BJT AC Analysis The re Transistor model

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Remind Q-poiint re = 26mv/IE

BJT AC Analysis Three amplifier configurations, Common Emitter Common Collector (Emitter Follower) Common Base

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BJT AC Analysis 3 of 38 Process Replace transistor with small-signal model. Replace capacitors with short-circuits (at midband frequency caps have relatively low impedance) Replace DC voltage sources with short-circuits. Replace DC current sources with open-circuits).

BJT AC Analysis

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12Vdc

V2

RC

R1 1840k

4k
C2
2
Vo

0
1

10u

C1
2
Vb

Q1

1
VOFF = 0 V3 VAMPL = 1mV FREQ = 10000

10u

Q2N2222
RL 1000000

The simulation results include the following, IB = 6.172A IC = 0.9932mA IE = 0.999mA VC = 8.027V VB = 0.6433mV

BJT AC Analysis
Output voltage, vo; i.e., collector voltage. The peak voltages are +142.692mV and -147.4mV, an average of about 145mV.
200mV (4.2745m,142.692m)

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0V

(4.2245m,-147.400m)

-200mV 4.0ms V(RL:1)

4.2ms

4.4ms Time

4.6ms

4.8ms

5.0ms

BJT AC Analysis Avb = vcp/vbp where p means the peak value. vcp = -icp(Rc//ro) = -ibp(Rc//ro) = -ibpRc vbp = ibp (1 + )re) Avb = vcp/vbp ~ -Rc/re and = 26mV/0.999mA = 26 ohms when ro is >> Rc

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|Avb| = 4000/26 = 153.8 which is close to the simulation value, 145 which is the result of 145mV/1mV.

BJT AC Analysis Aib = icp/ibp = where p means the peak value.

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The AC collector current peak-to-peak is about 1.0302mA 0.957434mA = 0.072766mA, so the peak is about 0.36383mA.
1.050mA (4.2244m,1.0302m) 1.025mA

1.000mA

0.975mA (4.2765m,957.434u)

0.950mA 4.0ms IC(Q1)

4.2ms

4.4ms Time

4.6ms

4.8ms

5.0ms

The AC base current is nearly identical to current passing through the capacitor, C1, and the peak is about 220nA.
400nA (4.2195m,217.707n)

0A (4.2708m,-222.757n)

-400nA 4.0ms I(C1)

4.2ms

4.4ms Time

4.6ms

4.8ms

5.0ms

Using these values the transistor beta is 165.

BJT AC Analysis Zib = vbp/ibp = ibp(1 + )re/ ibp = (1 + )re Using the beta information from the simulation, Zib = 4300 ohms Zi = RB// Zib In this circuit since R is so large, Zi ~ Zib Output Impedance, Zo Turn off the input signal, Vs = 0. The input current is zero so the collector current is zero. ib = 0 and ic = 0 Connect a test signal generator to the circuit output
ix
Vx
ro
Rc

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Zo = vx/ix ix = vx/(Rc//ro) Zo = Rc//ro

BJT AC Analysis
Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit 4 resistor bias and gain stabilizing emitter resistor.

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12Vdc

Vcc RC R1 100k 4k C2 2 1 10u Vo

RS 50 1

C1 2 10u Vb

Q1

Q2N2222 RL 1000000

VOFF = 0 V3 VAMPL = 1mV FREQ = 10000 R2 50k RE1 200

RE 1 4k

2 C3 10u

The simulation results include the following, IB = 4.053A IR1 = A IC = 0.7565mA IE = 0.7614mA VC = 8.974V VB = 3.835mV

BJT AC Analysis
Output voltage, vo; i.e., collector voltage. The peak voltages are +16.721mV and -16.753mV, an average of about 16.4mV.
20mV

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(4.2735m,16.721m)

0V

(4.3247m,-16.753m)

-20mV 4.0ms V(C2:2)

4.2ms

4.4ms Time

4.6ms

4.8ms

5.0ms

BJT AC Analysis Avb = vcp/vbp where p means the peak value. vcp = -icp(Rc//ro) = -ibp(Rc//ro) = -ibpRc vbp = ibp (1 + )(RE1 + re) Avb = vcp/vbp ~ -Rc/(RE1 + re) and = 26mV/0.7614mA = 31.15 ohms when ro is >> Rc

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|Avb| = 4000/(200 + 31.15) = 17.31 which nearly identical to the simulation value, which is the result of 17.3.

