CNG NGH SCAN 3D V NG DNG

ThS. NGUYN TH LONG ThS. TRNG HNG QUANG

B mn Thit k my - Khoa C kh Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti Tm tt: Bi bo gii thiu tng quan v cng ngh Scan v nhng ng dng ca n trong cc lnh vc khc nhau nh: ngnh ch to khun mu, sn xut t, chp mu v thit k sn phm, trong lnh vc nha khoa cng nh mi quan h gia cng ngh ny v CAD/CAM. Summary: The article is about the principle of Scan 3D technology and its applications in different industries such as: Mold tooling, Automotive, Reverengineering and design, dentistry as well as the relationship between Scan 3D and CAD/CAM technology

I. T VN nng cao nng sut v chnh xc ch to, trong lnh vc CAD/CAM/CAE cng ngh chp mu (REVERSE ENGINEERING) ngy cng c s dng rng ri. Bn cht ca cng ngh ny l dng cc loi my o 3D vi phn mm thch hp ti to li bn v thit k di dng s ho ca mt sn phm c sn ti u hay a vo gia cng trn cc my t ng CNC. Mun vy cn phi nm vng cng ngh o 3D m trong SCAN 3D l mt gii php c nhiu u im, trong bi bo ny cc tc gi trnh by nguyn l v ng dng ca cng ngh .
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II. NI DUNG A. Vi nt v cng ngh Scan 3D Cng ngh Scan laser l mt trong ng dng ca cng ngh o khng tip xc. Trong qu trnh o my s dng chm nh sng Laser chiu vo b mt ca chi tit cn o, chm tia sng c phn x li t b mt chi tit c cm ng o thu li a vo b phn bin i ca my o v vi s h tr ca my tnh v phn mm iu khin o cho ra kt qu ca chi tit o di dng m my im. Hin nay trn th gii c rt nhiu hng sn xut my Scan Laser nh: Faro Arm, Metris, Konika Mi hng c phn mm Scan khc nhau, a ra chnh xc khc nhau v s dng tia sng Laser c bc sng khc nhau nh Konika s dng nh sng Laser cp I cn Faro Arm li s dng nh sng Laser cp II Nhng v nguyn l c bn u ging nhau. S nguyn l n pht Laser nh sng Laser B mt cn Scan Thu knh

m my im

Ch th

X l ca phn mm

Cm bin CCD

- Nguyn l lm vic 1. n pht Laser: c nhim v pht ra nh sng Laser c bc sng thch hp. 2. Thu knh: c nhim v lc v hi t tia Laser c phn x li t b mt ca chi tit ln b mt ca cm bin CCD. 3. Cm bin CCD (Charge Couple Device): C nhim v thu nhn tia Laser c phn x t b mt chi tit trn c s so snh cc gc lch gia chng v a ra tn hiu in khc nhau. 4. X l ca phn mm my tnh: My tnh vi s h tr ca phn mm my tnh c nhim v thu nhn tn hiu in t CCD gi ti v x l tn hiu a ra kt qu l m my im. 5. Ch th: a ra kt qu o chi tit c x l t my tnh l m my im. Thc cht v nguyn l ca scan Laser ging nh qu trnh chp nh thng thng, nhng chp nh ca Scan Laser l qu trnh chp nh cc vt th dng nh 3 chiu trong khi nu l chp nh thng thng th ch l nh 2 chiu. Scan Laser s dng cm bin Laser v gn vo mt h thng my o h thng ny c nh v v c kim sot bng my tnh, cc my o dng trong Scan laser l cc my o c th c gn vi my CNC t 3 n 5 trc c kch thc tng i ln kt cu kh vng chc hoc c th l m hnh my xch tay rt nh gn. Vt cn o c t trc tip trn bn hoc c treo c nh hoc cng c th c v tr bt k trong khng gian nh cc tng i, nh ca m khng phi g t phc tp nh cc loi my o CMM thng thng, y l mt li th ni tri ca Scan laser. Vi s h tr ca phn mm kim sot qut s li cm bin Laser lt trn b mt ca vt cn qut b phn nh v 3D nm trn b mt ca b cm bin s ghi li cc tn hiu phn hi c a ra bi h thng qut theo gc phn x ca chm nh sng c b mt ca chi tit phn x li v tn hiu ny c so snh vi tham s mu t a ra cho ta kt qu o l m my im. Tt c cc h thng qut trong cng ngh Scan Laser u s dng cng ngh da trn php c tam gic Laser. Bn cht ca cng ngh ny l my nh hai chiu chp nh da vo di sng Laser nh trong hnh v. Di sng c pht ra t mt i t quang thng qua cc b phn bin i quang hc sau c chiu vo b mt ca vt c qut to nn mt mt ct trn phn b mt c chiu sng, nh sng phn chiu to ra cc nh im trn ng chiu c 1 trong hai b cm ng thu li. L do c hai b phn cm ng thay v mt l: c th v mt l do no hnh nh nghing trn b mt ca vt tht khng c mt b phn cm ng nhn bit v lun cn c mt b phn cm ng th hai c th bt c hnh nh . Ngi s dng c th bt hai b phn cm ng nhng ch mt b phn cm ng hot ng trong mt thi im. Ti mi mt ct to ra mt nh 2 chiu hnh dng ca hnh nh 2 chiu ny c ghi li bng CCD k thut s v sau da vo kch c v bng Laser, v tr Z c xc nh v c phn mm lu gi li vo trong mt c s d liu v cui cng s c tng hp li thnh b mt ca vt c o di dng m my im.

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M hnh my Scan Laser Hnh nh mt s my qut Laser

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Hnh 1. Scan 3D lp trn my o CMM Hnh 2. Scan 3D lp trn cnh tay robot Hnh 3. Scan 3D t do

u, nhc im ca cng ngh Scan laser u im - Kt cu nh gn: My Scan laser kt cu nh gn hn nhiu so vi my o CMM c th c m hnh xch tay nh hnh trn. - G t n gin: Khi Scan laser th chi tit cn Scan khng cn phi g t cu k m c th c t trn bn hoc c mt v tr bt k trong khng gian v khi o dng c o khng tip xc vo vt o hn na my o t iu chnh tiu c ca thu knh cho ph hp vi khong cch thay i tng i gia my o v vt c o. - Cho ra kt qu nhanh: My Scan Laser cho ra kt qu nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi My CMM. - R rng x l kt qu: Cho ra kt qu l m my im rt r dng x l trn cc phn mm x l im chuyn dng nh: Geomegic, Catia - o c nhiu nhng vt c phc tp m my o thng thng khng th o c. - phn gii cao: phn gii ca Scan laser cao hn rt nhiu my o CMM. CMM ch chnh xc c mt s gii hn cc v tr c c gn u o nhng khng th chnh xc v y ton b sn phm. V vy Scan Laser cho ra c s liu b mt y hn s liu mt ct ca CMM. - Qut c nhiu kch thc sn phm khc nhau nh to nh, tng i

- C th qut c cc mu dng mm nh x phng, t nn - C th kim tra cc b mt v so snh vi cc im. Nhc im - Trc khi o nhng b mt c mu khng phn quang phi sn li mu cho chi tit o nn c th lm nh hng n nhng chi tit mu c yu cu cao thm m v mu sc. - Mc d c s dng rt nhiu cho cc ng dng o, kim tra nhng scan Laser khng th o chnh xc tng micromet nh my o CMM. chnh xc ca Scan Laser chnh xc ca cng ngh Scan Laser thp hn chnh xc ca cng ngh o CMM vo khong 35 m. Cc phn mm c s dng x l d liu sau khi Scan x l c cc d liu Scan ta phi dng cc phn mm x l im nh: Geomegic Studio, Geomegic Qualify, Rapid Form B. ng dng cng ngh Scan Laser - ng dng trong thit k ngc: Trong ngnh c kh c mt b phn thit k lun phi dng li nhng chi tit c sn gi l b phn thit k ngc phc v vo cc vic sau: + Thit k li khun cho chi tit. + Dng li m hnh 3D a vo gia cng li chi tit. + Ci tin mt s b phn no trn chi tit cho ph hp yu cu lm vic ca chi tit. c bit l khi cn dng li nhng chi tit c tnh lp ghp, lp ln yu cu ca nhng chi tit ny l phi c chnh xc rt cao m bo kh nng lp ghp v iu kin lm vic ca chi tit cho nn vic la chn cng ngh o Scan laser v cng ngh o 3D o dng li chi tit lun l la chn s mt.
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Hnh 4. Mt s ng dng ca cng ngh Scan 3D

