg/
'Drl0g'twGuftaMumif;&if;awGudk uRefawmftodtrSwfjyKygw,f/ 'Drl0g'udk vlBuD;rif;udkifpGJ
xm;&wmvnf; ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ ukrPD&JUtem*wftwGuf 'DpDrHcsuf[m odyfudk ta&;BuD;yg
w,f/ 'gudk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifzdkY vlBuD;rif; b,fvdktBuHay;ygrvJcifAsm;/ olbmrQvkyf
ray;yg[k rpwmw,fvfabmhyfu qdkcJhvQif oifu odkYjyefajymyg/ ]] uRefawmfem;vnfygw,f
cifAsm? >cif;csufudk b,folursm; vkyfay;Edkifr,fqdkwm tBuHOmPfay;Edkifyghrvm;cifAsm; }}

tBuHOmPfawmif;cHjcif;onf taetxm;udkajymif;vJap&eftwGuf taumif;qHk;enf;
vrf;rsm;xJrS wpfckjzpfygonf/
(c) (5) ]] bmqdk&ifw&m;rQwrvJ }} qdkonfudk ar;yg

wpfzufom;\ t,ltqtaetxm;onf usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfrIr&Sdbl;[k oifjrifcJhonf
qdkygpdkY olYt,ltqudk jiif;y,fypfvdkufrnfhtpm; w&m;rQwrI&IaxmifhrS qufNyD;aqG;aEG;EdkifzdkY
tcsuftjzpftoHk;csyg/ ol\&Iaxmifhonf w&m;rQwonf[k ol,HkMunfaeaMumif; todtrSwf
jyKyg/ NyD;vQif olYudkajymyg/ ]] 'g[m w&m;rQwwJh tajzjzpfygw,fqdkwmudk ,HkMunfEdkifzdkY tajccH
taMumif;w&m;awG &Sdygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'gawGudk uRefawmfMum;csifygw,f }}

oif\ta&;BuD;azgufonfwpfOD;u oif\a&mif;ukefypnf;twGuf 0efaqmifvkyfief;
tcsdKUudk oifhzufrS tcrJh vkyfay;apcsifaeonf[k qdkygpdkY/ oifhtaeESifhjiif;y,fvdkufygu ol
pdwfqdk;oGm;vdrfhrnf/ oifu vufcHvdkufrnfqdkvQifvnf; aiGaMu;tukeftusrsm;onfh qHk;jzwf
csufjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf/ 'gaMumifh oifu odkYvdkar;yg ]] 'g[m bmaMumifhw&m;rQww,fqdkwm
vlBuD;rif;&JU tawG;tac:udk odyg&ap/ uRefawmfwdkY tNydKiftqdkifvkyfae&mrSm tcrJh 0efaqmif
rIvkyfief;yg ygovm; }} odkYar;jcif;onf w&m;rQwrItwGufaps;uGufwGif vkyfaeustwdkif;
ar;jref;jcif; jzpfonf/ jyifopf'edu ynm&Sif bavhpfyghpfu,fvfu vGefcJhonfhESpf(300)ausmf
u odkY ajymoGm;zl;ygonf/ ]] vlawG[m tjcm;olrsm;u ajymjywmxuf olwdkYudk,fwdkif &SmazG
awGU&SdwJh tcsufawGay:rSm ydkNyD;oabmayguf ,HkMunfwwfMuygw,f }}

ukrPDwpfckudk vTJajymif;0,f,l&ef aqG;aEG;yGJwpfckwGif a&mif;olu 0,frnfhukrPDtm;
w&m;vGefjrifhaom aps;EIef;udk awmif;cJhygonf/ aps;EIef;udkjiif;vdkufrnfhtpm; 0,folu a&mif;ol
udk ]] yxrESpfrSm tjrwfb,favmuf&zdkY arQmfrSef;xm;cJhovJ }} [k ar;ygonf/ a&mif;olu
]] uRefawmfwdkY'DESpfrSm av;odef;zdk;a&mif;csifygw,f/ tJ'gqdk&if tjrwfav;odef;aygh cifAsm }} [k
ydwNf y;D ajzvdu
k o
f nf/ odYk taumif;jrifarQmv
f ifch suEf iS hf owfrw
S x
f m;csuu
f kd 0,fou
l od&onfh
tcgwGif odkYajymygonf/ ]] cifAsm;ajymwJhtwdkif;&rSm aocsmygw,f? odkYayr,fh cifAsm;wdkY qGJ
39

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

aewJh oabFmBuD;uawmh odyfpdwfrcs&awmhygbl;/ tJ'DoabFm&JU wefzdk;ucifAsm;cefYrSef;ajcawG


tay:rSm tajccHygw,f? 'DcefYrSef;ajcawG b,fvdkacsmfoGm;Edkifw,fqdkwm cifAsm;u uRefawmfh
xuf ydkodrSmyg/ cifAsm;&JUarQmfrSef;csufudk ra&mufEdkifcJh&if aps;EIef;awGavQmhrvm; }} vdkY ar;vdkuf
ygonf/ aps;EIef;onf obm0rusaMumif;udk az:xkwfEdkifonfhaemufydkif;wGif 0,folonf avQmh
aps;&oGm;ygonf/ rlvu wifxm;onfh aps;udkjiif;y,fvdkuf&ef rvdkcJhygay/

wpfcgwpf&HwGif oifhwifhrQwaom tajzudk&&ef aqG;aEG;&mwGif oifudk,fwdkifu pHEIef;
wpfckudk pNyD; wifjy&efvdkygonf/ ta&mif;t0,faqG;aEG;&mwGif 0,foltaeESifh oifhwifhonfh
aps;EIef;udk owfrSwf&ef trsm;vufcHxm;onfh pm&if;tif; wGufcsufenf;udk tBuHjyKwifjy&yg
onf/ xdktcgwGif a&mif;olu aps;EIef;udk ododomom avQmhay;wwfygonf/

oif\ pHcsdefpHEIef;udk wpfzufom;u vufrcHEdkifqdkygu ydkaumif;rGefaom pHcsdefpHEIef;
udk tBuHjyK&ef wpfzufom;udk ajymyg/ pHcsdefpHEIef; trsdK;rsdK;tay: aqG;aEG;MurIu rwlnDaom
oabmxm;ESpfzuf taMumif;t&mrsm; twGif;rSm oifhwifhrQwaom tajzrsm; &vmEdkifygonf/
(c) (6) oifh&JUar;cGef;udk tjywfydwf rxm;ygESifh

oifh\ ar;cGef;wdkif;onf atmifjrifrI &rnf[k rqdkEdkifyg/ jyemudk tajz&Smrnfh ar;
cGef;wdkif;udk zGifhxm;&efvdktyfygonf/ tawG;tac:opf tjrifopfrsm;twGuf rsufpdzGifhxm;&ef
vdkygonf/

ar;cGef;udkrnfodkY oHk;EIef;ar;jref;rnf qdkonfh tay:wGif tajzu wnfaeygonf/ ukrPD
odkYr[kwf tpdk;& t&m&Sdwpfa,mufu odkYajymonfqdkygpdkY ]] cifAsm;'DvdkvkyfvdkYr&bl;? rl0g'eJY
qefYusifaew,f }} xdktcgwGif (rl0g'udk ajymif;ypfvdkYr&bl;vm;) [k oifu jyefar;csifrnf
jzpfonf/ &vmrnfhtajzu ]] rjzpfEdkifbl; }}[laom tajzom jzpf\/ oifu tajzudk BudKwifod
Ny;D om; jzpfaeygvdrrhf nf? trSeq
f &kd vQif oifah r;cGe;f onf tjiif;cH&ef vkyx
f m; onfoo
Ykd m &So
d nf/

oif\ ar;cGef;rsm;u ]] jzpfovm; }} ]] rjzpfbl;vm; }}? ]] vkyfEdkifovm; }} ]] rvkyfEdkifbl;
vm; }} ponfh pum;&yfrsm;ESifh pxm;vQif wpfzufom;twGuf tajz&vG,fygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
]] [ifhtif; }} [k jyefrjiif;Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;ESifh ar;yg/ tajzudk zGifhxm;aom ar;cGef;rsdK;oHk;
yg/ oif\ar;cGef;rsm;udk ]] b,fvdk }}? ]] bmaMumifh }}? ]] bmaMumifh rjzpfEdkifwm }}? ]] bm }} odkY
r[kwf ]] b,fodkY }} qdkonfwdkYESifh pyg/ oifh&JUwpfzufvl[m atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkum; tvG,f
wul ]] [ifhtif; }} [k ajz r&Edkifawmhyg/ Oyrm ]] 'Drl0g'&JU &nf&G,fcsufu b,fvdkygvJ }}
]] 'D>cif;csufudk b,folu cGifhjyKEdkifygrvJ }} ESifh ]] uRefawmfqufvuf aqmif&GufzdkY vlBuD;rif;u
b,fvdk tBuHay;EdkifygvJ cifAsm }}

vltrsm;onf wpfzufom;taeESifh tvG,fwul&SdNyD;jzpfaom tajzrsdK;udk ay;zdkY&ef ar;
cGef;rsm; ar;wwfygw,f/ Oyrm vufeufrsm;xdef;csKyfa&;ESifh ywfoufaom NAdwdoQacgif;aqmif
wpfOD;onf qdkAD,uf,leD,HbufrS olYvdkt&m&SdwpfOD;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkif; ]] [ifhtif; }} [k tajz
udkom&cJhygonf/ odkYESifh wpfESpfcefYMumoGm;NyD;aomtcg 4if;NAdwdoQacgif;aqmifu qdkAD,uf
bufrS aqG;aEG;olu odkYjyefajymygonf/ ]] uRefawmfvnf; cifAsm;vdkyJ pdwfysufwmbJAs? armf
40

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

pudk u csrSwfxm;wJh tajymif;tvJ vkyfvdkYr&wJh TefMum;csufawGtay: &yfwnfNyD; uRefawmf


aqG;aEG;&wmudk;/ cifAsm;ar;cGef;awGuvnf; uRefawmfhxH TefMum;csufay;xm;NyD;wJh tavQmh
twif;vkyfvdkY r&wmawGcsnf;yJ/ uRefawmf TefMum;csuf &rxm;wJh taMumif;t&mawGtay:
cifAsm;u bmaMumifhar;cGef;awG rar;wmvJAs }} [k jyefar;ygonf/ NAdwdoQoHwrefonf tHhMo
oGm;NyD; awGa0oGm;ygonf/ NyD;aemuf aqG;aEG;yGJwGif pOf;pm;p&m taMumif;t&mopfawGudk
wifjyygonf/ qdkAD,ufbufu aqG;aEG;olu ,Ofaus;pGmjzifh aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymqdkNyD; olY
taeESifh rnfodkYajz&rnfqdkonf TefMum;csufr&Sdao;aomaMumifh armfpudkodkY jyefoGm;wifjy
ygrnf[k ajymygonf/ armfpudkodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg u&ifrvifrS txufvlBuD;rsm;udk wifjy
NyD; oabmwlnDcsuf &Edkifonfh aysmhajymif;rIrsm; csrSwfay;Edkif&ef atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkif
cJhygonf/

oHwrefESpfOD;\ pHerlemudk,l oifESifhaqG;aEG;&rnfh wpfzufom;u ]] [ifhtif; }} [laom
tqifoifhtjzrsdK; r&Sdaom ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;yg/ oif\ ar;cGef;rsm;onf wpfzufom;udk pOf;pm;
&ef tajctaersdK;a&mufoGm;ap&rnf/ tar&duef txufvTwfawmftrwf bD'if\ ar;cGef;u
*&dkrDudk taeESifh txufvTwfawmftrwftcsdKU\ oabmxm;tay: pOf;pm;&awmhrnfh tajc
taeodkY a&mufoGm;apjcif;rsdK; jzpfygonf/ oif\ ar;cGef;rsm;udk pOf;pm;&if;ESifh wpfzufom;onf
pdwfajymif;oGm;Edkifygonf/ oabmwlvufcHvm&ef ydkNyD;eD;pyf vmEdkifygonf/
(c) (7) wdwfqdwfaejcif;&JU pGrf;tifudk toHk;csyg

jyem tajz&Sm&mwGif ar;cGef;ar;jcif;onf tiftm;wpf0ufom &Sdygao;onf/ tjcm;
wpf0ufrSm wdwfqdwfaejcif;yif jzpfygonf/ wpfzufom;udk oif\ar;cGef;rsm;tay: pOf;pm;&ef
ESifh tajz&Sm&ef tcsdefay;&ygrnf/ odkY tajzray;onfh trSm;rsdK;udk vltrsm;pk usL;vGefwwf
ygonf/ olu tajzray;ygu wdwfqdwfaerItay: oifu rtDrom jzpfvmwwfygonf/ oif
ar;vdkufonfh ar;cGef;tay: olrnfodkY csufcsif; tajzay;&rnf rodawmhonfhtcg oifu pum;
wpfckckudk pum;p&Smajymwwfygonf/

oifhtaeESifh odkYrvkyfbJ olYxHrS tajzudk apmifhoifhygonf/ oifu olYudk oifxifonfh
ar;cGef;udk ar;vdkufNyDyJ? wdwfqdwfrIESifh rtDrom jzpfrIrsm;u olYOD;aESmufudk tvkyfay;ygap/
tcsdefwefonfhtcgwGif olYzufrS jzpfcsifonfrsm; jzpfEdkifonfh tajzwpfckck odkYr[kwf oifhwifh
onfh pHEIef;wpf&yf&yf az:xkwfvmygvdrfhrnf/ uJhodkY jzpfvmNyDqdkvQif jyemudk tajz&Smrnfh
aqG;aEG;yGJwGif olyg0ifvmygNyD/

tajzwpfck&vQif oifh\vkyfief; qufvufwdk;wufvmNyD[k rSwfxm;yg/ xdkYaMumifh ZGJ
aumif;aumif;ESifh BudK;pm;yg/ oif\ vdktyfcsufudk ar;cGef;wpfckwnf;ESifh r&ao;ygu tjcm;
&Iaxmifhrsm;ESifh BudK;pm;yg/ tifwmAsL;vkyfaom olwpfOD;&JU BudK;pm;rIrsdK;vdkygonf/ atmifjrifrI
&Sdaom aqG;aEG;olrsm;udk avhvmvdkufygu 4if;wdkYonf ra&rwGufEdkifaom ar;cGef;rsm; ar;wwf
onfqdkjcif;udk oifawGU&ygvdrfhrnf/

41

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(*) enf;AsL[mudk yHkpHajymif;vJ usifhoHk;yg



jyemudk tajz&Smonfh ar;cGef;rsm;xJrS wpfzufom;\ taetxm;rsm;? qErsm;? enf;
vrf;rsm;ESifh pHEIef;udk oifu yHkpHajymif;vJNyD; wifjyEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf olYenf;AsL[mrsm;udkvnf;
oifBuHKawGU&ygvdrfhrnf/ ]] [ifhtif; }} [k jiif;aejcif;rsm;? wdkufcdkufjcif;rsm; ESifhwuG tjcm; ynm
jyrIrsm;ESifh olYoabmxm;udk vufcHvmap&ef olBudK;pm;ygvdrfhrnf/ olYenf;AsL[mrsm;udk jyefvnf
yHkpHopfjzifh usifhoHk;NyD; jyem\ tajzudk a&mufoGm;ap&ef olYudk rnfodkYvkyf&rnfenf;/
(*) (1) olYbufu ausmufwHwdkif;cwfjiif;y,faejcif;udl auGUywfa&Smifyg

wpfzufom;u tpGef;a&muftaetxm;udk ,lxm;NyD; ]] 'gudk vufcH&ifcH? rcH&ifjyefawmh }}
[k ajymvmvQif odkYr[kwf w&m;ao oabmxm;wpf&yfudk wifvmvQif oifrnfodkY vkyfrnf
enf;/ oifxdkausmufwHwdkif;udk auGUywfNyD; a&Smifvdkufyg/ Oayum jyK&ifjyKvdkufyg/ odkYr[kwf
t"dyg,fwpfrsdK;aumufvdkufyg/ odkYr[kwfvQifvnf; olYoabmxm;udk prf;Munfhyg/
(u-u) vHk;0jiif;y,fonfudk a&Smifjcif;

oifh\ wpfzufom;u ajymNyDqdkygpdkY/ ]] 'gudkvufcH&ifcHyg/ vufrcH&ifvJ oGm;ygawmh }}
odkYr[kwf ]] ig;em&DtwGif; taMumif;jyefyg? ig;em&D aemufqHk;xm;NyD; taMumif;jyefyg? 'grSr[kwf
&ifawmh udpjywfNyDaygh }} [k ajymonf qdkygpdkY? oifhtaeESifh onfrSm twnfajymaeonfvm;
odkYr[kwf cyfwnfwnfESifh NzD;aeovm; qdkonfudk taotcsm rodEdkifyg/ xdkYaMumifh ol\
enf;AsL[mudk OayumjyKvdkufNyD; olrnfrQ tav;teufxm; ajymaeonfqdkjcif;udk prf;oyfyg/
ol,ckvdk ajymcJhonfudk OayumjyKNyD; jyemudk qufajymyg/ odkYr[kwf ajymMum;rnfh taMumif;
t&mudk vTJajymif;vdkufyg/ tu,f olu twnfajymaejcif;jzpfvQif aemufxyfxyfNyD; ajym
ygvdrfhrnf/
(c-c) ausmufwHwdkif;cwfjcif;udk aumif;wJhtcsuftjzpf rSwf,lyg


tvkyform;or*acgif;aqmif wpfOD;u oifhudk odkYajymonfqdkygpdkY/ ]] uRefawmfht
aeeJY tvkyform;awG&JUvpm (15)&mcdkifEIef; wdk;r&cJh&if vnftjzwfcHr,fvdkY ajymvmcJhNyD;ygNyD }}
qdkcJhvQif oifbmvkyfrnfenf; olYrSm tusyftwnf;a&mufaeygNyD/ ol\ taetxm;udk oif
u qefYusifajymqdkcJhvQif olYzufuavQmh&ef ydkcufcJoGm;awmhrnf/ qefYusifrnfhtpm; olYt"d|mef
udk arQmfrSef;csuf wpf&yfrQom jzpfonf[k t"dyg,fzGifhyg/ jyem\ t&if;tjrpfudk pOf;pm;Edkif
ap&ef vrf;aMumif;&ygrnf/

]] uRefawmfwdkY tm;vHk;rSm arQmfrSef;csufawG &SdMuygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY&JU pDrHcefYcGJrI tydkif;
uvnf; pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeawG raumif;wmaMumifh 0efxrf;awG&JU vpmudk avQmhcscsifyg
42

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

w,f/ odkYayr,fh uRefawmfwdkYtm;vHk;[m vpmjyemESifhywfoufNyD; obm0usus pOf;pm;Mu


zdkYoifhw,fvdkY uRefawmf,HkMunfygw,f/ vkyfief;tqifhcsif;wl&if wpfjcm;ukrPDawGu olwdkY&JU
tvkyform;awGudk b,favmufay;aeMuygovJ }} oif odkY ajymvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh olYtae
ESifh odum&Sd&Sd tavQmhay;oGm;&ef vG,fuloGm;Edkifygonf/

wpfzufom;u oifhudk &uftwdtus tcdkiftrmowfrSwfNyD; &mZoHay;vQif b,fvdk
vkyfMurnfenf;/ oifu tajctaeudk oufom&m&ap&ef odkYvkyfEdkifygonf/ ]] tJ'D&ufcsdef;
eJY udkufnDatmif uRefawmfwdkY SdEdIif;rIvkyfMu&atmif/ 'Dtwdkif;jzpfEdkif&if taumif;qHk;ygyJ/
tckuwnf;u pvkyfMuwmayghAsm }} odkY ajymNyD;onfhaemufwGif oifhzufu oabmxm; rSef
uefaMumif; jyoEdkif&ef jyem\ tajzudk &Smyg/

(*-*) jiif;aewmudk tav;teufoabmxm;yg odkY&mwGif prf;oyfMunfhyg




wwd,enf;rSm jiif;qdkaejcif;onf trSefwu,f[kwfrS [kwfyg&JUvm; [k prf;oyfMunfh
&efyif jzpfonf/ Oyrm oifhwpfzufom;u aemufqHk;owfrSwfxm;onfh aeYpGJudk tav;xm;NyD;
jyifqifaqmif&Gufxm;yg/ odkYaomf xdktcsdef eD;vmonfhtcgusrS ta&;wBuD; tjcm;udpESifh
w,fvDzkef;ac:&ef&Sdonf? tpnf;ta0;&Sdonf? ponfjzifh vkyfvdkufyg/ tMurf;zufrIESifh ywfouf
"m;pmcHrsm; zrf;xm;onfh udpudk aqG;aEG;&mwGif aqG;aEG;onfh vlrsm;taejzifh olwdkYrwwf
Edkifaom tajctaeaMumifh a&G;aiGudk aiGay;&rnfhbPfu xkwf,lzdkY aemufusEdkifonf[k ajym
avh &Sdygonf/ Oyrm bPfydwf&uf jzpfaeonf pojzifh.../ uJhodkY aqG;aEG;aeus tMurf;
zuform;rsm;ESifh acgif;aqmifwpfOD;u ajymzl;ygonf/ ]] aemufqHk;&uf owfrSwfxm;vQif
uRefawmfwdkYu BudKufw,f? &ufwdkavav aumif;avygyJ/ tJ'Dumv uefYowfcsufudk uRefawmf
wdkYu azmufzsufEdkifNyDqdk&if olwdkY&JU useftpDtpOfawGudk uRefawmfwdkY zsufEdkifoGm;ygNyD/

]] [ifhtif; }} [k tajzay;rnfh vltrsm;tm; olwdkYudk wdkuf&dkufrqefYusifbJ vkyfEdkif
onfh enf;wpfckrSm ar;cGef;rsm;rsm; ar;&ef jzpf\/ um;ta&mif;t0,form;wpfOD;u um;aps;
udk ravQmhEdkifbl;[k qdkvmvQif oifar;zdkYuawmh ]] 'Dum;twGuf t&pfus qyfvdkY&rvm; }}
odkYr[kwf ]] um;a[mif;eJYtvdkufay;NyD; vJvdkY&rvm; }} [l jzpfygonf/ xdktcgwGif um;a&mif;
orm; taeESifh aysmhajymif;vmNyD; aps;EIef;avsmhay;vmEdkifygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif wpfzufom;
&JUjiif;y,frIrsm;onf oifhtwGuf tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm; jzpfvmEdkifonf qdkonfudkvnf; rarh
oifhyg/ Oyrm olu oifhudk aeYpGJwpfck owfrSwfay;vdkufonfqdkygpdkY/ oifu odkY jyefajymEdkif
onf/ ]] vlBuD;rif;&JU qEudk vdkufavsmrI vkyfEdkifzdkYtwGuf bkwftzGJUtpnf;udk uRefawmfwif
ay;rS jzpfygr,f? odkYayr,fh tcsdefwdkawmif;wmaMumifh uRefawmfhtaeeJY tck 'DavmufyJ vkyfay;
Edkifygvdrfhr,f }} odkYr[kwf ]] cifAsm;u 'Dvdktcsdef owfrSwfxm;wJhtwGufaMumifh cifAsm; tul
tnDudk uRefawmfwdkYvdkygvdrfhr,f/ ypnf;awGudk vmo,fzdkY cifAsm;uyJ vkyfay;Edkifrvm;cifAsm }}

43

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(*) (2) xdk;ESufrIawGudk cgxkwfvdkufyg



oifhwpfzufom;u oifhudkapmfum;NyD; odkYr[kwf tqifrajyonfhudptwGuf oifhudk
tjypfwifNyDqdkvQif oifbmvkyfrnfenf; oifhudk tjypfwifwdkufcdkufjcif;rS jyemudkom tm
&Hkpdkufap&ef oifrnfodkYaqmif&Gufrnfenf;
(u-u) wdkufcdkufrIudk OayumjyKyg


enf;vrf;wpfckrSm xdkwdkufcdkufrIudk rMum;csifa,mifaqmif jyemudkom qufjcif;
jzpfygonf/ Oyrm oifonf tvkyform;or*acgif;aqmifwpfOD; qdkygpdkY/ oif\ tvkyf&Sifu
tvkyform;OD;a&udk wpf0ufavQmh&awmhrnf/ odkYr[kwf tvkyform;vcawGudk jzwf&vdrfhrnf
[k qdkaeNyD/ olNcdrf;ajcmufrIudk *&kpdkufaernfqdkvQif olYtzdkY aemufqkwfzdkY ydkcufoGm;awmhrnf/
]] t"dyg,fr&Sdwm ajymraeygeJYAsm? cifAsm;b,fwkef;urS 'DvdkrvkyfcJhbl; }} [k ajymjyefvQifvnf;
olu a&Shwdk;vkyfawmhrnf/ xdktpm; oifvkyfoifhonfrSm olNcdrf;ajcmufonfudk OayumjyKvdkuf
NyD; ukrPD\ tajctaetay: ajymif;NyD;tm&Hkpl;pdkufvdkufyg/ ]] cifAsm;rSmvnf; tcuftcJawG
&Sdaew,fqdkwm uRefawmfodygw,fAsm uRefawmfhudkvnf; xyf&Sif;jyygOD; }}

oifh&JU qefYusifbufvlu olwdkY&JU&efvdkwJhenf;AsL[mawG[m ratmifjrif[k qdkvQif olY
bmomol &yfwefYoGm;jcif;rsdK;vnf &SdEdkifygonf/
(c-c) oifhtay: wdkufcdkufjcif;udk jyemtay:wdkufcdkufjcif;tjzpf ajymif;vJvdkufyg

'kwd,csOf;uyfenf;rSm oifhtay:wdkufcdkufrIudk jyemtay: wdkufcdkufrItjzpf yHkpH
ajymif;vdkuf&ef jzpfonf/ Oyrm ypnf;topfwpfck xkwfvkyfrIESifh ywfouf oufqkdif|mecGJ
\ oabmwlnDcsufukd &&Sd&ef oifuBudK;pm;ae&mwGif oifh\vkyfaz:ukdifzufwpfOD;u okdY
ajymNyDqkdygpkdY ]]'DvkdrjzpfEkdifwJh tBuHtpnfxuf aumif;wmrsm; cifAsm;rpOf;Ekdifbl;vm;}} [k ar;
cJhNyDqkdygpkdY? oifu xkdvlukd qefYusifNyD; aNymEkdifygonf/ okdYr[kwfbJ oifhtay: yk*Kdvfa&;t&
a0zefcsufukd OayumjyKNyD; vkyfief;tay:om a0zefcsuftjzpf tm&kHpkdufvkdufEkdifygonf/ xkdt
cgwGif oifjyefajymEkdifonfrSm ]]cifAsm;ajymwm [kwfw,fAs? tJvkdqkd&if tJ'DtqkdjyKcsufukd aumif;
oGm;atmif b,fvkdvkyfBurvJ}}

oifhudk wdkufcdkufol taeESifh wifjycsuf ESpf&yfudk vkyf&ygonf/ yxr wpfcsufrSm oif\
wifjycsufonf raumif;aMumif;? 'kwd, wifjycsufrSm oif[mrpGHaMumif;wdkYyif jzpfonf/ oif
taeESifh acsyEdkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;ESpfck &Sdygonf/ ydkw&m;ojzifh tcGifhta&;&Sdaom acsycsuf
jzpfonfh tvkyfudpjyemudk acsyjcif;tm;jzifh oifhtay: yk*dKvfa&;t& wdkufcdkufrIudk a&Smif
vTJEdkifygonf/

