CELL SPLITTING

2) Cell Splitting
Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells such that each smaller cell has its own base station with Reduced antenna height and Reduced transmitter power. It increases the capacity of a cellular system since number of times channels are reused increases.
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CELL SPLITTING
The increased number of cells would increase the number of clusters over the coverage region, which again would increase the number of channels and thus capacity. The distance between co-channel cells also reduces to half (D=D/2) as the cell radius is reduced to half (R=R/2). Thus the co-channel reuse ratio (Q=D/R ) remains same. 3
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G B

E F C D A

F F

C E B D

G C

E G

Splitting Static, Dynamic

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Fig: Cell splitting

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3) Sectoring The co-channel interference in a cellular system may be reduced by replacing a single omni-directional antenna at the base station by several directional antennas radiating within specified sectors. A cell is normally partitioned in three 120r sectors or six 60r sectors. A given cell will receive interference and transmit with only a fraction of the available co-channel cells. In the sectoring scheme, the co-channel interference is reduced and thus system capacity is improved. Co-channel interference is reduced because the number of interferer gets reduced.
2 1 2 3 3 1 2 1 6 5 3 4 1 6 5 2 3 4

(a)

(b)

Fig: (a) 120r sector and (b) 60r sector

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SECTORING


The sectoring is done by replacing a single omni-directional antenna with 3 directional antennas (120O sectoring) or with 6 directional antennas (60O sectoring)

In this scheme, each cell is divided into 3 or 6 sectors.  Each sector uses a directional antenna at the BS and is assigned a set of channels.
   

The number of channels in each sector is the number of channels in a cell divided by the number of sectors. The amount of CCI is also reduced by the number of sectors. Reduced Tx Power .. Bty life more
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IMPROVING CC IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS

Aim: To provide more channels per unit coverage area

Sectoring uses directional antennas to further control the interference and frequency reuse of channels.
Examples: Omni, 120O

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IMPROVING CC IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS

Aim: To provide more channels per unit coverage area

Sectoring uses directional antennas to further control the interference and frequency reuse of channels.
Examples: 60O and 90O

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Handover or HANDOFF

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BASICs
 

Higher priority is given to ongoing connections than new call attempts. A channel remains allocated to a mobile user until, either its call is completed in the cell, or it crosses the cell boundary, requiring a new channel frequency to continue. This procedure that transfers an ongoing call from one cell to another is called Handover or HANDOFF. Handover attempt that finds all channels occupied in the Target cell will be forced to terminate unsuccessfully. That is not desirable.

  

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Call Handover
Handover procedure may measurement such as i. ii. iii. iv. be based on the

Signal strength of Current and Target CELLs Bit error rate Traffic load (Heavily / Lightly Loaded CELLs) Carrier to interference ratio etc.

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Where should Handoff take place ? at Point A, B, C or D

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Rx SS vs Threshold Value
The effect of the threshold depends on its value compared to the signal strengths of the two base stations at the point at which they are equal. If the threshold is Higher than this value, say T1, the handover occurs at

position A.
If the threshold is Lower than this value, say T2, the mobile will delay handover until the current signal level crosses the threshold at position B. In the case of T3, the delay may be so long that the mobile drifts far into the new cell (Position D). This reduces the quality of the communication link and may result in a

dropped call or HANDOFF

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FAILURE
*
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How to prevent ping-pong effect

Relative signal strength from both BTSs allows a user to hand over Only if the new base station is sufficiently stronger than the current one. In this case the handover will occur at point C. This technique prevents the so-called ping-pong effect, the repeated handover between two base stations caused by rapid fluctuations in the received signal strengths from both base stations.
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Relative signal strength and Threshold

Handover to a new BTS is done only if the current signal Strength drops below a threshold and the target BTS is stronger than the current one by a given

HO Margin.

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Many input parameters can be considered for Hand-Off

1. Distance from base station -- defined as very near, near,

medium, far and very far 2. Signal strength difference -- defined as very high, high, medium, low and very low 3.Velocity of mobile user -- defined as very low, low, high and very high Handover state - No handover, Wait, Be careful, Handover, Sure handover
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Umbrella cell approach to accommodate wide range of velocities

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