- ng dng trong o kim tra sn phm: Bt k mt sn phm no sau khi sn xut xong c a ra th trng u phi c kim tra xem c m bo iu kin lm vic ca n khng v vy trong cc ngnh sn xut c bit l sn xut c kh chnh xc lun c mt b phn gi l b phn kim tra cht lng sn phm. kim tra chnh xc c cc kch thc hoc cc b mt c bit l cc b mt phc tp v c kch thc ln ngi ta thng s dng cng ngh Scan laser. - ng dng trong ngnh khun mu: ngoi vic dng li chi tit lm khun nh ni trn th vic kim tra li cc kch thc ca lng li khun trc khi a vo sn xut c ngha quyt nh trong ngnh khun mu. Khi ngi ta o cc kch thc trong lng li khun v so snh vi cc kch thc mu ban u t tm ra cc sai lch gia chng c phng n sa cha cho ph hp. - ng dng trong ci tin kiu dng: Vi nhu cu ca th trng hin nay ngoi vic cc sn phm sn xut ra nng cao c tnh nng th yu cu v thm m cng ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong vic tiu th sn phm ca cc ngnh sn xut nh ngnh sn xut xe my, sn xut t, in thoi di ng l nhng lnh vc pht trin rt mnh hin nay v c yu cu v tnh thm m cao v vy ngi ta lun lun cn ci tin kiu dng cho sn phm. Vi cc chi tit cn ci tin ngi ta ch cn ci tin mt phn no trn ca sn phm khi y ngi ta s dng cng ngh Scan laser ly mu chi tit cn ci tin. Sau dng phn mm thit k dng li chi tit v v thm vo hnh dng cc b mt cn ci tin v vy chi tit thit k ra vn m bo tnh lp ghp vi cc chi tit khc m lm cho sn phm c kiu dng mi.
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To m hnh bng t nn

m hnh t nn c Scan Laser

M c hon chnh

Gia cng khun

X l d liu Scan Laser

Hnh 5. M hnh quy trnh thit k sn phm mi

- ng dng trong thit k sn phm mi: Trong cc ngnh sn xut lun lun cn phi a ra cc kiu dng hon ton mi cho sn phm m bo nhu cu ca th trng, vi

nhng sn phm phc tp vic dng cc chi tit ca sn phm trn phn mm gp kh khn khi ngi ta thng dng thch cao hoc t st to kiu dng cho chi tit ri s dng my Scan Laser ly mu li chi tit v cui cng a ln phn mm dng li hnh dng cho sn phm. - ng dng trong ngnh kho c hc: Trong ngnh kho c hc c nhng vt ngi ta cn to ra mt bn sao trng by, mc ch l bo tn bn gc lm c vic ngi ta s dng cng ngh Scan laser ly mu li hnh dng ca vt sau s dng phn mm CAD/CAM thit k v gia cng to c hnh dng ca sn phm v cui cng s dng mu sc lm cho vt c hnh dng ging vi vt mu. - Y hc, phu thut v v ti to: Trong y hc th c ng dng kh nhiu cng ngh Scan laser nhng y ch xin nu ra nhng ng dng in hnh nht ca cng ngh ny l ngnh ti to gii phu. + To xng nhn to: trong y hc nhiu khi c nhng v tai nn gy v hng mt phn no ca xng nh hp s chng hn yu cu t ra l phi ti to li c phn xng thay th cho phn xng b mt i v phn c thay th phi ph hp v c chnh xc cao khi y ngi ta cng s dng my Scan Laser ly li mu v dng CAD/CAM to li hnh dng cho phn xng v ngi ta cng lm tng t nh vy cho ngnh Nha khoa.

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Hnh 6. ng dng trong lnh vc nha khoa

III. K T LUN Do khun kh bi bo c hn cc tc gi ch c th gii thiu s lc v SCAN 3D v cc ng dng ca n, nhng cng cho thy hiu qu to ln m n mang li cho sn xut. Hin cng ngh ny c a vo ni dung ging dy cho k s ngnh T ng ho thit k c kh v p dng vo cc ti NCKH v chuyn giao cng ngh ca b mn Thit k my, trng i hc Giao thng vn ti.
Ti liu tham kho [1] www.lih - sing.com. [2] Metris Document - 2007. [3] www.congnghemoi.com. [4] Top Solid Design 2008

NGHIN CU THIT K, CH TO THIT B V XY DNG PHN MM O GHI KT QU KIM TRA TH NGHIM VAN HM
PGS. TS. VIT DNG ThS. NGUYN VN NGHA
Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti Tm tt: Bi bo trnh by qu trnh la chn cc phn t c bn v tnh ton thit k, ch to cc cm thit b ch yu ca h thng o ghi t ng d liu o trn bn th: chuyn i ADC, vi x l, ghp ni my tnh, hin th, ngun nui. ng thi trong chuyn cng thit lp phn mm o, x l trn my tnh, lu tr v hin th s trn bn th. Summary: The paper presents selecting process of basic items and designing calculation, manufacturing main devices of automatically measurement and record system on testing table: AD converting, micro information processing, computer integrating, display, power source. The research also built measurement software, processing on computer, storage and numberical display on testing table.

1. t vn B th hm chuyn dng l thit b s dng th nghim van hm on tu theo mt quy trnh c xc lp t trc. Cc s liu o c thu thp trong qu trnh th nghim trn b theo quy trnh th cho php nh gi chnh xc, khch quan trng thi k thut ca tng loi van cng nh tng th h thng hm. Cc thit b o ghi kt qu kim tra th nghim van hm lm nhim v thu thp cc tham s phc v vic nh gi cht lng van hm trn bn th. Cc s liu m h thng thu thp c phi m bo y , chnh xc v mang lng thng tin cao, c lu tr v hin th r rng nhm gip cho cn b th nghim c c kt lun chnh xc v cht lng v phc v cng tc chn on trng thi k thut, xc nh h hng ca cc van hm. Vic nghin cu la chn cc phn t c bn: cc cm bin chuyn i, bin i ADC, linh kin in t; tnh ton thit k v ch to cc cm thit b ch yu ca h thng o ghi t ng d liu trn bn th: chuyn i ADC, vi x l, ghp ni my tnh, hin th, ngun nui, thit lp phn mm o, x l trn my tnh, lu tr v hin th s trn bn th l mt ni dung nghin cu quan trng trong ti nghin cu khoa hc cp B GD&T m s B2006-04-25 T. 2. Thit k h thng o ghi s liu t ng kt qu kim tra th nghim van hm 2.1. Tc dng ca thit b th hm u my, toa xe v c s la chn cc tham s o lng ca h thng o ghi [1] Thit b hm trc khi a ra s dng lp trn u my, toa xe phi c kim tra tnh nng trn b th hm chuyn dng. Nhng thit b sau khi kim tra, t yu cu mi c php s dng. My th hm tng hp cc loi van hm l thit b chuyn dng, c nhim v th, kim tra tnh nng tc dng v pht hin cc h hng cc b phn chi tit ca cc loi van hm, van phn phi. T s nguyn l bn th hm v cc tham s tiu chun ca cc loi van hm on tu (bng 1) [1], ta thy cc tham s cn o lng, hin th v lu tr cho h thng o ghi trn bn th bao gm thi gian tng gim p v cc gi tr p sut khng kh trn cc v tr ng ng cn o theo cc ng h: p sut ngun cp, p sut xi lanh hm, p sut ng ng hm, p sut gi trong thng gi ph v thng gi iu khin.

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Bng 1. Thi gian tng v gim p ng hm tay hm R-V V tr 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tn gi X gi Trung lp X gi Cp gi Cp gi Cp gi nhanh p sut thay i KG/cm2 X nhanh gi p thng gi ph Bo p 4,2 1 3,5 4,9 3,5 4,9 Cp nhanh Thi gian (giy) <3 55462 546 244

T cc thng s cn o, ta c th la chn cu hnh cho thit b o ghi nh sau: - S lng knh o ca thit b cn 05 knh o - Phm vi gi tr o p sut khng kh t 0 KG/cm2 n 5.6 KG/cm2. Nh vy, m bo an ton v chnh xc cn thit, la chn cc thit b chuyn i o lng c phm vi o t 0 KG/cm2 n 8.0 KG/cm2 v phn gii kt qu thu thp cn t c n 10-2 KG/cm2 l hp l. - Tc thu thp s liu theo yu cu tng i thp, khong 2 d liu / giy cho c 5 knh o. 2.2. S khi h thng o ghi trn bn th H thng o, ghi trn bn th hm cn phi m bo c mt s yu cu c bn sau: - m bo cc chc nng o lng v x l cc tn hiu. - C tc o, tin cy cng nh chnh xc cao, - Cng mt lc c th o nhiu gi tr khc nhau, tu thuc vo quy trnh th nghim ca tng loi van hm - C kt cu nh, nh, d lp t, thao tc thun tin, hin i, ph hp vi trnh cng ngh ti cc nh my trong ngnh SVN v kh nng u t ca ngnh. 2.2.1. S khi la chn ca thit b S khi chung ca h thng o ghi trn bn th hm th hin trn hnh 1.
B ni . ghp . trung . gian CS Cloc DIN . . . ADC
Khi iu khin (VXL)

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Chuyn i P1 Chuyn i P2 Chuyn i P3 Chuyn i P4 Chuyn i P5

To ngun
DOut ADC Clock

DT RTS GN


RS232
CT

Analog Inputs

Ngun nui

Hnh 1. S khi thit b o ghi x l d liu t ng trn bn th hm

Trn hnh 1, cc chuyn i p sut Pi (i = 1-5) s chuyn i cc thng s o l cc gi tr p sut: - P1: gi tr p sut gi p cp vo bn th (IN)