44

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(*-*) yk*dKvfa&;wdkufcdkufrIudk cifrifvdkY vkyfjcif;tjzpf yHkpHajymif;vdkufyg



yk*dKvfa&; wdkufcdkufrIudk aemufwpfenf;yHkpHajymif;EdkifonfrSm cifrif&if;ESD; olu rdrd
udk uJhodkY qufqHjcif;tjzpf t"dyg,fudk vGJrSm;NyD;aumufvdkufyg/ om"uaqmif&vQif xif
&Sm;BuD;jrwfaom y&yf&Sm; ppfolBuD;vnf;jzpf? {u&mZfvnf;jzpfonfh z&ufx&pfbk&ifrif;jrwf
onf (18)&mpk twGif;u ol\ ppfAdkvfcsKyfwpfa,muftay: rsufrmefawmf&ScJhygonf/ ppfAdkvf
u bk&ifxHtcpm;0ifaomtcg bk&ifudk tvGefav;pm;pGmjzifh tav;jyKygonf/ xdktcg z&uf
x&pfu ausmcdkif;vdkufygonf/ ]] t&Sifrif;jrwf[m uRefawmfrsdK;udk pdwfrqdk;awmhbl; qdkwm
awGU&vdkY uRefrsdK;odyf0rf;omygw,f }} [k ppfAdkvfu avQmufxm;ygonf/ ]] bmaMumifh[kwf&
rSmwkef; }} [k bk&ifBuD;u trdefY&Sdygonf/ ]] bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh t&Sifrif;BuD;[m t&Sifrif;BuD;
&JUoufwrf;wpfavQmufvHk;rSm &efolwpfa,mufudk ausmay;rxm;bl; }} [k AdkvfcsKyfu jyefajz
vdkufygonf/ z&ufx&pfbk&ifvnf; rsufrmefawmfajyoGm;NyD; xdkAdkvfcsKyfudk jyefvnf csD;ajrSmuf
ygonf/

oifh&JUaeYpOfudprsm;rSmvnf; rdrdtay: yk*dKvfa&;wdkufcdkufrIudk pdwfylyefaMumifhMuajym
jcif;jzpfonf[k oabmxm; jyem\ t&if;tjrpfbufudk tm&Hkpl;pdkufatmifvkyfvdkufyg/

Oyrm oifhaqG;aEG;az:zufom;u oifhudk pdwfrtDromjzpfap&ef &nf&G,fNyD; ]] cifAsm;
Munfh&wm aeraumif;bl;xifw,f? cifAsm;aeaumif;&JUvm;Asm }} pk ar;cJhvQif cifAsm;u odkY
jyefajzEdkifygonf/ ]] cifAsm; pdk;&drfaMumifhMuwmtwGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ uRefawmfodyfudk
aeaumif;ygw,f? uRefawmfwdkYMum;rSmvnf; oabmwlnDcsuf&zdkY eD;vmygqdkawmh uRefawmf
pdwfvnf;csrf;omygw,f }}
(C-C) twdwf&JUtrSm;awGudktem*wfudkukor,fh tem*wf&JU ukxHk;tjzpfyHkpH ajymif;vdkufyg

wpfzufom;u oifhudk wkdufcdkuf&mwGif oifhtay:tjypfwifonfh yHkpHrsdK; rMumcPvkyf
avh&Sdwwfygonf/ rdom;pktwGif; aiGa&;aMu;a&; oHk;pGJoltajctaeudk aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif
a,muFsm;vkyfolu olYrdef;rudk odkY pGyfpGJonf qdkygpdkY ]] rif;[mtusdK;r&SdwJh aygufu&udpawG
rSm aiGjzKef;aew,f? bmrStoHk;ruswJh a<ueJYvkyfxm;wJh aMumif&kyfuav;wpfckudk (75)a':vm
BuD;rsm;awmif ay;NyD;0,fcJhwm rSwfrdao;vm; }} ZeD;vkyfoluvnf; jyefESufonf ]] &Sifaum
bmxl;vJ udkvl<um;&JU &Sifhtaygif;toif;awG tm;vHk;udk vGefcJhwJhtywfu t&ufac:wdkufwm
av? aiGawGb,favmuf ukefoGm;ovJ }} odkYESifh olwdkYESpfOD;udk wpfOD;twdwftaMumif;rsm;
az:xkwfNyD; &efawGUMu&if; tdrfaxmifoHk; bwf*suftaMumif;udk arhoGm;Muawmh\/

twdwfu tjiif;yGm;p&mudpwpf&yfudk tem*wftusdK;twGuf toGifajymif;Edkifonfh
tcGifhtvrf;rsm; tNrJ&Sdaeygonf/ b,folrSm;onfqdk&mrS jyemtwGuf b,fvdkukpm;Edkif
onfqdkonfudk ajymif;NyD;aqG;aEG;Edkifygonf/ rdef;ru ]] [kwfygw,f 'gvif&,f? aMumif&kyf&JU
aps;u tawmfBuD;oGm;w,fqdkwm uRefrwdkYESpfa,mufpvHk;oabmwlygw,f? uRefr'Dvdk trSm;
rsdK; xyfrvkyfawmhygbl;/ aemufvbwf*sufudk b,fvkd vkyfMu&ifaumif;rvJ 0ifaiGESifh xGuf
45

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

aiG oifhwifhatmif uRefrwdkYb,fvdkvkyfMu&if aumif;rvJ }} wpfzufom;u oifhtwdwfu


jzpf&yfwpfcktwGuf a0zefNyD qdkygpdkY/ oifu odkYjyefar;&ef rarhygESifh ]] 'Dvdkxyfrjzpfatmif
uRefawmfwdkYwpfawG b,fvdkvkyfMu&&if aumif;rvJAsm }} tjypfwifonfh udpudk tm;vHk;u
0dkif;NyD; ajz&Sif;Mu&rnfh udptjzpf ajymif;vGJvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/
(i-i) ]]cifAsm;}} eJY ]]uRefawmf}} qdkwJh pum;awGtpm; ]]uRefawmfwdkY}} vdkY jyifoHk;yg


vifr,m;ESpfa,muftdrfaxmifa&; 0ifaiG?xGufaiGESifh ywfouf pum;rsm;Muwdkif; Mum;
&wwfonfrSm ]] rif; 'g vkyfcJhw,f }} ]] ig 'g rvkyfcJhbl; }} qdkjiif;Muonfudkom Mum;&rnf/
pum;toHk;tEIef;wGif ]] rif; }} ESifh ]] ig }} tpm; ]] wdkY }} [k &dk;&dk;pif;pif; ajymif;vJvdkuf&HkrQESifh
tusdK;xl;apygonf/ ZeD;jzpfolu odkYar;oifhonf/ ]] uRefrwdkY 0ifaiG? xGufaiGtwGif; oifh
wifhrQwatmif uRefrwdkYb,fvdkvkyfMu&if aumif;rvJ }} ]] uRefrwdkY? uRefawmfwdkY }} [k oHk;pGJjcif;
onf tusdK;wl? b0wl aumif;pm;a&;[laom bufodkY tm&Hkajymif;oGm;apygonf/

]] cifAsm; }} odkYr[kwf ]] uRefawmf }} [k ajymaeMuonfh tajctaerS ]] uRefawmfwdkY }}
[laom tajctaeodkY ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf &dk;&dk;av;ESifh xda&mufvSaom enf;vrf;rSm udk,f
[ef taetxm;jzpfonf/ vltrsm; jiif;cHkMuonfhtcg rwfwyf&yfjzpfap? rsufESmcsif;qdkif
xdkifjzpfap? jiif;ckefwwfygonf/ olwdkY\ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifaerIudk &kyfoabmESifh az:jywwf
ygw,f/ xdkYaMumifh tqifajyrnfh taMumif;udk &SmNyD;ab;wdkufxdkifoifhygonf/ pm&Guf? pmwef;
odkYr[kwf oif\ ZeD;? cifyGef;ESifh qdkzmay:rSm ,SOfwGJxdkifNyD; aqG;aEG;Muyg/ rD;zdkwGif; aumifwm
pm;yGJ wpfzufwpfcsufrS atmf[pfaeMurnfhtpm; ESpfOD;ab;wdkuf ,SOfxdkifjcif;tm;jzifh tajc
taeu rsufvSnfhjyvdkufovdk csufcsif;BuD; aumif;roGm;onfhwdkif cufcJonfh udprsm;udk twl
,SOfwGJ vkyf&rnfhoabmudk tm;aqmifaponf/
(*) (3) aumufuspf vSnfhpm;rIudk az:xkwfyg

aumufuspfvSnfhpm;rIrsm;udk toGifajymif;,ljcif;rSm tcufqHk; jzpfygonf/ &dk;om;,HkMunf
pGmjzifh aqG;aEG;SdEdIif;aecsdefwGif vSnfhpm;aumufuspfrIESifh tompD;,ljcif;rsdK;rsm; &Sdygonf/ wpf
zufu trSefw&m;udkom ajymaejcif;qdkNyD; ,HkMunfrdwwfygonf/ wpfzufvlu oluwday;
xm;onfhtwdkif; ukefypnf;rsm;udk vTJajymif;ay;tyfvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfrdwwfonf/ olYrSm vkyf
ydkifcGifh &SdygonfvdkY qdkcJhonfudkvnf; ,Hkrdwwfonf/ jyemudk oabmwlnDcsuf&NyD;vQif jyef
aqG;aEG;p&m rvdkawmh[k ,Hkxm;rdonf/ vSnfhpm;rIawGudk yHkpHjyefajymif;&jcif;rSm cufcJvSygonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf odkYaomvlrsdK;rsm; oifhudkvSnfhpm;vdkonfhtwGuf pum;vHk;vSvSav;
rsm;ESifh em;0ifcsdKatmif oifvufcHvmatmif ajymwwfMuaomaMumifh jzpf\/

vSnfhpm;aewmyJ[k oifhtaeESifh wdkuf&dkufBuD;ajymEdkifaomfvnf; tE&m,fBuD;ygonf/
taMumif;wpfckrSm oifhzufu rSm;aewmvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/ oifhzufu rSefaeonfyJqdkOD;
awmh wpfzufom;taeESifh vlvdrf? vlnpf [k tajymcH&jcif;aMumifh oifhudk pdwfqdk;vdrfhrnf/
46

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;


oifwdkY\ qufqHa&;[m ysufjym;oGm;Edkifygonf/

vSnfhpm;rIudk jiif;y,fypfEdkifonfh enf;wpfenf;rSm wpfzufom;ESifh vdkufavsmnDpGm ajym
oGm;yg? wpfzufom;u &dk;om;pGm aqG;aEG;aewJh oabmrsdK; oifu wkHYjyefyg? odkYaomf cyfjznf;
jznf; jyKrlqufqHyg/ olY\&dk;om;rIudk qef;ppfEdkifonfh ar;cGef;rsdK;ar;yg/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh qdk&vQif
ajracG;wpfaumifuJhodkY EHkt[efaqmifyg/ wpfzufuom &dk;om;ajzmifhrwfolqdkvQif oifhtay:
pdwfqdk;rnf r[kwfyg/ olu oifhtm; vSnfhpm;&ef BudK;pm;aejcif;qdkvQifawmh ol\vSnfhpm;rI
rsm;udk oifaz:xkwfEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ oifu olYudk wnfhwdk;BuD; qefYusif? wdkufcdkufjcif; r[kwf
onfhtwGuf olvnf;rsufESmrysufyg/ olYtaeeJY rSm;oGm;vdkYyg? xifjrifvGJrSm; oGm;wmyg ponf
jzifh avsmcsoGm;Edkifygonf/

(u-u) uGJuGJjym;jym; od&atmif ar;yg



wpfzufom;&JUajymMum;csufrsm;udk wdwdusus uGJuGJjym;jym; od&atmifar;yg/ oifu
ukrPDwpfckudk 0,f,lcsifaeNyD qdkygpdkY/ a&mif;olu olukrPD\ ydkifqdkifrIpm&if;rsm;xJwGif &&ef
&Sdonfha<u;tcsdKUudk xnfhoGif;xm;onf qdkygpdkY/ olwdkYudk r,Hkaeonfh avoHrsdK;rygbJ? ]] 'Da<u;
awGudk jyef&rSmbJvdkY cifAsm;,HkMunfwmtwGuf vHkavmufwJhtaMumif;&SdrSmyg/ cifAsm; bmaMumifh
'Dvdk ,lqw,fqdkwm odyg&ap }} rvGJEdkifonfh ,HkMunfavmufaomenf;rsm; (uGefysLwm ponf
jzifh)udk olu udk;um;cJhvQifvnf; pdppfMunfhyg/ enf;enf;avmufzdar;ay;&ef tm;emraeygESifh/
olu 0dk;wdk;0g;wm;ajzvQif odkYr[kwf tajzay;zdkYa&SmifcJhvQifvnf; owdxm;yg/ a&ShaemufrnD
onfrsm; awGU&vQifvnf; wdkuf&dkufBuD;olYudk raxmufvdkufygESifh? r&Sif;ao;qdkonfh oabm
rsdK;omjyKrlyg/ ]] uRefawmf0rf;enf;ygw,fAsm? uRefawmf oabmraygufao;bl;Asm? 'DudpeJY
cifAsm;t&ifajymcJhwmeJY b,fvdk qufpyfw,fqdkwm uRefawmfhudk &Sif;jyygvm; }}

oif\ oHo,rsm;udk prf;oyf&efwpfenf;rSm oiftajzodNyD;om; taMumif;t&mrsm;
tm; olYudkar;&ef jzpfonf/ olYwkYHjyefrI yHkpHrsm;wnf;rS oifodp&mrsm; trsm;BuD; od&ygvdrfhrnf/

oifhudk vSnfhpm;enf;rsm;xJwGif trsm;tjym;BuHK&EdkifonfrSm olYwGif vkyfydkifcGifh tmPm
r&Sdonfudk &Sdoa,mifaqmifjcif;yif/ oifhbufu vdkufavsmrItrsdK;rsdK; ay;vdkufNyD;onfhtcgrS
olYzufu olYtxufvlBuD;udk aomfvnf;aumif;? 'g&dkufwmtzGJUudkaomfvnf;aumif; wifjy&OD;
rnf/ olwdkYuvnf; xyfNyD;aps;qpfMuOD;rnfudk odvm&jcif;rsdK;rsm;/ oihfudk,foif umuG,f&ef
twGuf oifESifhaqG;aEG;&ol\ vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odEdkifrnfh ar;cGef;rsm;
apmapmuwnf;u ar;xm;yg/ ]] 'Dudpudk vlBuD;rif;u qHk;jzwfay;Edkifw,fvdkY uRefawmf,lq
csuf rSefygovm; cifAsm }} wdwdusus tajz&atmifvkyfyg/ olYrSmtmPmr&SdvQif rnfolYxHrSm
tmPm&Sdonf tajz&zdkY b,frQMumrnf qdkonfudk pHkprf;yg/

aemufvkyfwwfMuao;aom vSnfhpm;csufrsm;rSm oabmwlnDcsuf &NyD; aemufqHk;
rdepfusrS awmif;qdkcsuf topfwifvmjcif;rsdK; jzpfonf/ awmif;qdkcsufrsdK;udk oifu pdefac:
vdkufrnfhtpm; oif odkYar;Edkifygonf/ ]] 'gqdk&if aumif;ygNyDAsm? uRefawmfwdkYtck oabm
47

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

wlxm;wJh twdkif;yJ qufvkyfMu&atmifvm;Asm }} olu [kwfuJh [k ajzvQif oifqdkEdkifonfrSm


]] aumif;ygNyDAsm 'gqdk&if tck[mudk yl;wGJa&;xm;wJh rlMurf;vdkYyJ owfrSwfNyD;awmh vlBuD;rif;
uvJ vlBuD;rif; txufvlBuD;udk jyefwifjy? uRefawmfuvJ uRefawmfvlBuD;udk wifjyNyD;awmh
eufjzefjyefawGUMur,f? tajymif;tvJav;awG &Sdr,fqdk&ifvJ aqG;aEG;MuwmayghAsm }} olu
tydkwpfckck vdkcsifonfqdkvQif oifuvnf; tvm;wl &atmifawmif;yg/

(c-c) usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfonfh arwm&yfcHcsuf jyKvkyfyg

ajymifajymif qefYusifaeaomvlESifh qufqH&jcif;ESifh pmygu vSnfhpm;vdkolESifh qufqH
&jcif;u oifhtwGuf wyef;omcsufwpfcsuf &Sdygonf/ olu tusdK;taMumif; oifhwifhqDavsmf
csifa,mif olYtaeESifh ae&jcif; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh olYpum;udk oifu,lNyD; olYudk prf;oyf
yg/ olSyfyl;Syfydwf rdaeygvdrfhrnf/ olYtaeESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkygonf qdkaom ta,mif
aqmifrIESifh vdkufavsmnDap&ef olqufNyD; aevQifvnf;ae odkYr[kwf ta,mifaqmifrsufESmzHk;
udk olcGmcs&ygawmhrnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ajym&vQifawmh usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfaom arwm&yf
cHcsuf aq;enf;eJY oifukpm;Edkifygonf/

wpfzufom;[m wu,fyif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkpdwf&SdvQif oabmwl&ef aocsmonfh
arwm&yfcHcsufrsdK; jyKvkyfyg/ Oyrm olYtaeESifh a<u;qHk;awGudk zHk;xm;wm &Sdonf[k xif&vQif
odkY arwm&yfcHyg/ ]] vlBuD;rif;&JU &&ef&Sd aiGpm&if;awGudk uRefawmfpm&if;udkifeJY vTwfNyD;Munfh
yg&ap/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGrSm vkyf&dk;vkyfpOf tvkyfayghcifAsm }} a&mif;csrnfholu olYpm&if;
rsm;udk oifhpm&if;udkifESifh ppfMunfh&ef oabmrwl[k qdkvQif olY ajymqdkcsufrsm; pdwfrcs&bl;[k
oifaumufcsufcsEdkifygNyD/
xyfrHawmif;qkdrIrsm;vkyfcJh&jcif;onf olxHwGif&Sdaeaom tvGefacgif;rmonfhtpk&Sifwpf
a,mufaMumifhjzpfygonf[kqkdcJhvQif oifu okdYjyef arwm&yfcHEkdifygonf/ ]]cGifhjyKyg *s,f&D
uGsefawmfem;vnfw,fvkdY raocsmbl;Asm}} t&ifaqG;aEG;yGJawGUwkef;u cifAsm;&JUbPfuvlawG
ukd rzdwfcJhrdwm uGefawmfrSm;rsm;rSm;oGm;ovm;? cifAsm;'Dtajctaea&mufatmif uGsefawmfvkyf
rdwm pdwfraumif;ygbl;? uGsefawmfwkdYaqG;aEG;cJhwmawGukd olwkdYeJYuGsefawmf jyefaqG;aEG;&&if
aumif;rvm;? tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rsKd; pDpOfay;Ekdifygvm;cifAsm/

*s,f&Du enf;vrf;wckckukd a&G;&awmhrnf/ olu olzufrS vlrsm;ESifhawGUaumif;awGUay;
vdrfhrnf/ xkdtcgwGif olwkdY\uefYuGufcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; oifykdod&rnf okdYr[kwfvQif
vnf; vSnfhuGufay:vmayrnf okdYr[kwfvQifvnf; awGUcGifhay;csifrSay;vdrfhrnf/ xkdtcgwGif
oifowdxm;EkdifvdrfYrnf/ okdYr[kwfyguvnf; olYawmifqkdcsuftopfukd vkH;0&kyfodrf;vkdufNyD;
rlvoabmwlnDcsuf twkdif vufcHaumif;vufcHoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ b,f&vm'fyifjzpfjzpf oifht
aeESifh usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfonfh arwm&yfcHcsufrsm;? &Sifvif;csufar;cGef;rsm; oifqufvkyfEdkif
ygNyD/

48

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(*-*)vSnfhuGufukd oifhtwGuf tusKd;jyKcsuftjzpf ajymif;vJvkdufyg



wpfzufom;\vSnfhuGufukd oifjrifoGm;NyDqkdygu oifhtwGuftusKd;&Sdatmif ajymif;vJ
usifhokH;Ekdifygonf/ vif;r,m;jywfpJjcif;wGif oifu r,m;zufuvkduf&onfh a&SUaeqkdygpkdY? a,m
usFm;vkyfolu om;orD;twGufaxmufyHYp&dwfukd ay;ygrnf[k uwdjyKxm;onf/ okdYaomf ol
onf pum;rwnfEkdif[k ,lq&eftaMumif;rsm; oifhwGif&Sdaeonf/ oif\ pkd;&drfcsufukd ajym
jyvkdufvQif ol\a&SUaeu a,musFm;vkyfol[m wpfu,fay;r,fYvlyg[k ajymygvdrfYrnf/

]]cifAsm;aocsm&JUvm;Asm}} vkdY oifuar;onf/

]]odyf aocsmwmayghAsm? uRefawmf&JUtrIonfu vlBuD;vlaumif;wpfOD;ygAsm}}
[k olYa&SUaeu jyefajymygvdrfYrnf/

]]'gqkd&ifawmh qkH;jzwfcsufav; wpfykd'fukdxnfhvkduf&if uefYuGufrSmr[kwfygbl;}}
tJ'Dpmykd'fuav;uawmh uav;p&dwfay;zkdY okH;vysufuGufcJh&if uGsefawmf&JUtrIonf taeeJY
cifyGef;avmif;&JU tdrfykdifqkdifcGifha0pkukd uav;awGp&dwftjzpf tpm;xkd;&ykdifcGifhayghAsm}}

a,musFm;zufua&SUaetaeESifh oltrIonf onf pdwfcs&oljzpfonf[k ckdifckdifrmrm
ajymavav tykd'fxnfhoGif;&efukd uefYuGufzkdY cufavav jzpfoGm;ygrnf/
(C) aqG;aEG;SdEIdif;zkdY pnf;rsOf;awGeJY ywfoufNyD;
b,fvkdcsrSwfr,fqkdwm SdEIdif;yg

oifhzufu wtm;BuKd;pm;aomfvnf; wpfzufom;uqufvuf jiif;y,faevQif? wkduf
ckdufaevQif? vSnfhuGufawGvkyfaevQif? oifu aqG;aEG;onfhykHpHukd wpfrsKd;ajymif;Ekdifygao;onf/
aqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf rnfokdYaqG;aEG;Murnfqkdonfukd SdEIdif;&efjzpfygonf/

trSefwGif SdEIdif;aqG;aEG;csuf ESpfckay:aygufaeygonf/ wpfckrSm &kyf0xKtykdif;ukd aqG;
aEG;aejcif;jzpfonf/ rnfokdYvkyfMuukdifMurnf/ a':vmrsm;? qifhrsm;ESifh ywfoufygonf/ aemuf
SdEIdif;aqG;aEG;rIwpfckrSm rnfokdYrnfykHaqG;aEG;Murnf qkdjcif;yifjzpfonf/ aqG;aEG;SdEIdifrIukd rnf
okdYaqmif&GufMurnf owfrSwf&efjzpfonf/ Oyrm-rdbrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;onf tdyf&m0ifcsdef
wGif olwkdY\ edp"l0 udprsm;ukd aqG;aEG;MuonfqkdygpkdY? pdwfwkdrIrsm;? Ncdrf;ajcmufwmawG? ajrSmuf
pm;&mawG? b,favmuftwkdif;twmxd vufcHrnfqkdonfukdvnf; olwkdYaqG;aEG;Muwm oif
Mum;ygvdrfhrnf/

jzpfavhjzpfx&SdonfrSm 'kwd, aqG;aEG;rIrsKd;rsm;ukd oG,f0kdufNyD;omjzpfwwfonf/ aqG;
aEG;rIykHpHukd oifajymif;atmifraqmif&GufEkdifvQif aqG;aEG;rIrsKd;ukd oifajymifajymifyJ vkyf&yg
awmhrnf/ wpfzufom;\tjyKtrIaMumifh oifajym&awmhrnf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh enf;enf;yg;
yg;avmufom ajym&efvkdtyfavh&Sdygonf/

49

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(C)(1) zGifhajymyg

enf;AsL[mrsm;ukd trsKd;rsKd;vkyfaewwfonfh olonf oifhukd aoG;wkd;prf;aejcif; jzpfEkdif
ygonf/ xkdvkyf&yfrsm;&yfoGm;ap&eftwGuf olbmawGvkyfaeonfqkdonfukd oif odaeaMumif;
olukd today;&efjzpfonf/ ol\ enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukd oif odaeaMumif; zGifhxkwfvkdufyg/
]]uGsefawmf[m raeYurSarG;wJhuav;r[kwfygbl;? cifAsm; bmvkyfaew,fqkdwm uGsefawmfod
w,f? 'Denf;eJYr&bl;av}} pojzifh oifhwpfzufom;onf oabmwlnDcsufwpf&yfukd vkdcsifae
onfrSefygu olu xkdenf;rsm;ukd pGefYygvdrfYrnf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf enf;okH;vQif oabm
wlnDcsuf&&ef cufonfxufcufvmrnfjzpfaomaMumifhyifwnf;/

jyemwpfckrSm wpfzufom;u ol\enf;AsL[mrsm;udk oifu owday;aejcif;tm; olY
udk wdkufcdkufjcif;[k rSm;,Gif;NyD; xifEdkifygonf/ vkyfoifhonfrSm ol\enf;AsL[mudk aumufuspf
vSnfhpm;rI[k oifu rajymbJ pdwf0ifpm;p&m wifjycsuftjzpf oifu vTJajymif;oHk;EIef; ajymqdk
&ef vdktyfonf/ Oyrm vZfeJY yrf;wdkYonf a&Shaevli,fESpfa,mufjzpfMuygonf/ olwdkYESpfOD;u
abmh*feJY csmvDqdkaom xif&Sm;onfh a&ShaeBuD;ESpfOD;xHrS tvkyform;Oya' pmtkyfa[mif;awG
wpfpHkudk 0,f&efBudK;pm;aeonf qdkygMuygpdkY ppcsif;a&ShaeBuD;abmh*fu toHus,fus,fESifh
odkY qdkygonf/ ]] 'DpmtkyfawGtwGuf tenf;a&mif;aps;uawmh a':vmwpfaomif;oHk;axmif
bJuG? rif;wdkY,lcsif,l? r,lcsifvJoGm; }} [k ajymrnf/ a&ShaeBuD;csmvDurl ol\vkyfaz:udkifzuf
abmh*fudk avat;at;av;ESifh odkYajymygonf/ ]] rvkyfygeJYAsm? 'Dvli,fESpfa,muf[m tckrS
vkyfief;pump &Sdygao;w,f/ uRefawmfwdkY olwdkYudk ulnDwJhoabmeJY a':vmwpfaomif;wpf
axmifbJ awmif;Mu&atmif }} 'Dpmtkyfa[mif;rsm;\ oifhwifhwJhaygufaps;rSm a':vmckESpfaxmif
om &Sdygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; a&ShaeBuD;ESpfOD;u BudKwifZmwfwdkufxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ abmh*fu
vlqdk;BuD;ae&m,l odyfjrifhaomaps;udkawmif;onf/ csmvDu vlaumif;ae&mrS 0ifajymonf/
odkYaom jzpf&yftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tvGeftuRHawmif;qdkxm;onfhtwdkif; &vQifvnf;&oGm;
wwfygonf/ csmvDu pdwfajymif;rnfpdk;NyD; csmvD ajymonfhtwdkif; wpfaomif;wpfaxmifudk
ay;&ef vZfeJY yrf;wdkY oabmwloGm;Edkifygonf/ odkYaomf udpwGifrl vZfu odkYjyefajymvdkuf
onf/ ]] 'g[m pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;ygw,f }} qdkNyD; pOf;pm;csdef&ap&ef wpfpuefYcefY qdkif;vdkuf
onf/ xdkYaemufawmh atmf&DNyD; oabmus tHhMo[efESifh odkY qufajymygonf/ ]] &SifwdkYu
odyfawmfwmyJ? uRefrjrifzl;wJh xJrSmawmh &SifwdkY[m vlqdk;eJY vlaumif; Zmwfxkwfcif;&mrSm t
aumif;qHk;ygyJ/ &SifwdkY BudKwifpDpOfxm;wmvm; odkYr[kwf wdkufqdkifrIyJvm; uRefrwdkYtwnf
ajymMu&atmif? 'DpmtkyfawGtwGuf oifhwifhaps; b,favmufqdkwm SdMu&atmif }} [k NyHK;NyHK;
&Tif&TifESifh ajymygonf/ abmh*fESifh csmvDwdkYu rnfodkYwkHYjyef&rnf qdkonfudk rodoavmuf jzpf
oGm;ygonf/ olwdkY pdwfqdk;vdkYvnf; r&yg/ vZfu olwdkYudk csD;rGrf;aejcif;jzpfNyD; vZfu twnf
ajymjcif; [kwf? r[kwfudkvnf; olwdkY raocsmyg/ enf;AsL[mudk qufoHk; r&awmh? enf;
onf wpfzufom;u rodrSom xda&mufrI &Sdrnfjzpf a&ShaeBuD;ESpfa,muf\ enf;AsL[mudk
&yfwefYapcJhNyD; olwdkYESifhvnf; cdkuf&efa'go rjzpfcJhacs/ aemufydkif;wGif vZfESifh yrf;wdkYonf
pmtkyfrsm;udk oifhwifhrQwaom aps;ESifh0,f&ef qufNyD; aqG;aEG;EdkifcJhygonf/
50

