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ch02 Elementary Principles of Chemical Process Solutions
ch02 Elementary Principles of Chemical Process Solutions
3 wk
7d
24 h 3600 s 1000 ms
= 18144
.
10 9 ms
1 wk 1 d
1 h 1
s
38.1 ft / s 0.0006214 mi 3600 s
(b)
= 25.98 mi / h 26.0 mi / h
3.2808
ft
1 h
2.1 (a)
(c)
2.2 (a)
554 m 4
1d
1h
d kg 24 h 60 min
1 kg 108 cm 4
= 3.85 10 4 cm 4 / min g
1000 g 1 m 4
1
m
1 h
760 mi
= 340 m / s
h 0.0006214 mi 3600 s
1 m3
= 57.5 lb m / ft 3
35.3145 ft 3
(b)
921 kg 2.20462 lb m
m3
1
kg
(c)
1.34 10 -3 hp
= 119.93 hp 120 hp
1
J/s
2.3 Assume that a golf ball occupies the space equivalent to a 2 in 2 in 2 in cube. For a
classroom with dimensions 40 ft 40 ft 15 ft :
40 40 15 ft 3 (12) 3 in 3 1 ball
n balls =
. 10 6 5 million balls
= 518
ft 3
2 3 in 3
The estimate could vary by an order of magnitude or more, depending on the assumptions made.
2.4 4.3 light yr 365 d 24 h
1 yr
3600 s 1.86 10 5 mi
1d
1 h
3.2808 ft
0.0006214 mi
0.0006214 mi
1 report
0.001 m
= 4 1011 reports
2.6
19 km 1000 m 0.0006214 mi
1000 L
= 44.7 mi / gal
1 L
1 km
1
m 264.17 gal
Calculate the total cost to travel x miles.
Total Cost
Total Cost
American
European
= $14,500 +
= $21,700 +
$1.25 1 gal
gal 28 mi
x (mi)
= 14,500 + 0.04464 x
$1.25
1 gal
x (mi)
= 21,700 + 0.02796 x
gal 44.7 mi
2-1
2.7
5320 imp. gal
106 cm3
14 h 365 d
plane h
1 d
1 yr
0.965 g
cm
1 kg
1 tonne
1000 g
1000 kg
tonne kerosene
plane yr
= 1.188 105
plane yr
yr
2.8 (a)
(b)
(c)
2.9
2.10
2.11
32.1714 ft / s 2
25.0 lb m
lb f
32.1714 lb m ft / s 2
25 N
1 kg m/s 2
1
9.8066 m/s 2
10 ton
1N
1 lb m
5 10
-4
50 15 2 m 3
500 lb m
= 2.5493 kg 2.5 kg
980.66 cm / s 2
1000 g
ton
= 25.0 lb f
1 g cm / s 2
2.20462 lb m
35.3145 ft 3
1 m3
85.3 lb m
1 ft 3
1 m3
kg
2.20462 lb m
1 dyne
11.5 kg
= 9 10 9 dynes
32.174 ft
1 lb f
= 4.5 10 6 lb f
2
2
1 s
32.174 lb m / ft s
5 10 2
FG 1 IJ FG 1 IJ 25 m
H 2 K H 10K
(a)
mdisplaced fluid = mcylinder f V f = cVc f hr 2 = c Hr 2
fh
2.12
Vs =
R 2 H
3
Vf =
; Vf =
r 2 h
3
h Rh
H
H
h3
H2
= s
H3
= s
H 3 h3
f
h
R r
R
= r = h
H h
H
FG IJ = R FG H h IJ
3
3 H HK
3 H
H K
R F
R H
h I
=
H
G
J
3 H
3
H K
R H
2
f V f = sVs
f = s
R 2 H
FG h IJ
H HK
2-2
2.13
y
y= 1
dA
y=y=11+h
h
xx
A(m 2 )
1 y
dA = dy
x = 1 y 2
y= 1
dA
1+ h
( )=2
dx = 2 1 y dy A m
2
1 y 2 dy
1 y 2
1m
2
A m 2 = y 1 y 2 + sin 1 y = ( h 1) 1 ( h 1) + sin 1 ( h 1) +
1
2
h 1
( )
b g
W N =
4 m A( m 2 ) 0.879 g 10 6 cm 2
cm
1m
E Substitute for A
L
W b N g = 3.45 10 Mbh 1g 1 bh 1g
N
4
2.14
1 kg
9.81 N
kg
N
10 g
= 3.45 10 4 A
g g0
b g 2 OPQ
+ sin 1 h 1 +