- P2: gi tr p sut gi p trong xi lanh hm (XLH) - P3: gi tr p sut ng ng hm (OH) - P4: gi tr p sut gi p thng gi ph (TGP) - P5: gi tr p sut gi p thng gi iu khin (K) Cc gi tr p sut kh p c thu thp lin tc t bn th bi cc b cm bin Pi. Cc tn hiu ra t Pi, c chuyn i thnh tn hiu s nh b chuyn i tng t s ADC. Cc tn hiu s tng ng vi mc tn hiu o, thng qua cc khi iu khin ghp ni vi my tnh (b vi x l) v phn mm thch hp qua cng ni tip RS 232 v a n cc b hin th s o trn bn th. Vi phn mm v giao din thch hp, trn my tnh in t s hin th d liu o theo cc phng thc thch hp di dng bng s liu hoc th p sut theo thi gian o. Cc s liu thu thp c c th lu tr trn my tnh hoc in ra kt qu. 2.2.2. Tnh ton thit k la chn cc cm ca thit b [2], [3] a. La chn v b tr cc cm bin (u o) Cc im t cm bin trn bn th cn xc nh chnh xc v c p sut gi n nh. Trn bn th chn im lp t cc b cm bin p sut trn ng gi t bn th ln cc ng h o. Vic chn cm bin p sut cho h thng o ghi ca bn th i hi cht lng cao, yu cu chu c p sut thay i lin tc, cn phi p ng cc yu cu: tuyn tnh v chnh xc cao, c th o p sut tnh vi n nh im zero cao, c nhy vi gia tc nh, c tui th v chu c s thay i lc nn cao, c kch thc nh gn, gi thnh h, d tm kim. Trn c s phn tch mt s u nhc im ca cc loi cm bin p sut thng dng, la chn ra loi cm bin p sut ph hp kiu 511 (hnh 2) [2].
I 20mA

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4mA

p pmin pmax

Hnh 2. Cu trc v c tnh dng in v p sut cm bin p sut 511 1. Ng kt ni p; 2. Ming chng d; 3.Ch cn b kn; 4. Ming Ceramic; 5. u kt ni in; 6. Mch in t
i lng o

ADC Vi x l
Ngun

RAM

Ghp ni my tnh

Hnh 3. S khi mch thu nhn s liu v ghp ni my tnh

b. Thit k mch thu nhn s liu v ghp ni my tnh [2], [3] S khi chc nng ca mch (hnh 3). T s khi, tin hnh thit k chi tit mch. - La chn b vi x l: Trn c s phn tch c tnh cc VXL, la chn h PsoC (Programmable System on Chip) ca Cypress, k hiu chip CY8C29466 [2]. Cc c tnh VXL chip CY8C29466 bao gm 4 h thng: h thng PsoC trung tm (PsoC Core), h thng s (digital), h thng tng t (Analog) v khi cc ti nguyn (Resources) bao gm cc thit b ngoi vi c tch hp. - Dn knh u vo: ng thi o cc thng s p sut cho 05 u o ca bn th, cn c khi ghp knh Analog dn knh u vo ca PSoC. La chn khi MIX 8 cho php dn knh 8 u vo analog. - Chuyn i AD: Da vo cc ch tiu la chn ADC cho bn th, ti la chn ADC PsoC 29466 loi DELSIG8 (hnh 4). Ghp ni theo chun ca RS-232 vi b bin i ADC PsoC 29466 c ghp ni vi my tnh bng cng COM2 vi IC MAX23.

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Hnh 4. S nguyn l b DELSIG8

Ngun nui cho ton b h thng o ghi c th c ly t ngun in 80VAC n 250VAC ca X nghip hoc phng th nghim hm, a vo b ngun bin i c in p n nh mong mun [2]. S nguyn l b mch thu thp, bin i tn hiu, ghp ni my tnh v ngun nui th hin trn hnh 5. Cc khi o ghi hin th kt qu o c thit k theo cc m un c lp thun tin cho cc qu trnh th nghim c lp, o c lu ng v m rng chc nng khi cn thit c. B hin th s liu s (LED) [2] B hin th s liu nhn s liu t mch thu thp, bin i tn hiu o v hin th ln LED 7 vch gi tr p sut o c t mi cm bin Pi. - iu khin qut LED: S dng cng loi chp ADC PsoC 29466 loi DELSIG8 nhn tn hiu t mch o ghi qut ln h thng 03 LED 7 vch cho mi knh ra. - B LED hin th: S dng thanh LED 7 vch, 03 s loi thng dng hin th gi tr p sut cho mi b hin th cho mi knh o. S nguyn l mch ca b hin th s cho mt knh o s dng chp PsoC 29466 th hin trn hnh 6. T s nguyn l, thit k s mch in cho b hin th cho tng knh o.

Hnh 5. S nguyn l mch bin i tn hiu ghp ni my tnh v ngun nui

RXD R3 RES1 RX D1 dauvao 4 3 2 1 CO N4 VCC C1 CAPACITOR GND Psoc1 1 h P0[7] 2 f P0[5] 3 d P0[3] 4 b P0[1] 5 P2[7] 6 P2[5] 7 P2[3] 8 DK2 P2[1] 9 VSS RX D1 10 P1[7]SCL TX D1 11 P1[ 5] SDA 12 P1[3] SC L K 13 XSCL 14 Vss Psoc VCC 28 27 g 26 e 25 c 24 a 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 GND VC C1 RXD TXD Z1 ZENER1 VC C1 diot DIODE VCC ULN2803 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 TXD R4 RES1 TX D1 Z2 ZENER1

Vdd P0[6] P0[4] P0[2] P0[0] P2[6] P2[4] P2[2] P2[0] XRES P1[6] P1[4] P1[2] XS DA

a c e g GND h1 f1 d1 b1

b d f h g1 e1 c1 a1 9 h1 11 g1 4 f1 7 e1 8 d1 10 c1 1 b1 5 a1

LT1 e dp g f e d c b a b g 1 c d e 12 a 12 6 3 2 R5 R6 RES1 R7 RES1 RES1 DK1 DK2 DK3 dp Vcc1 Vcc2 Vcc3 b b g g 2 c e 3 c d d dp dp

DK3 DK1 XRES

HEAD ER 9 X2

SDA T A

channap 5 4 3 2 1 JNapPsoc

VCC XRES SC L K SDA T A

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Hnh 6. S nguyn l ca b hin th s bng LED 7 vch cho mi knh o

3. Ch to v lp t h thng o ghi s liu t ng kt qu kim tra th nghim van hm 3.1. Qu trnh ch to mch thu thp s liu v ghp ni my tnh (o ghi) T s nguyn l mch (hnh 5), lp rp cc linh kin v cc phn t tch cc: b VXL, b ADC, IC MAX232 giao tip cng RS232... ln mch in c ch to. hin th trc tip thng s p sut ca tng knh o, trn mch lp thm hin th LCD. u ni gia b o ghi vi cc cm bin p sut v cc b hin th s dng jc db25F. Trong bao gm cc ng analog v ngun cp cho h thng theo s chn tn hiu: + Cc chn 1, 2, 3, 4 v 10, 11, 12, 13 l cc u vo analog. + Chn 8 l chn +12V, chn 6 l chn 0V. u ni gia b o ghi vi my tnh s dng jc ni db9M cho giao tip RS232. Cp ni my tnh vi b o ghi s dng cp null modem. Ton b khi o ghi, ngun nui cc b hin th v cc jc ni c t trong hp nha cng, mn hnh LCD c lp kim tra trc tip cc thng s o v thng s ci t cho h thng. Trn hnh 7 l kt cu hon chnh ca b o ghi, c b tr ngay pha sau b lp ng h o, pha trn cc cm bin p sut. T cc cm bin, qua cc ng cp null modem truyn dn tn hiu o n bin i ADC v x l trn khi o ghi, c u ni vo cc jc db25F ca n theo s chn trn s

 nguyn l trnh by trn. Cc tn hiu s ra t khi o ghi, c truyn thng n cc b hin th s (qua jc db25F) v ln my tnh (qua jc ni db9M cho giao tip RS232).

Hnh 7. Kt cu hon chnh ca b o ghi

3.2. Qu trnh ch to, lp rp cc b hin th s Tng t nh vi panel mch o ghi, ch to mch in cho cc khi mch hin th s liu, ta cng s dng mch in thng dng v ch to mch in bng bng phng php n mn vi s mch in theo s nguyn l mch c thit k. Hnh dng mch in sau khi c ch to th hin trn hnh 8. T s nguyn l (hnh 6), thc hin vic lp rp cc linh kin la chn ln mch in. Lp jc ni, s dng jc db25F. V ca b hin th c chn l loi v nha cng tiu chun c sn trn th trng. Trn mt pha trc v c ca s l cc thanh LED hin th s. Cc b hin th s ca bn th (05 b) c lp t mt trc bn th, pha di cc ng h o p sut tng ng (hnh 9).