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;


wpfzufom;\ enf;y&d,m,fudk az:xkwf&mwGif wpfzufom;udk yk*dKvfa&;t& wdkuf
cdkufjcif;rsdK;rjzpfap&ef t&;BuD;ygonf/ olYudk vlvdrf? vlnm[k ac:jcif;tm;jzifh jyemtajz
&Sm&ef SdEdIif;aqG;aEG;&mwGif atmifjrifrnfr[kwfyg/ csmvDESifh abmh*fwdkY\ uRrf;usifrIudk oabm
usaMumif;jyNyD; olwdkY\enf;y&d,m,fawGudk ayghoGm;atmifvkyfvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh olwdkYrsufESm
rysufap&ef vZfu umuG,fEdkifcJhygonf/ olr\ qEu tEdkif,l&ef r[kwfyg/ Oya'pmtkyf
wpfpHkudk oifhwifhonfh aps;ESifh0,fEdkifNyD; emrnfausmf Oya'tzGJUBuD;ESifhvnf; aumif;rGefaom
qufqHa&; &ap&ef jzpfygonf/ wpfzufom;taeESifh enf;y&d,m,fudk pGefYvTwf&ef? vG,ful
vm&ef oifu vkyfay;&ygrnf/ wpfzufom;u tvGef&dkif;pdkif;onf qdkvQif olYtaeESifh taMumif;
jyEdkif&efudk oifu ulnD&Smay;&rnf/ ]] vlBuD;rif; 'DaeY tifrwefudk tvkyfawGrsm;NyD; yifyef;
aew,f xifygw,f }} qdkouJhodkY jzpfonf/ olu oifhudk Ncdrf;ajcmufaeonfqdkvQif pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;&Sif trsdK;orD;wpfOD; wkHYjyefcJhonfh enf;udkoHk;yg/ ]] uRefrudk rNcdrf;ajcmufeJY }} [k jyefNyD;
tHwkrnfhtpm;tHMooGm;onfh avoHESifh wnfwnfNidrfNidrf odkYjyefar;cJhygonf/ ]] &Sif uRefr
udk Ncdrf;ajcmufzdkY &nf&G,fcsufr&Sdygbl;aemf }} olru ar;cGef;ar;vdkufaomtcg wpfzufom;vnf;
rsufESmrysufbJ xGufayguf&oGm;ygonf/ ]] uRefawmfvm; r[kwf&ygbl;Asm? uRefawmf cifAsm;udk
Ncdrf;ajcmufraeygbl; }} tu,fom wpfzufom;\ tjyKtrludk oifu vTJrSm;NyD; t"dyg,faz:
xkwfcJhygu uJhodkY vkyfenf;aMumifh tusdK;,kwfrI &SdcJhaomfrS xdcdkufrIudk avsmhcsEdkifygonf/

wpfzufom;udk pGyfpGJrI rvkyfygESifh olbmvkyfaeonfqdkwm ajymjyyg/ olu oifajymae
orQudk jzwfjzwfNyD; ajymaeonf qdkygpdkY? olYrsufvHk;udk wnfhwnfhMunfhNyD; olYemrnfudk ac:NyD;
odkY ajymyg/ ]] rdkuf cifAsm; uRefawmfajymwmudk Mum;xJu jzwfjzwfajymaew,f }} odkYr[kwf
odkYar;yg/ ]] uRefawmf pum;av;qHk;atmif ajymyg&ap }} wpfzufom;udk qefYusifonfh toHk;
tEIef;rsdK; roHk;ygESifh? at;at;oufomyJ ajymyg/ olu xyfNyD;usL;vGefaeao;ygu pdwf&Snf&Snf
ESifh olYudk today;yg/ vdktyf&if nifnifomomESifhom olYudk owday;yg/ ]] cifAsm; uRefawmfh
udk jzwfNyD; ajymaejyefNyDAsm }} olYtaMumif;udk olYrdwfaqGwpfOD;u jyefajymaeovdk jyKrlyg/ ol
wdkY tjyKtrleJY ywfouf taumif;ajymyg/
(C) (2) SdEdIif;aqG;aEG;rIeJY ywfoufvdkY SdEdIif;aqG;aEG;yg

SdEdIif;aqG;aEG;p&mrsm; wifjy&HkrQESifh rvHkavmufcJhvQif SdEdIif;aqG;aEG;rIESifh ywfoufaom
pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk tjynfhtpHk aqG;aEG;Mu&ygawmhrnf/

wpfzufvludk ab;ac:NyD;ajymyg/ uRefawmfwdkY aqG;aEG;aeMuyHkeJYawmh uRefawmfwdkY tm;
vHk; SdcsifwJh udpudk a&mufawmhr,f rxifbl;cifAs/ jyemawGudk t&ifraqG;aEG;MubJ aqG;
aEG;yGJpnf;urf;csufawGudk aqG;aEG;zdkY vdkaeNyDAs }} vkyfief;oabmrqefbJ odkYvnf;ajymEdkifyg
onf/ ]] uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm wpfrsdK;bJAs? tJ'DtaMumif; cifAsm;eJY wdkifyifcsifygw,f }}

taMumif;t&mudk aqG;aEG;ouJhodkYyif aqG;aEG;rI vkyfenf;vkyf[efudk aqG;aEG;yg/ ESpfOD;
ESpfzuf\ qErsm;? enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;&SdyHk? b,fyHkaqG;aEG;MuvQif taumif;qHk; jzpfrnf? w&m;rQ
waom tjyKtrlrsm; ponfwdkYudk aqG;aEG;EdkifMuonf/ tu,f wpfzufom;u olYt,ltq
51

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

uvGJ udprsm;udk rajymcsif[k qdkvQifawmh oifu odkY ajymaumif; ajym&ygvdrfhrnf/ ]]uRef


awmfh qEuawmh ESpfzufauseyf vufcHr,fh oabmwlnDcsufudk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef? cspfcspf
MunfMunfESifh &oGm;csifwmygyJ/ uRefawmfjrifwmuawmh 'gudk&zdkY&m uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;&JU
pum; wpfOD;uem;axmif &ygvdrfhr,f/ uRefawmfwdkY qEawG tjrifawGudk zvS,f&ygr,f/ t
wlwGJNyD; OmPfxkwfMu&r,fAsm? uRefawmfwdkY&Edkifr,fh tusdK;w&m;awGudk BuD;vmatmif vkyf&
ygr,f? cGJrypf&ygbl;/ cifAsm;&JU qEeJY tjrifudk uRefawmfydkem;vnfvmcJh&if 'gawG cifAsm; jynfh0
zdkY uRefawmfulnDEdkifvmrSmyg/ tvm;wlygyJ? cifAsm;uvnf; uRefawmfhudk ulEdkifr,f/ uJ 'g
twGuf BudK;pm;Munfh&atmifAsm/

wpfzufom;\ odumudk rxdcdkufapbJ vkyfenf;? vkyf[ef wpf&yf&yfpD\ w&m;rQwrI
&Sd? r&Sdudk aqG;aEG;Muyg/ ]] oabmwlnDcsuf&NyD;rS uRefawmfxyfawmif;r,fqdk&if bmjzpfoGm;
rvJ 'gu w&m;rQwwJhenf;vdkY cifAsm;,lqrvm; wpfzufom;&JUtjyKtrludk rnfodkYajymif;vJ
apvdkonf qdkonfudk wdwdusus awmif;cHyg/ wpfzufom;u oifhudk yk*dKvfa&;t& wdkufcdkuf
aeao;ygu at;at;oufomESifhyif odkYajymyg/ ]] cifAsm; uRefawmfhudk wdkufcdkufwm&yfcsif
NyDqdkwmeJYwpfNydKifeuf uRefawmfuvnf; 'Dtvkyfudpudk cifAsm;eJY qufaqG;aEG;csifygw,fAsm}}
aqG;aEG;yGJ pnf;urf;csufawGtay: oabmwlnDMuNyDqdkygu taMumif;t&m tcsuftvuf
rsm;tay: ydk tjyKoabmuspGm tusdK;&SdpGmESifh jyefvnf aqG;aEG;EdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/
(i) ta&;BuD;wJh onftajymif;tvJ tcsdef

jyem tajz&SmzdkY enf;vrf;wGif ta&;BuD;onfh tajymif;tvJ tcsdefrSm ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
taetxm; tompD;&&ef aps;qpfae&mrS jyemudk tajz&Sm&ef ajz&Sif;&ef SdEdIif;aqG;aEG;
Muonfh tqifhudk a&mufogm;jcif; jzpf\/ yHkpH ajymif;vJoGm;ap&ef aqmif&Guf&mrSm aomhcsuf
rSm oHk;EIef;rIyHkpHrsm;udk ajymif;vJjcif;yif jzpfonf/ oif\ wpfzufvlu ajymorQ pum;rsm;udk
jyem tajz&Sm&efbufodkY OD;wnf ay;jcif; jzpfygonf/

52

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

tqifh - 4
a&TwHwm;BuD; cif;ay;vdkufyg
]] oifh &efolaemufqkwf&eftwGuf a&TwHwm;wpfck cif;ay;yg }}

qGefZl;

wpfzufom;udk oifu aysmhajymif;apNyD;aemuf jyem ajz&Sif;rnfh aqG;aEG;SdEdIif;a&;


udk aqmif&GufEdkifNyDjzpfonfhwdkifatmif olYudk cdkifrmaom oabmwlnDcsuf wpfck&onftxd
ac:aqmifoGm;&ef vdktyfaeygao;onf/

(u) awGUEdkifaom twm;tqD;rsm;



oabmwlnDcsufr&rD twm;tqD;rsm;? ESpfOD;ESpfzuf\ tusdK;pD;yG;ESifha&G;Edkifaom vrf;
rsm;udk &SmazGNyD;aomtcgwGif oifwdkYtzdkY oabmwlnDcsuf&,l&ef toifhjzpfaeavmufygNyD/
odkYaomf oifhwpfzufvlonf wkHYqdkif;aevQif aevdrfhrnf/ olu yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh ckcHvdrfhrnf/ oif
wifjyorQudk pdwfr0ifpm;bJ &SdEdkifonf/ ra&r&m? ta&r& tzwfr&rsm;udk avQmufajymvQif
ajymvdrfhrnf/ tv[ tcsdefqGJvQifqGJrnf/ oabmwlNyD;rS jyefqkwfvQif qkwfoGm;vdrfhrnf/
odkYr[kwf [ifhtif;[k wHk;wdBuD; jiif;csifjiif;vdrfhrnf/ tcsdKUaom udprsm;wGifum; t"dyg,fr&Sd
aom aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk a&&SnfqGJ a&Smufvkyfaejcif;jzifh oabmwlnDcsufudk ydwfqdkYwwfonf/

xdktcsufrsm;wGif oifu oifhwpfzufvl\ Oy"d&kyfESifh tajccH "avhp&dkufwdkYudk tjypf
wifwwfygonf/ trSeftm;jzifh odkYaom ydwfqdkYaejcif;\ aemufuG,fwGif tvGefcdkifvHkaom
taMumif;rsm;&Sdwwfonf/ tjzpfwwfqHk;aom taMumif;&if; av;ckudk avhvmMunfhMuygpdkY/
(1) olY tBuHtpnfr[kwf/ / oifhwpfzufvlu oif\ tBuHjyKcsufonf olu pwif

aom tBuHOmPfr[kwfojzifhyif wrifjiif;y,fwwfonf/
(2) olYtusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkuf/ / wpfcgwpf&HwGif oifu oifhwpfzufvl\ wu,fhtajc

cH tusdK;pD;yGm;udk owdrjyKbJ vQHoGm;wwfonf/
(3) rsufESmysufrSmpdk;/
/ rdrdu tavQmhay;vdkufonf[k rnfolurS rdrdtodkif;

t0dkif;xJwGif rsufESmysuf rcHEdkifacs/
(4)rsm;rsm;BuD;jrefjrefBuD; ajymif;jcif;/ / tu,f oabmwlnDcsufonf tvGefrsm;aom t

csufrsm;udk tvGefwdkaom umvwGif aqmif&Guf&rnf

qdkvQif ]] [ifhtif; }} [k jiif;vdkuf&onfu ydkvG,fay

vdrfhrnf/

ol\ vuf&Sd tajctaeESifhoabmwlnDcsufMum;wGif oifhwpfzufvl rauseyfrI? ra&
&mrIESifhaMumuf&GUHjcif;wkdYjzifh jynfhESufaeaom acsmufBuD;wpfckukdjrifae&vdrfhrnf/ xkdacsmufBuD;
ukd ausmfvGefatmif oifrnfokdYqGJaqmif&ygrnfenf;/

53

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(c) a&TwHwm;BuD; cif;ay;vkdufyg



oifhwpfzufvl wkYHqkdif;aerIukd pdwfysufum oifu olukdzdtm;ay;rnf (okdYr[kwf) acsmh
armhrnf (okdYr[kwf) twifwkdufwGef;rnf/ oiftrsKd;rsKd; tm;ay;Murnfomjzpfonf/

okdYaomf wGef;tm;ay;av oifhwpfzufom;tzkdY oabmwlnD&cufavyifjzpfonf/ oif
u olYukd twif;wkdufwGef;jcif;uyif oabmwlnDcsufonf oifhtBuHjzpfonf qkdonfukd
az:jyaeovkd &Sdonf/ olYtusKd;pD;yGm;ukd rjzpfyGm;apEkdif? ykdwGef;tm;ay;av olu oabmwl
vkdufavsmvkdufvsif t&IH;ay;&onfESifh wlavavjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh oabmwlnDcsufonf
ykdykd BuD;xGm;vmaom jyemBuD; jzpfoGm;awmhonf/

xkdYaMumifh oifhwpfzufvlu ykdykd ckcHawmhayvdrfhrnf/ trSefqkd&aomf oltzkdY ta&;
BuD;aom qkH;jzwfcsufwpfckukd rcs&atmif wdrf;a&SmifEkdifaom vrf;pwpfckyif yGifhvmjcif;jzpf
onf/

xkdYaMumifh oifhwpfzufvlukd zdtm;wGef;tm;ay;jcif;ESifh qefYusifzufukd vkyfzkdYvkdtyfyg
onf/ oifu oGm;apcsifaomvrf;aMumif;twkdif; olukdqGJaqmif&efvkdonf/ oifu ]]acsmuf}}
ay:jzwf a&TwHwm;wpfck xkd;ay;&rnf/ olYtzkdY vuf&SdtajctaerS aemufqkwfay;&onf[k
rxifrSwfbJ ykdaumif;aomtajctaeokdY wkd;wufvm&onf[kxifatmif vkyfay;&rnf/

trSeftwkdif;qkd&vQif a&TwHwm;BuD;cif;ay;&efrSm vG,fulaomtvkyfr[kwfyg/ tBudwf
te,f aqG;aEG;SdEIdif;&mwGif Mum;rSjzefajzay;ol&SdvQif taumif;qkH;jzpf\/ okdYaomf okdYaom
Mum;cHrsKd;r&Sdoifh? r&SdEkdifonfhtcgrsKd;wGif oifh bmomoif Mum;rSjzefajzoltjzpf aqmif&Guf&
awmhrnfjzpf\/

oifonf oif&yfwnfae&mtaetxm;rS pwifaqG;aEG;jcif;rjyKygESifh? oifh wpfzufvl
\ taetxm;rS pwifNyD;olukd oabmwlnDcsufwpfck &&Sdonftxd qGJaqmifoGm;oifhonf/
udpukd jyifopf*E0if 0xKwpfckwGifygaom oHwrefa&;&m u0dBuD;wpfql\ tqkdukd avh
vmvQif &Sif;vif;pGm oabmaygufEkdifrnf/

xkdyk*KdvfBuD;u ]]uGsefawmfpdwfxJrSm wpfzufvl&JUae&mukd 0if,lvkdufw,f? ol&JUtaet
xm;ukd tuGsrf;0ifaMunufatmifvkyfw,f? ol&JUuHMurmeJY OD;wnf&mtwkdif; ykHoGif;Munfhvkduf
w,f/ olae&muaeNyD;awmh ol&JUuHMurmtqkd;taumif;awGukd cHpm;Munfhw,f? tJ'Daemuf
rSmawmh uGsefawmftjrifukd olYtay:rSm vTrf;rkd;apzkdYu ta&;rygawmhbl;? olYtwGuf taumif;
qkH;vkdYuGsefawmfxifwJh vrf;ukd ola&G;apzkdY qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;zkdYukdom uGsefawmf*&kpkdufawmhw,f
tJ'DtaumifqkH;vrf;qkdwmuvJ uGsefawmf&nf&G,fcsufeJY wpfoabmwnf;av}} [kqkd\/

a&TwHwm;xkd;ay;jcif;qkdonfrSm oifhwpfzufvltwGuf oabmwlnDcsuf wpfckcsrSwf
jcif;rS [efYwm;xm;onfh twm;tqD;rsm;ukd ausmfvTm;&mwGif vG,fulapjcif; yifjzpfonf/ w
enf;qkd&vQif ajz&Sif;csuf&vm'fwpfckukd&Sm&mwGif olwyg;wuf~uGpGm yg0ifvmNyD; oifhvuf&m
csnfh rjzpfapa&;yifjzpf\/ xyfqkd&vQif ol\rjynfh0ao;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd jynfhpkHap&ef
okdYr[kwf olrsufESmrysufapatmif umuG,fay;&ef SdEIdif;aqG;aEG;yGJ vkyfief;pOfukd vG,fulEkdif
orQ vG,fulap&efyif jzpfonf/
54

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(*) oifhwpfzufom;vJ yg0ifygap



awGUqkHSdEIdif;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif trsm;qkH;awGUBuKH&aomtrSm;rsm; SdEIdif;csuf&
vm'ftajzwpfckukd oifuawGUvkdufNyD[k aMunmvkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ Oyrm-vlxk\qEo
abmxm;ukdr,lbJ jrLeDpDy,faumfrwDu trIdufodrf; pHepfopfwpfckukd ajymif;vJvkyfaqmif
awmhrnf[k amunmvkdufonf/ aemufwpfaeYwGifyif raMueyfolrsm;u wkdifMu? awmMu? uefY
uGufMuawmhonf/ tar&dueforw\ tdrfawmf0efESifhtrsKd;om;bwf*suf TefMum;a&;rSL;wkdY
u uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif av;? ig;OD;wkdYESifh SdEIdif;um bwf*sufwGif jzwfawmufjypf&rnfh t
okH;p&dwfrsm;ukd oabmwlvkdufNyD[k aMunmvkdufonfESifh xkdSdEIdif;yGJwGif ryg0ifaomuGef*&uf
trwfrsm;u jypfwifa0zefNyD; uefYuGufrJay; y,fcsvkdufawmh\/

xkdYtwlyif oifhwpfzufvlonf oifwpfOD;wnf;a&;qGJcsrSwfcJhaom wifjycsufukd y,fcs
rnfrSm aocsmvSygonf/

awGYqkHaqG;aEG;a&;qkdonfrSm jyemajz&Sif;a&; avhusifhcPf;wpfckomrQ[kwfyg/ t
oGifjcm;em;aom tzGJUrsm;u yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh oabmwlnDcsufwpfckukd azmf
aqmif&rnfh vkyfief;pOfvnf;jzpfonf/

vkyfief;pOfrsm;onfvnf; aemufqkH;&vmonfh&vm'fuJhokdYyif ta&;ygvSygonf/ aqG;
aEG;yGJonf rvkdtyfbJESifh&SnfMumvSaomaMumifh wpfcgwpf&Hpdwfysufrdwwfonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;
wGif oifu owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrSm awGUqkHaqG;aEG;a&;qkdonfrSm bufaygif;pkHu yg0ifaqmif
&Guf&rnfh tcrf;tem;wpfckvnf; jzpfaeao;aMumifhyif jzpfygonf/

wpfzufvlonf aqG;aEG;yGJ&vm'fukd &SmazG&m yg0ifvmaomtcgwGif oltjrifyg ajymif;
vJvmwwfygonf/ omreftajctaewGif olcGifhvTwfEkdifaom udprsm;ukd cGifhjyKvmwwfonf/
wpfcgu ol jiif;y,fcJhaom tBuHPfrsm;ukd olu vufcHvmEkdifonf/ oabmwlnDcsufrsm;
xJokdY oltBuHPfrsm; xnfhay;jcifjzifh &vmaomoabmwlnDcsufonf olYvuf&mtjzpf jrif
vmayvdrfYrnf/
(*) (1) wpfzufvl\ tBuHOmPfudk &,lNyD; toHk;csyg

awGUqHkaqG;aEG;&mwGif tvGef ]] ajym }} csifwwfMuonf/ oifhwpfzufom;udk b,fvdk
ajz&Sif;vdkufprf;yg [k oifu ajymjycsifwwfonf/ oifBuHqxm;aom ajz&Sif;enf;onf t
b,fhaMumifh olYtwGuftaumif;qHk;jzpfonfudk ajymjycsifvSonf/

owdxm;oifhonfrSm awGUqHkaqG;aEG;a&; qdkonfrSm ]] ajym }} jcif;xuf ]] ar; }} jcif;udk
t"duxm;aom tvkyfjzpfonf qdkonfh tcsuf jzpfonf/ ESpfOD;ESpfzufvHk;\ tusdK;twGuf
b,fodkYvdkufavsm ajyNidrf;Murnf qdkonfudk olYudkar;&rnf/

oifu wpfzufvl\ tBuHOmPfudk awmif;cH&,lNyD;onfESifh xdktBuHOmPfrsm;udk tajc
cH wnfaqmufzdkYvdkvmonf/ olay;orQ tBuHOmPftm;vHk;udk ,l&rnf[k rqdkvdkyg/ tjyK
oabmaqmifaom tcsufrsm;udk,lNyD; xdktcsufrsm;rS oifvdk&mzufodkY qGJ,l&ef jzpfonf/
]] cifAsm; tBuHay;wJhtwdkif;qdk&if uRefawmfwdkY 'Dvdkvkyf&if rjzpfbl;vm; }} odkYr[kwf ]] raeYu
55

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

cifAsm;ajymwJhtay:rSm tajccHNyD; pOf;pm;vdkufawmh uRefawmf tBuHwpfck&vmw,f }} odkYr[kwf


]] eHeufwkef;u ajymaeMuwmudk qufvdkuf&if 'Dvdkjrif&r,fxifw,f }} ponfjzifh udk,fvdk&m
zufodkY qufqGJjcif;jzpf\/ oifwifjyonfh tBuHOmPfonf olYtBuHOmPfrsm;udk tajccHNyD; ay:
xGuf vmjcif;jzpfonf[k ay:vGifaponf/

olYtBuHOmPfudk tajccH wnfaqmufjcif;onf oifhtBuHOmPfrsm;udk ypfy,fjcif;
r[kwfyg/ oifhtawG;tac:rsm;tMum; wHwm;xdk;ay;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ q,fhckESpf&mpku bkef;
awmfBuD;wpfyg; taMumif;udk xdkpOfu ykyf&[ef;rif;BuD;u odkY qdkcJhonf/

]] uRefawmfwdkY pNyD;aqG;aEG;prSm olu uRefawmfxifjrif,lqcsufawGudk axmufcHae
awmhwmyJ? aqG;aEG;vdkY NyD;wJh tcsdefvJusa&m uRefawmf[m olYudk axmufcHaerdom; tNrJwrf;
jzpfae&w,f }} [l\/
(*) (2) tjyKoabm a0zefa&;udk awmif;cHyg

oif\ tBuHOmPfudk qufvufwifjyaepOfwGif wpfzufom;\ a0zefa&;udk awmif;cH
ygw,f/ oifu olYxHrS [kwf? r[kwf? qHk;jzwfcsufudk awmif;cHaeonf r[kwfbJ oifudk,foif
jyefvnfxdef;aMumif;&ef wpfzufom;\tjrifudk awmif;aejcif;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;ygap/ tjyK
oabm axmufjycsufrsm;udk tm;ay;yg/ jyemajz&Sif;apEdkifaprnfh ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;yg/
]] 'Dvdkvkyf&if cifAsm;udk b,fvdkxdcdkufaprvJ }} ]] 'Dvdkvkyf&if rw&m;bl;vdkY bmaMumifhxif&
ovJ }} ]] 'gudk ydkaumif;atmif b,fvdkvkyfEdkifrvJ }} ]] uRefawmfzufu rembJ cifAsm;zufu
ydkaumif;vmatmif enf;vrf;rsm;r&Sdbl;vm; }} ponfjzifh ar;Edkifonf/

wpfzufom;\ tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk &,lNyD;aomtcg oifhtBuHa&m olYtBuHrsm;yg yg0if
onfh ESpfOD;oabmwl rlMurf;wpfapmifudk pwifjyKpkyg/ xdkYaemuf olYudk wpfacgufjyefzwfap
xyfrHa0zefygap/ tzGJUtrsm;tjym; yg0ifaom aqG;aEG;yGJjzpfygu ta&;ygaom aqG;aEG;ol
tm;vHk;udkzwf&Iap olwdkY\tBuHOmPfudk ,lygOD;/ xdkYaemuf oifh rlMurf;udk jyefjyifyg/ xdkYaemuf
xyfrHjyNyD; a0zefcsufrsm; xyfrH&,lyg/ wjznf;jznf;ESifh tm;vHk; oabmwlnDcsuf wpf&yfudk
&vmygvdrfhrnf/

xdk vkyfief;onf vlrsm;pkaygif; eH&Hay: yef;csDum;wpfcsyfudk a&;qGJ&ovdk jzpfonf/
wpfa,mufvQif pkwfwpfcsuf? ESpfcsufESifh wu,fNyD;oGm;aomtcg tm;vHk;u udk,fhvuf&m[k
xifoGm;zdkYom ta&;BuD;ygonf/
(*) (3) wpfzufvludk a&G;cs,fcGifh ay;yg

tu,f wpfzufvlu olYtBuHPfrsm;ukd xkwfaz:ajymjyzkdY 0efav;aernf okdYr[kwf
oifh wifjycsufukd a0zef&efjiif;qefaernfqkdygu olukda&G;cs,fapcsif;jzifh yg0ifywfoufvm
ygap? Oyrm- oluoifESifh awGYqkHpum;ajym&ef a&SmifvTJaernfqkdygu ]]t*FgaeY reuf q,fem
&DeJY Ak'[l;aeY naeokH;em&D b,f[mu cifAsm;twGuftqifajyrvJ? cifAsm;&kH;rSmawGUcsifo
56

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

vm;? uRefawmf&kH;rSmvm;}} ponfjzifh ar;jref;jcif;jzifh a&G;cs,fapEkdifonf/



tajctaexd olu qufvufjiif;qefaeOD;rnfqkdygu olukd a&G;cs,fp&mpm&if;w
ckukd jya&G;ygap? oifESifhoifhwpfzufom;vlonf ta&mif;t0,ftwGuf aps;EIef;Sdaeonf
qkdygu ]]cifAsm;awmifwJhaps;EIef;eJY uRefawmfvkdufEkdifwmeJYuGmaewmukd;? &mjywfwpfa,muf
a,mufeJYaqG;aEG;Munfhrvm;? 'grSr[kwf uRefawmfu wpfckckeJY tvkdufay;&rvm;? 'grSr[kwf
r[kwf aiGukdcGJNyD; acsvkdY&rvm;? b,f[mukdoabmusovJ}} ponfjzifh ola&G;cs,fp&m trsm;
tjym; csjyvkdufvQif oltzkdY ykdvG,fulvmygvdrfhrnf/ oluwpfckckukda&G;rdvkdufonfESifh
udponf oltBuHtpnf jzpfoGm;ayNyD/

oifhwpfzufom;ESifh tvkyftwl vkyfukdif&jcif;rSm cJ,Of;yifyef;&SnfMumNyD; pdwfarmp&m
aumif;wwfygonf/ okdYaomf &EdkifonfhtusKd;tjrwfrSm jrifhrm;Ekdifygonf/ w&kwfpum;ykHwpfck
ukd rSwfom;xm;oifhygonf/

