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12.0 Power Amplifiers Class A Power Calculations Pi(dc) Po(ac) = = = = = = = and since, Vcpp then, Po(ac) = Vcpp* Icpp /8 = Icpp *Rc Vcc*Ico Icrms2*Rc (Icp/2 )2*Rc (Vcp/2 )2/Rc (Vcpp/2*2 )2/Rc (Vcpp)2/8Rc (Icpp)2*Rc /8

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12.0 Power Amplifiers Maximum Power Output and Efficiency If the max output voltage swing is, Vcppmax = Vcc and then, Pomax(ac) = (Vcc)2/8Rc In order for this to be true the bias situation is that VCQ ICQ = = Vcc/2 and therefore, Vcc/2Rc

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Power input to the circuit is then, Pimax(dc) = Vcc*Vcc/2Rc

The efficiency is then, % = Pomax(ac)/Pimax(dc) = 25% But, if the bias is not in the center, the power output is as calculated as Po(ac) = Vcpp* Icpp /8 and Pi(dc) = Vcc*Ico

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The

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Class A amplifier has a load line and Q-point as shown. Determine the power situation.

a) What is the Pi? b) What is the maximum Po when the amp is operated at this Q-point? Pi = VCC*ICQ = 20V * 2mA = 40mW R = 20/8mA = 2500 Po = Vrms2/R 0.5 2 = (5/2 ) /2500 = = 5mW or, Po = (Vcemax Vcemin)(Icmax Icmin) /8 = (20-10)(4 - )/8 = 5mW c) What is the maximum Po when the amp is operated at a Q-point of 10v and 4ma? Po = (20 0)(8 0)/8 = 20mW and Pi = 20V*4mA = 80mW
Ic

8ma
0

Qpt
2ma

0 0

15v

20v

Vce

12.0 Power Amplifiers For the circuit below determine,

10.70mA R1

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55.13uA R2

1k

350k

C1 1
VAMPL = 4m

Q1

V2 20Vdc

Q2N2222

a) Pi(dc) , ignore the base current Pi = 20V*10.7mA = 0.214W b) Po(ac) Po = (10.6 7.8)2 /1k = 0.952mW ( 2*21/2 )2

12.0 Power Amplifiers The collector-emitter voltage swing is,

11V

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10V

9V

8V

7V 0s V(R1:1) Time 2ms 4ms 6ms 8ms 10ms

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The signal output swing is nearly 2x the supply voltage. This is the efficiency improvement.

12.0 Power Amplifiers Class A Transformer Power Calculations VCEpp ICpp Po(ac) = = = VCEmax VCEmin ICmax Icmin (VCEmax VCEmin)( ICmax Icmin)/8

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Efficiency of amplifier Pi(dc) = Vcc*ICQ

% efficiency = 50*((VCEmax VCEmin) /(VCEmax + VCEmin))2 If VCEmin = 0, then efficiency is max at 50%

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12.0 Power Amplifiers IB = 6mA & Ib p-p = 8mA, swing of +- 4mA for N1//N2 = 3 & RL = 8 RL = 72 ohms

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Then the slope of 1/72 gives an intersection of current axis at, Ic = 140mA + 10V/72 = 140mA + 139mA = 279mA Looking at the graph & setting the max Ib = 6mA + 4mA = 10mA........results in a max of 255mA by eyeballing the plot. The minimum current is when Ib = 6mA 4mA = 2mA and is 25mA again from estimating the plot. from the plot the min and max Vces are found to be 1.7V and 18.3V. Notice that the signal swing is nearly 2X the supply voltage.....this where the efficiency gain occurs. So, the power output is, Po(ac) = (18.3 1.7)(255mA 25mA)/8 = 0.477W Pi(dc) = Vcc * Icq = 10V*140mA = 1.4W & the efficiency is 0.477/1.4 = 34.1% The max for a class A transformer coupled amp is 50%.

12.0 Power Amplifiers The resistance load of a transistor amplifier is plotted on the transistor characteristics. Determine, a) Input power, P(dc) b) Maximum output power

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Q-point

P(dc) = (160mA)(25) = 4 W R = 25/0.4 = 62.5 ohms P(ac) = Vp2/2R = (25-15)2/2*62.5 = 0.8 W

12.0 Power Amplifiers The load reflected back to the transistor is 50 ohms. Determine the following, a) Load line b) Minimum and maximum output voltages c) Maximum power efficiency for this bias condition

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Q-point

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Q-point

eff = 50%(VCEmax VCEmin)( VCEmax + VCEmin)/8 = 50%[(17.5 2.5)/(17.5 + 2.5)]2 = 28.125%

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For the transformer-coupled Class A amplifier below the dc base current is 6ma and the signal base current swings from 8ma to 4ma. The turns ratio is 5:1 and the load resistance is 4 ohms. a) Find and plot the Q-point on the collector characteristics below. 12V & 180mA 5pt b) What is the input power including both the base and collector currents? (180+6)*10 = 1860mW = 1.86W 5pt c) What is the power delivered to the load? PL =~ 1/8 *(18 7)*(240mA 125mA) = 0.18W Loadline 100
Ic 400ma 12ma 300ma 10ma 8ma 200ma 6ma 4ma 2ma 0
0