Cc b hin th s

CKKC

Kckck

Hnh 8. Mch in panel v b hin th s sau khi ch to hon chnh

Hnh 9. V tr lp t cc b hin th s trn bn th hm

4. Xy dng phn mm hin th x l kt qu kim tra th nghim van hm Vi cc d liu thu thp c t chng trnh thu thp d liu, cc d liu c x l thng qua cc chng trnh con hin th kt qu di dng th (c tnh), dng bng s liu kt qu, sao lu hoc in n bo co kt qu th nghim theo quy nh ca ngnh ng st. - Phn giao din chung (hnh 10): Phn giao din chung, l phn thut ton chng trnh phc v cho vic nhp cc d liu bng bn phm my tnh (cc thng s qun l k thut), chn ch th nghim v c d liu qua cng COM (RS232) ca my tnh theo s khi thut ton thu thp d liu (hnh 10). Cho php ngi s dng: khai bo cc s liu qun l k thut van hm: thi gian, loi van hm th nghim, ; la chn ch th nghim, tng ng vi khi ng cc chng trnh con theo cc ch thu thp v hin th d liu. Cc chng trnh con tng ng cc ch th nghim theo quy trnh th nghim van hm xc nh.

Cc giao din ch th nghim c la chn: - Khi la chn ch th nghim van hm no , s c giao din ca chng trnh tng ng hin th di dng th c tnh P = f(t) (hnh 11) v c th la chn ch hin th di dng bng s liu, sao lu hoc in n. Cc giao din chng trnh con tng ng vi cc ch th nghim cc tnh nng ca van hm bao gm 7 ch th nghim: Th nghim tnh nng cp gi, tnh nng hm, tnh nng np gi-nh hm, tnh nng hm giai on, tnh nng t ng b sung gi p van hm, th nghim van x gi nh hm trc tip (vi loi van hm c cc tnh nng ny).

Hnh 10. Giao din chung la chn ch

Hnh 11. Giao din hin th c tnh P = f(t) th nghim ch cp gi ca van hm loi 104

La chn ch sao lu, in n d liu ca qu trnh th nghim va thc hin hoc thc hin c lu trong b nh my tnh. T s khi chng trnh, tin hnh xy dng chng trnh o ghi cc kt qu th nghim van hm trn bn th hm bng ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng Borland Delphi 6.0 [2].
CK

5. Kt lun T kt cu bn th, quy trnh th nghim cc loi van hm toa xe v m hnh h thng o ghi t ng kt qu th nghim la chn, ni dung bi bo trnh by cc bc c bn ca qu trnh thit k, ch to, lp t h thng o ghi trn bn th nghim van hm toa xe. ng thi, cng xy dng c chng trnh thut ton o ghi t ng, hin th kt qu o th nghim. Tuy nhin, do mi l bc thit k ch to ban u, cc iu kin v kinh t v k thut cha cho php, chng trnh o ghi ch hn ch vic hin th, lu tr, in n cc tham s o trn my tnh, m cha c c chc nng chn on t ng cho cht lng van hm trong qu trnh th nghim. Hn ch ny l tt yu trong bc u nghin cu v lnh vc chn on van hm t ng trn bn th v hon ton c th khc phc bng cch tip tc u t nghin cu hon thin thm m hnh, thut ton chn on t ng cho van hm toa xe, cng nh u t c s vt cht ti cc c s sn xut ca ngnh u my toa xe nc ta.
Ti liu tham kho [1]. c Tun, V Duy Lc v cc tc gi, (2007), Thuyt minh: Nghin cu qu trnh ng lc hc thu kh
c ng dng trong thit k, ch to thit b kim tra th nghim van hm, Chuyn , ti NCKH cp B GDT, HGTVT. [2]. Vit Dng, Nguyn Vn Ngha, (2008), Nghin cu thit k, ch to thit b v xy dng phn mm o ghi kt qu kim tra th nghim van hm, Chuyn , ti NCKH cp B GDT, HGTVT [3]. Ng Din Tp (1996), o lng v iu khin bng my tnh, NXB Khoa hc v K thut

TNH TON C CU NNG H THNG T T BNG PHNG PHP GII TCH

PGS. TS. NGUYN VN BANG KS. NGUYN THNH CNG
B mn C kh t Khoa C kh Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti Tm tt: Bi bo trnh by phng php gii tch tnh ton c cu nng h thng t t s dng gin nng ni vi khung ph t xc nh cc thng s k thut ca c cu ny. Summary: This article represents the analytic method of calculation to determine the parameters of lifting the cargo bed of the dump truck.

I. T VN Trong cc ti liu v thit k tnh ton t Vit Nam ch yu s dng phng php ha tnh ton c cu nng h thng t t . Nhc im ca phng php ny l chnh xc ca kt qu khng cao v khng c kh nng ti u cc thng s kt cu ca c cu nng h. Bi bo ny trnh by phng php gii tch tnh ton ng hc v ng lc hc c cu nng h thng xe t s dng gin nng ni vi khung ph t xc nh cc thng s ca c cu. II. NI DUNG Kt cu ca c cu nng h s dng gin nng ni vi khung ph th hin trn hnh 1. Cc b phn chnh ca c cu c lin kt vi nhau thng qua cc khp tr. B phn ch ng l xilanh thy lc 1, khi lm vic du s c bm vo xilanh thy lc y cn y ca xilanh i ln thng qua gin nng v thanh y y thng i ln thc hin qu trnh trt hng. Kt cu c s ho nh trn hnh 2.
CKKC

Kckck

Hnh 1. Kt cu c cu nng h s dng gin nng vi khung ph: 1- xilanh thy lc; 2 - cm gin nng; 3 - thanh y; 4 - thng xe; 5 - gi ; 6 - khung ph

1. Tnh ton ng hc v ng lc hc c cu 1.1. Tnh ton ng hc c cu Vic xc nh ng hc gip xc nh hnh trnh nng ln nht Smax ca xilanh v gc quay ca xilanh. Do vy cn xc nh ng hc dch chuyn ca c cu t khi bt u nng thng n v tr thng c nng n gc ln nht trt ht hng.

Hnh 2. ng hc c cu nng thng

T s ng hc c cu nng thng vi cc thng s c th hin trn hnh 2 ta xc nh c cc quan h hnh hc nh sau:

1 = + 2
Trong :
2 = arctg h l

(1)

CK

2 = 2arctg

A A 2 + B2 C 2 BC

(2)

vi: A = 2d1d 2 sin 1 + 2d 2d 4 sin ; B = 2d1d 2 cos 1 2d 2d 4 cos ;

2 2 2 2 C = 2d1d 4 cos(1 ) + d1 + d2 d3 + d4

3 = 2arctg
trong :

D D 2 + E 2 F2 EF

(3)

D = 2d3d 4 sin 2d1d3 sin 1 ; E = 2d1d 3 cos 1 + 2d 3d 4 cos

2 2 2 2 F = d1 d2 + d3 + d4 2d1d 4 cos(1 )

1 = d 2 + a 2 T (1), (2), (3), (4) ta xc nh c chiu di ca xilanh nh sau: x= trong = arccos

2 2 d6 + 1 2d 61 cos( + 3 + )

(4)

(5)

2 2 d d2 + d6 d5 , = arccos 3 . a 2d 3d 6

Thay gi tr = 0O ta xc nh c chiu di xilanh khi cha nng thng l O1B. Thay gi

tr max l gc nng thng ln nht m bo trt ht hng th ca xilanh trn gin nng l O1B. Hnh trnh nng ca xilanh: S = O1B - O1B T xc nh c gc :
= ar cos
2 2 x 2 + 1 d6 2x1

1.2. Tnh ton ng lc hc

Tnh ton ng lc hc c cu nng h l xc nh lc cn thit nng thng gip cho vic xc nh cc gi tr ti trng t ln c cu. Ti trng G trn hnh 3 bao gm trng lng bn thn thng v ti trng nh mc.

Hnh 3. S xc nh lc nng ca kch

T hnh 3 xc nh m men i vi cc im ta O2 v O3, b qua lc ma st ta c: F1 = F

l .l l l4 ; F1 = G 1 ; F = G 1 3 l3 l2 .l4 l2

CKKC

(6)

Kckck

Trong : F - lc nng ca kch; G - trng lng ca hng v thng; l1, l2 - cnh tay n ca cc lc ti O3; l3, l4 - cnh tay n ca cc lc ti O2. Nh vy, xc nh F ta phi xc nh c l1, l2, l3, l4 (hnh 3): l1 = cos( + 1) Trong : (7)

2 2 lg + hg

1 = arctg(lg/hg) l2 = d1sin(1 + 2) l3 = d3sin(2 + 3) l4 = 1sin (8) (9) (10)

T cc phng trnh (7), (8), (9), (10) thay vo (6) ta c ti trng tc dng vo xilanh thu lc khi t bt u nng thng:

F=G

( cos(1 + 1 )) * (d3 sin(2 + 3 )) (d1 sin(1 + 2 )) * (1 sin )

2. Tnh ton c cu nng h cho mt xe c th

p dng phng php trn vi cc thng s kt cu c cu nng thng xe t 15 tn nh sau: a = 1475; b = 940; c = 15; d = 7; h = 208; l = 913; hg = 802; lg = 1495; d1 =

h 2 + l 2 ; d2 =

548; d3 = 477; d4 = c2 + b 2 ; d5 = 239; d6 = 394 (n v cc kch thc hnh hc tnh bng mm); G = 150000 (N). T cc thng s trn ta xy dng cc quan h gia hnh trnh nng xilanh v lc tc dng ln xilanh theo gc nng thng nh hnh 5 v hnh 6. m bo trt ht hng khi chn gc nng thng ln nht max = 54o khi hnh trnh xilanh Smax = 1822 - 1138 = 684 (mm). Lc nng tc dng ln xilanh: F = 210900 (N).