]]uRefawmfukdajymjy&if em;axmifaumif;rSem;axmifrdr,f}}

]]uRefawmfukdoifMum;ay;&if uRefawmfrSwfrdaumif;rS rSwfrdr,f}}

]]uRefawmfukd yg0ifywfoufap&ifawmh uRefawmfvkyfukdvkyf&rSmyJ}}
(C) rjynfh0ao;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd jznfhqnf;yg


oifh wpfzufvlonf oabmwlnDcsufwpf&yfukd az:xkwf&m ukd,fa&mpdwfyg yg0if
onfwkdifatmif wpfcgwpf&H wu,fwef;oabmwl&rnfh tcsdefokdYa&mufaomtcgusrS jiif;
qefaewwfygonf/ xkdokdYuwfowfaewwfjcif;onf oifowdrxm;rdaomol\ tusKd;pD;yGm;
tvkdrjynfhrIrS aygufzGm;vmjcif;jzpfygonf/

wpfcgwpf&HwGif rdrdu tpGrf;ukefvkdufavsmaeygvQuf wpfzufvlu b,fvkdrSoabm
rwlEkdif jzpfaeaomtcg wpfzufvl\yifukd,fp&kdufukdu *Gus jzpfrnf[k oifu,lqwwfyg
onf/ trSefrSm okdYr[kwfyg/ rdrdu owdrxm;rdaom wpfzufvl\tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd rsufuG,f
jyKNyD; rjznfhqnf;rdbJ&Sd&ef vG,fulvSygonf/

xdkodkYaom tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;Edkif&efrSm oifhxHrSvG,fvifhwul csrSwfxm;NyD;
jzpfaom BudKwifawG;qcsuf oHk;ckudk y,fzsufvdkuf&ef vdktyfygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm(u) oifhwpfzufvlonf qifjcifwHkw&m;r&SdbJ rjynfh0Edkifaom qEomvQif &Sdaeonf[k r,lq
vdkufygESifh?
(c) oifhwpfzufvl\ vdktyfcsufrSm aiGjzpfonf[k rxifvdkufygESifh?
(*) olYvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;vQif oifhtusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufvdrfhrnf[k rwGufygESifh/

57

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(C) (1) oifhwpfzufvlonf qifjcifwHkw&m;r&Sd[k rawG;qygESifh



oifonf b,fvdkrSvdkufavsmrIr&Sdaom wpfzufvlaMumifh pdwfysufvufysuf jzpfae&
csdefwGif xdkvlYudk qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sdol r[kwf[k tjypfyHkcs&ef vG,fulvSygonf/ ]] vli,fawG
[m pdwfukefp&mygyJ? b,fawmhrS qifqifjcifjcif vkyfw,fvdkY r&Sdbl;/ olwdkYudk tusdK;oifh t
aMumif;oifh ajymaevdkY tydkygyJ }} [laom pum;rsdK;rSm Mum;aeMu jzpfonf/ oifhwpfzufom;
onf b,fvdkrS ajymvdkY&rnfr[kwf[k oifaumufcsufcsvdkufNyD;NyD qdkygu xdkol\ rjznfhqnf;
&ao;aom tusdK;pD;yGm;udk 'kucH &SmazGaevdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/

"m;pmcHrsm;udk jyefay;qGJaom tMurf;zuform;rsm;onf qifjcifwHkw&m; r&Sd[k aumuf
csufcs&ef tvG,fulqHk; jzpfygonf/

]] 'DaumifawGu t&l;awGyJ olwdkYeJY SdEdIif;vdkY b,f&yghrvJ }} [k ajymaeMu jzpfygonf
rSefygonf? olwdkY\ tjyKtrlonf uRefawmfwdkY\ tjrifwGif qifjcifwHkw&m;r&Sd[k ,lqEdkifyg
onf/ odkYaomf olwdkYtzdkYrlum; t"dyg,ftjynfh&SdaeEdkifygonf/ olwdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm; vdktif
qEESifh olwdkY\tjyKtrl vkyfaqmifyHkwdkY\ tMum;wGif ,kwd&Sdaom usdK;aMumif;oifh qufEG,f
rI&Sdonf[k olwdkYu xifaeygu olwdkYudk vTrf;rdk;Edkifonfom jzpfonf/ "m;pmcHjyefay;rsm;ESifh
aqG;aEG;&mwGif xif&Sm;olwpfOD;u ]] olwdkYvJ qifjcifwHkw&m;&SdwmyJ? b,folrqdk aqG;aEG;
SdEdIif; &EdkifwmyJ? t&l;vdkYxifxm;wJh vlawGawmif ydkufqHudkawmh wefzdk;xm;wwfMuwmyJ }} [k
qdkygonf/ "m;pmcHrsm;udk jyefay;qGJonfh tMurf;zuform;onfyif aqG;aEG;SdEdIif; &ao;vQif
rnfolrqdkESifh oifSdEdIif; &rnfom jzpfygonf/

xdkYaMumifh vG,fvG,fESifh vufravsmhygESifh? oifu wpfzufvl\ ae&mwGif 0if,lMunfh
NyD; rdrdbmomar;Munfhyg? ]] igvJ olYae&mrSmomqdk&if 'Dtcsufudk oabmwlyghrvm;? rwlEdkif
&if bmaMumifhvJ }} xdkYjyif owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrSm olwefzdk;xm;aom tcsufrsm;ESifh oif
wefzdk;xm;onfh t&mrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em; aewwfjcif;aMumifh oifu taumif;qHk;[k xif
wifjycsufudk olu y,fcsEdkifygonf/ oifuom aphaphpyfpyfMunfhvQif oifhwpfzufvlu t
b,fhaMumifh jiif;y,f&onfqdkonfh taMumif;&if;jzpfaom olYtusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk awGUjrifvm&
ayvdrfhrnf/ oifhwpfzufvl\ uefYuGufcsufrsm;udk ajz&Sif; oifhtusdK;pD;yGm;udkvnf; rxdcdkuf
apbJESifh olYtusdK;pD;yGm;udk wwfEdkiforQvdkufavsmyg/

Oyrmtm;jzifh tMurf;zuform;rsm;onf olwdkY\0g'? vrf;pOf oabmw&m;rsm;udk vlxk
u odapvdkaom qEjyif;jypGm &SdwwfMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh olwdkYESifh SdEdIif;&mwGif taumif;qHk;
aomenf;rSm olwdkY\oabmxm;rsm;udk vlxku odNyD;jzpfaMumif; em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef
ESifh tu,f "m;pmcHrsm;udk owfjzwfygu vlxktjrifwGif olwdkYudk txiftjrifao;oGm;ap
rnfom jzpfaMumif; oabmaygufap&ef jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh "m;pmcHzrf;qD;onfh udptrsm;pk
wGif tMurf;zuform;rsm;u wDADGESifh a&'D,dkwGif rdepftenf;rQ toHvTifhNyD;onfESifh ajyvnf
oGm;onfudk awGU&\/

58

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(C) (2) vlom;wdkY\ tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;udk rsufajcrjywfygESifh



uREfkyfwdkYu rdrdwdkYESifhEdIif;wpfzufvl\ t"duvdktyfcsufrSm aiGaMu; odkYr[kwf &kyf0wK
ypnf;wpfckckom jzpfonf[k wGufwwfMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf &kyf0wKypnf;r[kwfaom vlom;
wdkY\ t"duvdktyfcsufudk rsufajcjywfoGm;wwfMuonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm vHkNcHKpdwfcsvdkrIESifh tod
trSwfjyKjcif;udk cHvdkrIwdkYyif jzpfonf/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;onf tkyfpkwpfckckESifh yl;aygif;yg0ifNyD; rdrd
b0udkrdrd vrf;aMumif;vdkaom qE&SdMuonf/ EdkifiHrsm;? vlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; tajccHvdktyf
csufrsdK; &SdwwfMuonfom jzpfonf/ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk rjznfhqnf;ygu oabmwlnDcsuf
rsm;udk &vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

oifhwpfzufom;\ tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;udkjy jznfhqnf;Edkifygu olYudkpdwfvnfvm
apEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ Oyrm tDwvDEdkifiH x&efwDEdk-atmfwdkt'pfcsf a'o jzpfcJhaom vlrsdK;a&;
y#dyurSm *smrefpum;ajym vlenf;pkudk ,Ofaus;rIESifh pDrHcefYcGJa&; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfe,fajrtjzpf
owfrSwfay;vdkufjcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;EdkifcJhonf/ todtrSwfjyKcHvdkjcif;onf ta&;BuD;qHk;aom
vlom;wdkY\ vdktyfcsufqdkonfudk rnfonfhtcgrS rarhygESifh/
(C) (3) rHkYa0pm;jcif; r[kwfyg

jznfhqnf;ay;&efoifhonfh wpfzufvl\ vdktifqEudk oifu odvdkufNyD[k qdkOD;awmh
olYqEudk jznfhqnf;vQif oif\ tusdK;,kwfavQmhoGm;vdrfhrnf[k oifutaowGufxm;NyD;om;
jzpfaewwfygonf/ i,fpOfu rHkYa0pm;ouJhodkY oifhwpfzufvlu ydk&orQ oifhqDu avQmhoGm;
&onf[k oifhpdwfxJwGif pGJaewwfonf/ odkYaomf rMumcP qdkovdkyif oifhtusdK;udk rxdcdkuf
bJ wpfzufom;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk jznfhqnf;EdkifaMumif; awGU&wwfygonf/
(C) (4) ukefusp&dwfenf;enf;ESifh tjrwfrsm;rsm;&rnfh zvS,frIrsm;udk &SmMunfhyg

ESpfOD;ESpfzufvHk; tusdK;&Sdaprnfh enf;wpfenf;rSm ukefusp&dwfenf;enf;ESifh tjrwfrsm;
rsm; &&Sdrnfh zvS,frIrsm;udk &SmMunfhjcif;yif jzpfonf/ olYtwGuf tusdK;rsm;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf;
oiftwGuf odyfta&'rygvSonfh tcsufrsm;udk &SmazG&ygrnf/ tvGef&dk;aom Oyrmwpfckudk
wifjyvdkygonf/ wpfcgu (qdkAD,uf,leD,H rNydKuGJrD) armfpudkodkY a&mufvmaom tar&duef
ukefonf wpfa,mufonf &k&Sm;wupD'&dkifbmudk [dkw,fodkYoGm;&ef aps;qpfonf/ '&dkifbmu
&lb,fav;q,f awmif;onf/ xdktcsdefu a':vmajcmufq,fcefY wefaeonfjzpf xyfqpf
onf/ r&yg/ tjcm;'&dkifbmrsm;uvnf; aps;udkyif qdkMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh ukefonfonf
av,mOfuGif;xJodkY jyef0ifoGm;NyD; a':vmESpfq,fwef t&ufwpfykvif;udk EdkifiHjcm;aiGESifha&mif;
onfhqdkifrS 0,fvdkufonf/ av,mOfuGif;rStxGuf yxrqHk;awGUaom wupD'&dkifbmudk [dkw,f
odkY vdkufydkYay;vQif t&ufykvif;udk ay;rnf[k qdkvdkufonfESifh csufcsif;yif aps;wnfhoGm;NyD;
tqifajyoGm;onf/
59

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;


tb,fhaMumifhygenf;? xdkt&ufykvif;rsdK; 0,fvdkvQif wupD'&dkifbmtzdkY av;em&DcefY
wef;pDapmifh&rnf/ tar&dueftzdkYrSm aps;csdKaom t&ufykvif;onf &k&Sm;'&dkifbmtzdkY wefzdk;
BuD;vSonf/ avqdyfrS [dkw,fodkY c&D;vrf;onf wupD'&dkifbmtzdkY odyfwefzdk;r&SdvSaomfvnf;
tar&dueftzdkY wefzdk;BuD;vSonf/
(C) (5) 'Dvdkqdk&if 'Dvdkvkyfr,f

aemufwpfenf;rSm 'Dvdkqdk&if 'Dvdkvkyf&atmif [laom enf;yifjzpfonf/ Oyrm oif
onf um;yGJpm;wpfa,muf[k qdkygpdkY/ oifhtod wpfa,muf\ um;udk a&mif;ay;&ef oifu
yGJc ig;axmifawmif;onf/ olu rsm;onf[kxifNyD; olYtaeESifh aemufxyfum;wpfpD;jyef0,f
&OD;rnf jzpf um;udk a&mif;&aomaiGxJrS odyfNyD; tyGef;tyJhrcHEdkif[k qdkonf/ xdktcgrsdK;
wGif oifu olYudk ]] cifAsm;um;udk cifAsm;rSef;xm;wJh oHk;odef;cGJatmufrSm &&if? uRefawmfhudk
oHk;axmifyJay;? oHk;odef;ig;aomif; ig;axmifxufydk&if aemufxyf oHk;axmifxyfay; }} [k qdk
vdkufEdkifonf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif oluoabmwlvdkufavsm&ef vG,fuloGm;onf/ olrSef;xm;onf
xufydk&ygu oifhudkvnf; olrSef;xm;onfxuf ydkay;&ef 0efav;rnf r[kwfacs/ xdkudpwGif
oifu tenf;i,f pGefYpm;&onfrSefaomfvnf; oifrlvrSef;onfxuf ydk tqifajyoGm;rnf
jzpfonf/
(i) wpfzufvl rsufESmrysufygapESifh

oifu wpfzufvl\ tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&onfyJ qdkygOD;awmh olu
oabmrwlEdkifao;bJ &Sdaewwfygao;onf/ SdEdIif;aqG;aEG;yGJ qdkonfrSm vlr&Sd? olr&Sd ae&m
wGifoGm; vkyfMuonfr[kwf/ aqG;aEG;yGJapmifhMunfhaeaom ESpfzufy&dowfu &SdaeMuonf/
wpfzufvlu tav;xm;&aom olYq&m? olYtzGJUtpnf;? olYvkyfaz:udkifzufrsm;? olYrdom;pkESifh
rdwfaqGrsm; ponfwdkYESifh olYrJqE&Sifrsm;u aqG;aEG;yGJudk apmifhMunfhaernfrSm aocsmvSygonf/
vlYobm0twdkif;yif olut&HI;ay;vdkuf&NyD[l olYvltrsm;u olYtay:xifoGm;rnfudk b,f
olurQ ESpfoufrnfr[kwf/ tu,f olonf a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufcH&aom wm0efwpfckudk ,l
xm;oljzpfygu olaemufqkwfvdkufonfESifh olYrJqE&Sifrsm;u ]] igwdkYudka&mif;pm;oGm;NyD }} ]]b,f
vdk vlrsdK;ygvdrfh nHhvSacsvm; }} ponfjzifh a0zefMuawmhrnf jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh oifhwpf
zufvlu oabmxm;wif;rmaejcif;rSm olYtusdK;pD;yGm;oufoufxuf olYrJqE&Sifrsm;udkaMumuf
tavQmhray;&JbJ jzpfaejcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/

]] olYvlawG udp[m olYudpyJ? igeJYrqdkifbl;[k oifu xifaumif;xifrnf/ odkYaomf xdk
vlrsm;u oif&vdkonfh oabmwlnDcsufudk r&atmif t[efYtwm;jzpfaeonf qdkygu olYvl
trsm;udk oludkifwG,f ajz&Sif;Edkifatmif oifu ulnD&efoifhygonf/ olYvlrsm;u olYudk a0zefEdkif
onfh tajccHpGyfpGJcsuf ESpfck&Sdygonf/ yxrpGyfpGJcsufrSm ]] olonf rlv vrf;pOftaetxm;
udk pGefYvTwfvdkufNyD; }} [k jzpfNyD; 'kwd,pGyfrSm ]] &&Sdvmonfh oabmwlnDcsufrSm auseyfzG,f&m
r&Sd }} [l jzpfMuonf/
60

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(i) (1) olatmufrusbJ aemufqkwfEdkifatmif ulnDyg



rsufESmrysufatmif umuG,fjcif;onf aqG;aEG;SdEdIif;yGJ\ ausm&dk;yif jzpfonf/ rsufESm
rysufatmifvkyfjcif; qdkonfrSm SdEdIif;aqG;aEG;yGJ\ tqHk;owfusawmhrS Munfhaumif;atmif
ESrf;jzL;jcif;tvkyf[k trsm;u txifvGJwwfMuygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; owdxm;oifhrSm rsufESm
ysufjcif;qdkonfrSm twBuD;jcif;ESifh rqdkifacs/ vlwpfa,muf\ wefzdk;? *kPf? odum? *kPfoa&
olYrl0g'twdkif; vdkufemrI uwd pum;wnfrIESifh tjcm;vlrsm;tjrifwGif wifhw,fvdkrI ponf
wdkYudk twdkenf;tm;jzifh ]] rsufESm }} [k ac:xm;jcif; jzpfonf/

oifhwpfzufom;u olpGJudkifcJhaom taetxm;udk jyifvdkufvQif txufwGifaz:jycJhaom
udptm;vHk;udk ysufpD;apEdkifonfh tE&m,fu &Sdaeonf/ olYrsufESmrysufatmif oifu umuG,f
ay;EdkifrSom olu vdkufavsm&ef jzpfEdkifayrnf/ odkYqdkvQif rsufESmrysufatmif rnfodkYum
uG,f ay;rnfenf;/
(u-u) tajctaersm; ajymif;cJhNyDqdkonfudk jrifygap

yxrenf;rSm oifhwpfzufvludk t&iftajctaea[mif;rsm;t&qdkvQif olonf rSef
aumif;rSefrnf jzpfaomfvnf; ,cktcg tajctaersm; ajymif;cJhNyD[k jrifomatmif jyoifhonf/
(c-c) Mum;vlwpfa,muf\ wdkufwGef;csufudk ,lyg

tpOftquf oHk;cJhaom enf;wpfckrSm Mum;vlwpfa,mufudk ac:jcif;yif jzpfonf/ xdk
olu jzefajza&;orm;wpfa,muf odkYr[kwf uRrf;usifaom yg&*lwpfa,muf odkYr[kwf ESpfzuf
pvHk;ESifh &if;ESD;aomrdwfaqG odkYr[kwf ESpfOD;pvHk;\ q&m? ponfwdkY jzpfEdkifygonf/ tpDtpOf
wpfckudk oifu wifjyxm;onfudk vufrcHEdkif jzpfaeaomfvnf; tjcm; Mum;cHvlu wifjyygu
vufcHoGm;Edkifygonf/
(*-*) rQwaom pHEIef;wpfckudk Tef;yg

wwd,Mum;cHvl r&Sdbl;qdkygu trsm;oHk;pHEIef; wpfckudk Tef;jyEdkifygonf/ Oyrm oif
onf wpfzufvlxHrS &kyfjrifoHMum;puf? wywf&pfwpfvHk; jyef0,f&ef aps;Sdaeonf qdkygpdkY
oluvnf; xkdpufukd oli,fpOfuaps;ukdtajccHNyD; ,ckwpfywf&pfaps;ukd `rSifhNyD;qkdaeonf/ oif
uvnf; rwefbl;[kxifaeonf/ Mum;rSaeSdEIdif;ay;Ekdifrnfh apsEIef;uGsrf;usifoluvnf;r&Sd
xkdtcgrsKd;wGif oifu wDADGaps;EIef;pm&if;rsm;yg0ifonfh r*Zif;wpfapmifukd ,lvmNyD; okdYqkdEkdif
onf/ ]]uJAsm a[m'Dpm&if;rSmMunfh cifAsm;puf&JUarmf',ftopfpufpufrS av;aomif;awmif
r&Sdawmhbl;? armf',fopfawGay:vmvkdY aps;usaeNyD? cifAsm;pufuvnf; okH;xm;wm2-ESpf
avmuf&SdaeNyD? cifAsm;aps;ukdavQmhygOD;}} [k b,folYbufukdrSvkdufjcif;r[kwfonfrSm aocsm
onfh r*Zif;ygaps;EIef;ukd rQwaompHEIef;wpfcktjzpf Tef;vkdufEkdifygonf/
61

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(i)(2) wpfzufvlu atmifEkdifrI&onf[k xifygap




wpfzufvl\rJqE&Sifrsm;u oifwkdYSdEIdif;yGJrS wifjyvmonfhoabmwlnDcsufukd uefY
uGufwkdufckdufvmEkdifygonf/ xkdtcgwGif oabmwlnDcsufonf olYtwGufatmifjrifrIwpf
ckyif jzpfonf[kxifoGm;atmif vkyfay;Ekdifygonf/

tar&dueforw *Gseftufzfuae'DESifh olYtBuHay;t&m&Sdrsm;onf usL;bm;rSwkdufcsif;
ypf'kH;ysHrsm;ukd jyefvnf&kyfodrf;&m c&k&SufrsufESmrysufap&ef txufygenf;ukdokH;cJhMuonf/
usL;bm;ukd0ifrwkdufyg[kaom ukd,fwkdif*wd0efcHcsufukd uae'Du c&k&SufxH ay;ykdYvkdufonf/
uae'DwGif tpwnf;u usL;bm;ukd0ifwkduf&eftpDtpOfr&SdaomaMumifh xkdokdYuwday;&onf
rSmvG,fulygonf/ c&k&SuftwGufrlum; uGefjrLepfEkdifiHrsm;tm;vkH;tv,f]]usL;bm;tm; tar
&duef&efrS tumtuG,fay;EkdifcJhNyD}} [k <um;EkdifcJhonf/ olvkdtyfcsufukd&NyD;jzpf wkdufcsif;ypf
'kH;ysHrsm;ukd jyefvnf&kyfodrf;vkdufonf[k aMunmcJhonf/ olYaemufvkdufrsm;Mum;wGif c&k&Suf
&SufruGJcJhacs?

oifhwpfzufvl\a0zefa&;orm;rsm;u olukdrnfokdYa0zefvdrfhrnfqkdonfukd oifuBuKd
wifpOf;pm;NyD; olYtwGufjyefvnfacsyp&m tcsuftvufrsm;ukd xyfqifhay;vkdufyg/ Oyrmoif\tvkyf&Sifonf tpkpyfvkyfief;&SifwpfOD;jzpfNyD; oifu oYlxHrS vpmwkd;awmifaeonf qkd
ygpkdY? oifhukdvpmwkd;ay;vkdufvQif oifhtvkyf&Sifonf olESifhtwlwGJvkyfolrsm;u ]]cifAsm;[m
ukrPDykdifaiGukd okH;pGJwm odwfvufzGmwmyJ? cifAsm;vlawGukd vcodyf`rSifhay;aeawmh uGsefawmf
wkdYzufu vlawG raMureyfjzpfvdrfhr,f}} pojzifha0zefrnfrSm aocsmonf/ xkdYaMumifh oifu
oljyefacsEkdifonfhtajzrsm;ukd pOf;pm;ay;&efvkdonf/ ]]uGsefawmhwynfhu odwfawmfygw,fAsm
'DESpftwGif; ol&Smay;vkdY azmufonftopfawG trsm;BuD;&cJhwmyJ}} okdYr[kwf ]]ol'DavmufBudK;
pm;wmukd vcwkd;ray;&if wjcm;ukrPDukd a&mufoGm;vdrfhr,f}}ponfjzifh jyefajymEkdifaprnfh
tcsufrsm;ukd olYtwGufulnDNyD; &Smay;yg/

oifhwpfzufom;u tavQmhay;vkduf&onfukdyif olu atmifjrifrIwpfck &ouJhokdYjzpf
atmif oifu wpfjym;rSrpkduf&yJ vkyfay;Ekdifonf/ Oyrm-oifonf puf&kHrefae*smwpfOD;jzpfNyD;
tvkyform;or* acgif;aqmifESifh vkyfcjyemukd aqG;aEG;aeMuonfqkdygpkdY? or*acgif;
aqmifu olY vlrsm;ukd vkyfcq,f&mckdifEIef; wkd;`rSifh&ap&rnf[k uwdu0wfjyKxm;cJhNyD;? uwd
ukd csKd;zsufvQif olvnf;'kua&mufrnf qkdygpkdY? xkdtcg oifu ]]'DESpfawmh av;&mckdifEIef;yJ wkd;
,lygAsm? aESmuf2-ESpftwGif; 1-ESpfukd okH;&mckdifEIef;pD wkd;ay;zkdY uwdjyKygw,f}}[k qkdvkdufEkdif
onf/ xkdtcg olu olYvlrsm;ukd vc q,f&mckdifEIef;wkd;`rSifh&awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; jyefacsy
EkdifNyDjzpf oifhtqkdukd vufcHvkduifrnfjzpfygonf/

emrnfaumif;&apjcif\ wefzkd;ukdrarhoifhyg/ ajz&Sif;csufwpfckonf oifhtBuHPfyif
jzpfapumrl oifhwpfzufvlukdyg emrnfcHapjcif;? okdYr[kwf olYukdcsnf;emrnfaumif;apjcif;wkdY
ukd jyKvkyfay;oifhonf/ 0g&Sifwef'DpDjrKdUawmfwGif tBuHaumif;? Pfaumif;[lorQukd rdrdt
rnfcHcsifvSaom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeaomaMumifh ]]jrKdUwGif tjcm;vlwpfa,muf
a,mufukdom emrnfaumif;cHapzkdY oifu0efrav;bl;qkdvQif rnfonfhudpukdrqkd oifatmif
62

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

jrifatmif aqmif&GufEkdifonf}}[k qkdprwfjyKMuonf/ xkdtcsufonf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGifvnf;


rSefuefygonf/

oifonf oifhwpfzufom;ukd bmrQay;p&mr&Sdonfwkdifatmif olYtzkdYt&IH;xGufonf[k
rxif&atmif vkyfay;Ekdifygonf/ NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf bif*srif'pfpa&;vDu bGJUxl;? *kPfxl; vkd
csifvGef;vSaom olytm; axmufcHolwpfa,mufukd ]]uGsefawmfu cifAsm;ukd jrdKUpm;bGJUay;vkdY
r&wm cifAsm;odom;bJ? 'gayrJh cifAsm;u cifAsm;rdwfaqGawGukd uGsefawmfu cifAsm;ukd bGJUxl;
wpfckay;w,f/ cifAsm;u rvkdcsifvkdY jiif;vkdufw,fvkdYajymvkdufAsm? tJ'gu trsm;BuD;ykdaumif;
w,f}} [k qkdcJhonfukd erlem,lEkdifygonf/
(p) jrefjrefa&mufatmif jznf;jznf;oGm;yg

oifu oif\ wpfzufvl\ tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;NyD; olrsufESmrysufatmif pGrf;
aqmifNyD;onfwkdifatmif olu oabmwlnDcsufwckckcs&ef jiif;qefaeEkdifygao;onf/ t
b,faMumifhqkdaomf olu oabmwlnDcsuf&onftxd oGm;&rnfhvkyfief;pOfonf tvGefcJ,Of;
aeNyD; tcsdefwkdav;twGif;wGif tvGefrsm;jym;aom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd cs&efvkdaejyD[k xifae
wwfaomaMumifhyifjzpf\/

oif\wm0efrSm vkyfief;pOfukd vG,fulapzkdYyifjzpfonf/ jrefjrefc&D;wGifap&ef cyfjznf;
jznf;oGm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ oifhukd,foif awmifwufvrf;jywpfa,muf[k ,lqyg/ oifhwpf
zufvlu tjrifhukdfwuf&rnfukd aMumufaeaomc&D;onf[k oabmxm;NyD;? c&D;pOf&SnfBuD;ukd
tqifhqifhykdif;vkdufyg/ olYEIef;twkdif;oGm;vkdufyg/ em;&efvkdtyfonfhae&mwGif &yfvkdufyg/ xkd
aemuf rMumcPqkdovkd c&D;b,favmufwGifcJhNyDqkdonfukd jyefjyefikYHMunfhyg/
(p)(1) wpfzufom;ukd wpfvSrf;csif;oGm;ygap


tvkH;pkHaomoabmwlnDcsuf &&efrjzpfEkdif[k ,lq&aomtajctaewGif wpfqifhcsif;
oabmwlnDcsuf&atmif BuKd;yrf;yg/ wpfvSrf;NyD;wpfvSrf; oGm;aomenf;vrf;onf rjzpfEkdif[k
xif&aomudp&yfukd wjznf;jznf;ESifhjzpfvmaponf/ wpfpdwfwpfykdif;oabmwlnDcsuf tqifh
wpfckukd &&SdausmfvGefvkdufwkdif; ueOD;wGif rajrSmfrSef;EkdifcJhaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd awGYjrifvm
aponf/

