NATSCI 2- ENvironmental SCIence Energy and Matter

Energy is defined as the ability to do work and can take many forms measured in calories, BTUs( British thermal unit), or joules

Conservation of Matter - Established in 1789 by French Chemist Antoine Lavoisier. The principal of the conservation of matter states that matter is neither created nor destroyed. - Or more simply, the mass of substances produced (products) by a chemical reaction is always equal to the mass of the reacting substances (reactants). First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy is conserved; that is, it is neither created nor destroyed. The second law of thermodynamics states that, with each successive energy transfer or transformation in a system, less energy is available to do work.

primary consumer TERTIARY CONSUMER: the which eats secondary consumer DECOMPOSERS: fungi, bacteria speed up the decaying process of dead animals and plants Plankton include microscopic plant and animal organisms that float or drift in great numbers in the ocean. Plankton are the start of most oceanic food chains. There are many species of plankton and each has a characteristic shape. Plankton may be phytoplankton (plant-like organisms - producers) or zooplankton (animal-like organisms - consumers).

Order of Food Chain Detritivores = Decomposers, acts after the tertiary consumer dies. What do decomposers eat? - remember: decomposers receive energy from all other organisms in an ecosystem

Food Chain and Food Web

A food chain shows HOW each living thing gets its food. A food web = multiple food chains; A food web consists of several food chains. PRODUCERS: plants at the bottom of the food chain PRIMARY CONSUMER: the one which eats the producers SECONDARY CONSUMER: the one which eats

ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM
Energy pyramids show the transfer of energy through a food chain. The pyramid is made of levels. Energy is lost with each transfer in a food chain

90% of the energy available at a level is released to the environment as heat 10% of the energy is incorporated or used

TROPHIC LEVELS
A trophic level is: a step in the transfer of energy through an ecosystem a level in an energy pyramid Different trophic levels: producer consumer primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Why are there more herbivores than carnivores? HERBIVORES: eat plants = primary consumers CARNIVORES: eat meat = secondary, tertiary and higher level consumers OMNIVORES: eat plants and meat The further along the food chain you go, the less food (and hence energy) remains available. TROPHIC LEVEL = PYRAMID OF ENERGY Where do producers get their energy from? Answer: SUN Which of the above categories has the highest food energy? Answer: trees and plants (PRODUCERS) Organism a single living thing. Species - A group of organisms in an ecosystem capable of reproduction Taxonomy - The science of nfinding, describing, classifying, and naming organisms How come less food energy at the top of the pyramid Because most of the energy gets lost into the environment at each link. 90 % of the energy is lost to the environment as HEAT. 10% of the energy is transferred. Population - Population is a group of same species occupying the same area (location) A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same species and live in the same geographical area.

Community - A community is a group of different species (organisms) interacting with each other and sharing (populating) the same location (area) a community is a group of interacting species sharing a populated environment

When an organisms habitat or niche are changed, it can lead to extinction (the local or global disappearance of a species) niche or habitat competition

BIODIVERSITY IN ECOSYSTEMS Biodiversity is: - the sum total of different kinds of organisms - the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem

Ecosystem - A community and its environment Ecosystem = biotic + abiotic Ecosystem = community + environment

Biodiversity The total sum of organisms living in an ecosystem An ecosystem is more biodiverse when: a. Higher variety of organisms (more various species) b. Greater number of each population (higher number of organisms in each species)

s (changes) in habitat affect biodiversity = effect on biodiversity e.g. natural disaster = decrease in biodiversity When an ecosystem has more biodiversity: it is more stable It is more resilient

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
BIO refers to the living organisms GEO refers to the inorganic molecules such as those found in rocks, air and water CHEMICAL refers to the interactions of elements Substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. A cycle is a series of change which comes back to the starting point and which can be repeated.

example There are 1000 different populations on island pop. Also, each population is more than 100. There are 10 different populations on island song. Each population is about 50. In which of the two ecosystem is the biodiversity greater? And why?

HABITAT & NICHE An organisms habitat is where it lives (home or natural environment) examples?

Water Cycle
Evaporation Sublimation Condensation Precipitation Transpiration

PURPOSES it is a structural component of organic molecules the energy-holding chemical bonds it forms represent energy "storage".

Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus is the key to energy in living organisms, for it is phosphorus that moves the energy from ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) to another molecule, driving an enzymatic reaction, or cellular transport. It is also the glue that holds DNA together, binding deoxyribose sugars together, forming the backbone of the DNA molecule. cannot be found in air

Carbon Cycle
Five Major Reservoirs Of Carbon 1. The atmosphere 2. The terrestrial biosphere, which includes freshwater sources and other organic material like soil carbon. 3. The oceans - has dissolved carbon in inorganic as well as organic living and nonliving marine flora and fauna. 4. The sediments which includes fossil fuels. 5. The planet's interior, has carbon in the earth's mantle and crust. It is vented to the atmosphere or hydrosphere by volcanic eruptions and geothermal activities.

Nitrogen Cycle

Sulfur Cycle
Component of protein - Cycles in both a gas and sedimentary cycle. - The source of Sulfur is the lithosphere (earth's crust). - Sulfur (S) enters the atmosphere as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) during fossil fuel combustion, volcanic eruptions, gas exchange at ocean surfaces, and decomposition. - H2S is immediately oxidized to sulfur dioxide (SO2) - SO2 and water vapor makes H2SO4 ( a weak sulfuric acid), which is then carried to Earth in rainfall.

Eukaryotes have a separate membrane bound nucleus, numerous mitochondria and other organelles such as the Golgi Body within each of their cells.

PROKARYOTES Do not have a nucleus, mitochondria or any other membrane bound organelles.

Kingdom Prokaryotes:Bacteria Archaea

When Evolved Structure 3 to 4 billion years ago 3 to 4 billion years ago

Photosynthesis

Unicellular Unicellular

Sometimes No

The Six Kingdoms

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Bacteria Protozoa Chromista Plantae Fungi Animalae

Eukaryotes:Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae 1.5 billion years ago Unicellular Sometimes

Unicellular 1 billion years or No ago Multicellular 700 million Multicellular No years ago 500 million years ago Multicellular Yes

How are organism placed into their kingdoms? Cell type, complex or simple Their ability to make food The number of cells in their body Two Major Groups Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

KINGDOM PLANTAE
Body type: multicellular with cell walls made of cellulose Prokaryotic / eukaryotic: eukaryotic Food consumption: photosynthesis (absorbs light) Reproduction: both sexual and asexual Environments: land and water

Hetero / Chemo / Autotrophic: Autotrophic Characteristics: Plants have organs and organ systems. The leaves collect and absorb sunlight to convert to glucose. The leaves have a waxy coat on them to shield against water. The root system, which branches out, provides support and absorbs water. The stem provides support and the petal / flower / bud is the reproductive organ of the plant.

Methanogens: methane producing organisms Thermophiles: These can live in extremely hot, acidic environments like sulfur springs. Halophiles: Can only live in bodies of concentrated salt water, like the Dead Sea.

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
Body type: unicellular Prokaryotic / eukaryotic: prokaryotic Environments: extreme environments as do archaebacteria (near volcanic activity) HETEROTROPHS: This bacteria lives about anywhere, including in your body in the form of a parasite. Saprobes feed off of non -living organisms and recycles the nutrients back into the environment where it can be used to create new life. AUTOTROPHS: Obtain energy through photosynthesis. Most are a blue-green color and are often called blue-green bacteria. They get this color from chlorophyll, which is also found in plants. They live in chains in ponds, lakes, and moist regions. CHEMOTROPHS: Produce energy by converting inorganic matter into organic matter. They break down dead stuff.

Kingdom Fungi
Body type: unicellular or multicellular Prokaryotic / eukaryotic: eukaryotic Food consumption: through absorption Reproduction: both sexual and asexual Environments: marine, terrestrial, fresh water Number of species: about 100,000 Characteristics: Cell walls made of chitin (chit-in)

KINGDOM PROTISTA
Body type: both unicellular and multicellular Prokaryotic / eukaryotic: eukaryotic Food consumption: by photosynthesis (algae) Reproduction: both sexual and asexual Auto / Chemo / Heterotrophic: auto and heterotrophic

Kingdom Animalia KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA

Body type: unicellular Prokayotic / eukaryotic: prokaryotic Food consumption: Reproduction: Environments: extreme environments (near volcanic activity and dangerous stuff like that) they dont need oxygen, light Body type: multicellular Prokaryotic / eukaryotic: eukaryotic Food consumption: by ingestion Reproduction: sexual Auto / Chemo / Heterotrophic: heterotrophic

Three divisions of archaebacteria