1.4 0.

1.2

1 0.15

Drag Coefficient ~ (CD)

Lift Coefficient (CL)

0.8

0.6 0.1

0.4

0.2 0.05

-0.2 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Angle of Attack ~ deg Lift Coefficient ~ (CL)
 0.12 0.12

0.11 0.11
Basic drag polar Basic drag polar

0.1 0.1
Drag Coefficient (CD)

Drag Coefficient (CD)

0.09 0.09 0.01 increase in lift-independent drag

0.08 0.01 increase in lift-independent drag 0.08

0.07 10% increase in efficiency 0.07 10% increase in efficiency or aspect ratio
or aspect ratio
0.06 0.06

0.05 0.05

0.04 0.04
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Lift Coefficient (CL) Lift Coefficient Squared (CL^2)
 0.11 0.024

0.1
0.022
0.09

Lift-Independent Drag Coefficient (CDo)

0.08 0.02
Drag Coefficient (CD)

0.07
0.018
M < 0.8
0.06

0.016
0.05

M = 0.95
0.04 0.014
M = 0.925
M = 0.9
0.03
0.012
0.02

0.01 0.01
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Lift Coefficient (CL) Mach Number (M)

0.5 0.9

0.45
0.8
0.4

Maximum Lift Coefficient (CLmax)

Lift-Dependent Drag Factor (K)

0.35 0.7

0.3
0.6

0.25

0.5
0.2

0.15 0.4

0.1
0.3
0.05

0 0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Mach Number (M) Mach Number (M)
 5500

5000

4500

4000
Total Drag

3500
Drag ~ N

3000

2500 Parasite or Lift-Independent Drag

2000

1500
Induced or Lift-Dependent Drag
1000

500
80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Equivalent Airspeed (Ve) ~ KEAS

14

12

10
Lift to Drag Ratio (CL/CD)

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Lift Coefficient (CL)
 0.016 1

0.014

0.8
Lift-Independent Drag Coefficient (Cdo)

0.012
Lift-Dependent Drag Factor (K)

0.01
0.6

0.008

0.4
0.006

0.004
0.2

0.002

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Mach Number (M) Mach Number (M)
1 12

10
0.8
Max Lift Coefficient (CLmax)

8
0.6
Max L/D Ratio

0.4
4

0.2
2

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Mach Number (M) Mach Number (M)
 350000
Lift = 173845 N
S = 49.2 m^2
300000

250000 30 , 000 ft
Drag (D) ~ N

200000

150000 Sea Level

100000

50000

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Mach Number (M)

220000

200000 Lift = 173845 N

S = 49.2 m^2
180000

160000

140000
Drag (D) ~ N

120000 Sea Level - Compressible

100000 Sea Level - Parabolic

80000

60000 30 , 000 ft - Compressible

40000

20000 30 , 000 ft - Parabolic

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Mach Number (M)
 80000
Alt = 30 , 000 ft
70000 Lift = 173845 N
S = 49.2 m^2
60000

50000
Drag (D) ~ N

40000 Compressible
Induced

30000

20000 Incompressible

10000
Lift-independent Compressible
Incompressible
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Mach Number (M)
 250
695381

Lines of constant W/d

521535 S = 49.2 m^2
200

150
Drag (D) ~ kN

100
347690

50
173845

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Mach Number (M)
 1

0.8
Propeller Efficiency

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
True Airspeed (Vt) ~ KTAS
 600

Power Available

500

400
Power (Pr) ~ kW

Power Reqd
300

K1 Vt^3
200

100
K2 / Vt

0
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
True Airspeed (Vt) ~ KTAS
 40000

35000

Lines of Constant W/d

30000
Referred Fuel Flow (w / ) ~ lb/hr

25000

200k
20000
160k

15000
120k

10000
80k

5000 40k

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Mach Number (M)
 100 6
Brake Power Required For Level Flight (BP) ~ kW

5
80
Specific Range (SR) ~ nmi/litre

4
60

40
2

20
1

Vbe Vbr
Vbe Vbr
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
True Airspeed (Vt) ~ KTAS True Airspeed (Vt) ~ KTAS
 50 0.04