'kwd,urmppftpu *smrefrsm;\zrf;qD;jcif;ukdcH&aom NAdwdoQaumifppf0ef\ udpukd
aqG;aEG;&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&aom tar&duefoHwref csm;vfpfao,m\ wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh
aqG;aEG;enf;ukd oifpOf;pm;,lEkdifygonf/ xkdpOfu ao,m\yxrqkH;wm0efrSm tzrf;cHaumif
ppf0efxH ypnf;tcsKdUykdYay;&efjzpfonf/ xkdudpukd olu *smreftusOf;axmif TefMum;a&;rSL;ESifh
aqG;aEG;cJh&onf/ olujyefajymonfrSm tusOf;axmifTefMum;a&;rSL;u NAdwdoQoHrSL;ukd olYt
cef;xJrS ac:apcJhonf/

uGsefawmfuvnf; uGsefawmfwGifygvmaom ypnf;rsm;ukdwpfckpDay;onf/ yxrqkH; n
63

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

0wfabmif;bD? &Syf? ajctdwf? rkwfqdwf&dyf"m; ponfwkdYukday;onf/ xkdYaemuf &S,f&Dt&ufykvif;


wpfvkH;ukd xkwf,l aeYv,fpmrpm;rD oHrSL;ukdwkdufyg&ef ajymay;vkdufonf/ *smrefu bm
rQjyefrajymbJ ,lxm;vkdufonf/ xkdYaemuf uGsefawmfu &Sefydefwpfykvif;ukd xkwf,lvkdufum
ykvif;ukdaoaocsmcsm tat;cHNyD; oHrSL;\npmESifhtwl wkdufyg&efajymjyonf/ *smrefu
odwfauseyfykHray:aomvnf; atmifhoufoufESifh jidrfcHaeonf/ xkdYaemuf *sifykvif;? Am;
rkwfwpfykvif;ESifh aumhaw;azsmfonfcGufukd xkwfvkdufNyD; oHrSL;\naebuf rmwESDtwGuf
twGufjzpfaMumif; &Sif;jy&if;? *smrefukdMunfh ]]Am;rkwf wpfqeJY *sifav;qukda&mNyD;awmh a&
cJtrsm;BuD;xnfh}}[k pajymvkdufonfESifh *smrefaygufuGJygawmhonf/

]]usKyf olYukd &S,f&DwkdY? &SefydefwkdY? *sifwkdYwkdufzkdY tqifoifhygbJ? 'gayrJh olYaumufaw;
ukdawmh olzmomolpyf&rSmyJ}}[k atmfajymvkdufonf/

txufyg erlemukd Munfhyg/ ao,monf *smrefESifhpawGUawGUjcif;om ygvmorQ tukef
xkwfjy tusOf;om;ukday;vkdygonfqkdvQif *smrefucsufcsif;y,fcsvkdufrnfom jzpfonf/
wpfxpfjcif;wpfxpfjcif; wkd;vmaomaMumifhom olYwm0ef atmifjrifoGm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/

xkdYaMumifh SdEIdif;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;twGif; oabmwlnD&ef tvG,fulqkH;aom jyemrsm;
ESifh pwifoifhonf/ vG,ful&mrSwjznf;jznf; ykdcufcJaomjyemrsm;okdY wufvSrf;jcif;jzifh
oifhwpfzufvltzkdY acgifjidrfY onfhtusifh ygoGm;um oabmwlnDcsuf&&ef jzpfEkdifaMumif; o
abmayguf vmapEkdifonf/

oifhwpfzufom;u oHo,0ifaeygu tprf;oabm? oabmwlnDcsufcs jzpfEkdifrjzpf
Ekdif pOf;pm;oifhonf/ oifutqkdwpfckukd tckdiftrmwifjyaomtcg wpfzufvlu oHo,0if
NyD; oabmwl&ef cufcJaeonfqkdygpkdY? xkdtcgoifu prf;oyf oabmwlnDcsufcs&ef wkdufwGef;
oifhonf/ ]]uGsefawmfwkdY wpfvavmuf prf;vkyfMunfh&if raumif;bl;vm;}} ponfjzifh qkdEkdifonf/
raocsmra&&mrIukd tcsdefumvt& uefYowfavQmhcsoGm;Ekdifrnf jzpfojzifh oifhwpfzufom;
tzkdY oabmwl&efykd vG,fulapvdrfhrnf/

SdEIdif;aqG;aEG;yGJonf jyif;xefaeaomtcgrsm;wGif OD;wnfcsufaysmufjcif;? pdwfysufjcif;
rsm; jzpfwwfygonf/ xkdtcgrsm;wGif wpfpwpfpykd&vmaom oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd jyef
Munfhjcif;jzifh t&Sdeft[kefjrifhwufvmjcif;ukd cHpm;Ekdifygonf/ xkdYaMumifhtqifhwkdif;wGif acw
&yfem;NyD; NyD;cJhorQukd jyefMunfhoifhygonf/
(p)(2) tNyD;owfoabmwlnDrIukd aemufqkH;tcsdefxd rawmif;bJxm;yg

wpfcgwpf&HwGif wxpfjcif;oGm;onfhenf;onf tokH;rwnfhonfukdawGU&wwfygonf/
oifhwpfzufvlu tao;trTm;av;ukdyifjzpfap? oabmrwlEkdif jzpfaewwfonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;
wGif csufcsif;oabmwlnDzkdY olukd rwkdufwGef;ygESifh? aemufqkH;tajctaewGif udptm;vkH;ukd
jynfhjynfhpkHpkHjrifNyD;NyDqkdrS oabmwlnDcsufcsEkdifaMumif; ajym olYukd pdwfoufomrI&ygap/

enf;ukd orw*sifrDumwmu 1978-ckESpf ta&SUtv,fykdif;jyemqkdif&m a';Apf
pcef;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif usifhokH;cJhonf/ tpa&;0efBuD;csKyf bD*ifESifh tD*spforw qm'wfwkdY ESpfOD;
64

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

pvkH;onf olwkdYvuf&Sdtajctaersm;rS vkH;0tavQmhay;&efrvkdvm;Muay? xkdYaMumifhtpnf;t


a0;umv (13)&ufvkH;vkH; umwmu olwkdYESpfOD;pvkH;\ taetxm;ukdajymif;&ef vkH;0rwkduf
wGef;cJhay/ xkd(13)&ufumvtwGif;wGif olwkdYESpfOD;pvkH;ukd tar&duefuwifjyonfh oabmwl
nDcsufrlMurf;tm; a0zefonfhudpwGif tm&kHpkdufaeapcJhonf/ rlMurf;ukd(23)Mudrfjyif a&;qGJ
NyD;aomtcgwGifum; wpfzufurembJESifhwpfzufuromEkdifaom tajctaeokdY a&mufoGm;
onf/

wpfOD;ubmukday;vQif bmukdjyef&Ekdifonfqkdonfukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifvmEkdifawmh
onf/ xkdtcgusrS umwmu qm'wfESifh bD*ifwkdY\qkH;jzwfcsufukdawmif;cHonf/ bD*iftzkdY
qkdifEkdif;uGsef;qG,fukd jyefay;vQif tD*spfESifhjidrf;csrf;a&;&rnf/ qm'wftzkdY tpa&;ESifh jidrf;csrf;
a&;pmcsKyfcsKyfvQif qkdif;Ekdif;uGsef;qG,fukdjyef&rnfqkdonfukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jrifvm&onf/ xkdt
cgwGif olwkdYESpfOD;pvkH;onf tao;tzGJUoabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd csrae&awmhbJ wpfckwnf;
aomoabmwlnDcsufukdom cs&awmhojzifh ykdrkdvG,fuloGm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh olwkdYESpfOD;pvkH;u
oabmwlvkdufMuawmhonf/
(p)(3) tavmwBuD; tNyD;rowfygESifh

aqG;aEG;SdEIdif;yGJwpfck\ tNyD;owftqifhwGif udpjywfzkdYpdwfapmNyD; avmBuD;aeaom
trSm;ukd usL;vGefavh&SdMuygonf/ ]]or*u oydwfarSmufzkdY owfrSwfxm;wJhtcsdefeD;aeNyD}} okdY
r[kwf ]]yg0ifaqG;aEG;aeol wpfa,mufu tDrfjyefzkdY&xm;xGufcsdef eD;aeNyD}} ponfh taMumif;
jycsufrsm; &SdwwfMuonf? okdYr[kwf oabmwlnDcsufwpfpkHwpf&m &zkdYeD;aeNyD[k xifjrifNyD; t
ajy;jyKdifyGJ0ifol yef;0ifcgeD;wGif 'kH;csajy;ouJhokdY jrifae&aomyef;wkdifqDokdY twif;ajy;vkdonfh
pdwfrsKd; jzpfwwfygonf/

rnfokdYaomtaMumif;aMumifhjzpfap xkdokdYaomtajctaewGif trSm;wpfpkHwpf&mukd vkyf
rd&ef jzpfEkdifpGrf;ykdvmonf/ oifu oifhwpfzufom;ukd twif;wGef;wGef;wkdufwkdufvkyfvQif ol
u bmrQr[kwfonfh jyemwpfckckukd taMumif;jyNyD; aygufuGJwwfonf okdYr[kwf &vkqJqJ
oabmwlnDcsufxJwGif tjypftemtqmwpfckckukd &kwfw&uf&SmawGUoGm;wwfonf/ xkdokdYr
jzpfap&ef oifu t&SdefavQmhcsum olYukdpOf;pm;csdefay;&ygrnf/

olqE&Sifrsm; okdYr[kwf olYaemufvkdufrsm;ESifh jyefvnfaqG;aEG;cGifhjyKyg? olwkdYu olYukd
vkH;0avQmhray;&ef rSmaumif;rSmxm;vkdufrnf/ olu *wdjyKxm;aomtcsufrsm;ESifh uGJvGJonfh
oabmwlnDcsufukd olYvlrsm;xHokdY jyefvnfo,faqmifoGm;vQif 0kdif;y,fcsMurSm aocsmygonf/
olYvlrsm;ukd olu csjyaqG;aEG;rSom oabmwlnDcsuf\aumif;usKd;rsm;ukd &Sif;vif;wifjy olY
vlrsm;\axmufcHcsufukd &,lEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/ okdYr[kwfbJ tavmwBuD;vkyfrnfqkdygu
ESpfzufoabmwlnDcsufukd trSefwu,fr&ao;bJvQuf &aeNyD[k vGJrSm;pGmxifwwfMuonf/
oifhzufu w&m;Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;u oabmwlpmcsKyfukd vufrSwfa&;xkd;&ef rlMurf;pwif a&;
qGJonfhtcgusrS wpfzufESifhwpfzuf oabmwlnDcsufrsm;tay: t"dyg,fzGifhqkdykH uGmjcm;ae
onfukd awGU&wwfonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;wGif wpfzufESifhwpfzuf oabmwlnDcsufrsm;tay: pGwf
65

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

66

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

tqifh - 5

jiif;&cufatmifvkyfyg
wpfzufvludk oabmaygufatmifvkyfyg
'l;axmufatmif rvkyfygeJY
tawmfqHk; AdkvfcsKyfqdkonfrSm b,fawmhrS ppfrwdkuf&aom AdkvfcsKyf jzpf\/

qGefZl;


rdrdu trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk vrf;zGifhay;ygvQuf wpfzufvlu oabmwlnD&ef jiif;qdkaeaom
tcg bmvkyfrnfenf; ajz&Sif;jcif;yGJ rpGHaomtcg ,if;udkpGefYNyD; tiftm;oHk;vdkpdwf ay:vmwwf
onf/ wpfzufvludk rdrdtvdktwdkif; jyKrlaqmif&Gufap&ef &SdorQtiftm;udk toHk;jyK wGef;tm;
ay;vdk\/ ZeD;wpfa,mufjzpfvQif uGm&Sif;pum;qdkvm\/ ukrPDwpfckqdkvQif ysufuGufaom
azgufonftm; w&m;pGJ\/ or*url oydwfarSmuf\/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifjzpfvQif ppfaMunmrnf/

tiftm;oHk;wdkufyGJwGif em;axmif todtrSwfjyKjcif;tpm; Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;? wpfzufvl
\ &yfwnfcsufudk vdktyfovdk Sd,lrnfhtpm; ukef;abmifay:wGif twif;avQmufcdkif;jcif;? po
jzifh yGJudkajymif;vdkufonf/ olYtzdkY acgif;ndwf&ef vG,fuloGm;aprnfhtpm; ]] [ifhtif; }} ajym&ef
vnf; ydkcufoGm;apvdrfhrnf/ yGJtwGuf rdrdu tpGrf;&Sdoavmuf tiftm;jznfhqnf;&if; wpf
zufxHrSvnf; &Edkifoavmuf Spfxkwf,lvdkvmonf/ rdrd\ &nfrSef;csufa&m enf;AsL[myg
ajymif;vdkufNyD; ESpfzufajyvnfrItpm; atmifyGJudkom &,lvdkcsifawmhonf/

cGeftm;oHk;enf;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/ rdrdu wpfzufvludk Ncdrf;ajcmufonf/ odkY
r[kwf twif;t"r tMuyfudkifonf/ xdktcg olu enf;enf;avsmhay;vmonf/ odkY&mwGif
rdrdwGif omaeaom cGeftm;opf wpfck rdrd&& vufqkyf? vufudkifr&Sdygu olujyef ckcHwdkuf
cdkufvmonf/ a'goxGuf &efvdkvmrnf/ ol\&yfwnfcsufudk ydkcdkifNrJpGm zufwG,fvmrnf/
oabmwlnDrI&&Sda&;udk taMumuftuef ckcHrIjyKvm\/ odkYjzpf&onfrSm oifu ydkrdkawmif;
qdkvmjcif;aMumifhomru oabmwlnDvdkufjcif;onfyifvQif olYtwGuf &HI;edrfhrI[k t"dyg,fayguf
oGm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/

rdrdu olYtm; [ifhtif; [k ajym&ef cufcJatmif jyKonfESifhtrQ olYtzdkYacgif;ndwfvQif
ydk cufoGm;onf/

odkYtm;jzifh wpfzufvlu oabmwlvmatmif tqrwef usdK;yrf;vm&awmhonf/ ol
u jyefvnfwdkufcdkufvmonfESifhtrQ rdrdonfvnf; wefzdk;BuD;rm;aom wdkufyGJxJodkY uRHuRH
0ifvmonf/ trItcif;? oydwf odkYr[kwf ppf/ ,if;wdkYudk qifETJ&mwGif tcsdefESifhaiGaMu; omru
aoG;acR;ESifh rsuf&nfwdkYudkvnf; rsm;pGm toHk;jyK&onf/

rdrdarQmfrSef;xm;aom atmifyGJtpm; t&HI;yGJESifhvnf; qHk&wwfonf/ uGm&Sif;pum;qdkcJh
aom ZeD;onf tdrfa[mif;avmif;ESifh vnf;aumif;? azgufonftm; w&m;pGJcJhaomukrPDonf
azgufonfa[mif;wpfa,mufudk vufvTwfvdkuf&jcif;ESifh vnf;aumif;? oydwfarSmufaom or*
67

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

onf rGJjymusrIESifh vnf;aumif;? ppfaMunmaomEdkifiHonf ysufpD;NyD; aomifrwif? a&rus t


ajctaeESifh vnf;aumif;? qHk&wwfonf/ r[wr*EDBuD;u ]] ighrsufvHk;wpfvHk; oluazguf
awmh olYrsufvHk;wpfvHk;igu jyefazguf tJ'Dawmh wdkYtm;vHk; uef;Mua&m }} [k qdkcJhonf/

yGJuav;wpfyGJ Edkifvkdufonfhwdkif yGJpOfwpfckvHk;usawmh &IH;Edkifonf/ wpfzufvlESifh quf
qHa&;udkvnf; qHk;&HI;oGm;Edkifonf/ oluvnf; olYtajctaeomvmonfESifh uwdudk zuf
*vJhpm;acsEdkifonf/ ppfqdkonfrSm tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk udkifwG,f&mwGif ppfa&;t&? tpktpnf;
t&? jynfwGif;a&;t& tvGefwefzdk;BuD;aom enf;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;
ESpfaxmifausmfu w&kwfvlrsdK; ppfa&;yg&*lBuD; qGefZl;u atmufygtwdkif; a&;cJhonf/ ]] wdkuf
yGJwpf&m atmifyGJwpf&mqdkonfrSm ppfa&;uRrf;usifrI\ txGwftxdyfr[kwf? &efoludk rwdkuf
bJ ESdrfeif;Edkifjcif;onfom ppfa&;uRrf;usifrI\ txGwftxdyf jzpfonf }}

wefzdk;BuD;rm;aomwdkufyGJudk rwdkufbJ wpfzufvloabmwlvmap&ef rdrd\cGeftm;owd
udk rnfodkYtoHk;jyKrnfenf; cGeftm;owdudk zsufqD;jcif;enf;tpm; wnfaqmufjcif;enf;jzifh
rnfodkYoHk;rnfenf; cGeftm;owdtrSefw&m;udk ya[Vdudk rnfodkYajz&Sif;rnfenf;
(u) cGeftm;owd (yg0g)udk ynmay;&mwGif toHk;jyKyg

pdwfyifyef;vmaomtcg jyKvkyfwwfaom t"dutrSm;rSm ajz&Sif;jcif;enf;udkpGefY tif
tm;yGJ zufvSJYjcif; jzpf\/

cGeftm;owd\ jyem (Paradox)udk ausmfvTm;jcif;qkdonfrSm wpfzufvludk jiif;qdk&ef
ydkrdkcufcJatmif jyKvkyfaecsdefwGifyif ]] [kwfuJh }} qdkap&ef ydkrdkvG,fulatmif vkyfay;jcif; jzpf
onf/]] [kwfuJh }} udk ydkvG,fulpGmqdkatmif jyKvkyfrnfqdkvQif jyemajyvnfaprnfh aqG;
aEG;rIrsm; vdktyfonf/ ]] [ifhtif; }} qdk&ef ydkcJ,Of;ap&ef tiftm;toHk;jyKrIudk vdktyfonf/
,if;ESpfckteuf wpfckcka&G;cs,f&ef rvkdyg/ ESpfckvHk;udk jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/

jyemajz&Sif;rIaqG;aEG;yGJwGif cGeftm;owd toHk;jyKrIonf ta&;ygaom tydkif;wpfck
jzpfygonf/ wpfzufvltm; aqG;aEG;yGJwGif yg0ifvmap&ef cGeftm;owdudk toHk;jyKyg/ rdrdatmif
yGJtpm; ESpfOD;ESpfzufauseyfa&;udk OD;wnfyg/ wpfzufvltm; 'l;axmufvmaprnfhtpm; em;
vnf oabmaygufvmygap/

rdrdu rnfodkYBudK;pm;vdkufavsmaomfvnf; wpfzufuoabmwl&ef jiif;qdkaejcif;onf
olatmifyGJqifEdkifonf[k ,lqaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJrvkyfbJ ol\ 'k-taumif;
qHk;tajz odkYr[kwf ol\ BATNA onf rdrdzGifhay;aom vrf;xufomonf[k ,lqaomaMumifh
jzpfEdkifonf/ tcsufrSm;aMumif; ol oabmaygufatmif aqmif&Guf&ef vdkonf/
rdrd\ tpGrf;owdudkoHk;NyD; olYtm;ynmay;yg

rdrdudk,fudk ol\,HkMunfudk;pm;&aom tBuHay;wpfa,muf[k pdwfxJrSmcH,lvdkufyg/
wpfzufvlonf olYwGufcsufrIrsm; rSm;aeouJhodkY jyKrlyg/ oabmwlnDcsuf r&atmifa&Smifwdrf;
68

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmrnfh qdk;usdK;rsm;udk wpfzufvljrifvmatmif Tefjyyg/ rdrdvdkcsifonfrsm;


udk olYtay:twif;xdk; ray;ygESifh? ol\ vdkvm;csufudk xdef;aMumif;ay;jcif;jzifh rdrdtwGuf
a&m olYtwGufyg tusdK;&Sdaprnfh qHk;jzwfcsufwpfckudk csEdkifatmif ulnDaqmif&Gufyg/

olYtm; oabmaygufatmif jyKvkyfjcif;ESifh olYtm; a&TwHwm;cif;ay;jcif;wdkYonf a&Shqifh
aemufqifh jzpfonf/ oabmaygufatmifjyKjcif;onf oabmwlnDrI r&jcif;\ ay;qyf&rIBuD;
rm;yHkudk tav;teufjyKNyD; wHwm;cif;ay;jcif;onf oabmwlnDcsuf&jcif;\ tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;
udk rD;armif;xdk;jyonf/ wpfzufvltzdkY oabmwlnDrI r&jcif;ESifh &jcif;wdkY\ tusdK;oufa&muf
rIrsm;tMum; wpfzufzufudk a&G;cs,f&ef vdktyfaeayNyD/ rdrd\ wm0efrSm wHwm;ay:rS ausmf
jzwfjcif;omvQif ol\ vdkvm;csufrsm;udk taumif;qHk;jznfhqnf;EdkifaMumif; olodem;vnfvm
atmif BudK;yrf;ay;&ef jzpfonf/
(c) wpfzufvltm; tusdK;qufrsm;udk oabmaygufygap

wpfzufvlonf oabmwlnDrI r&jcif;\ tusdK;qufrsm;udk em;rvnfygu olodem;
vnfvmatmif jyKvkyfyg/
(c)(1) tajctaerSef prf;oyfaom ar;cGef;rsm;ar;yg

wpfzufvltm; ynmay;&eftaumif;qHk;ESifh wefzdk;tenf;qHk;enf;rSm olYbmol avhvm
ap&ef jzpfonf/ olYtm; oabmwlnDcsuf r&jcif;aMumifh jzpfvmrnfhtusdK;qufrsm;udk xnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh ar;cGef;rsm; ar;Munfhyg/ olYtm; tajctaerSefu ynmay;ygvdrfhrnf/

1979-ckESpf c&dkufpvm aumfydka&;&Sif; rGJjymusudef;qdkufcsdefwGif ukrPDOu| tD,m
aumhumonf uGefu&ufxHrS aiGacs;&ef BudK;pm;onf/ uGef*&uftrwf trsm;u yk*vduvkyf
ief;rsm;twGuf Mum;0ifru,foifh[k cdkifrmpGm ,HkMunfMu\/ uGefu&ufMum;emyGJrsm;wGif
tD,maumhumonf oHo,&Sdaeolrsm; oabmaygufvmatmif BudK;pm;onf/ c&dkufpvm
tm; aiGacs;&ef jiif;ygu jzpfay:vmrnfh tusdK;qufrsm;udk owdjyKrdap&ef ]] tajctaerSef
prf;oyf }} aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk csjy\/ ]] c&dkufpvm zsufodrf;vdkuf&NyD; nwGif;csif; tvkyfvuf
rJhEIef; oHkn'orig; &mcdkifEIef;wufoGm;r,fqdk&if wdkif;jynftwGuf wu,ftusdK;&Sdrvm;
c&dkufpvmjyKwfoGm;NyD; EdkifiH&yfjcm;&Sd aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyftudkifrsm; &yfqdkif;&vQif
vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,frItwGuf tusdK;&Sdygrnfvm;

olu b@ma&;|merS xkwfjyefaom cefYrSef;csufrsm;t& yxrESpf wpfESpfwnf;twGuf
tpdk;&u uscH&rnfh tvkyfvufrJh tmrcHaMu;ESifh oufomacsmifcsda&; axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udk
udk;um;NyD;aemuf ]] a':vm (2.7)bDvD,Hudk ay;rvm;? 'grSr[kwf aemifcgtm;vHk; jyef&Edkif
ao;wJh tJ'g&JUwpf0ufudk cktmrcHay;vdkufrvm; cifAsm;wdkY BudKufwmudk a&G;Muyg }}

wpfenf;tm;jzifh tD,maumhu ]] oabmrwljcif;&JU tusdK;qufrsm;udk vufcHrvm;
'grSr[kwf a&TwHwm;ay: jzwfausmfrvm; }} [lar;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ uGef*&ufudk,fpm;
69

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

vS,frsm;rSm tajccH ,HkMunfcsuft& c&dkufpvmudk ulnD&ef uefYuGufcJhMuaomfvnf; olwdkY


&ifqdkif&rnfh tajctaerSefudk oabmaygufvmaomtcg oabmxm;ajymif;vmonf/ olu
]] udk,fpm;vS,fwpfa,muf[m olYrJqEe,fu vlb,fESpfa,muf c&dkufpvmtay: rSDcdkae&
w,fqdkwm oabmaygufvmawmh olYrlv ,HkMunfcsufudk pGefYvTwfvdkufawmhwmygyJ }} [ka&;
om;zl;onf/ tD,maumhumonf oltvdk&Sdaom a':vm(1.5)bDvD,Hudk &&SdoGm;avonf/
a,bk,stusqHk; tajctaerSef prf;oyfenf; oHk;enf;
(u-u) oabmwlvQif bmjzpfrnfvdkY xifovJ

tjrifomqHk;ar;cGef;rSm tD,maumhumu uGefu&ufodkY ar;aomar;cGef; jzpfonf/
]] oabmwlnDcsufr&vQif b,favmufukefusrvJ }} wpfzufvlu tajctaeudk tjynfhtpHk
rjrifEdkifvQif ar;cGef;wpfckjzifh ar;Munfhyg/ ]] oydwfa&&SnfarSmufjcif;jzifh 'DukrPD a'0gvDcH&
NyD; usKyfwdkYtm;vHk; tvkyfjyKwfMur,fqdkwm pOf;pm;rdovm; odkYr[kwf ]] 'Djyem rajy&if
cifAsm;a&m usKyfa&mtwGuf jzpfvmr,fhtusdK;qufawG[m b,favmufav;eufw,fqdkwm
oabmayguf&JUvm; wpfzufvlonf tcsufudk &Srf;oGm;NyD; jzpfay:vmrnfh tusdK;qufrsm;
azgh wGufxm;cJhygu oif\wifjycsuf rnfrQoabmuszdkYaumif;onfudk odem;vnfvmyg
vdrfhrnf/
(c-c) usKyfbmvkyfr,fvdkY xifovJ

wpfzufvlonf oif\ BATNA tiftm;udk avsmhwGufae[k xifygu olYtm;]] oabm
wlnDrI r&&if usKyfvdkvm;csufawG jynfhzdkYtwGuf bmvkyfr,fvdkYxifovJ }} odkYr[kwf ]] usKyf
bmvkyf&rvJ }} [kar;yg/ tvkyfysufuGufaeaom tvkyform;wpfa,muftm; ol\abmhpf
tm; ]] rif;aemufwpfcg 'Dvdkysuf&if igbmvkyf&rvJ }} odkYr[kwf ]] rif;vufatmufu vlwpf
a,mufu tvkyfysufysufaevdkY pDrHudef; rrSDEdkifjzpfae&if bmvkyfrvJ }} [kar;rnf/ or*
acgif;aqmif wpfa,mufjzpfvQif yk*dKvfa&; odyfrqefatmif rJqE&Sifrsm;udk vTJcsjyyg/ tkyfcsKyf
a&;zufrS aqG;aEG;zuftm; ]] tvkyform;awGom usef;rma&; tusdK;cHpm;cGifhawG qHk;&HI;&r,f
qdk&if olwdkYb,fvdkcHpm;&rvJ? olwdkYbmvkyfr,fvdkY cifAsm;xifovJ }} [k ar;Munfhyg/

wpfzufvlu Ncdrf;ajcmufvmaomtcg olYNcdrf;ajcmufrIudk taumiftxnfaz:ygu oif
u b,fvdkwkYHjyefrnfxifovJ [k ar;Munfhyg/ oifom tvkyf&SifjzpfvQif or*udk ]] cifAsm;
wdkY oydwfarSmufcsif arSmufEdkifwmaygh? 'gayr,fh cifAsm;wdkYu tJ'Dvdkvkyf&if usKyfwdkYbmvkyfr,f
xifovJ? vufydkufNyD; xdkifMunfhaer,fvdkY xifaeovm; }} [k ar;Edkifonf/ ol\ Ncdrf;ajcmuf
rIu oifhtm;odyfrxdcdkufEdkifaMumif; oif\ wkHYjyefrIaMumifh ESpfzufpvHk; txdemrSmjzpfaMumif;
odomaprnfhar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;ay;yg/ ]] usKyfwdkYrSm ajcmufvpm avSmifxm;NyD;om; t&Hoifh&Sd
w,f/ tkyfcsKyfrI0efxrf;eJYyJ pufudk tJ'DavmufvnfEdkifw,f/ usKyfwdkYudk xdcdkufrSmxuf tvkyf
70