355 poundals
25.0 slugs
1 lb m ft / s 2
1 poundal
= 0.135 m / s 2
2-3
1 slug
32.174 lb m
1m
3.2808 ft
1 fern
5.3623 bung ft / s 2
3 bung 32.174 ft
1 fern
= 3 fern
2
6 s 5.3623 bung ft / s 2
On the earth: W = (3)( 32.174) / 5.3623 = 18 fern
(b)
(2.7)(8.632) = 23
(c) 2 + 125 = 127
(d)
4.0 104
1 105
40
(3.600 104 ) / 45 = 8.0 106
50 10 3 1 10 3 49 10 3 5 10 4
4.753 10 4 9 10 2 = 5 10 4
s=
= 0.3o C
B: R = 1031
. 97.3 = 58
. oC
X=
97.3 + 1014
. + 98.7 + 1031
. + 100.4
= 100.2 o C
5
s=
= 2.3o C
(b) Thermocouple B exhibits a higher degree of scatter and is also more accurate.
2-4
2.19 (a)
12
X=
12
i =1
C min=
= 73.5
s=
12
= X 2 s = 73.5 2(1.2) = 711
.
( X 735. )
i =1
= 12
.
12 1
C max= = X + 2 s = 735
. + 2(12
. ) = 75.9
(b) Joanne is more likely to be the statistician, because she wants to make the control limits
stricter.
(c) Inadequate cleaning between batches, impurities in raw materials, variations in reactor
temperature (failure of reactor control system), problems with the color measurement
system, operator carelessness
2.20 (a), (b)
1
2
(a) Run
134 131
X
Mean(X) 131.9
Stdev(X) 2.2
127.5
Min
136.4
Max
(b) Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
X
128
131
133
130
133
129
133
135
137
133
136
138
135
139
Min
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
3
129
Mean
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
133 135 131 134 130 131 136 129 130 133 130 133
Max
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
140
138
136
134
132
130
128
126
0
10
15
(c) Beginning with Run 11, the process has been near or well over the upper quality assurance
limit. An overhaul would have been reasonable after Run 12.
2.36 104 kg m 2
(b) Q 'approximate
2.20462 lb 3.28082 ft 2
m2
kg
3600 s
(2 104 )(2)(9)
12 10( 43) 1.2 106 lb ft 2 / s
3 103
2-5
2.22 N Pr =
N Pr
Cp
0.583 J / g o C
1936 lb m
0.286 W / m C
1
1 h 3.2808 ft
ft h
3600 s
1000 g
m 2.20462 lb m
(6 10 )(2 10 )(3 10 ) 3 10
15
. 10 3 . The calculator solution is 163
. 10 3
1
3
2
(3 10 )(4 10 )(2)
3
2.23
Re =
Re
2.24 (a)
Du
0.48 ft
2.067 in
1 m
1 kg 10 6 cm 3
0.805 g
cm 3
1000 g
1 m3
kg d p y
D
1/ 3
= 2.00 + 0.600
d p u
1/ 2
1/ 3
5
3
2
(1.00 kg/m )(1.00 10 m / s)
k g (0.00500 m)(0.100)
= 44.426
= 44.426 k g
1.00 105 m 2 / s
1/ 2
= 0.888 m / s
(b) The diameter of the particles is not uniform, the conditions of the system used to model the
equation may differ significantly from the conditions in the reactor (out of the range of
empirical data), all of the other variables are subject to measurement or estimation error.