CK

Hnh 5. th biu din mi quan h gia chiu di xilanh v gc nng thng.

Hnh 6. th biu din mi quan h gia lc tc dng ln xilanh v gc nng thng.

III. KT LUN

Bi bo trnh by phng php gii tch tnh ton hnh trnh nng v lc tc ng ln xilanh ca c cu nng h. T tc gi xy dng mi quan h gia hnh trnh nng v lc tc ng ln xilanh vi gc nng ca thng xe. c kt qu tnh ton cho mt i tng c th.

Ti liu tham kho [1]. Nguyn Hu Cn - Phan nh Kin, Thit k tnh ton t my ko, NXB i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip, H ni, 1984. [2]. Trnh Ch Thin, Bi ging t chuyn dng, 2006. [3]. .., : , go , B , M 1987. [4]. . . . e, . 1969 . C

[5]. . . , , , 1988. [6]. B. M. , , , 1968

NGHIN CU NH GI BN MI CA KHUNG GI CHUYN HNG V TRC BNH XE U MY D19E TRN C S L THUYT NG DNG PH HU MI DNG TUYT I
PGS. TS. NG VN QUYT
Hc vin K thut Qun s

GS. TS. C TUN

Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti

ThS. PHM L TIN

Trng Cao ng ngh ng st I Tm tt: Bi bo gii thiu phng php nghin cu v cc kt qu nh gi bn mi (h s an ton mi) ca khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe u my D19E ang s dng ti X nghip u my H Ni trn c s l thuyt ng dng ph hu mi dng tuyt i. Summary: In this article, author presents the reseach method and the evaluation result of Fatigue Strength (calculation ratio of Fatigue Safety) of bogie frame and wheel shafts of locomotive- type D19E which have been operating by Hanoi Locomotive Enterprise basing on theory of absoluteness similar fatigue failure.

I. t vn u my D19E l loi u my chim mt t l ln trong tng s cc loi u my hin c ca nc ta. Sau khong 2 nm vn dng loi u my ny ti X nghip u my H Ni, cc x dc ca mt s ln khung gi chuyn hng xut hin cc vt nt, dn ti nguy c mt an ton rt ln cho vic chy tu. c c s tip tc s dng, khai thc loi u my ny trong thi gian ti vi yu cu tc chy tu ngy cng c nng cao, thi gian va qua ngnh ng st Vit nam xut vn nghin cu v nh gi bn mi ca cc kt cu b phn chy ca u my, trong c trc ca bnh xe v khung gi chuyn hng. nh gi c bn mi ca khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe u my D19E cn c cc kt qu chnh xc v cc c trng mi ca vt liu bng c phng php thc nghim v bng c phng php tnh ton l thuyt. Trong bi bo ny trnh by phng php nh gi bn mi ca khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe ca u my D19E theo phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi tuyt i [2]. II. NGHIN CU, TNH TON 2.1. C s nh gi bn mi khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E theo phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi tuyt i a. C s l thuyt tnh h s an ton Khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E va chu m men xon, va chu m men un v lc dc x nn ng sut ti im nguy him ca mt ct nguy him thay i theo chu k ng sut khng i xng (r - 1) [2] vi trng hp k / k 1 (k / k < 1). H s an ton mi c xc nh:
s= s .s
2 s + s2 [1 + 2(1

CKKC

Kckck

k )(s 1)] k

[s]

(1)

H s an ton mi thnh phn c xc nh:

s = 1 k a . + . m + . m 1 , k a . + . m + . m

(2)

s =

(3)

Trong : 1 v 1 : gii hn bn mi khi chu un v xon ca mu chun; m v m : ng sut php v tip trung bnh; a v a : ng sut php v tip bin ; k v k : h s tp trung ng sut php v tip thc t; v : h s nh hng kch thc; , , v : h s nh hng ca vt liu. b. Phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi tuyt i v ch tiu ng dng [2] - Theo lut phn phi Weibull:

I=

L G F0
=

1 u (m + 1) 0
max ; u

( 1) m +1 = 2,3 lg(1 P) G ; max

(4)

Trong :

G=

G - Graien tuyt i ca ng sut chnh ln nht; u, 0, m - Nhng thng s ca phn b;

CK

P - Xc sut ph hu vng c tp trung ng sut khi chu ng sut gii hn cc i nhng khng vt qu max khi max > u; L - Chu vi hoc mt phn chu vi ca mt ct ngang c tp trung ng sut max. Phng trnh (4) c gi l phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi dng tuyt i hay L L (v nu nh gi thit F0 = 1 mm2) phng trnh ng dng Serenxen-Cogaev. Nhn t G G FO c gi l ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi. ngha ca ch tiu ny l: cc mu th nghim v cc tit my c kch thc v s tp trung ng sut khc nhau, nhng nu c cng mt gi tr ch tiu ng dng th trn thc t c cng mt hm phn b gii hn mi. - Theo lut phn phi chun: Theo lut phn phi chun vi i lng ngu nhin X = lg(max - u) nhn c phng trnh sau:

lg(max u) = AL Blg
Trong : B' =

L + u PS G

(5)

1 1 m lg (m + 1)0 u 0,159 ; ; A' L = m +1 m +1

{[

uP - Phn v ca phn phi chun ng vi xc sut ph hu P; S - Sai lch bnh phng trung bnh ca i lng ngu nhin X = lg(max - u).

Cc i lng cn li tng t nh gii thch ca phng trnh (4). 2.2. Nghin cu, tnh ton xc nh mt ct chu ng sut ln nht ca khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe u my D19E a. Khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E Kt cu khung gi chuyn hng u my c th hin trn hnh 1. Vin C hc thc hin cc cng vic kho st u my D19E - 903 vi khung gi chuyn hng cha c gia cng ko tu khch E1/E2 trn tuyn H Ni - Nng - H Ni [3]. Ti cc im P4 v P7 tm y di ca x dc khung gi chuyn hng c cc gi tr ng sut tnh, ng sut ng trung bnh, bin ng sut ng v s lng xung bin dng c gi tr bin dng ln xut hin nhiu hn so vi cc im o khc. Kt lun nh sau [3]: - ng sut tnh 0 = 660 kgf/cm2 - Trn ng ng bng: ng sut ng: a = 30,87 MPa vi s xung l 1567; a = 20,58 MPa vi s xung l 8629;
198 212

P4 P7
CKKC

Hnh 1. Kt cu khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E

Kckck

ng sut tng: = 95,55 MPa. - Trn ng o dc: ng sut ng: a = 61,74 MPa; ng sut trung bnh m = 120,25 MPa; ng sut tng: = 126,42 MPa. b. Trc bnh xe u my D19E

IV

1814,3

Hnh 2. B trc bnh xe u my D19E 1. Trc bnh xe; 2, 5. Mm bnh xe; 3. L du bnh rng; 4. Bnh rng b ng; 6. L du bnh xe

Kt cu trc bnh xe u my c th hin trn hnh 2. Mt ct ca phn tr ng c in ko (IV) bn phi (bn khng lp bnh rng) trn trc bnh xe u my D19E c ng sut php v tip ln nht, vy mt ct mt ct xung yu ca trc bnh xe u my.

Kt qu tnh ton ng sut php v tip tng hp ti mt ct IV ca trc bnh xe u my D19E c cho trong bng 1.
Bng 1. Kt qu tnh ton ng sut php v tip tng hp ti mt ct IV ca trc bnh xe u my D19E

ng sut Mt ct IV

u (KN/cm2)
3,6671

N (KN/cm2)
0,3663

(KN/cm2)
0,8639

4,0334

c. Nghin cu th nghim xc nh cc c trng c hc, c trng mi mu vt liu khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe u my D19E tin hnh phn tch thnh phn kim loi ca vt liu khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E (t 1) khi vo cp sa cha ti X nghip u my H Ni. Phn tch thnh phn xc nh mc thp do Trung tm nh gi h hng vt liu - COMFA thuc Vin khoa hc Vt liu tin hnh. dai ph hu c xc nh theo tiu chun PP - ASTM E399 - 90. Qu trnh th nghim c tin hnh ti Phng th nghim vt liu tnh nng k thut cao thuc Vin c kh nng lng v m. Th nghim xc nh cc c trng c hc, gii hn mi ca vt liu theo tiu chun ASTM E8 c tin hnh ti Phng th nghim Sc bn vt liu ca trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti. Kt qu xc nh cc c trng c hc, gii hn mi ca vt liu cho trong bng 2.
Bng 2. Kt qu xc nh cc c trng c hc, gii hn mi ca vt liu Mc thp
CK

0,2 (MPa) 295 380

b (MPa) 575 645

E(MPa) 2,16.105 2,12.10

5

-1 (MPa) 248 317

N0 (chu k) 6.106 6.10

6

KIC MPa.m1/2 43,18 35

KGCH TBX

12Mn 55

2.3. Tnh ton h s an ton mi ca khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe u my D19E bng phng trnh ng dng ph hy mi dng tuyt i a. Tnh ton h s an ton mi ca khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E c im chung ca cc khung gi chuyn hng gp s c l tt c cc vt nt u xut hin trn tm y di v u thuc mt phng vung gc vi ng tm (phng OX) ca x dc. V vy h s an ton mi c tnh ton theo phng php tuyn vi mt phng vung gc vi ng tm tm y di ca x dc khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E. + Tm h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt Kt [2]; + Xc nh gradien tng i ca ng sut chnh th nht G theo [2]: Vy: Trong : =
G = 2,3(1 + ) ,

(4

1 t/ + 2

).