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

orm;awGu ydkemr,f/ tJ'Dawmh usKyfwdkYbmvkyfMurvJ ]] olNcdrf;ajcmufrIudkom oifhpD;yGm;zuf


rsm;udk jyeftoday;vdkufygu olYtwGufqdk;usdK;oufa&mufrIom jzpfay:EdkifaMumif; olYtm;
odygap/ ]] 'Dudpudk usKyf'g&dkufwmtzGJU0ifawGudk today;vdkuf&if olwdkYudk tEdkifusifhcH&w,f
vdkY ,lqMurSm olwdkYeJY qufqHzdkYvJ odyfcufoGm;vdrfhr,f }}
(*-*) cifAsm; bmvkyfrvJ

wpfzufvlonf ol\ 'k-taumif;qHk;udk ydkwGufaeonf[k ,lqygu olYudk 'Dvdkar;
Munfhyg/ ]] oabmwlnDrI r&&if bmvkyfzdkYpdwful;ovJ? tJ'gu b,favmufwefzdk;BuD;rvJ
cifAsm;vdktyfcsufawGudk b,fvdkenf;eJY jznfhay;EdkifrvJ }} oluvnf; ol\ BATNAudk t&Sd
xufydkoa,mif csJUxm;vmEdkifonf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif (tEkwfvuPm) aysmhuGufrsm;udk jrifvm
atmif axmufjyyg/ ]] 'Dudpudk w&m;&Hk;rSm pGJqdkEdkifwmrSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'gu odyfMum
oGm;Edkifw,f/ aemufNyD; &Hk;p&dwfawGu tJ'Dvdk xifcsifrSxifrSm }}
(c)(2) owday;yg rNcdrf;ajcmufygeJY

wpfcgwpf&H ar;cGef;rsm;ar;jcif;jzifh wpfzufvltm; oabmwlnDrI r&jcif;\ tusdK;quf
rsm;udk jrifvmatmif ynmay;&ef rvHkavmufaMumif;awGU&wwfonf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif aemuf
wpfqifhtaejzifh aemifbmjzpfvmrnfudk wdkuf&dkufaz:jy&rnf/ rdrd\ BATNAudk toHk;rjyKrD
rdrdbmvkyfawmhrnfudk wpfzufvltm; today;&rnf/ oluaqG;aEG;&ef jiif;qefaerIudk jyef
oHk;oyfcGifh ay;&zdkYvdkonf/ trSeftm;jzifh rdrd\ BATNAudk vufawGUtoHk;jyKrnfhtpm; owd
ay;jcif;u ydk xda&mufwwfygonf/ oifu olESifh SdEdIif;rI rjyKbJ &Edkifonfh taumif;qHk;
tajzonf wpfzufvl\ txif tppftrSefxuf ydk BuD;us,f aeEdkifygonf/

odkY&mwGif wpfzufvltm; rNcdrf;ajcmufrd&ef owdjyKzdkYvdkygonf/ Ncdrf;ajcmufrIonf ajymif;
jyeftusdK;oufa&muf apwwfygonf/ omrefudpwpf&yfrS wpfzufvl\ tmPmESifh *kPfodum
udk pdefac:&modkYa&mufoGm;wwfygonf/ xdktcg oluvnf;ydk jyif;jyif;xefxef jyefvnfwdkuf
cdkufvmygvdrfhrnf/ olYtzGJUtpnf;uvnf; oifhtm; twdkuftcHvkyf&ef ydkpnf;vHk;vmvdrfh
rnf/ olwdkY\ rlvu&Sdxm;aom oabmxm;uGJjym;rIrsm;udkz,fNyD; bHk&efol(oifh)tm; wdkufcdkuf
&ef nDGwfvmMuvdrfhrnf/

wpfzufvltm; &efyGJqD odkYr[kwfbJ aqG;aEG;yGJqDodkY OD;wnfay;&ef oif\ BATNAudk
rnfonfhenf;jzifh olodem;vnfapEdkifygoenf;/ t"duaomhcsufrSm rdrdajymvdkorQudk Ncdrf;
ajcmufrI wpfckuJhodkYr[kwfbJ owday;csufwpfckuJhodkY abmifcwfay;&ef jzpfonf/ &kwfw&uf
MunfhvQif owday;jcif;ESifh Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif; ESpfrsdK;vHk;onf oabmwlnDrI r&jcif;\ tEkwfvu
Pm tusdK;qufrsm; jzpfaeojzifh qifwlonfxif&\/ odkY&mwGif 4if;ESpfckwGif odrfarGUaomfvnf;
ta&;ygaom jcm;em;csufwpfck&Sd\/ Ncdrf;ajcmufrIonf (yk*dvdu) yk*dKvfa&;qef &ifqdkifrIudk
az:jyNyD; owday;csufu "r'd|mefus av;pm;rIudk az:jyonf/
71

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;


Ncdrf;ajcmufrIonf rdrdu wpfzufvltm; emusOfaprI? 'Pf&m&apvdkrI wkdYudk aMunm
jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tEkwfvuPm tvm;tvmudk az:jy\/ owday;rIrSm tE&m,fudk
BudKwiftoday;jcif; jzpf\/ Ncdrf;ajcmufrIu wpfzufvloabmrwlvQif bmvkyfrnfudk az:jy
owday;rIu oabmwlnDcsufr&vQif bmjzpfrnfudk az:jyonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh qdk&aomf
BATNAudk cGJjcm;ay;vdkufonf/ owday;rIu oabmwlnDcsuf r&jcif;\ tusdK;qufrsm;udk
toGifo@efwpfcktjzpf az:jyonf/ xdktusdK;qufwdkYonf tajctaerS tvdktavsmufayguf
zGm;vmonf[k ,lqapEdkifonf/ wpfzufvltzdkYvnf; tjzpfrSefudk vdkufavsm&jcif;onf oifh
tm; yk*dKvfa&;t& vdkufavsm&jcif;xuf vG,fulayvdrfhrnf/

Ncdrf;ajcmufrIwpfckonf xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif&jcif; yHk&SdNyD; owday;jcif;udkrl av;av;pm;pm;
wifjy&onf/ ]] xkwfvkyfrIudk wdk;zdkY oabmrwlbl;qdk&if 'Dudpudk |mecsKyfudk wifjy&rSmyJ }} xdk
tcg olu atmufygtwdkif;wkYHjyefzdkY aocsmygonf/ ]] usKyf |mecsKyfrSm bmvkyf&r,fvdkY usKyf
udkvmajym&atmif cifAsm;udk,fcifAsm; bmxifaeovJ }} [k olu a'goxGufvmNyD; rdrdESifh
&efyGJwpfck qifETJ&ygvdrfhrnf/ owday;jcif;rSmrl jcm;em;ygonf/ vkyfaz:udkifzuftm; ]] oabm
wl owfrSwfxm;wJh pHEIef;rjynfhvdkY&Sd&if 'D|metaeeJY epfemr,f? usKyfwdkYtm;vHk;vJ |mecsKyfeJY
jyemwufvdrfhr,f }} enf;tm;jzifh olYtm; jyem&Sif;vif;a&; aqG;aEG;rIodkY jyefqGJaqmif
Edkifygvdrfhrnf/

wpfcgwpf&H qHk;jzwfcsufwpfckudk wGef;tm;ay;&eftwGuf tcsdefowfrSwfcsufwpfckudk
oHk;&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif tcsdefowfrSwfcsufudk Ncdrf;ajcmufrIwpfcktjzpf t"dyg,faygufoGm;jcif;
rsdK;vnf; &Sdwwfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh rnfolYqErQ rygaom owday;csufrsm;tjzpf odkYr[kwf o
bm0 tcsdefowfrSwfcsufrsm; uefYowfay;vQif ydk xda&mufygonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh avmavm
q,f twnfjyK&awmhrnfh ,ckESpfwGif bwf*sufqHk;jzwfcsuf bkwf 'g&dkufwmrsm;\ oHk;vywf
tpnf;ta0;? rMumrD jyKvkyfawmhrnfh owif;xkwfjyefcsuf? odkYr[kwf rMumrD usa&mufawmh
rnfh c&prwftm;vyf&ufwdkY jzpfonf/ xdkaeYpGJwdkYrSm rdrdu BudK;rudkifEdkifaom aeYpGJrsm;jzpfaom
aMumifh wpfzufvltzdkY vufcH&ef ydkvG,fulygvdrfhrnf/
(c)(3) olESifhSdEdIif;aqG;aEg;yGJrvkyfbJ rdrdbmom bmvkyfEdkifonfudkjyyg BATNAudkjyyg

wpfzufvlu rdrd\ owday;csufudk vspfvsL&IUaomtcg aemufwpfqifhwufzdkY vdkayNyD/


BATNAudk o&kyfaz:jyjcif;jzifh rdrd\tpGrf;udk odomapjcif; jzpfonf/ o&kyfaz:jcif;qdkonfrSm
vufawGUtaumiftxnfaz:jcif; r[kwfbJ rdrdbmqufvkyfrnfudk az:jyjcif;jzpfonf/

*syefEdkifiHwGif tvkyform;rsm;onf rMumcPtvkyfrysufbJ ]] oydwfarSmuf }} wwf
Muonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&'zufu rdrdwdkY\ epfemrItwdkif;twmudk odem;vnfap&ef vufywfteuf
rsm; ywfxm;wwfMuonf/ ,if;vufywfeufrsm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfrItydkif;tm; ukrPD\ tem*wf
pD;yGm;a&;ay:wGif tvkyform;wdkYrnfrQtxd MoZmoufa&mufEdkifonfudk oabmaygufaponf/
uJhodkYaom oabmjyoydwfrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;\ epfemcsufrsm;ESifhywfouf tav;
teufaqG;aEG;&ef tkyfcsKyfa&;tydkif;tm; wGef;tm;ay;&mwGif tHhMobG,faumif;avmufatmif
72

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

xda&mufaMumif; awGU&onf/

aqG;aEG;yGJysufvQif w&m;&Hk;odkYwuf&efjzpfygu aqG;aEG;yGJodkY Oya'tusdK;aqmifwpf
a,muftm; yg0ifapjcif;jzifh rdrd BATNAudk az:jyEdkifonf/ ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;
wpfckonf rsufpd&Iyfapaom rdk;ysHwHwm;rsm;tpm; ajratmufvdIPfacgif;rsm;aqmufap&ef
twGuf avQmufvTmwif&mwGif acgif;rmaom vrf;wHwm;|meodkY tzGJU\ ajyma&;qdkcGifh&SdolESifh
twl xif&Sm;aom Oya'tusdK;aqmifwpfa,mufudkyg yl;wGJvdkufapygonf/ udpudk w&m;&Hk;
odkYwufrnf[laom pum;wpfvHk;rQ rqdk&apumrl ,if;oabmrSm rsm;pGm ay:vGifxif&Sm;ae\/
vrf;|meuvnf; 4if;\ rlvqHk;jzwfcsufudk ajymif;jyefvSefvdkufawmhonf/

aqG;EG;yGJjyKvkyfaepOftwGif; rdrd\ BATNAudk vufawGUaz:jyvdkygu aqG;aEG;yGJrSxGuf
cGmoGm;vdkufyg/ enf;udk ayghayghwefwefawmh oabmrxm;ygESifh/ rdrdonf [dwf[efvkyfae
jcif;r[kwfbJ rdrd\ BATNAudk toHk;jyK&ef tav;teufjyKaMumif; wpfzufvlESifh ol\tzGJU
om;rsm;tm; tiftm;tav;teuf tcsufjyaeaMumif; owdjyKyg/ tjyifodkYxGufoGm;&mwGif
wHcg;udk aqmifhydwfzdkY rvdkyg/ ]] 0rf;enf;ygw,fcifAsm? ckyHktwdkif;qufajymaeMuvdkYawmh tusdK;
&SdwJh&v'f&zdkY rvG,fygbl;/ cifAsm;wdkY qufaqG;aEG;vdk&if uRefawmfu toifhygyJ/ uRefawmfhqD
w,fvDzkef;eHygwfudk ,lxm;vdkufyg? cifAsm;wdkY tqifoifhjzpf&if uRefawmfhqD qufvdkufyg/ tJ
'Dtcsdeftxdawmh uRefawmfvJ vkyfp&m&Sdwm&SmNyD; vkyf&ygvdrfhr,f }} [kajymyg/ wpfzufvlu
rdrdtm;jyefac:&ef rdrdtxufvlu olYtxufvltm;ac:&ef odkYr[kwf wwd,vl wpfOD;OD;u
rdrdESifh wpfzufvlwdkY ESpfOD;tm; jyefvnfawGUqHkay;Edkifatmif wHcg;zGifhxm;ay;yg/

rdrd\ BATNAudk o&kyfaz:jy&efaemufwenf;rSm wpfzufvlu rdrd\vsmxm;csufudk
wifBudKodoGm;atmif jyifqifenf; jzpfonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh atmufwef;tusqkH; tvkyfrsm;ukd
omvkyf&eftwGuf vlenf;pktEG,f0ifrsm;ukdXm;&ef;avh&Sdaom vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;rI0g' usifhokH;onfh
ukefwkdufBuD;wpfck\ tjzpfukdMunfhMupkdY/ vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;wpfcku xkdtcsufukduefYuGuf\
okdY&mwGif ukefwkdufuaqG;aEG;&ef jiif;qefavonf/ xkdtcg tzGJUtpnf;u vljzLr[kwfaom
aps;0,folokH;axmifukd pnf;&kH; 4if;wkdYukd0wfaumif;pm;vS0wfqifapum ukefwkdufwGif tvkyf
t&IyfqkH;jzpfaom paeaeYwpfaeYwGif ukefwkdufokdY pka0;ac:aqmifoGm;&ef pDpOf\/ xkdolrsm;
onf em&Daygif;rsm;pGmMumatmif ukefwkdufxJwGif w0Jvnfvnf Munfh&Ijcif;jzifh ta&mif;0ef
xrf;rsm;tzkdY rsm;pGmtvkyf&IyfMuNyD; tjcm;0,f,lolrsm;uvnf; vltkyfukdjrif qkdifukda&Smif
oGm;Murnfjzpf\/ tzGJUtpnf;rS pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;rsm;onf tpDtpOftaMumif;aqG;aEG;&mwGif
ukefwkdufokdY owif;ykdYrnfhvlwpfa,mufukdyg xnfhxm;\/ ukefwkdufrefae*smrsm;onf owif;
ukd Mum;onfESifh wpfjyKdifeuf vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;ESifh csufjcif;aqG;aEG;&ef yefMum;vmNyD; vljzL
r[kwfaom vlenf;pkrsm;xJrS ta&mif;0efxrf;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mtvkyfoifrsm;ukd tuefY
towfXm;&ef;&ef tvsiftjrefoabmwlcJhMuavonf/

tiftm;qkdonfrSm tvSw&m;uJhokdYyif Munfhol\rsufpdwGif wnf&Sdayonf/ rdrd
BATNA \ ynmay;a&;&vm'fonf wpfzufvltm; aqG;aEG;yGJokdY jyefac:&efjzpfygu oltm;
trSefw&m;ukd oabmaygufap&efvkdtyfonf/

73

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(*) BATNA ukd okH;yg wkYHjyefrIukd acszsufyg



wpfzufvlu aqG;aEG;&ef qufvufjiif;qefaeygu rdrd\ BATNA ukd tokH;cs&efrS
yg; tjcm;a&G;p&m r&SdawmhNyD? tvkdrjynfhaomtvkyform;rsm;qkdvQif oydwfarSmufMuvdrfhrnf/
ywf0efusifqkdif&mtoif;u vrf;vkyfief;Xmetm; w&m;pGJvdrfhrnf/ vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;uvnf;
ukefwkdufokdY 0,folwpftkyfBuD;tm; ac:oGm;vdrfhrnf/ ta&mif;oufqkdif&m XmerSL;onf xkwf
vkyfa&;|mecGJtm; ykdrkdxkwfvkyf&ef trdefYay;vdrfhrnf/

okdY&mwGif rdrdu ajymif twdtvif;tpGrf;jyjcif;onf wpfzufvltm;jyef wkdufckduf
vmatmif qGay;wwfonf/ jyefvnfwkdufckdufjcif;\ ay;qyf&jcif;rsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;\ t
usKd;aus;Zl;wkdYukd rcsifhcsdefEkdifawmhbJ pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIuom tEkdif,loGm;vdrfhrnf/ ol\ usKd;aMumif;
rqDavsmfaom ckcHrIonf olYtm;tiftm;okH; ynmay;&ef oif\usKd;pm;rIukd ysufpD;apvdrfh
rnf/

xkdYaMumifhcGeftm;ukd tokH;jyKenf;onf rsm;pGmta&;BuD;ayonf/ cGeftm;ukdrsm;rsm; t
okH;jyKonfESifhtrQ wpfzufvl\ckcHrIukd acszsuf&ef ykdvkdtyfayonf/
(*)(1) &efpjcif; rjzpfapbJ BATNA ukd tokH;jyKyg

cGeftm;onf tvGJokH;pm;ukd jzpfay:aponf/ tiftm;ukdtokH;jyKjcif;onf rdrd\csKyf
wnf;xm;&orQ pdwfysufrIESifh a'gowkdY\ xGufaygufjzpfvmwwfonf/ wpfzufvlaMumifh rdrd
cHpm;&aom pdwfqif;&JrItm;vkH;twGuf olYtm;rdrdenf;wl cHpm;apvkdaomqErsKd; jzpfay:Ekdif
onf/ okdY&mwGif rdrdubmvkyfvkyf oluvnf;nDrQ ajymif;jyefjzpfaomwkYHjyefrI wpfckjyKvkyf
Ekdifonf/ xif;&Sm;aomNAdwdoQppfa&;yg&*lwpfOD;jzpfol qmvpf',f[wfu ]]rdrdtokH;jyKaom
enf;u &ufpufonfESifhtrQ wpfzufvlu emusnf;vdrfhrnf? obm0usaom &vm'frSm rdrdu
ausmfvTm;vkdonfh olY\ ckcHrIonfvnf; ykdjyif;xefvmjcif; jzpfonf[k}} a&;om;xm;onf/
(u-u) tiftm;ukd tenf;qkH;okH;yg

BATNA ukd vkH;0rokH;bJ rjzpfawmhvQif aemufwpfqifhcsOf;uyfenf;rSm ,if;ukdwwfEkdif
orQ tenf;qkH;okH;jcif;jzpfonf/ wpfzufvltm; aqG;aEG;yGJokdYjyefvm&eftwGuf tiftm;ukd
enf;EkdiforQ tenfqkH;tokH;jyKyg/ tiftm;jzifht&Sdefjrifh raqmif&GufrD wwfEkdifaomenf;vrf;
rsm;ukd ukefpifatmiftokH;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ usL;bm;'kH;ysHta&;tcif; tpOD;ykfdif;wGif orw u
ae'Donf usL;bm;&SdqkdAD,uf'kH;ysHrsm;ukd csufjcif;avaMumif;rS wkdufckdufjcif;ukd a&SmifusOfcJh
onf/ olonf 0efBuD;cskKyfu&k&Suftm; bmvifESifhwl&uD&Sd tar&duefwyfrsm;tm; wkYHjyefwkduf
ckduf&ef trdefYay;jcif;jzifh wwd,urmppfBuD; jzpfyGm;a&;txd wkd;jrifhvmonftxd jzpfvmrnf
ukd a&Smif&Sm;vkdonf/ olYwGif &SdorQ (tiftm;tm;vkH;) ukd o&kyfaqmifjy&eftwGuf usL;bm;
ukda&wyfjzifh ydwfqkdYvkdufonf/ ol\r[mAsL[matmifjrifoGm;onf/ 'kH;ysHtMuyftwnf;onf
ppfjzifhr[kwfbJ aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh ajyvnfoGm;avonf/
74

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

rdrdu onf;cHcsKyfwnf;onfESifhtrQ wpfzufvl\wkYHjyefrIuvnf; avsmhavsmh oGm;


vdrfhrnf/ rdrd\or*onf oydwfarSmufaeygu oydwfukd jidrfoufaeygap? aoG;qlolrsm;tm;
ukdxdvufa&muftMurf;zufrI okdYr[kwf pufrIzsufqD;rIrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;wkdYrS a&Smifygap? rdrdonf
tvkyf&Sifjzpfaeygu oydwform;rsm;ae&mwGif vlpm;rxkd;rD aocsmpGmpOf;pm;yg/ wpfzufvl
tm; pdwfEkd;qGay;onfhtjzpfrsKd; ra&mufatmif trsm;qkH;usKd;pm;yg/ rdrd\ tqkH;owfyef;wkdif
rSm oltm;aqG;aEG;yGJokdY aqmifusOf;&efjzpfonfukd tjrJowd&yg/

1948-ckESpfu rav;&Sm;wGif uGefjrLepfwkdY ykefuefx~uGaomtcg 0ifpwefcsmcsDonf
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;wify,fweftm;ac:,lNyD; x~uGrIukd acsrIef;&eftwGuf tmPmukefvTJtyfvkdufonf/
csmcsDu AkdvfcsKyfBuD;tm; tBuHPfwpfckawmhay;vkdufonf/ ]]tpGrf;ukeftmPmqkdwm tawmf
,pfrI;apwwfw,f? tJ'Dawmh acGsacGswmwmokH;aya&mh wify,fwefa&}}

(c-c)Oya'abmiftwGif;u (w&m;0if) enf;rsm;ukdomokH;yg



tiftm;ukd w&m;0iftokH;jyKonfESifhtrQ wpfzufvl\ckcHrIvnf;avsmhvmNyD; olYtm;
aqG;aEG;&eftm;ay;vdrfhrnf/ txufwpfae&mwGifaz:jycJhaom vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;onfh ukefwkduf
udpwGif aps;0,fjcif;rSm w&m;0ifudpjzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh ukefwkdufuaps;0,f&efvmaom vljzL
r[kwfolrsm;ukd ESifxkwfygu olwkdY\tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;aom tvkyform;Xm;&ef;a&;rlukd zGifh
csvkdufovkdom &Sdayvdrfhrnf/ usL;bm;'kH;ysHudpwGifvnf; orwuae'Donf avaMumif;rSwkduf
ckdufjcif;tpm; a&wyfjzifhydwfqkdYjcif;u ykd w&m;0ifonf[k,lqaomaMumifh ,if;enf;ukdt
okH;jyKcJhjcif;jzpf\/ w&m;Oya'abmif0ifjcif;onf tiftm;tokH;jyK&mwGif yk*Kdvfa&;tykdif;ukd
z,f&Sm;vkduf\/ wpfzufvluvnf; oltm;yk*Kdvfa&;t& pdefac:jcif;[krcHpm;&awmhbJ wkYHjyef
&ef vkdvm;ayvdrfhrnf/
(*)(2) wpfzufvl\ wkdufckdufrIukd acszsufvkdufyg

tm;NydKifyGJqkdonfrSm ESpfvrf;oGm;udp&yfjzpf\/ wpfzufvlonf tiftm;tokH;jyKjcif;ukd
qefYusifhonftaejzifhvnf;aumif;? okdYr[kwf ol\oabmxm;ukd vufcHap&eftwGufvnff;
aumif; rddrdtm;jyefvnfwkdufckdufvmEkdifonf/ jyefvnfwkdufckdufjcif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh tusKd;
r&Sdaom xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifrIwGif tqkH;owfavh&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh wpfzufvlukd jyefvnfwkduf
ckdufrnfhtpm; acszsufjcif;uykd xda&mufonf/

aps;0,folu aps;ykd aps;avsmhcsap&eftwGuf rdrd\txufvlBuD;qDokdY wufNyD; aps;
qpfypfrnf[k xifygu txufvlBuD;ukdBudKwif tusKd;taMumif;ajymjyxm;yg/ oku 0,fol
tm; rdrdxHokdYjyefvTwfrnfqkdonfh tmrcHcsufukd &atmif,lxm;yg/ 0,folu olYNcDrf;ajcSmufrI
ukd xkwfaz:vmaomtcg ]]uGsefawmhq&mukd ajymcsifajymMunfhEkdifygw,f olu uGsefawmfajym
ovkd ajymrSmyJ/ oleJYuGsefawmf 'DtaMumif;ukd aqG;aEG;NyD;om;yg}}[k jyefajymEkdifygvdrfhrnf/
enf;tm;jzifh 0,foltm;wkdufckduf&efrvkdbJ rdrdtm;twif;tMuyf tEkdif,lEkdifpGrf;ukd acszsuf
vkdufEkdifygvdrfhrnf/
75

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

tvkyform;tkyfcsKyfrIqufqHa&; jyemrsm;ay:aeaom owKrdkif;wpfck\ udpudkMunfh


MupdkY/ tvkyform;tqdkif;rsm; vJaecsdefrsm;wGif owKwGif;tm; AHk;axmifxm;onf[k w,fvD
zkef;cvkwfcHkrSwpfqifh Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;&&SdvmcJhonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tydkif;tzdkY AHk;&SmaecsdefwGif
rdkif;udk ydwfxm;&efom&Sdawmhonf/ aemufqHkwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;u cvkwfcHk0efxrf;
tm; zkef;ac:qdkorQudk toHzrf;xm;NyD; ac:olrsm;tm; ]] cifAsm;toHudk zrf;xm;NyD;ygNyD? usKyf
wdkY bmvkyfay;&rvJ }} [k jyefajymaponf/ zrf;xm;aomtoHudkvnf; rdkif;orm;rsm;tm;zGifh
jyNyD; ,if;toHrsdK;Mum;vQif tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUodkY taMumif;Mum;&ef TefMum;xm;onf/ odkYta&;
,lNyD; aemufydkif;wGif Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm; ododomom avQmhenf;oGm;avonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
onf zkef;ac:ol\ enf;AsL[mudk xda&mufpGm acszsufEdkifcJhavonf/

wzef EdkifiHwumqdkif&m Oyrm wpfckudkMunfhMupdkY/ 1948-ckESpfwGif qdkAD,ufacgif;aqmif
*sdK;Zufpwmvifonf r[mrdwfwyfrsm;tm; bmvifrSxGufcGmay;&rnf[k awmif;qdkNyD; NrdKUudk
ydwfqdkYxm;avonf/ taemuftkyfpk0ifrsm;tm; ydwfqdkYrIudk vufeufudkif ,mOfwef;BuD;jzifh xdk;
azmufzsufypfvdkonf/ odkY&mwGif enf;jzifh wwd,urmppfBuD; jzpfvmrSmudkvnf; aMumuf
Muonf/ ,if;tpm; ydwfqdkYcHae&aom bmvifNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;xH ajrmufrsm;pGmaom &dumESifh
axmufyHhypnf;rsm;udk av,mOfrsm;jzifh o,fydkYay;jcif;tm;jzifh 0dkif;&HydwfqdkYrIudk acszsufay;vdkuf
Muonf/ pwmvifonf ydwfqdkYrI tusdK;r&Sdjcif;udk oabmayguf &yfqdkif;vdkufNyD;aemuf aqG;
aEG;jcif;jzifhom ajyvnfapEdkifaMumif; olYtm; jyo&ef jzpfonf/

(*) (3) wwd, tiftm;pkudk toHk;csyg



rdrdwpfudk,fwnf;qdkvQif vIyf&Sm;EdkifpGrf; vHkavmufpGm &SdcsifrS&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ uHaumif;
onfh tcsufrSm aqG;aEG;yGJwdkif;vdkvdkonf BuD;rm;aom ywf0ef;usiftodkif;t0dkif;xJwGif jzpfay:
avh&SdNyD; ,if;ywf0ef;usif todkif;t0ef;onf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;twGuf tvm;tvmaumif;aom
tiftm;BuD;rm;onfh wwd,tiftm;pk jzpfayonf/ tjcm;vltrsm;udk ywfoufyg0ifvmap
jcif;onf tcgrsm;pGmwGif wpfzufvl\ wdkufcdkufrIudk wm;qD;ay;aom aemufqHk;enf;wpfckjzpf
NyD; wpfzufvlxHrS wefjyefwHkYjyefrItpm; oabmwlnDrIudk&&Sdaponf/
(u-u) GefYaygif;tzGJU zGJUyg (0g) yl;aygif;rIudk wnfaqmufyg

tmPm&Sifwpfacwf odkYr[kwf ukefwdkufBuD;wpfwdkuf odkYr[kwf uyfoyfaomydkif&Sifwpf
a,muf? ,if;wdkYudk aqG;aEG;yGJodkY yg0ifvmatmif usdK;pm;&mwGif tiftm;BuD;rm;aom rdrdtm;
axmufcHolrsm;\ yl;aygif;tzGJUwpfzGJUwnfaqmuf (zGJUpnf;) EdkifvQifrsm;pGmtaxmuftul jzpf
aponf/ bmvif tMuyftwnf;wGif ,lEdkufwufpwdwfonf NAdwdef? jyifopf wdkYESifh aygif;pnf;
cJh\/ (txufwGifqdkcJhaom ywf0ef;usiftzGJUonf xif&Sm;aom a&Shae\ tultnDudk ,lcJh\/)
(vlrsdK;i,fpkrsm;tzGJUtpnf;onf aps;0,f oHk;axmifudk pnf;&Hk;EdkifcJhonf/) odkY tvm;tvm
&Sdonfh bufawmfom;rsm;udk &SmazG&mwGif rdrd\ &nfrSef;csufudk pmemaxmufxm;NyD; taxmuf
76