(c)
dp (m)
0.005
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
kg
0.889
0.620
1.427
0.796
1.240
min mm
in
min mm 2
238 crystals 1 min
= 238 crystals / min
= 4.0 crystals / s
60 s
min
(25.4) 2 mm 2
in 2
(b) r =
b g
(c) D mm =
b g
D in
FG
H
IJ
K
crystals 60 s
25.4 mm
crystals
= 25.4 D ; r
= r
= 60r
s
1 min
min
1 in
g b
2-6
b g
r = 84.7 D 108 D
lbf
m 2 1.01325 105 N/m 2
70.57 lb m 35.3145 ft 3 1 m3
1000 g
=
= 1.13 g/cm3
3
3
6
3
ft
m 10 cm 2.20462 lbm
(c)
F lb IJ = g
G
H ft K cm
F lb IJ = P' N
PG
H in K m
m
3
f
2
1 lb m
28,317 cm 3
453.593 g
1 ft 3
0.2248 lb f
12
m2
39.37 2 in 2
1N
= 62.43
= 145
. 10 4 P '
id
2.27 (a) V cm 3 =
t int =
t exact
1 0
(010
. 3.00) + 0 = 112
. min
0.406 3
1
C
1 0.10
=ln
= - ln
= 1.70 min
2.00 3.00
2 3.00
(c)
3.5
C exact vs. t
3
C (mol/L)
2.5
2
(t=0.6, C=1.4)
1.5
1
(t=1.12, C=0.10)
0.5
0
0
t (min)
2-7
p* =
2.29 (a)
(b)
60 20
(185 166.2) + 20 = 42 mm Hg
199.8 166.2
(C)
(MM HG)/)
DO 2 I = 0, 115, 5
T = 100 + I
CALL VAP (T, P, TD, PD)
WRITE (6, 903) T, P
903
FORMAT (10X, F5.1, 10X, F5.1)
2
CONTINUE
END
SUBROUTINE VAP (T, P, TD, PD)
DIMENSION TD(6), PD(6)
I=1
1
IF (TD(I).LE.T.AND.T.LT.TD(I + 1)) GO TO 2
I=I+1
IF (I.EQ.6) STOP
GO TO 1
2
P = PD(I) + (T TD(I))/(TD(I + 1) TD(I)) * (PD(I + 1) PD(I))
RETURN
END
OUTPUT
DATA
98.5
1.0
TEMPERATURE
VAPOR PRESSURE
131.8
5.0
(C)
(MM HG)
100.0
1.2
#
#
215.5
100.0
105.0
1.8
#
#
215.0
98.7
2.30 (b) ln y = ln a + bx y = ae bx
b = (ln y 2 ln y1 ) / ( x 2 x1 ) = (ln 2 ln 1) / (1 2) = 0.693
ln a = ln y bx = ln 2 + 0.63(1) a = 4.00 y = 4.00e 0.693 x
(c) ln y = ln a + b ln x y = ax b
b = (ln y 2 ln y1 ) / (ln x 2 ln x1 ) = (ln 2 ln 1) / (ln 1 ln 2) = 1
ln a = ln y b ln x = ln 2 ( 1) ln(1) a = 2 y = 2 / x
(d) ln( xy ) = ln a + b( y / x) xy = aeby / x y = (a / x)eby / x [can't get y = f ( x)]
b = [ln( xy ) 2 ln( xy )1 ]/[( y / x) 2 ( y / x)1 ] = (ln 807.0 ln 40.2) /(2.0 1.0) = 3
ln a = ln( xy ) b( y / x) = ln 807.0 3ln(2.0) a = 2 xy = 2e3 y / x
[can't solve explicitly for y ( x)]
2-8
2.30 (contd)
(e) ln( y 2 / x ) = ln a + b ln( x 2) y 2 / x = a ( x 2) b y = [ax ( x 2) b ]1/ 2
1
1 a
1
= +
x Plot
vs.