Rit = vb/ib = (1 + ac)(re + Re1) = 121(26.597 + 200) = 27.418k Avb = vc/vb ve = ib(1 + ac)Re1 vb = ib(1 + ac)(re + Re1) vc = -ac(ib)Rc Avb = vc/vb -ac(ib)Rc . = ib(1 + ac)(re + Re1) = -ac(Rc) .

BJT AC Analysis (1 + ac)(re + Re1)

= = -120*3.9k . 121*226.597 -17.069

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Notice that the gain is stabilized by including the Re1 resistor. Without Re1 the gain is very dependent on the value of the transistor gain, , which varies quite a bit and results in variations in base current which in turn changes the value of re.

BJT AC Analysis
Rot
Rc 3.9k

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Bib
(1+B)re 2021
Re1 200

vx

vx - ix (Rc) = 0 Rot = vx/ix = Rc = 3.9k

BJT AC Analysis
ROL
Rc 3.9k

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Bib
(1+B)re 2021
Re1 200
RL 1k

vx

RL = Rc//RL = ROL = RL

Rc*RL . = 795.92 Rc + RL

BJT AC Analysis
With RL attached the voltage gain is reduced, Avb = vc/vb = -ac*RL . = 3.482 which is a low level of gain (1 + ac)(re + Re1)

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BJT AC Analysis
Avs .
Rc 3.9k

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vc

Bib
Rs 50
Vs

vb

(1+B)re
RL

2021
Re1

1k

Rth 7.5k

200

Rc 3.9k vc

Bib
Rs' 49 Vs' vb (1+B)re RL 2021 Re1 200 1k

Vs =

Vs*Rth . Rs + Rth

BJT AC Analysis
Rs = Rs*Rth . Rs + Rth

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Vs = ib[Rs + (1 + ac)(re + Re1)] Vs*Rth . = ib[Rs + (1 + ac)(re + Re1)] Rs + Rth . * RL . Vc = ib*RL = Vs * Rth [Rs + Rth] [Rs + (1 + ac)(re + Re1)]

BJT AC Analysis
Another way to tackle the gain calculation simplifies the math,
Rs 50 Vs Rth 7.5k Rit 27.418k vb

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Vb/Vs =

Rth//Rit . = 5889 . = 0.99158 Rth//Rit + Rs 5889 + 50

From earlier analysis, Avb = Vc/Vb = -ac*RL . (1 + ac)(re + Re1) Combining the above two equations, (Vb/Vs) * (Vc/Vb) = Vc/Vs so that, Vc/Vs = Rth//Rit . * Rth//Rit + Rs -ac*RL . = 0.99158 * 3.482 = 3.4528 (1 + ac)(re + Re1)

High-frequency analysis will use this approach of breaking down the problem into pieces followed by multiplication of the individual gains.

BJT AC Analysis
To summarize, 1. Compute Rit 2. Compute the gain Vs/Vb using the value of Rit. 3. Compute the gain Vc/Vb. 4. Multiply the gains to get the overall gain Vc/Vs.

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A1

Avb

BJT AC Analysis
Graphical Analysis DC & AC load lines on characteristics

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Inverting nature of amplifier Increase input voltage, increases base and collector current, decreases collector voltage because of more drop across load resistance.

BJT AC Analysis
Emitter Follower Amplifier (Common-Collector) Basic Operation

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The emitter follow circuit acts as a buffer between stages.