+ Tnh gi tr lg

L trong phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi; G

+ Tm gi tr h s nh hng ca kch thc (chu ng sut php) [2]:

1 L . = 0,51 + 88 , 3 G

+ Tnh h s tp trung ng sut thc t (K)DC:

(K )DC

K 1 1 = + 1 tb

trong : v tb - h s nh hng ca gia cng, tng bn b mt chi tit. + Tnh gi tr trung bnh gii hn mi ca x dc khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E:

( 1 )DC

( 1 )do (K )DC

+ Tnh h s an ton mi ng sut php s (r - 1)

s =
Kt qu tnh ton cho trong bng 3.

( K ) a + m DC

( 1 )do

Bng 3. Kt qu tnh ton cc thng s

Kt 1,53 - Nhn xt:

G
0,078

lg

L G 2,4

0,945

(K)DC 1,95

(-1)DC (MPa) 127,18

s 1,8

CKKC

Kckck

Trn ng o dc: ti im P4 (vng nguy him) v P7 (vng nhy cm) chu ng sut = 126,42 MPa gn bng (-1)DC = 127,18 MPa (gi tr trung bnh gii hn mi ca x dc khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E). H s an ton cho php ca khung gi chuyn hng u my [s] = 2 2,5 theo [7]. C th kt lun tm y di x dc khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E (t 1) ang vn dng X nghip u my H Ni khng m bo h s an ton mi. b. Tnh ng sut ln nht ti vng nguy him ca x dc khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E theo xc sut ph hu - Tnh ng sut ln nht vi phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi dng tuyt i theo phn b chun (5):

u = 1 . = 248.0,5 = 124MPa
Xc nh cc thng s ca phn b theo [2], cn c vo cc c trng c hc, c trng mi ca vt liu ta c: AL = 1,33; B = 0,23; S = 0,08. uP - phn v ca phn phi chun c xc nh theo [2]: Thay vo phng trnh ta c:

lg(max 124) = 1,33 0,23.2,4 + u P .0,08

Tnh v v th quan h gia max tng ng vi uP nh phn mm ton hc Maple V (hnh 3). Gi tr max tng ng vi uP cho trong bng 4.
Bng 4. Gi tr max tng ng vi uP TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
CK

P% 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 20 30 40 50 84 100

Up -6 - 5,6 - 5,2 - 4,8 - 4,3 - 3,6 - 3,2 - 2,4 - 1,2 - 0,9 - 0,6 - 0,3 0 1 1,6

max 125,986 126,138 126,301 126,477 126,716 127,090 127,327 127,855 128,808 129,082 129,370 129,675 129,998 131,211 132,054

solve(log[10](sigmamax-124)=1.33-0.23*2.4+1.6*0.08,{sigmamax}); plot((log[10](sigmamax-124)-1.33+0.23*2.4)/0.08,sigmamax =125.986..132.054, up =6..1.6);

Hnh 3. th mi quan h max vi uP

- Nhn xt Vi gi tr trung bnh gii hn mi ca x dc khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E (-1)DC = 127,18 MPa tng ng vi: Trn ng o dc: ti im P4 (vng nguy him) v P7 (vng nhy cm) chu ng sut = 126,42 MPa gn ti gii hn mi ca x dc khung gi chuyn hng v c xc sut ph

hu P = 1 10% v P: xc sut ph hu vng c tp trung ng sut khi chu ng sut gii hn cc i nhng khng vt qu max khi max > u. c. Tnh ton h s an ton mi ca trc bnh xe u my D19E Kt qu tnh ton cc thng s v h s an ton cho trong bng 5.
Bng 5. Kt qu tnh ton cc thng s v h s an ton

K 1,38

K 1,08

G
0,107

0,6883

(K)DC 1,75

(K)DC 1,52

s 3,9

s 11,1

s 3,7

0,0492 0,8342

Theo [2] trang 187, tm c h s an ton cho php [s] = 1,5 2,0. H s an ton mi ton phn ca trc bnh xe u my D19E l 3,6 ln hn [s]. Vy trong trng hp ny, trc bnh xe u my D19E m bo bn mi. III. KT LUN Tm y di x dc khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E (t 1) vn dng X nghip u my H Ni khng m bo an ton mi. Trn ng o dc, ti mt s im nguy him v nhy cm chu ng sut gn ti gii hn mi ca x dc khung gi chuyn hng, vy khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E (t 1) khng th tip tc khai thc v s dng. H s an ton mi ton phn ca trc bnh xe u my D19E l ln hn h s an ton mi cho php, vy trc bnh xe u my D19E m bo bn mi vi c trng y, u my D19E hon ton c tip tc khai thc v s dng. duy tr tui th mi ln cho kt cu khung gi chuyn ca u my D19E cn phi quan tm c bit n gia cng thm cho kt cu khung gi chuyn v cht lng ng cc khu gian.

CKKC

Kckck

Ti liu tham kho [1]. Ng Vn Quyt. Nhp mn c hc ph hu. Hi c hc Vit Nam. H ni 1987. [2]. Ng Vn Quyt. C s l thuyt mi. NXB Gio dc, H Ni 2000. [3]. Bo co kt qu o kim tra v nh gi trng thi ng sut - bin dng ng trn khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E-903 v D19E-907. Vin C hc, H Ni 2003. [4]. Phm L Tin. Nghin cu nh gi bn mi trc bnh xe u my D9E trn c s l thuyt ng dng ph hu mi. Lun n Thc s K thut. H Ni 2003. [5]. Ng Vn Quyt, c Tun, Phm L Tin. Nghin cu nh gi bn mi trc bnh xe u my D9E trn c s l thuyt ng dng ph hu mi. Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng Vn ti, S 5/2004, trang 20 - 27. [6]. Ng Vn Quyt, c Tun, Phm L Tin. Nghin cu hin tng nt trong khung gi chuyn hng ca loi u my D19E vn dng x nghip u my H Ni. Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng Vn ti, S 12, thng 11/2005, trang 167 - 170. [7]. Nguyn Hu Dng. Cu to v tnh ton u my Diesel. Nh xut bn Giao thng vn ti, H Ni, 2005

BC U NGHIN CU PHNG PHP LUN XY DNG H S PHT THI NHIM KH DO HOT NG GIAO THNG TH PH HP VI IU KIN H NI
ThS. TRNH XUN BU
B mn K thut mi trng Vin Khoa hc v mi trng giao thng Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti Tm tt: nhim khng kh ti cc th ln Vit Nam ni chung v H Ni ni ring trong nhng nm gn y mc bo ng v c th hin r ti Bo co mi trng Quc gia nm 2007. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do tc gia tng nhanh chng ca cc phng tin giao thng trong khu vc th. Ni dung bi vit ny trnh by cch thc tip cn phng php lun tnh ton xy dng h s pht thi nhim kh do hot ng giao thng th. H s pht thi l c s tnh ton kim k nng v ti lng cc cht nhim pht sinh cng nh d bo mc nhim pht sinh theo cc kch bn pht trin ca th trong tng lai. H s pht thi l cng c hu hiu trong cng tc qun l, kim k v d bo pht thi nhim kh lin quan n hot ng ca cc phng tin giao thng, loi hnh nhin liu tiu th v c tnh ca h tng giao thng th ca mt thnh ph hoc mt quc gia c th. Summary: In recent years, air pollution in some big cities of Vietnam, in generall, and in Hanoi, in particular, has been increased alarming. It was presented clearly in Vietnam National Environmental Annual Report of 2007. The main cause is the fast growth rate of means of transportation in urban areas. In this report, the way to approach to methodology of air pollutant emission factor estimation for transportation activies in urban areas was presented. Emission factor is the base to calculate and inventory concentration and loading of pollutants and predict pollution level follow scenes of future development of urban. Emission factor also is useful tool in management, inventory and prediction of air pollutant emission related to acitivities of transportation means, types of comsumption fuel and characteristic of urban transportation infrastructure of uniqued city or country.