ln( y 3) b b
ln( y 3)
a
1
, intercept =
b
b
(d)
1
1
= a ( x 3) 3 Plot
vs. ( x 3) 3 [rect. axes], slope = a , intercept = 0
2
2
( y + 1)
( y + 1)
OR
2 ln( y + 1) = ln a 3 ln( x 3)
Plot ln( y + 1) vs. ln( x 3) [rect.] or (y + 1) vs. (x - 3) [log]
3
ln a
slope = , intercept =
2
2
(e) ln y = a x + b
Plot ln y vs.
x [rect.] or y vs.
(f) log10 ( xy ) = a ( x 2 + y 2 ) + b
Plot log10 ( xy ) vs. ( x 2 + y 2 ) [rect.] slope = a, intercept = b
(g)
x
b
x
1
vs. x 2 [rect.], slope = a , intercept = b
= ax + = ax 2 + b Plot
y
x
y
y
OR
b
1
1
b
1
1
vs. 2 [rect.] , slope = b, intercept = a
= ax +
= a + 2 Plot
y
x
xy
xy
x
x
2-9
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
y
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
y=aR+b
U|
V|
W
.
0.011
0169
= 2.11 10 3
80 5
y = 2.11 10 3 R + 4.50 10 4
3
4
b = 0.011 2.11 10 5 = 4.50 10
a=
ib g
ib g
2.33 (a) ln T = ln a + b ln T = a b
T = 85o C = 9677.6 / 85
0.8403
b
g
T = 290 C = b9677.6 / 290g
T = 175o C = 9677.6 / 175
o
0.8403
. L/s
= 535
0.8403
= 29.1 L / s
0.8403
= 19.0 L / s
(c) The estimate for T=175C is probably closest to the real value, because the value of
temperature is in the range of the data originally taken to fit the line. The value of T=290C
is probably the least likely to be correct, because it is farthest away from the date range.
2-10
ln ((CA-CAe)/(CA0-CAe))
2.34 (a) Yes, because when ln[(C A C Ae ) / (C A0 C Ae )] is plotted vs. t in rectangular coordinates,
the plot is a straight line.
0
50
100
150
200
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
t (m in)
)(120)
lnP
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
2.5
3.5
lnV
k = slope = ( 1573
. ) = 1573
.
(dimensionless)
Intercept = ln C = 12.736 C = e12.736 = 3.40 105 mm Hg cm4.719
G GL
1
G G
G G
= ln K L + m ln C
=
0
= K L C m ln 0
m
G0 G K L C
G GL
G GL
ln (G 0 -G )/(G -G L )= 2 .4 8 3 5 ln C - 1 0 .0 4 5
3
ln(G 0-G)/(G-G L )
2.37 (a)
2
1
0
-1
3 .5
4 .5
ln C
2-11
5 .5
2.37 (contd)
G 180
. 10 3
= 4.340 10 5 (475) 2.483 G = 1806
10 3
.
3.00 10 3 G
C=475 ppm is well beyond the range of the data.
(b) C = 475
ln( 35
. ) = ln a + b ln(102
. ) + c ln(9.1)
b = 0.68
c = 1.46
ln(2.58) = ln a + b ln(102
. ) + c ln(112
. )
ln(3.72) = ln a + b ln(175
. ) + c ln(112
. )
. Slope=b, Intercept= ln a + c ln p
(b) When P is constant (runs 1 to 4), plot ln Z vs. lnV
2
lnZ
1.5
1
0.5
0
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
lnV
b = slope = 0.52
lnZ
1.5
1
0.5
0
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
lnP
c = slope = 0.997 10
.