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

tuljyKrnfholrsm;udk a&G;cs,fyg/ yHkpHtm;jzifh ,HkMunfpdwfcs&aomrdwfaqG odkYr[kwf aqGrsdK;om;


csif;? ESpf&Snfvrsm;qufqHcJhaom trIonf rdrdESifh&nfrSef;csufcsif;wlaom toif;tzGJU?odkYr[kwf
wpfzufvlESifh tvm;wljyemrsm; ay:cJhzl;aom olwpfa,mufwdkY jzpfEdkifygonf/

rdrd\rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh r[mrdwfrsm;udkom owd&NyD; tm;udk;vdkpdwf jzpfay:onfrSm o
bm0usygonf/ wpfzufvl\ bufawmfom;rsm; yHkpHtm;jzifh ol\rdom;pk rdwfaqGo*F[? vkyf
azmfudkifzufrsm;? trIonf ponfwdkYtm; odrf;oGif;&efudkrl owd&cJhMuonf/ wpfzufvlu rdrd
pum;udk tav;rxm;aomfvnf; olYzufawmfom;rsm;u tav;xm;Edkifygonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh
jyefay;qGJrItwGuf pum;qdkMu&mwGif &J0efxrf;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh jyefay;orm;\ rdom;pk
0ifrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGrsm;rSwpfqifh jyefay;orm;rsm;tm; usdK;aMumif;uspGm vkyfaqmifatmif em;
csEdkifygonf/ EdkifiHwumqdkif&m jzpf&yfrsm;wGif jyefay;qGJaomtMurf;zuftkyfpkESifh tquft
oG,f&Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;udk Mum;0ifaqmif&Gufay;&ef yefMum;&avh &Sdygonf/

rdrd\ r[mrdwfrsm;ESifh wpfzufvl\ r[mrdwfrsm;omru tv,fwGif&Sdaeaom b,f
zufrS rygao;aom Mum;vlrsm;udkvnf; pnf;&Hk;,lEdkifygonf/ pDrHudef;topfwpfckESifh ywfouf
rdrdESifh |meqdkif&m NydKifzufwdkYpum;qdkaecsdefwGif Mum;vlonf ESpfa,mufvHk;\ tBuD;tuJ
jzpfEdkifygonf/ rdrdu vlrIa&;tzGJUwpfcktaejzifh pnf;urf;rJhaom NrdKUjytdrf,m wnfaqmufol
uefx&dkufrsm;ESifh ta&;qdkMuaomtcg owif;tjzpfESifh vnf;aumif;? t,f'Dwmhtmabmftjzpf
vnf;aumif; trsm;odvmatmif pme,fZif;rsm;\ tultnDudk awmif;cHtyfonf/
(c-c) wdkufcdkufrIrsm;&yfoGm;atmif wwd,tkyfpkudk toHk;jyKyg

wwd,tpkwpfpk &Sdaejcif;jzifh wpfzufvlu rdrdtm; Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;? wdkufcdkufjcif;wdkYudk
wm;qD;Edkifonf/ uav;tcsif;csif; &efjzpfMuaomtcg rdbwpfOD;OD;u apmifhMunfhaevQif udk,f
xdvufa&muf jyKjcif;rS umuG,fEdkifonf/ jynfolvlxku apmifhMunfhaevQif tmPm&Siftpdk;&
onfyif qefYusifqEjyolrsm;tm; tMurf;zuf&ef vuf&GHUaewwfonf/

xl;jcm;aom aqG;aEG;rIwpfckudkMunfhMupdkY/ 1943-ckESpf *sL;vlrsdK;a,muFsm;rsm;tm; vuf
xyfaom *smreftrsdK;orD;&maygif;rsm;pGmonf bmvifNrdKUvrf;rsm;ay: &ufowwpfygwfausmf
rQ csDwufqEjyMu\/ olwdkYu "gwfaiGUrD;zdkrsm;odkY ydkYNyD;ruGyfrsufrD emZDtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif
csKyfaESmifcHae&aom cifyGef;onfrsm;udk vTwfay;&ef awmif;qdkMu\/ emZDrsm;u olwdkYtm; puf
aoewfrsm;jzifh csdef&G,fxm;aomfvnf; olwdkYum; rwkefvIyfMuay/ olwdkYaMumifh emZDrsm;tzdkY
BuH&mr& tBuD;tus,f jzpfMu&\/ tusOf;om;rsm;tm; vTwfay;vdkuf&rvm;? odkYr[kwf emZD
wdkYtwGuf axmufcHrIESifh ,HkMunfrIudk rsm;pGmvdkaeNyDjzpfom *smrefjynfolvlxka&ShwGif tm&D,H
trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrvm;? aemufqHk;wGif urmht&ufpufqHk;tpdk;&tzGJU
onf yxrenf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fvdkufojzifh *sL;vlrsdK;wpfaxmifhig;&mcefYonf aoab;rSvGwf
ajrmufoGm;Mu\/ jzpf&yfwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;onf pufaoewfjzifh ypfowfawmhrnfhwpfzuf
\ wkYHjyefrIudk aESmifhaES;apNyD; vrf;ray:csDwuf qEjyEdkifjcif;rSm wwd,tpkjzpfaom *smref
jynfolvlxk &SdaerIaMumifh jzpfonf/
77

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(*-*) aqG;aEG;rIjzpfvmap&ef wwd,tpkrsm;udk oHk;yg



wwd,tpkrsm;onf wpfzufvltm; oifESifhaqG;aEG;vmatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifonf/ t
rIaqmift&m&SdcsKyfonf oifESifhoif\ NydKifzufwdkYtm; tjiif;yGm;rIudk wpfygwftwGif; ajz&Sif;
apvdkaMumif; ajymEdkifonf/ w&m;olBuD;wpfa,mufonf oifESifh oif\w&m;NydKifzuftm; ol\
&Hk;awmfwGifac:,lNyD; &Hk;jyifywGif udpajyNidrf;apvdkaMumif; wdkufwGef;Edkifonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif
trsm;u rdrdwdkYtm; owdESifh apmifhMunfhaeaMumif; odaejcif;uyif wpfzufvltm; aqG;aEG;yGJ
odkY wGef;ydkYEdkifonf/

wwd,tpkonf Mum;rSjzefajzay;jcif;jzifhvnf; tcsif;rsm;rIudk ajyvnfapEdkifonf/ ol
onf rdrdwdkYwpfOD;pDtm; wpfzuf\vdkvm;csufrsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufapNyD; oabmwlnD
rI&&Sdapa&;twGuf jzpfEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk tBuHjyKEdkifonf/ wpfzufvltzdkY&mwGifvnf;
oifhudk tavsmhay;vdkufrnfhtpm; Mum;vl\jzefajzrIudk oabmwljcif;u ydkvG,fulayrnf/
rdrdESifhwpfzufvlwdkY pum;rajymMuvQifvnf; Mum;vlu qufay;Edkifonf/ Mum;vlqdkonfrSm
ESpfzufvHk;\ rdwfaqGwpfa,mufjzpfEdkifonf/ odkYr[kwf tBuD;tuJ? vlrIa&;acgif;aqmifwpf
a,muf odkYr[kwf jzpfyGm;aeaom jyemESifhqdkifaom ynm&yfqdkif&m Mum;aeolwpfa,muf
jzpfEdkifonf/

wpfzufvlu rdrd\wifjycsufudk y,fcsygu oloabmaygufvmap&eftwGuf tjcm;
olrsm;\ tultnDudk ,lEdkifonf/ t&uform;rsm;tm; aq;uko&eftwGuf azsmif;zs&mwGif
trsm;tm;jzifh toHk;jyKavh&Sdaom Mum;0ifcsOf;uyfenf;udk MunfhMupdkY/ jzpf&yfwGif t&uform;
vifonfu t&ufjzwfrnf[laom tmrcHcsufudk rMucPcsdK;azgufaeojzifh ESpf&Snfvrsm;
pdwfqif;&Jae&aom ZeD;wpfa,mufonf om;orD;rsm;? cifyGef;\armifESrrsm;? t&if;ESD;qHk;rdwf
aqGrsm;ESifh tvkyf&SifwdkYxH tultnDawmif;cHavonf/ olwdkYu pkaygif;NyD; t&uform;tm;
aq;0g;uko&ef wdkufwGef;azsmif;zsMuonf/ olwdkYwpfOD;pDu t&uform;tm; rdrdwdkYu rnfodkY
cifrifyHkudk az:jyMu\/ ol\ t&ufrl;pOf um;armif;&rf;um;jcif;? yk*dKvfa&;tMurf;zufrIESifh
&Sufp&maumif;aom tjyKtrlwdkYudk wdwdusus axmufjyMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh aq;ukozdkY vdktyf
aeNyDjzpfaMumif; tm;vHk;pkaygif; wifjyMuonf/ olvG,fulpGm oabmwlvmEdkifap&ef t&uf
jzwfa&;|mersm;udk pm&if;wpfckjyK |mewpfckpDwGifvnf; pm&if;oGif;xm;cJhMuonf/ trsm;u
,ckuJhodkY 0dkif;0ef;pdk;&drfaMumifhMuNyD; tultnDay;aeMuaomtcg t&uform;onf aq;uko
&ef qHk;jzwf&awmhonf/ ae&mwGif ZeD;\ usdK;yrf;rIwpfckwnf;jzifh rvHkavmufyg/ rdwfaqG
rsm;? armifESrrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;\ wGef;tm;ay;rIudkvnf; vdktyfygonf/ pum;yHkwpf
ck&Sdonfr[kwfygvm; ]] vlwpfa,mufu a[hrif;rSm tNrD;aygufaew,fvdkYqdk&if cifAsm;&,frSm
aygh? vloHk;a,mufu 'Dvdkajymvm&ifawmh cifAsm; aemufudk vSnfhNyD;Munfhawmhr,f }} [lownf;/

rdrd\ awmif;qdkrIonf w&m;rQwaMumif;jyEdkifvQif tjcm;olrsm;tzdkY tultnDay;&ef
ydk pdwfygvmvdrfhrnf/ a&S;tpOftvm ukrPDpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh Oya'rsm; t"d|mefusaom rSwf
ausmufrsm;wdkYudk az:xkwfjyyg/ trsm;tm;jzifh rdrdzufu rSefuefjcif;wpfckwnf;jzifh rvHkavmuf
ay/ xdkYaMumifh udp&yf\ tajccHtcsufonf wwd,tpktwGufvnf; ta&;BuD;aMumif; o&kyf
78

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

ay:atmif (yHkaz:) ay;yg/ rdrdwdkYq&morm;xHrS tultnD&,lvkdaomtcg udponf ol\


udk,fa&;vdktyfcsufrsm; twGufvnf;aumif; ukrPD twGufvnf;aumif; rnfrQta&;BuD;
aMumif; olYtm;oabmaygufatmif jyKvkyfEdkifvQif olYtultnD&zdkY ydk tvm;tvm &Sdayonf/

wwd,tpku wpfzufvltm; oabmwlnDvmap&eftwGuf taxmuftuljyK&efpdwf
r0ifpm;aomtcg olwdkYu *&kjyKvmatmif taMumif;&Smay;&ef vdktyfvmonf/ qif;&Jom;
&yfuGufwGif aexdkifaom tdrfiSg;wpfpk jyKrlyHkudk MunfhMupdkY/ olwdkYu wdkufrsm;ydkif&Siftm; a&ydkuf
tysufrsm; jyifay;&efwifjyaomfvnf; wdkufydkif&Sifu *&krjyKcJhay/ xdkYaMumifh tdrfiSm;rsm;u
qEjy&ef qHk;jzwfMuonf/ olwdkYonf wdkufydkif&Sif\ &Hk;udk ydkpwmrsm;udkif 0dkif;rnfhtpm; vluHk
xH&yfuGuf&Sd ol\tdrfodkY oGm;0dkif;Mu\/ rdepftenf;i,frQMumvQifyif wdkuf&Siftm; tdrfeD;csif;
trsm;u w,fvDzkef;jzifh qlyluefYuGufMu\/ ]] cifAsm; b,fvdk aiG&Smaew,fqdkwm usKyfwdkY
pdwfr0ifpm;bl;? vltkyfpkudkom 'Dvrf;ay:u xGufoGm;atmifvkyfay;yg }} [k qdkMuonf/ tdrf
&Sifvnf; a&ydkufjyifay;&ef oabmwlvdkuf&avonf/

BATNA ukd toHk;jyKonfhtcgwGif wpfzufvltm; aqG;aEG;yGJodkY jyefa&mufapa&;twGuf
wwd,tpk\ toHk;0ifaomtcef;udk tNrJ*&kjyKyg/ wwd,tpkrSwpfqifh rdrd\yg0g(tpGrf;)udk
toHk;jyKvQif wpfzufvlxHrS tEkwfvuPm wkHYjyefrI&&Sd&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; avsmhenf;ygonf/

(C) wpfzufvltwGuf a&G;p&mvrf;rsm;udk tNrJjywfom; xif&Sm;&Sdygap



oabmwlnDcsufr&jcif;\ wefzdk;BuD;rm;rIudk oloabmaygufatmif ynmay;aepOf olY
twGuf rdrducif;ay;xm;aom a&TwHwm;udkvnf; olowd&atmif tNrJowday;aeyg/ olu
aqG;aEG;&ef jiif;y,faomtcg rdrduvnf; a&TwHwm;udk (rwif) z,f&Sm;ypfvdkpdwf ay:vmwwf
onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh aemufqHk; taumif;qHk;wifjyxm;csufudk &kyfodrf;vdkvmonf/ trSef
tm;jzifh rdrd\ taumif;qHk;wifjycsufudk tjrifomqHk;ae&mwGif wifjyNrJ jyxm;&rnf/ olYtzdkY
xGufaygufwpfck&Sdaejcif;onf ol\ckcHrIudk rsm;pGm avQmhusoGm;apEdkifygonf/

rdrdu wpfzufvltm; oabmwlvmapEkdifaom tpGrf;owdonf rdrdESifhol oabmwl
bDrIr&jcif;\ tusKd;qufrsm;ESifh a&TwHwm;ay:ausmfjzwfjcif;wkdY\Mum; uGm[csufay:wGif wnf
onf/ rdrdwm0efrSm ol\ vkdtyfcsufrsm; taumiftxnfay:vmap&eftwGuf taumif;qkH;
enf;rSm a&TwHwm;ay:ausmfjzwfjcif;omjzpfonf[kaom todw&m;jzpfay:vmonfxd ,if;
uGm[csufukd xif&Sm;jywfom; jyKvkyfay;&efjzpfonf/
(C)(1) wpfzufvltm; xGufayguf&SdaMumif; odygap


oifhtm;ukdtokH;jyK wpfzufvltm; olYcGeftm;&SdorQ rdrdukdckcHap&ef acsmifxJokdYwGef;
ykdYay;ygu ,if;tiftm;onf wefbkd;&Sdonf[krqkdEkdifay/ olYtwGuf xGufaygufay;jcif;onf
umv&SnfMumpGmu tokH;jyKcJhaom erIemaumif;wpfckjzpfonf/ a&S;acwfw&kwfjynf\ ppfa&;
79

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif atmufygtjzpftysufwpfckukdawGU&onf/ AkdvfcsKyfwpfa,mufonf


olykefwpfpkxdef;odrf;xm;aom &Grf0kac: NrKdUwpfNrdKUukd 0kdif;0ef;ydwqkdYxm;onf/ NrdKUukdrodef;Ekdif
aomtcg bk&ifu AkdvfcsKyftm;tjypfwifpum; ajymMum;\? ]]ck rif;u ppfom;awGpkNyD; olykef
awGukdydwfqkdYxm;w,f? olwkdYuvnf;aoonftxd jyefwkdufzkdY qkH;jzwfxm;Muw,f? olwkdYrSm
ajy;zkdYxGufayguf wpfck&Sdw,fqkdwm today;vkduf&if olwkdYxJu wpfpdwfwpfykdif;xGufajy;NyD;
vlpkuGJoGm;vdrfhr,f}} tJ'Dtcgusawmh aus;&Gm&Jom;avmufu acgif;aqmifNyD;zrf;Ekdifvdrfhr,f/
AkdvfcsKyfonf tBuHukd vkdufemNyD; &Grf0kNrKdUukd odrf;,lEkdifcJhonf/

wpfzufvlu xGufayguf&SdaerSef; odonf[k rdrdu ,lqonfwkdif olurl xGufayguf
r&Sdawmh[k oabmaygufaumif; aygufaeEkdifonf/ "m;pmcHrsm;zrf;xm;aom bPf"m;jywpf
a,mufonf &Jt&m&Sdwpfa,mufukdaoewfjzifh ypfrdNyDjzpfojzifh ,ck"m;pmcHrsm;tm; owfypf
vkdufjcif;jzifh trIykdqkd;rvmEkdif[k ,lqEkdifonf/ tcgrsKd;wGif aqG;aEG;ol&Jt&m&Sd\ wm0ef
rSm aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh olYtwGuf tenf;tusOf;rQjzpfap tzwfq,fEkdifaMumif; ajzmif;jz&efjzpf
onf/ rl;,pfaq;0g;0,f&ef rdbxHrSykdufqHckd; tdrfrSajy;cJhbl;aomq,fausmfoufonf rdom;
pku olYukd jyefvnfvufcHvdrfhrnf[laomtcsufukd r,kHMunfEkdifay? olYtm;tdrfokdYjyefvmEkdif
aMumif; oabmaygufap&efrSm rdbrsm;\wm0efjzpfonf/

rdrdutiftm;okH; wpfzufvltm;ynmay;&ef usKd;pm;rIukd olYtm;tEkdif,l&ef BuHpnf
rItjzpf txifrSm;Ekdifonf/ rdrd\&nfrSef;csufrSm olYtay:atmifyGJcH&ef r[kwfbJ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
auseyfrI&apa&;omjzpfaMumif; tNrJwrf;owday;aeyg/

vpmwkd;a&;twGuf tvkyf&SifESifhpum;qkd&mwGif rdrdxnfhoGif;ajymjyaom tvkyfurf;
vSrf;csufukd olu tvkyfxGufrnf[laom Ncdrf;ajcmufrIwpfcktjzpf oabmaygufoGm;Ekdifonf/
rdrdonf tvkyfwGif qufwm0ef,lvkdaMumif; ol oHo,uif;atmif wwfEkdiforQ&Sif;jy
yg/ tiftm;wpfatmifp tokH;jyKwkdif; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;wpfatmifp xnfhokH;&efvkdtyf
ygonf/
(C)(2) wpfzufvlukd a&G;cGifhay;yg


wpfzufvlu pdwfvnfvmonf[k xif&onfhtcgwGif rdrduaemufqkwfay;NyD; olYzm
omol qkH;jzwfygap/ oabmwlnDcsufr&jcif;\ tusKd;qufrsm;ESifha&TwHwm;wkdYtMum; ol a&G;
vkd&mukd vGyfvyfpGma&G;cGifhukd tav;ay;vkdufyg/ aemufqkH; qkH;jzwfcsufonf olYoabmt&
jzpf&vdrfhrnf/ trl;orm;tm; rdom;pkESifhrdwfaqGrsm;u wpfpkwpfa0;wnf;&ifqkdif&mwGif olY
twGuf aq;ynmtultnD&,l&ef wkdufwGef;Muonf/ aq;rukjcif;\tusKd;qufrsm;ukd &Sif;
jyMuonf/ okdY&mwGif aemufqkH;wGif olY (qkH;jzwfcsuf)ukd av;pm;vkdufem&\/

wpfzufvltm; 'gr[kwf&if[kd[m[laom qkH;jzwfcsufrsKd;ukdomcsray;ygESifh? trl;orm;
\ypnf;rsm;ukdxkwfykd;jyifqifNyD; t&ufjzwfaq;uko&eftwGuf rSwfykHwifNyD;onfhwkdif olYtm;
aq;uk|meESpfckteuf wpfckckukda&G;cs,fcGifhjyKxm;vkduf\/ enf;tm;jzifh qkH;jzwfcsufonf
olYukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfcsuf jzpfoGm;onf/
80

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(C)(3) rdrdwGif Ekdifajc&Sdaeonfwkdif aqG;aEG;yg




twif;t"r &,lxm;aom&vm'frsKd;onf rwnfjidrfyg? rdrdcGeftm;u jywfjywfom;om;
tm;omrI&&Sdaeonfwkdif wpfzufom;tay:wGif &kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfaprnfh oabmwlnDcsuf
rsKd;jzifh atmifyGJr,lrd&ef rsm;pGmowdxm;yg/ tcgrsKd;wGif wpfzufvlonf tpGrf;&SdorQckcH&kH
ru tcGifhomonfESifhwpfjyKdifeuf &vm'fukdysufatmif okdYr[kwf ajymif;jyefjzpfatmifvkyfvdrfh
rnf/ &mpktOD;ykdif;wGif urmBuD;onf oifcef;pmukd wefzkd;BuD;BuD;ay; oif,lcJhMu&onf/
yxrurmppfBuD;tNyD; twif;t"rwpfpD;&,lxm;aom Nidrf;csrf;a&;onf ysufpD;oGm;NyD; 'kwd,
urmppfBuD;qDokdY wGef;ykdYcJhonf/

wnfNidrfrIt&SdqkH;ESifh auseyfbG,ftaumif;qkH;&vm'frsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh aqG;aEG;
rIrS &&Sdaom &vm'frsm;jzpfonf/ tiftm;omaomzuftwGufvnf; tcsufrSefuefygonf/
(19)&mpk NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf bif*srif'pa&vDu aqG;aEG;olrsm;twGuf oifcef;pmwpfckukd
atmufygtwkdif;az:jycJhonf/]]tm;omcsufwpfckukd &,lzkdY odem;jcif;[m ta&;BuD;qkH;jzpfw,f
tJ'gNyD;&if 'kwd,ta&;BuD;qkH;u tm;omcsufukd b,ftcgrS vufvTwfvkduf&r,fvkdY odjcif;
jzpfw,f}}[k qkdcJhonf/ tpGrf;NyKdifyGJwpfckwGif rdrd\ &nf;rSef;csufonf tpGrf;tiftm;omjcif;
jzifh atmifEkdifjcif;r[kwfbJ aqG;aEG;rIomjcif;aMumifh auseyfrI&&Sdjcif;jzpfaMumif; owd&zkdY rsm;
pGmta&;BuD;onf/

Oyrmwpfckukd MunfhMupkdY? wufqufjynfe,frS NrdKUuav;wpfNrKdUonf NrKdUe,ferdwftjyif
bufwGif uyfvQuf&Sdaom a&eHcsufpuf&kHBuD;u ay;&ef&SdaomtcGefaiGrsm;ESifhywfouf aqG;
aEG;SdEIdif;&ef usKd;pm;\? NrKdU&Sdausmif;rsm;rSm tqifhtwef;edrfhvSonf/ vrf;rsm;uraumif;bJ
0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;uvnf; nYhHzsif;\? NrKdUe,faumifpD0ifrsm;u udprsm;jyifqifEkdif&eft
wGuf a&eHukrPDu tcGeftaumuf EIef;wkd;ay;&efarwm&yfcHMu\/ ukrPDay;aqmifaeaom
tcGefEIef;onf NrdKUolNrdKUom; wpfOD;csif; ay;aqmifaeonfh EIef;xufenf;aomfvnf; ukrPDu
wdk;ay;&ef jiif;y,favonf/

NrdKUe,faumifpD0ifrsm;tzdkY vkyfp&mrsm;rsm;r&Sd/ aqG;aEG;EdIif;yGJwGif a&eHukrPDu tcGef
tm;vHk;udk vufudkif&Sdxm;\/ 4if;onf urmhtBuD;qHk;ukrPDBuD;wpfck jzpf\/ NrdKU\ tBuD;qHk;
tvkyf&Sifvnf;jzpfNyD; 4if;wdkYzufrS yg;eyfvdrm xufjrufaoma&Shaersm;u wm0ef,lxm;\/

BuH&mr&aom NrdKUaevlxkonf bmvkyf&rnfudkwdkifyif&ef tpnf;ta0;wpfckac:Mu\/
twefMumaqG;aEG;MuNyD;aemuf NrdKUcHa&Shaewpfa,mufu xl;jcm;aomtqdkwpfck wifjyvm\/
]]jynfe,fOya't& NrdKUaevlxkav;yHkoHk;yHku axmufcH&if NrdKUe,fedrdwfudk csJUEdkifcGifhjyKxm;w,f/
'Dawmh usKyfwdkYu a&eHcsufpuf&Hkwnf&SdaewJh ajrudkodrf;,lvdkuf&HkyJ? aemufNyD; NrdKUom;tm;vHk;
ay;ae&wJhtcGefEIef;eJY aumufcHvdkuf&ef usKyfwdkYrSmvdkaewJh b@maiG&Edkifa&maygh }} qdk\/
tqdkudk tpnf;ta0;u vufcHNyD; NrdKUay:wGif qEcH,lyGJusif;y&m wpfcJeuf axmufcHtwnf
jyK ay;Muavonf/

,cktcg NrdKUwGiftiftm;BuD;rm;aom BATNAwpfck &&Sdxm;avNyD/ odkY&mwGif NrdKUaumif
pD0ifonf ,if;udk vufawGUtaumiftxnfraz:&ef qHk;jzwfMu\/ olwdkYuukrPDESifh &efzuf
81

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

rjzpfvdkMu? NrdKU\taumufcGef 0efxkyf0efydk;rS oifhwifhrQwaom tpdwftydkif;udk ukrPDuwm0ef


,ljcif;rQom jzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh ukrPD\ Oya'tusdK;aqmifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;yGJxdkifMuaomtcg atmufygt
wdkif;ajymMuonf/ ]] NrdKU&JUtusdK;twGuf cifAsm;wdkYvkyfay;xm;orQtwGuf usKyfwdkYtodtrSwf
jyK wefzdk;xm;ygw,f/ cifAsm;wdkYr&SdbJ 'DNrdKUrwnfwHhEdkifygbl;/ 'gayr,fh NrdKUvlxk[m usKyfwdkY&JU
ausmif;awG? vrf;awG&JU tajctaeeJYywfoufvdkY pdwfrcsrf;ajrUMuygbl;/ vlwdkif;ay;aewJhtcGef
EIef;twdkif; ukrPDubmjzpfvdkY ray;EdkifovJqdkwmvJ em;rvnfEdkifMuygbl;/ Oya'u usKyfwdkY
udk puf&Hkwnfae&mudk odrf;,lcGifhay;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dvdkodrf;vdkuf&if cifAsm;wdkYvJ NrdKUvlxkEIef;
twdkif; ay;Mu&rSmyg/ 'Dae&mrSm usKyfwkdYu cifAsm;wdkY&JUvdktyfcsufeJY ydkudkufwJh oabmwlnDcsuf
wpfckudkom ydkNyD;vdkcsifygw,f/