15Vdc

V2 R1 30k

Rs 1 50 VOFF = 0 Vs VAMPL = 1mV FREQ = 1000

V

C1 2 1 Vb

Q1

Q2N2222 Ve C2 2 1 R2 14.3k RE 10k 1

V

RL 10k

BJT AC Analysis

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The input and output voltage waveforms are nearly identical; almost independent of the value of the load resistor.
1.0mV

0V

-1.0mV 5.0ms V(Rs:1)

5.5ms V(C2:2)

6.0ms

6.5ms

7.0ms

7.5ms Time

8.0ms

8.5ms

9.0ms

9.5ms

10.0ms

BJT AC Analysis
Emitter Follower Amplifier (Common-Collector) AC Analysis

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Rc 3.9k

R1 30k
Q2

20Vdc

Vcc

Rs 50

C1 1n
Q2N3904

Q2N3904 C2

Re
Vs VOFF = 0 VAMPL = 0.001 FREQ = 10000

1u

40k
R2 10k

RL 500

Re1 200

Re2 4.1k

C3 1n

ac = 120 assume ro is very large re2 = 66.93

BJT AC Analysis
Emitter-Follower Stage

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Rc 3.9k Q2

Q2N3904 C2

Re 40k

1u

RL 500

ic1

BJT AC Analysis
Without the load resistor,

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Rc

Bib
(1+B)re2

+
121*66.39

3.9k v c1

Ra

vb

40k

0
vb - ib*(1 + ac)re2 - ib(1 + ac)Ra = 0 Rit = vb/ib = (1 + ac)(re2 + Ra) = 121(66.39 + 40000) = 4.848M

BJT AC Analysis
With the load resistor,

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Rc
+

Bib
(1+B)re2 121*66.39

3.9k v c1

Ra//RL

vb

493.9

0
Rit = vb/ib = (1 + ac)(re2 + Ra//RL) = 121(66.39 + 493.9) = 67.8k ve/vb = (1 + ac)(Ra//RL)/(1 + ac)(re2 + Ra//RL) = Ra//RL/(re2 + Ra//RL)

BJT AC Analysis
Output Resistance

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Rc
+

Bib
(1+B)re2 121*66.39

vx
Ra//RL 493.9

3.9k

vb

Ro = vx / ix Sum currents entering the emitter node. ix + ac*ib2 + ib2 - vx / (Ra//RL) = 0

ix + (1 + ac)ib2 - vx / (Ra//RL) = 0 ib2 = - vx / [Rc + (1 + ac)*re2)] ix + (1 + ac)(- vx) / [Rc + (1 + ac)*re2)] - vx / (Ra//RL) = 0

BJT AC Analysis ix - vx [ 1 . Rc/(1 + ac) + re2

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Two resistors in parallel, (Rc/(1 + ac) + re2 ) and Ra//RL equals Ro.

BJT AC Analysis

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BJT AC Analysis Common-Base Configuration

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re

26 Vi Ii re

mV IE
Zo

Vo Io

Zi Zi

Zo

BJT AC Analysis Common Base Amplifier

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Av

Vo Vi

Ai
Ic . RL . Ie . RL Ie . re . RL re

Io Ii

RL

Vo Vo Vi Av

Ai

. Ie Ie

Ai

Example IE = 4 mA = 0.98 RL = 560 ohms Vi = 2 mV Compute re, Ii, Vo, Av, Ai

BJT AC Analysis Common-Base Configuration

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BJT AC Analysis Zi = RE//re Zo = Rc Av = Vo/Vi Vo = IC RC Vi = IE re Av = IE RC IE re Ai = = RC re

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BJT AC Analysis Darlington Curren

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BJT AC Analysis

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BJT AC Analysis Current Source Circuit

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BJT AC Analysis Current Mirror Circuit

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BJT AC Analysis

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