Intercept = lna + b lnV = 3.4551
Z = 31.096VbPc
0.1
0.15
0.2
Vb Pc
a = slope = 311
. volt kPa / (L / s) .52
The results in part (b) are more reliable, because more data were used to obtain them.
2-12
2.39 (a)
sxy =
sxx =
a=
b=
x y
1
n
1
n
sx =
1
n
i i
= [(0.4)(0.3) + (2.1)(19
. ) + (31
. )( 3.2)] / 3 = 4.677
i =1
n
= (0.32 + 19
. 2 + 3.2 2 ) / 3 = 4.647
2
i
i =1
n
i =1
sxy sx s y
b g
sxx sx
sxx s y sxy sx
b g
sxx sx
1
n
= (0.4 + 2.1 + 31
. ) / 3 = 1867
.
i =1
4.677 (18
. )(1.867)
= 0.936
4.647 (18
. )2
( 4.647)(1867
. ) (4.677)(18
. )
= 0.182
2
4.647 (18
. )
.
y = 0.936 x + 0182
(b) a =
sxy
sxx
4.677
= 1.0065 y = 1.0065x
4.647
y = 0.936x + 0.182
y = 1.0065x
1
0
0
a = Intercept = 0.082 L / g
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2
1.5
C
1/C
1
0.5
0
2
C-fitted
2-13
10
1
0.1
10
100
ln y
1.5
1
0.5
b = slope = 0.168
0
-1
2
ln x
Intercept = ln a = 11258
.
a = 3.08
600
800
ln(1-Cp/Cao)
400
ln(1-Cp/Cao)
0
200
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
ln(1-Cp/Cao) = -0.0062t
100
400
500
Lab 1
600
400
600
-4
-6
ln(1-Cp/Cao) = -0.0111t
Lab 2
k = 0.0111 s-1
800
0
ln(1-Cp/Cao)
ln(1-Cp/Cao)
200
300
-2
k = 0.0062 s-1
200
-2
-4
200
400
600
800
0
-2
-4
-6
ln(1-Cp/Cao)= -0.0064t
-6
ln(1-Cp/Cao) = -0.0063t
t
Lab 3
k = 0.0063 s-1
Lab 4
k = 0.0064 s-1
(c) Disregarding the value of k that is very different from the other three, k is estimated with
the average of the calculated ks. k = 0.0063 s-1
(d) Errors in measurement of concentration, poor temperature control, errors in time
measurements, delays in taking the samples, impure reactants, impurities acting as
catalysts, inadequate mixing, poor sample handling, clerical errors in the reports, dirty
reactor.
2-14
2.43 yi = axi (a ) =
di2
i =1
a=
i =1
2.44
i =1
axi
=0=
da
2b y
n
i =1
axi xi
y x
i i
i =1
2
i
i =1
by
n
yi xi /
2
i
i =1
2-15
=0
3.0E-03
2.9E-03
2.8E-03
2.7E-03
2.6E-03
2.5E-03
2.4E-03
2.3E-03
2.2E-03
2.1E-03
2.0E-03
-10.0
ln D
-11.0
-12.0
-13.0
-14.0
ln D = -3666(1/T) - 3.0151
1/T
(d) Spreadsheet
T
347
374.2
396.2
420.7
447.7
471.2
D
1.34E-06
2.50E-06
4.55E-06
8.52E-06
1.41E-05
2.00E-05
1/T
2.88E-03
2.67E-03
2.52E-03
2.38E-03
2.23E-03
2.12E-03
Sx
Sy
Syx
Sxx
-E/R
ln D0
lnD (1/T)*(lnD)
-13.5
-0.03897
-12.9
-0.03447
-12.3
-0.03105
-11.7
-0.02775
-11.2
-0.02495
-10.8
-0.02296
2.47E-03
-12.1
-3.00E-02
6.16E-06
-3666
-3.0151
D0
7284
0.05
2-16
(1/T)**2
8.31E-06
7.14E-06
6.37E-06
5.65E-06
4.99E-06
4.50E-06