45
0.035

40
Referred Fuel Flow (wf/....) ~ 1000 lb/hr

0.03
Specific Range (SR) ~ nmi/lb

35

0.025
30

25 0.02

20
0.015

15
0.01
10

0.005
5
Mbe Mbr Mbe Mbr

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Mach Number (M) Mach Number (M)
 25

20

Headwind = 25 kt
Fuel Flow (lb/hr) ~ w_f

Nil wind
15
Tailwind = 25 kt

10

Vbr in wind
0
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
True Airspeed (Vt) ~ KTAS
 2200
32.0k lbf
2000
Lines of constant W/d
1800

25.6k lbf
1600
Referred Fuel Flow ~ lb/hr

1400

19.9k lbf
1200

1000

12.8k lbf
800

600
Line of max RF
6.4k lbf
400

200
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Mach Number (M)

1900

1800
Maximum Range Factor (RF_max) ~ nmi

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300

1200
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Referred Weight (W/d) ~ lbf
 2400 200

2200 180

Power Available (Prop)

160
2000 Thrust Available (Turbojet)

140
1800
Power (Pr) ~ kW

Power Available for Climb

Thrust (T) ~ N

120
Thrust Available for Climb
1600
100
1400
80

1200
60

1000 Power Required For Level Flight

Thrust Required For Level Flight 40
(Level Flight Drag) (Level Flight Drag Power)
800 20
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
True airspeed (Vt) ~ KTAS True airspeed (Vt) ~ KTAS
 11

10 K increasing
Maximum Normal Load Factor (n_z_max) ~ g

8 K decreasing

Structural Limit
6

3 Aerodynamic Limit

1
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Equivalent Airspeed (Ve) ~ KEAS
 500 50

450 45

400 40
Maximum Turn Rate (w_max) ~ deg/sec
Minimum Turn Radius (r_min) ~ m

Altitude
350 35
Altitude SSL
300 30 5k ft
15k ft
Structural Limits 10k ft
250 Aerodynamic Limits 25 15k ft
10k ft Structural Limits
5k ft
200 20
SSL
150 15
Aerodynamic Limits
100 10

50 5

0 0
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Equivalent Airspeed (Ve) ~ KEAS Equivalent Airspeed (Ve) ~ KEAS
 7

Instantaneous Structural Limit

6
Maximum Normal Load Factor (n_z_max)

5 Instantaneous Aerodynamic Limit

4 Sustained Limit - SSL

Sustained Limit - 5k ft

0
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Equivalent Airpseed (Ve) ~ KEAS
400

350 5k ft
Minimum Turn Radius (r_min) ~ m

300

250 Instantaneous Aerodynamic Limits

200 SSL

150
Sustained Power Limits
100

50

0
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Equivalent Airpseed (Ve) ~ KEAS
 35

Instantaneous Aerodynamic Limits Sustained Power Limits

30

Maximum Turn Rate (w_max) ~ deg/sec

25
SSL

20

5k ft
15

10

0
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Equivalent Airpseed (Ve) ~ KEAS

7 7

6 6
Maximum Normal Load Factor (n_z_max)

Maximum Normal Load Factor (n_z_max)

5 5

4 4

SSL SSL
3 3

2 2

1 1
25k ft 15k ft 25k ft 15k ft

0 0
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Equivalent Airspeed (Ve) ~ KEAS True Airspeed (Vt) ~ KTAS
 80 80
Freestream C_L = 1.099 Freestream C_d_i = 0.0643
70 70

60 60

50 50
Height AGL ~ ft

40 Height AGL ~ ft 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
1.09 1.1 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 0.058 0.059 0.06 0.061 0.062 0.063 0.064 0.065
Lift Coefficient (C_L) Induced Drag Coefficient (C_d_i)
 5 80

Engine Output = 150 kW

Turbojet , 70 kN SSL Static Thrust
Fixed Pitch Propeller , 1.8m dia 75
4
Propeller Thrust (T) ~ kN

70

Net Thrust (F_n) ~ kN

3

65

2
60

1
55

0 50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 50 100 150 200
True Airspeed (V_t) ~ KTAS True Airspeed (Vt) ~ KTAS