CK

1. M u

nhim mi trng khng kh v ang l mt vn bc xc trong tin trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi ca nc ta. Tc th ho, cng nghip ho, s gia tng nhanh chng ca dn s v cc phng tin giao thng th gy nn tnh trng nhim mi trng khng kh nghim trng, c bit l cc thnh ph ln nh Thnh ph H Ch Minh v H Ni. Bo co mi trng Quc gia 2007 vi ch Mi trng khng kh th Vit Nam cho thy mi trng khng kh cc th ln Vit Nam ang thc s bo ng. Mc nhim khng kh ti nhiu khu vc vt tiu chun cho php (TCCP) v mi trng. Cc kt qu iu tra cho thy, ti cc tuyn ng trng im, cc nt giao thng chnh, nng cc cht nhim nh bi, CO, NO2, ting n u vt qu nhiu ln TCCP v nguyn nhn chnh c xc nh l do s gia tng nhanh chng cc phng tin giao thng th. Trong thi gian va qua, nhiu chng trnh hnh ng ca Chnh ph cng nh cc chng trnh ti tr ca cc T chc Quc t (nh SVCAP, DANIDA, JICA, WB, ADB,) tin hnh nh gi thc trng cht lng mi trng khng kh th H Ni v xut cc

kch bn pht trin nhm kim sot, qun l mi trng khng kh th tt hn. Ngoi cc cng tc iu tra, thng k, nh gi nhim, cc ngun gy nhim v cc tc nhn nhim thc t, cc nhm nghin cu p dng cc m hnh, phn mm tnh ton trn th gii nhm kim k pht thi v d bo din bin mc pht thi v ti lng trong tng lai. Trong qu trnh thc hin, mt vn ny sinh l cc m hnh, phn mm u s dng h s pht thi ph hp vi cc quc gia khc m cha c h s pht thi nhim kh ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam ni chung v H Ni ni ring, v vy kt qu tnh ton thng b sai lch nhiu so vi thc t. Trc thc trng , vic xy dng h s pht thi nhim kh do hot ng giao thng th ph hp vi iu kin a phng l rt cn thit. Hin ti, c mt s d n cng nh nhng nghin cu chuyn su v lnh vc ny ang c tin hnh. Trong ni dung bi vit ny, tc gi cp n c s khoa hc v phng php lun xy dng h s pht thi ca nhiu nc trn th gii v xut phng php tip cn xy dng h s pht thi nhim kh do hot ng giao thng th ph hp vi iu kin H Ni.
2. nhim khng kh do hot ng giao thng th H Ni

H Ni l trung tm chnh tr, vn ha, kinh t v khoa hc ca nc ta. Trong nhng nm gn y, s pht trin nhanh chng v qui m v tim lc ca H Ni gp phn ln vo s nghip pht trin chung ca t nc. Trc khi st nhp, H Ni c c 15 n v hnh chnh cp qun, huyn vi tng din tch l 922 km2, tng dn s l 3.289,3 nghn ngi vi mt dn s trung bnh 3.568 ngi/km2 [2]. i cng vi qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi ca thnh ph, tc th ho v gia tng dn s ngy cng nhanh, nhu cu i li, vn ti ngy cng ln hn. S gia tng nhanh chng cc phng tin giao thng th cng vi s pht trin khng tng xng ca h tng giao thng gy ra nhim mi trng, ch tc giao thng v mt an ton giao thng. Theo thng k t B Giao thng Vn ti, lng t tng trung bnh hng nm 11%, lng xe my tng 15% trong thi gian qua. Tnh n ht thng 6 nm 2007, tng s xe my ng k ca H Ni vt 1,8 triu chic (hnh 1) cha k n khong 400.000 xe my vng lai t cc vng ln cn hot ng trn a bn thnh ph. H Ni l mt trong nhng thnh ph c tc gia tng phng tin giao thng ln nht th gii trong 10 nm tr li y.

CKKC

Kckck

Hnh 1. S lng t, xe my ca H Ni ng k qua cc nm

Ngun: S TNMT&N H Ni, 2007

S gia tng qu nhanh ca cc phng tin giao thng l nguyn nhn chnh gy nhim mi trng khng kh th. Nm 2006, cc phng tin giao thng vn ti nc ta thi vo mi trng 301.779 tn CO, 92.728 tn NO2, 18.928 tn SO2 v 47.462 tn VOCs. Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia, nhim khng kh th do giao thng gy ra chim t l khong 70% tng lng nhim. Cc tc nhn nhim ch yu l CO, NOx, hi xng du (HC, VOCs), bi ch, benzen v bi PM2,5 [1]. Tu thuc vo loi phng tin v nhin liu s dng m tnh cht pht thi cng khc nhau. Xe my l ngun ng gp chnh cc kh thi nh CO, HC v VOCs, trong khi xe ti li thi ra nhiu SO2 v NOx. Cc phng tin s dng xng pht thi nhiu kh nhim nh CO, HC v ch, trong khi cc phng tin s dng diezel li pht thi nhiu bi mn v SO2. T l pht thi mt s loi kh theo loi hnh phng tin ti H Ni c th hin hnh 2.
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% CO Xe my HmCn t dng x ng Bi Pb t dng du Diesel

CK

Hnh 2. T l pht thi cht gy nhim do cc phng tin c gii ng b H Ni

Ngun: Bo co mi trng Quc gia 2007

Cc kt qu nghin cu trong thi gian qua cho thy nng cc kh nhim, bi v ting n u gia tng trong khu vc th. Tuy phn ln cc kh nhim nm di ngng TCCP, tuy nhin ti cc nt giao thng chnh, nng bi v cc cht kh c hi nh SO2, NOx, CO... vt t 1,5 n 3 ln TCCP [4]. Ti cc thi im ch tc giao thng, nng cc cht nhim c hin tng tng t bin, iu ny s nh hng nghim trng n sc kho ca ngi tham gia giao thng. Bn cnh bi mn, khi t ng x ca phng tin, bi l lng ven ng (TSP) do hot ng giao thng mc bo ng.
400 350 300 H ourly average for 14 day H ourly average for w ork-day sunny H ourly average for rest day H ourly average for w ork-day - rainny

PM10 ( g/m )

250 200 150 100 50

TCVN(TBngy) 3 =150g/m

TCVN(TBnm)

Gi
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Hnh 3. Din bin nng PM10 (g/m3) trung bnh theo gi

Ngun: CEETIA, 2005

Cc kt qu quan trc nm 2006 v 6 thng u nm 2007 cho thy, nng bi trung bnh 1 gi ti phn ln cc tuyn ng khong 0,5 mg/m3, 25% kt qu vt TCVN trn 2 ln v 60% kt qu vt TCVN (hnh 3). Cc tuyn ng chnh b nhim nng n nh ui C, chn cu Thng Long, ng Phm Vn ng, ng Khut Duy Tin, [1, 3]. Nhn chung, cht lng khng kh th H Ni ang ngy mt xu i, ti nhiu tuyn ng, khu vc trng im, mc nhim vt qu TCCP. Hin ti v nhng nm ti, xe my vn l phng tin i li chnh ca ngi dn. Vi mc tng trng nh ni trn th trong tng lai, p lc ca nhim kh do hot ng giao thng vn ti s tc ng rt ln n cht lng mi trng khng kh ca H Ni.
3. H s pht thi v phng php lun tip cn

H s pht thi (Emission Factor - EF) l mt gi tr i din, th hin mi quan h gia lng cht nhim pht thi vo kh quyn vi mt hot ng lin quan ti vic pht thi cht nhim . Cc h s ny thng c biu din di dng khi lng cht nhim trn mt n v khi lng, th tch, khong cch hoc di thi gian hot ng pht sinh ra cht nhim. Cc h s ny gip cho vic c tnh s pht thi t cc ngun pht sinh kh nhim khc nhau d dng. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc h s ny l mc trung bnh n gin ca cc s liu sn c vi cht lng chp nhn c v thng gi thuyt chng i din cho gi tr trung bnh trong khong thi gian di cho tt c cc yu t trong nhm ngun gy nhim [5]. Cc dng thc thng c cp ti l cc h s pht thi da trn n v khi lng (mass-based EF) c n v l g cht nhim/kg nhin liu t hoc h s pht thi ph thuc vo cc mc tiu thc hin (task-based EF) c n v l g cht nhim/mc tiu thc hin. i vi lnh vc giao thng vn ti, h s pht thi ca phng tin giao thng l thnh phn thi ca phng tin tnh theo gram cht nhim trn mi km di chuyn (g/km) hoc trn mi lt nhin liu tiu th (g/l). H s pht thi c nghin cu xy dng nhm tnh ton tng lng pht thi ca cc cht nhim trong mt khng gian v mt khong thi gian nht nh. Trong lnh vc giao thng th, h s pht thi l i lng c trng cho loi hnh phng tin hot ng, loi nhin liu s dng, tng qung ng m phng tin di chuyn v c im ca h tng giao thng. Vic xy dng h s pht thi c ngha quan trng trong vic s dng cc phn mm, m hnh tnh ton nng , ti lng v kim k pht thi. Hu ht cc Quc gia pht trin v ang pht trin u xy dng h s pht thi trong cc lnh vc ph hp vi iu kin ca cc quc gia . H s pht thi kh do cc hot ng giao thng th gy ra c tip cn xy dng da trn cc cng thc tnh ton pht thi. Ti cc quc gia v cc t chc khc nhau, cng thc c xy dng ph hp vi iu kin c th ca quc gia hoc theo mc tiu nghin cu. Tuy nhin, cch tnh ton vn thng nht da phng php lun tip cn c bn ca m hnh tnh ton pht thi nh sau (hnh 4) [8]. Trn c s ca m hnh, cng thc c bn c tip cn xc nh lng thi kh t cc hot ng ca phng tin giao thng c xut nh sau [9]: E=
abcd