NrdKUaumifpD0ifrsm;onf tcGefEIef;vnf;oufomNyD; ESpfOD;ESpfzuftwGufvnf; tusdK;&Sd
aom enf;rsm;udk qufaqG;aEG;Mu\/ tem*wfwGif puf&HktwGuf t&if;tESD;xyf jrIyfESHrnf
qdkygu ,if;onf NrdKU\pD;yGm;a&;udk jrSifhay;&ma&mufojzifh 4if;aemuf xdkt&if;tESD;rsm;tay:
tcGefraumuf&ef wifjyMu\/ ukrPDu 4if;\axmufyHha&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; puf&HkteD;odkYa&TU
ajymif;wnfaxmif&ef qGJaqmifaeaMumif; od&ojzifh pufrIvkyfief;opfrsm;twGuf tcGefuif;
vGwfcGifh (5)ESpfay;&ef tqdkjyKMu\/ wenf;tm;jzifh qdk&aomf NrdKUaumifpD0ifrsm;onf ukrPD
twGuf a&TwHwm;wpfpif; cif;ay;cJhMu\/

ukrPD bmvkyf&rnfenf; qEcH,lyGJu NrdKU\vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk vspfvsL&I r&atmif
zefwD;ay;xm;avNyD/ ukrPD\ BATNA wenf;tm;jzifh puf&Hkudk wjcm;odkY a&TUajymif;&ef enf;
rSmvnf; p&dwfBuD;vGef;vSonf/ ukrPDtaejzifhvkyfief;ukdavQmhcsNyD; a'oE& &efykHaiGrsm;t
wGuf xnfh0ifaiGrsm;ukd &yfqkdif;jcif;jzifh wkHYjyefwkdufckdufEkdifygonf/ okdY&mwGif NrKdUe,faumifpD0if
rsm;onf aiG&&kH ukrPDtm;tusyfukdifaejcif;r[kwfbJ aiGaus;tMuyftwnf;ESifh &ifqkdifae&
onfrSmvnf; trSefyifjzpf\/ olwkdY\ajz&Sif;csufwpfck&atmif twif;t"rrvkyfbJ ukrPD\
wkYHjyefcsufukd ysufys,fapEkdifonf/

aemufqkH;wGif jrKdUESifhukrPDwkdYonf oabmwlnDrI&Muonf/ ukrPDu ,if;\tcGefxnfh
0ifaiGukd wpfESpfvQif a':vm(300000)rS a':vm(230000)txd wkd;ay;&efoabmwlvkduf
onf/ jrKdUESifhukrPDtMum; qufqHa&;rSmvnf; rsm;pGmwkd;wufaumif;rGefvmavonf/
(i) wnfwefYckdifNrJaom oabmwlnDcsufukd azmfaqmifyg

wpfzufvltm; oabmwlnDrIay;onftxd atmifjrifpGmaqmifusOf;EkdifNyD;aemuf rdrd&if
qkdif&rnfh aemufqkH;pdefac:rIrSm ol\aqG;aEG;&efvkdvm;rIukd wnfwefYckdifNrJaom oabmwlnD
rIwpfcktjzpfokdY zvS,fay;&efjzpfonf/
(i)(1) taumiftxnfaz:a&;ukd tNrJowd&yg

wpfzufvlonf oabmwlNyD;onfhwkdifatmif oabmwlnDcsufygtcsufrsm;ukd vuf
82

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

awGU taumiftxnfaz:vdrfhrnf/ wm0efrJhaomazmufonfu]]aiGykdYvTm eufjzef pmwkdufu


vmygvdrfhr,f}}[k ajymvdrfhrnf/ a'0gvDcHxm;&aompD;yGm;a&;orm;u]]aiGykdYvTm aemufwpfygwf
aocsmayguf a&mufygvdrfhr,f}}[k qkdEkdifonf/ okdY&mwGif pum;rsm;ukd ,kH&rnfvm;/

oabmwlnDcsufukd&,l&mwGif wpfzufvltm;pum;wnfatmifESifh olpum;rwnfygu
rdrdtwGuftmrcHrI&&Sdatmif tpDtpOfxnfhoGif;a&;qGJxm;&rnf/ wpfzufvltay: r,kHMunf?
pdwfrcs&onfh ykHpHrsKd;rJjyKrlygESifh? olukd ,kHjcif;r,kHjcif;ESifhrqkdifbJ uif;vGwfpGm aqmif&Gufyg/
(u-u) rdrdtwGuf [muGuf? aysmhuGuf tenfqkH;jzpfatmifoabmwlnDcsufukd ykHaz:ay;yg

oabmwlnDcsuf taumiftxnfay:&eftwGuf w&m;&kH;ukdomtm;rukd;ygESifh
w&m;qkdifjcif;onf tcsdefMum rsm;pGmp&dwfBuD;onf/ vlukd,kHMunfzkdY oHo,&SdvQif oabm
wlnDcsufukd olYzufujznfhqnf;NyD;rS rdrdzufuukdifwG,f&jcif;rsKd; rjzpfatmifBuKdwifpDrHxm;yg/
rdrdu 0,foljzpfygu a&mif;olu ypnf;tm;vkH;ukd ykdYay;cJhNyD; rdrdu ppfaq;vufcH,lNyD;rS aiG
ay;acsEkdif&ef pDpOfyg? pdwfrcs&aom 0,folwpfa,mufxHokdY wpfckcka&mif;csrdcJhNyDqkdygu rsm;
rsm;BuD;rykdYrd&ef owdxm;yg/ ypnf;ukdolu tcsdefrSefaiGacsvmonftxd apmifhyg/

rdrdzufu ykdvkHNcKH&eftwGuf oabmwlnDcsufwGif tmrcHcsufrsm;ukd xnfhxm;ay;Ekdif
onf/ rdrd\ okdYr[kwf ukrPDukd 0,fygrnf[k raocsmaom*wdtpm; jyeftrf;&efrvkdaom
p&Hukd &atmifawmif;yg/ ra&&mraocsmaom tvkyfwpfcku Xm;&rf;jcif;cH&aomtcg? ukrPD
&yfqkdif;aomtcg okdYr[kwf rdrdtm;tvkyfrS&yfpJaomtcg rdrdtm; rnfokdYrnfrQay;rnfukd t
wdtus az:jyaomtykd'fukd xnfhoGif;ay;&efawmif;qkdyg/

wpfzufvluaemufqkwfoGm;zkdY cufoGm;atmif tjcm;olrsm;ukdvnf;yg0ifywfoufyg
ap? wpfzufut"duyk*Kdvfrsm;\ vufrSwfrsm;ukd&atmif,lxm;yg/ oabmwlnDcsufvuf
rSwfa&;xkd;&mwGif wpfzufvltwGufta&;ygaomvlrsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm; zdwfMum;NyD;? olwkdY
rsufarSmufwGif xkd;Ekdifatmif BuKd;pm;yg/ oabmwlnDcsufukd trsm;odatmif aMunmyg/

rdrd\oHo,rsm;twGuf wpfzufvluolYtwGuf yk*Kdvfa&;xdyg;rIrsm;[k r,lqatmif
aqmif&Gufyg/ ]]usKyfukd ,kHprf;yg}}[k oluqkdvQif ]]cifAsm;ukd,kHygw,fcifAsm;}}[kajzNyD;? ,ckjyK
vkyforQrSm ykHrSefvkyfief;? tavhtxomjzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyyg/ ]]uGsefawmftaeeJYajym&&if uGsef
awmfvkyfxm;orQ rSm;p&mbmrSr&Sdbl;vkdY xifygw,f? 'gayrJh uGsefawmfa&SUaeawGu atmuf
ygtmrcHcsufawGukd vkyf&kd;vkyfpOftwkdif; xnfhw,fvkdYawmif qkdaeMuygw,f}} okdYr[kwf oif
\ tvkyf&Siftopfu vufqGJEIwfquf&kH? tvkyfavsmfaMu;ukd EIwfjzifh*wday;&kHjzifh vkHavmuf
ygonf[k qkdvmygu ]]cifAsm ajymwmrSefygw,f? uGefawmf,kHvJ,kHygw,f? 'gayrJh reufjzef
cifAsm;u &mxl;wkd;a&mqkdygawmh uGsefawmftzkdYtvkyf&SiftopfeJY qufqH&awmhr,fqkd&if o
abmwlnDcsufrSm pmeJYayeJYxnfha&;xm;awmh ykdNyD;aocsmwmaygh}} [k &Sif;jyyg/
(c-c) tjiif;yGm;rIajz&Sif;a&; tpDtpOfwpfck xnfhoGif;a&;yg

tmrcHcsufrsm;onf wpfzufvlu oabmwlnDcsufukd csKd;azgufaomtcgwGif aemuf
qkH; tm;ukd;p&mjzpfonf/ yxrqkH;tm;ukd;p&mr[kwf? ,if;twGuftjiif;yGm;rIajz&Sif;a&; tpD
83

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

tpOfwpfckukd BuKdwifowfrSwfxm;Ekdifonf/ ,if;tpDtpOfwGif wpfzufu tjcm;wpfzufonf


oabmwlnDcsufyg tcsuftvufrsm;twkdif; rvkdufem[k,lqygu bmvkyf&rnfukd twdtus
azmfjyxm;&rnf/

omreftjiif;yGm;rI ajz&Sif;a&;tpDtpOfwpfckukd MunfhvQif a&SUOD;pGm oabmuGJvGJcsuf
rsm;ukd aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef twdtusazmfxm;onf/ tu,f &ufaygif;okH;q,f MumNyD;onfh
wkdif oabmwlnDrIr&ygu Mum;0ifjzefajzolwpfa,mufukd cefYxm;&efjzpfonf/ aemufxyf &uf
aygif;okH;q,f MumNyD;onfhtcsdefxd jzefajzrIratmifjrifygu tjiif;yGm;rIukd ESpfOD;ESpfzufu o
abmwlaom wwd,tpkokdY rvkdufemrjzpfaom jzefajzrIwpfck&&Sdatmif wifjy&efjzpfonf/
(i)(2) tquftoG,fukd jyefckdifNrJygap


cufcJaom aqG;aEG;rIwpfckonf wpfzufESifhtquftoG,fukd wif;rmoGm;apEkdifonf/
wpfzufvlonf aqG;aEG;yGJrS rausreyfESifh xGufcGgoGm;ygu ,if;qkH;jzwfcsufukd ol\ buf
awmfom;rsm;u vufcHvmatmif jyKvkyf&ef okdYr[kwf ,if;ukd vufawGUtaumiftxnfay:
atmif jyKvkyf&ef rsm;pGmcJ,Of;vdrfhrnf/ oabmwlnDcsufukd pmxJygonfh twkdif;avmufom
aqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf/ twGif;oabmukd tav;teufxm;vdrfhrnf r[kwfay/

wpfzufvlonf aqG;aEG;yGJtNyD;wGif wwfEkdiforQauseyfrI&&Sdygu rdrdtwGufvnf; t
usKd;&Sdygonf/ rdrd\atmifjrifrItwGuf 0rf;om&rnfrSefaomfvnf; atmf[pf0g~uGm;rI rjyKygESifh

usL;bm;'kH;ysHtMuyftwnf;aemufykdif;wGif orwuae'Du rdrd\0efBuD;rsm;tm; atmif
jrifrI&onf[k xkwfaz:rajym&[k wif;MuyfpGmwm;jrpfcJhonf/ uae'Du u&k&SuftzkdY 'kH;ysHrsm;
&kwfodrf;&ef ol\qkH;jzwfcsufukd ol\&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;tm; &Sif;jy&mwGif ykdcufroGm;apvkday/

aemufqkH;tykdif;wGif oabmxm;BuD;BuD;xm;Ekdifygap? &EkdiforQtcGifhta&;ukd aemufqkH;
txd &,lvkdpdwfukd csKyfwnf;xm;yg?/ jyefay;rI jzefajzrI yg&*lwpfOD;u atmufygtwkdif;ajym
ygonf/ ]] aemufqHk;rSm usKyfwdkYu tavQmhay;xm;vdkufw,f/ wpfzufvludk aemufqHk;tcsDrSm
tEdkif&apcsifvdkYygyJ/ olwdkYxifxm;wmxuf vG,fvG,fulultqifajyoGm;awmh olwdkYtEdkif&oGm;
ovdk xifoGm;Muw,f }} wpfzufvlu tm;&auseyfrI&Sdjcif;onf oabmwlnDcsufudk taumif
txnfaz:jcif;ESifh tem*wfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wdkYwGif rsm;pGmtusdK;jyKEdkifygonf/

cufcJaom aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;tNyD;owfwGif wpfzufvludk aemiftcgb,fawmhrS xyfrMunfh
csifavmufatmif jzpfwwfonf/ odkY&mwGif oabmwlnDcsufudk taumiftxnfaz:&mwGif
wpfzufvlESifh ruif;EdkiforQ aumif;rGefaom tvkyfoabmqufqHrIwpfck qufvuf&Sdaeoifh
ayonf/ ,Ofaus;aom pum;rsm;ESifh tjyKtrlrsm;onf rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljyKygonf/ jzpfEdkif
ygu ESpfzufvHk;yg0ifaom vufrSwfa&;xdk;yGJESifh {nfhcHyGJwpfck jyKvkyfay;oifhonf/ rdrdzufu
wm0efodod aqmif&GufaeaMumif; jyo&efESifh tcsdefrSefrSef awGUqHkyg/ olwifjyvmaom raus
eyfcsufrsm;udkvnf; csufcsif;ta&;,laqmif&Gufyg/ wnfwefYcdkifNrJaom oabmwlnDcsuf wpfck
twGuf taumif;qHk;tmrcHcsufrSm aumif;rGefom tvkyfoabm qufqHa&;jzpfonf/

84

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

(p) ESpfOD;ESpfzuf auseyfrI&Sdjcif;udk &nfrSef;yg? atmifEdkifa&;udk r&nfrSef;ygESifh



xif&Sm;aom y&yf&Sif;ppfa&;yg&*l um;vfzGefuavmhZf0pfu ppfqdkonfrSm EdkifiHa&;udk
tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh qufvufaqmif&Gufjcif;[k qdk\/ xdkenf;twdkif;oifuvnf; tpGrf;owd
tiftm;udk tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh jyemudk qufvufajz&Sif;jcif;tjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/ vkyfaqmif
rItm;vHk;onf tcsufrSm tpjyKonf/ rdrdonf atmifEdkifrItpm; ESpfOD;ESpfzuf auseyfrI&&Sd
a&;udk &nfrSef;&\/ tiftm;udk wdkufcdkufrItpm; ynmay;a&;twGuf toHk;jyK&\/ wpfzufvl
tm; tjzpfrSefprf;oyfaom ar;cGef;rsm; Ncdrf;ajcmufrItpm; owday;jcif;ESifh vdktyfvQifrdrdcGef
tm;udk o&kyfaz:jyjcif;wdkYtm;jzifh oabmwlnDcsufr&jcif;\ tusdK;qufrsm;udk odem;vnfap
&\/ tawmfqHk;AdkvfcsKyfonf rnfonfhtcgrQppfrwdkufouJhodkY tawmfqHk;aqG;aEG;olonf
rnfonfhtcgrQ ol\ BATNA udk toHk;rjyKacs/

BATNAudk roHk;rjzpftoHk;jyK&aomtcgwGifvnf; wpfzufvltm;aqG;aEG;yGJodkYjyefvm
atmif qGJaqmif&mwGif tiftm;udk tenf;qHk;toHk;jyK&rnf/ BATNAudk olYtm; &efpjcif;rjzpf
apbJ toHk;jyK ol\wdkufcdkufrIrsm;udk jyefrwdkufbJ acszsufay;&rnf/ ol\wHkYjyefcsufrsm;udk
ajyaysmufapjcif;jzifh oif\tiftm;toHk;jyKjcif;udk oluwefzdk;BuD;NyD; t&mra&mufaomppfyGJ
wpfcktjzpfodkY vrf;ajymif;ray;ap&ef jyKvkyf&rnf/

wpfzufvltm; olYtwGuf a&TwHwm;BuD; zGifhay;xm;aMumif; tNrJrjywf owday;yg/
oifhtwGufa&molYtwGufyg taumif;qHk;a&G;cs,fp&m&SdaeaMumif;udk ynmay;yg/ ajz&Sif;csuf
wpfckudk twif;wGef;ray;ygESifh/ tcsKyfqdk&aomf olYtm; todw&m;(tjrifrSef) &ygap/ 'l;r
axmufygapESifh/

ed*Hk;
qefYusifoludk rdwfzuftoGif ajymif;jcif;

atmufygyHkjyifuav;udk Mum;zl;zwfzl;Muygvdrfhrnf/ vlBuD;wpfa,mufuG,fvGefaom
tcg olYom;oHk;a,muftwGuf EGm;(17)aumifcsefxm;cJhNyD; cGJa0&efenf;udk rSmxm;cJhonf/ om;
BuD;u wpf0ufudk,lyg? om;vwfu oHk;yHkwpfyHkudk,l usefom;i,fu udk;yHkwpfyHk,lyg[l jzpf
onf/ (17)udk ESpf? oHk;ESifh udk;wdkYjzifh b,fvdkrS pm;rjywfEdkifojzifh om;oHk;a,mufonf b,f
vdkrS a0jcrf;r&bJ *Gusaeonf/ &GmxJ&Sd ynm&Sd tzGmBuD;xHoGm; tBuHawmif;Muaomtcg
tzGm;BuD;u ]] uJ ighqDrSm&SdwJh EGm;wpfaumifudk aygif;xnfhMunfh&atmif }} [kqdkonf/ xdkaygif;
v'fEGm;(18)aumifonf cGJa0aomtcg om;BuD;u udk;aumif? om;vwfu ajcmufaumif? om;
i,fu ESpfaumif&onf/ pkpkaygif; (17)aumifyifjzpf usefwpfaumifudk tzGm;BuD;odkY jyefay;
vdkufaomtcg jyemajyvnfoGm;av\/

EGm;(17)aumif jyemuJhodkYyif wpfcgwpf&H SdEdIif;aqG;aEG;yGJonf b,fvdkrS&Sif;r&bJ
85

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

&Sdaewwfonf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif oifu SdEdIif;yGJrS pdwfudkcGm? aemufqkwfNyD; &Iaxmifhopfwpfae


&mrS MunfhzdkYvdkonf/ jyemudk tjrifopfjzifhMunfhNyD; (18)aumifajrmuf EGm;udk&Sm&efvdkygonf/

xdk;azgufaqG;aEG;SdEdIif;jcif;qdkonfrSm xdk(18)aumifajrmufEGm;ESifh wlonf/ tpOD;wGif
b,fvdkrSrjzpfEdkif[kxif&aom oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk&ap&ef ulnDygvdrfhrnf/ oifhudkpdefac:
aeonfrSmum; oif\oabmtwdkif; wkYHjyefvdkrI? oifhwpfzufvl\ tqdk;jrifcHpm;csufrsm;? olY\
uwfowfaomenf;vrf;rsm;? ol\uG,f0Sufaom tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;ESifh tiftm;udkoHk;vQif tEdkif
&rnf[laom vGJrSm;onfhaumufcsufrsm; ponfwdkYudk ausmfvGefa&;yif jzpfonf/
xdk;azguf SdEdIif;aqG;aEG;a&; tqifhig;csuf

oifu "g;pmcH jyefay;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;ae&onfyif jzpfap? odkYr[kwf oif\q,fausmf
ouf om;i,fESifh aqG;aEG;aeonfjzpfap tajccHtcsufrsm;rSm twlwlyif jzpfygonf/
xdk;azgufaqG;aEG;jcif; t[mAsL[m\ tqifh ig;ckrSm1/ yGJMunfhpifokdYwufMunfhyg/ yxrtaejzifh oifh tjyKtrlukdxdef;odrf;yg/ oifhwpfzuf

om;u ]][ifhtif;}}[k jiif;csvkdufonfhtcg okdYr[kwf oifhukdwkdudckdufvmaomtcg oif

u tavQmhay;vkdufvQifay;vdrfhrnf/ okdr[kwf jyefvnfwkdufckdufayvdrfhrnf/ xkdYaMumifh

oif\ wkYHjyefjcif;ukd csKyfwnf;yg/ wpfzufvlokH;aeonfhenf;vrf;ukd trnfwyfvkdufyg

xkdYaemuf pOf;pm;csdef&atmif,lyg/ rdrd\ &nfrSef;csuf wduspGmowfrSwfyg/ raqG;aEG;

awmhvQif taumif;qkH; bmvkyf jzpfEkdifonfukd pOf;pm;yg/ qufaqG;aEG;vQif oifh

&nfrSef;csufukd rsufajcrysufygapESifh? pdwfqkd;jcif;? vufpm;acsvkdjcif;tpm; ukdvkdcsif

onfukd b,fvkd&atmif vkyfrnfqkdonfukdom tm&kHpkdufyg? twkdcsKyfqkdvQif yGJMunfhpif

ay:wufvkdufyg/
2/ olzufokdYajymif;vkdufyg? oifuxda&mufpGm aqG;aEG;&efrSm tqifajyaomywf0ef;usif

ukd zefwD;&efvkdygonf/ oifhwpfzufvl\ a'go? aMumuf&GUHjcif;ESifhoHo,rsm;ukd ajy

ajymufapzkdYvkdygonf/ oifujyefvnfwkdufckdufrnf okdYr[kwf ckcHrnf[k olu arQmfrSef;

xm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh oifu ajymif;jyefvkyf&efvkdonf/ olYpum;ukd em;axmifyg/ ol

wifjyaomtcsuftvufrsm;ukd todtrSwfjyKyg/ xkdYaemufwwfEkdiforQ olESifh oabm

wlvkdufyg/ ol\ t&nftcsif;jynfh0rIESifh vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;ukd todtrSwfjyKyg/ olYzufokdY

ajymif;vkdufjcif;jzifh olukd aysmhajymif;apyg/
3/ y,frcsygESifh? ykHajymif;ypfyg? aemufwpfqifhrSm upm;uGufukdajymif;ypfzkdyjzpfonf/ oifh

wpfzufvl\taetxm;ukd y,fcsrnfhtpm; olYtm&kHukd ESpfOD;ESpfzuftusKd;ukd &SmazGa&;

wGif pl;pkdufaeygap? olajymorQukd ,l jyemrsm;ukdukdifwG,f&ef BuKd;yrf;Ekdifrnfh ykH

o@efokdY ajymif;vkdufyg/ jyemrsm;udkajz&Sif;Ekdifrnfh ar;cGef;rsm; ]]cifAsm; 'gukd bm

vkdY vkdcsif&wmvJ}} ]]uGsefawmhae&mrSmqkd&if cifAsm;bmvkyfrvJ}} ]]uGsefawmfwkdY 'Dvkdqkd

bmvkyfrvJ}} ponfwkdYukd ar;yg/ oifuolYukd q&mrvkyfbJ jyemrsm;u olYukd oif

cef;pm ay;ygap? olYenf;AsL[mrsm;ukdyg ajymif;vkdufyg/ ydwfqkdYxm;onfwkdYukd ywfa&Smif
86

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

yg/ wdkufcdkufrIrsm;udk vrf;vGJyg/ vSnfhzsm;rIrsm;udk az:xkwfyg/ yHktoGifajymif;jcif;jzifh upm;


uGufudk ajymif;vdkufyg/
4/ olwdkYtwGufa&TwHwmBuD;cif;ay;yg/ oifuSdEdIif;&eftqifoifhjzpfaeNyD odkYaomf oifh

wpfzufvlu oabmwlnDcsuf\ tusdK;udk ,HkMunfrIr&Sdao;bJ wkYHaES;aemufjyefvSJYae

wkef;yif &Sdaumif;&Sdrnf/ oifu twif;wGef;zdtm;ay; qufvdkonfh qEay:aumif;

ay:rnf/ odkYaomf odkYvkyfygu ydkNyD;wGefYqkwfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh olYtm; wGef;

tm;ay;rnfhtpm; oifoGm;vdk&modkY olYudkqGJac:yg/ oifudk,foif Mum;cHjzefajzoltjzpf

owfrSwfyg/ olYudkxdkvkyfief;pOfwGifyg0ifygap/ olYtBuHOmPfrsm;udk oHk;yg/ ol\tusdK;

pD;yGm;rsm;udk az:xkwf&SmazG jznfhqnf;ay;yg/ ta&;BuD;qHk;rSm olYudktodtrSwfjyKcHvdk

rIyif jzpfonf/ olYudkrsufESmrysufygapESifh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf ol\atmifyGJo

zG,f jzpfygap/ tjrefa&mufatmifaES;aES;oGm;yg/ csKyfqdk&vQif olacgif;ndwf& vG,f

apatmif a&TwHwm;wpfpif; xdk;ay;yg/
5/ olwdkYudk 'l;raxmufygapESifh/ oabmaygufem;0ifygap/ oifhwpfzufvlu aqG;aEG;Sd

EddIif;tajzr&SmbJ olYtzdkYatmifjrifrIrsm; &Edkifonf[k xifaeqJjzpfvQif olYudkynmay;zdkY

vdkaeNyD/ olu ]] [ifhtif; }} [k jiif;y,f rvG,fatmifvkyf&rnf/ oifu Ncdrf;ajcmuf

jcif; tiftm;udkoHk;Edkifonf/ odkYaomf 4if;wdkYonf ajymif;jyeftusdK;oufa&mufwwf

onf/ olYudk acsmifxJodkY ydwfoGif;vQif olu&SdorQtiftm;udk oHk; oifudkjyefvnf

wdkufcdkufvmvdrfhrnf/ xdkodkYvkyfrnfhtpm; oabmwlnDcsuf r&ygu ay;qyf&rnfh t

jzpfrsm;udk jyyg/ vufawGUb0ESifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;rsm;udk ay;yg/ oifuvnf; Sd

EdIif;aqG;aEG;yGJ rvkyfbJ bmvkyfEdkifonfudk ajymjyyg/ odkYaomf vdkrSoHk;yg/ oif\&nfrSef;

csufrSm atmifyGJcHvdkjcif;r[kwfbJ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf auseyfrI&Sdap&efjzpfaMumif; odapvQuf

xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; aqmif&Gufjciff;jzifh olYckcHrIrsm;udk avsmhygap/ olYtwGufa&TwHwm;

BuD;onf tNrJwrf;zGifhxm;aMumif; odygap/ twdkcsKyfqdk&vQif oifhtiftm;udk oHk; olY

tjrif tjref&ygap/ olwdkY 'l;axmuf t&HI;ray;ygapESifh/

pmwef;wGif az:jycJhaomSdEdIif;jcif; enf;AsL[monf omrefvlYobm0 wkYHjyefvdkaom
qEudk qefYusifaqmif&GufzdkYvdkaMumif; qdkcJhygonf/ oifujyefvnfwdkufckdufcsifygvQuf onf;
cHNyD; em;axmif&ef vdkygonf/ udk,fu odNyD;jzpfaom tajzwpfpHkwpf&mudk olYudk&Sif;jyvdkufcsif
ygvQuf olYudkjyefar;&efvdkonf/ oifhvrf;twdkif; wGef;wdk; oGm;vdkygvQuf wpfzufvlESifh
jcm;em;csufrsm; enf;yg;oGm;atmif aygif;ul;wHwm;aqmuf&efvdkonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJt&Sdefudk jrSifh
vdkygvQuf olYudk ynmay;&ef vdkaejyefygonf/

tqifhwdkif;wGif oifuwdkuf&dkufr[kwfaom vrf;aMumif;udkom a&G;cs,fapygonf/ olY
udk wdk;azgufEdkif&ef oifwpfzufvl\ ckcHrIrsm;udk auGUywfvQuf olYzufrS0ifa&muf&efvdkygonf/
olarQmfrSef;xm;onfESifh qefYusifaqmif&Guf&ef jzpfygonf/ pmwef;\ ta&;xm;qkdvdkonfh
tcsufrSm oifhwpfzufvludk av;pm;pGmqufqH&ef jzpfygonf/ olYudk wGef;vSefz,f&Sm;&rnfh t
&m0wL[k oabmrxm;bJ jzm;a,mif;ajzmifhzs&rnfh vlwpfOD;[k oabmxm;&ef jzpfonf/ olY
tawG;tac:udk twif;ajymif;ypfzdkY BudK;pm;rnfhtpm; olawG;ac:qifjcif&mwGif tajccHonfh
87

[ifhtif;udkausmfjzwfjcif; ESifh cufcJaomolrsm;udkSdEdIif;jcif;

ywf0ef;usifudk ajymif;ypf&ef jzpfonf/ NyD;rS oifu olYaumufcsufolqGJap? olqHk;jzwfcsufol


csap&ef jzpfygonf/
qefYusifzufrS rdwfzufodkY

csdwfESpfck&SdrS csdwfrdygonf/ odkYaomf Nidaeaom csdwfESpfckudk jyefajz&efrSm csdwfwpfckudk
jyefajzmifh&HkESifh jzpfEdkifygonf/ oifhtzdkY cufcJqHk;aom SdEdIif;rIudk ajyvnfapEdkifaom pGrf;tm;
rSm oifhxHwGif&Sdygonf/

tar&duef jynfwGif;ppftwGif;u orwtDA&m[ifvifuGef;u awmifydkif;om; ykefuef
aeolrsm;udk pmemaxmufxm;onfh rdefYcGef;wpf&yfajymonf/ olYudk tjyif;txefaxmufcHae
onfh trsdK;orD;BuD;wpfOD;u &efolrsm;udk acsrIef;&ef pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsdefwGif &efolwdkYtay:
Smwmaom rdefYcGef;udk ajym&ygrnfavm[k tjypfwifonf/ vifuGef;\tajzrSm *E0iftjzpf
rSwfwrf;wif&pfygonf/ ]] bmvdkYvJ tpfrBuD;&JU uRefawmf&efolawGudk rdwfaqGjzpfatmifvkyf
Edkif&if uRefawmfh&efolawG ausysufoGm;wmyJ r[kwfbl;vm; }}

trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf

tzGJUcsKyf tzGJU0ifrsm;twGufom

88

You might also like