5pt
4 ohms

5pt

12V

5:1

100ma

10

15

20

Vce

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The Class A transformer-coupled power amplifier circuit schematic and simulation results are given below. The schematic with DC collector current is,
TX1

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R1 R2 75k Q1 4

0
55.58mA Q2N2222

V2 20Vdc

C1 1 VAMPL = 0.004

Q1 collector voltage waveform is,

22V

21V

20V

19V

18V 18.0us V(TX1:2)

18.5us

19.0us Time

19.5us

20.0us

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The collector current waveform is,
64mA

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60mA

56mA

52mA

48mA 18.0us I(TX1:1)

18.5us

19.0us

19.5us

20.0us

Time

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4 ohm resistor voltage waveform is,
200mV

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100mV

0V

-100mV

-200mV 18.0us V(TX1:3)

18.5us

19.0us

19.5us

20.0us

Time

Determine the following, a) Pi(dc) ignore the base current Pi = 20V*55.58mA = W b) Po(ac) using the collector voltage & current waveform values. Po = (1/8)(21.5V 18.4V)*(61.8mA 49.8mA) = W c) Po(ac) using the load voltage waveform values (show calculations). Po = [(200mV + 185mV)/2*2 ]2/4

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Assume the power amplifiers in the questions below are operating at a Q-point such that maximum power output could be obtained if desired. Determine for each power amplifier circuit the following, a) Power Input b) Power Output Show your work; i.e., the formulas/algebra you used for each problem. 1. A resistor-load power amplifier has a voltage output swing peak voltage equal to 0.4Vcc. Pi = Vcc * Vcc/2R = Vcc /2R 1/2 2 Po = (0.4Vcc/(2 )) /R 2. A 1:1 transformer-load power amplifier has a voltage output swing peak voltage equal to 0.8Vcc. Pi = Vcc*Vcc/R = Vcc /R 1/2 2 Po = (0.8Vcc/2 ) /R 3. A Class B (push-pull) power amplifier has a voltage output swing peak voltage equal to 0.7Vcc. Pi = Vcc*2(0.7)Vcc/R 1/2 2 Po = (0.7Vcc/2 ) /R
2 2

12.0 Power Amplifiers Class B amplifier - eliminate the bias current.

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12.0 Power Amplifiers Class B Power Calculations Input Power = Pi(dc) = Vcc*Idc For each half cycle current goes through the power supply, Vcc. For a half wave rectifier the average current is, Idc = Ip/ and since this current flows on each half cycle the average current is Idc = 2Ip/ = Pi(dc) = 2* VLp/RL 2*Vcc* VLp/RL

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Output Power Po(ac) = = =

VLrms2/RL VLp2/2RL VLpp2/8RL

12.0 Power Amplifiers Efficiency % = = 100%*Po(ac)/Pi(dc) 100%*( VLp2/2RL)/( 2* VLp/RL ) 100%**(VLp/4Vcc) and if VLp = Vcc/2 then % = /4 = 78.5%

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Transistor Power P2Q = PQ = Pi(dc) - Po(ac) *P2Q

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12.0 Power Amplifiers Power Amplifiers Resistor Load Pi = Vcc * Vcc/2R = Vcc2/2R Po = (Vcc/(2*21/2 ))2/R = Vcc2/8R %efficiency max = 25%

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Transformer Load 1:1 turns ratio Pi = Vcc*Vcc/R = Vcc2/R Po = (Vcc/21/2 )2/R = Vcc2/2R %efficiency max = 50%

Push-Pull Pi = 2Vcc*Vcc/R Po = (Vcc/21/2)2/R = Vcc2/2R %efficiency max = (1/2)/(2/ ) = 25 %

12.0 Power Amplifiers Summary of Power Amplifiers Draw 3 circuits

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Output power - voltage and current Signal swing (peak-to-peak / 2)/sqrt of 2 for rms Ipp*Vpp/8 Input power Average Current*Average Voltage Supply Vpp Class A Vcc Class A 2Vcc Transformer Class B 2Vcc Ipp Vcc/R 2Vcc/R 2Vcc/R Output Power Vcc2/8R 4Vcc2/8R 4Vcc2/8R Avg Current Vcc/2R Vcc/R Voltage Supply Vcc Vcc Input Power Vcc2/2R Vcc2/R 2Vcc2/R %efficiency 25 50 100/4

2Vcc/R Vcc

12.0 Power Amplifiers Amplifier Distortion Harmonic Distortion % nth harmonic distortion = % Dn where n = 2, 3, 4,.. = 100%* |An|/|A1| % THD = square root of sum of squares of Dn

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Power of Signal Having Distortiion P1 P = = = I12*Rc/2 (I12+ I22+ I22 + ..)Rc/2 (1 + THD2)P1

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