CKKC

Kckck

(EF

abcd .A abcd ) +

C + Ev
b b

Trong : E - Tng lng thi t hot ng phng tin ng b; EF - H s pht thi; A l mc hot ng (nhin liu tiu th hoc qung ng vn hnh); C - S pht thi thm do khi ng lnh; Ev l s pht thi do bay hi nhin liu (NMVOCs). Cc bin s abcd l nhng iu kin nh hng n qu trnh pht thi c th. Vi: a - Loi nhin liu (petrol, diesel, LPG,...); b - Loi phng tin ( t khch, xe ti nh, but...); c - iu kin kim sot pht thi v d l loi ng hoc vn tc ca phng tin.
Bin s v nhin liu - Lng tiu th Cc d liu v hot ng - S lng phng tin theo tng loi hnh - S phn b ca cc dng phng tin - Tiu chun qui nh pht thi - Qung ng di chuyn trung bnh ca phng tin - Khong cch ca mi loi ng iu kin vn hnh - Vn tc trung bnh ca mi loi phng tin trn tng loi ng Cc bin s khc - iu kin thi tit - Khong cch hnh trnh ca phng tin - Phn b ca qu trnh bay hi Cc h s pht thi - Theo loi hnh pht thi (nng, lnh, bay hi) - Theo loi hnh phng tin - Theo phn loi cp ng T l % qung ng khi ng lnh - Theo thi gian (thng) - Theo loi hnh phng tin

CK

TNH TON TRUNG GIAN

BIN S U VO

Tnh ton s pht thi hng nm ca tt c cc cht nhim cho cc nhm ng giao thng ca tng a phng v tng loi ng c xc nh
Hnh 4. Phng php lun c bn tip cn m hnh tnh ton pht thi

Da vo m hnh tip cn cng thc tnh ton c bn nn trn, c 2 phng cch tip cn xc nh h s pht thi:
a) Phng php lun tip cn t di ln (Bottom-up): Phng php ny s dng phng thc iu tra, tnh ton lng thi cng nh cc iu kin bin nh hng ti qu trnh pht thi ca tng loi phng tin trn cc loi ng khc nhau. i vi phng php ny, cn xc nh r cc yu t nh hng n gi tr tnh ton bao gm cc d liu v hot ng phng tin (nh m, phn loi phng tin; mt dng phng tin; vn tc phng tin, qung ng vn hnh, iu kin hot ng ca phng tin cng nh iu kin thi tit,...) v cc d liu v pht thi (lin quan n loi nhin liu, mc tiu th v loi kh thi pht sinh,...). Sau thit lp cc tiu ch la chn i tng in hnh v tin hnh th nghim, tnh ton vi cc iu kin th nghim khc nhau, cc kt qu thu c s s dng hm ton thng k x l.

u im ca phng php ny kt qu tnh ton ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca khu vc, nu tiu ch phn loi chnh xc v s mu th nghim ln th kt qu tng i st vi thc t. Nhc im ca phng php ny l rt tn km khi thc hin, nu tiu ch phn loi khng chi tit, s mu th nghim nh th kt qu thu c c th khng i din c. Mt khc cc yu t lin quan n phng tin, hnh vi ca ngi li xe, iu kin mi trng c nh hng rt ln n kt qu th nghim.
b) Phng php lun tip cn t trn xung (Top-down): Phng php ny s dng cc phn mm tnh ton c sn hoc cc m hnh c pht trin ca cc lnh vc lin quan. Phng php ny yu cu phi xc lp c cc trng d liu chnh xc c trng cho s hot ng ca phng tin, loi nhin liu tiu th v cc iu kin bin khc. Hai trng d liu c quan tm bao gm cc d liu v hot ng phng tin (chng loi v s lng phng tin; mc tiu th nhin liu trung bnh; loi nhin liu s dng; vn tc phng tin c trng;...) v cc d liu v pht thi (lin quan n mc thi c trng theo vn tc di chuyn ca phng tin). H s pht thi l mt trng d liu trong phn mm tnh ton v c xc nh bng cng thc tnh theo qung ng vn hnh, hoc mc nhin liu tiu th, hoc vn tc trung bnh v cc h s thc nghim lin quan. Hin ti trn th gii ang p dng rng ri 2 phn mm tnh ton pht thi nhim do hot ng giao thng vn ti l MOBILE ca Hoa K v COPERT ca Lin minh Chu u [6, 7]. Vic la chn phn mm no xy dng h s pht thi ph thuc vo cch tip cn v iu kin c th ca quc gia .

CKKC

Kckck

u im ca phng php tip cn ny l tit kim c chi ph thc hin, kt qu tnh ton nhanh, chnh xc. C th xy dng cc phng trnh vi phn xc nh h s pht thi theo mt bin s no (v d vn tc ca phng tin), hoc tnh ton trc tip t cc cng thc c xy dng trong phn mm. Nhc im ca phng php ny l iu kin ca cc bin s mi quc gia khc nhau l khc nhau, nu khng c s iu chnh ph hp th kt qu sai khc vi thc t s rt ln, chng hn nh tiu ch phn loi phng tin, iu kin h tng giao thng,... i vi cc quc gia i tin phong trong lnh vc xy dng h s pht thi nh Hoa K, cc quc gia trong cng ng Chu u, phng php tip cn t di ln c s dng khi tin hnh xy dng b h s pht thi. Cc kt qu tnh ton l c s thit lp phn mm nh nu trn. i vi cc quc gia khc, tu thuc vo iu kin c th m c th la chn

phng php lun tip cn t trn xung hoc t di ln ph hp vi iu kin ca tng quc gia. Chng hn Thi Lan chn la phn mm MOBILE, Peru, Hng Kng, Trung Quc la chn phn mm COPERT, n tin hnh th nghim thc t v xy dng h s pht thi cng nh phn mm tnh ton ring, ... Bn cnh hai phng php tip cn trn, mt phng php tip cn khc c th xc nh c h s pht thi ca phng tin l xy dng chu trnh li xe (Driving cycle) thc t v xc nh h s pht thi trong phng th nghim (bng th). H s pht thi c xc nh bng tng lng pht thi trn qung ng di chuyn ca phng tin trn bng th v c gi l h s pht thi c bn (Baseline Emission factor). Mc d hnh vi ca ngi li xe v v cc iu kin v h tng giao thng c a vo chu trnh li thc t, tuy nhin i vi cc phng tin qua s dng th mc pht thi khi vn hnh thc t s c s sai khc so vi mc pht thi trn bng th. Chnh v th, h s pht thi ca cc i tng ny s c s sai lch so vi thc t.
4. xut hng tip cn ph hp vi iu kin H Ni

nc ta, Lut Bo v Mi trng c ban hnh vo nm 1993 v c sa i nm 2005, b my qun l nh nc v mi trng ngy cng hon thin hn. Tuy nhin, chng ta vn cha xy dng c b h s pht thi cc cht nhim ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam. Trong vi nm gn y, c nhiu nghin cu khoa hc cng nh s quan tm ca cc c quan qun l mi trng v vic xy dng h s pht thi, nhng vn cha c mt phng php lun thng nht xy dng b h s pht thi kh nhim do hot ng giao thng th.
CK

T cc phng php tip cn nu trn, vic chn la phng php no thc hin xy dng h s pht thi nhim kh do phng tin giao thng th phi da trn thc t giao thng ti H Ni. Mt s vn tn ti cn c nh gi ng gim thiu nh hng trong qu trnh thc hin, c th: - H tng giao thng cha hon thin: Mc d chng ta c tiu chun v thit k ng th (TCXDVN 104-2007), tuy nhin vi mt dy c cc tuyn ng nh, ng hm trong th s nh hng n tiu ch phn loi ng cng nh nh hng n qu trnh vn hnh phng tin thc t v mc tiu hao nhin liu trung bnh ca mt loi hnh phng tin. - Thng k cc phng tin cha y : Hin ti vic xc nh s lng cc phng tin giao thng thc t trn a bn H Ni gp rt nhiu kh khn, c bit i vi xe my. Cc s liu ng k ca phng tin sai khc rt nhiu so vi thc t, v c rt nhiu phng tin ng k bin t cc tnh ngoi ang lu hnh trong H Ni cng nh mt s phng tin ng k bin H Ni li c s dng cc tnh thnh khc. - Phn loi phng tin c trng i vi xe my rt kh khn: Ngun gc cc loi phng tin rt a dng t Nht Bn, Thi Lan, i Loan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Hn Quc, Trung Quc, ,... vi cc hng ch yu l Honda, Yamaha, Susuki, SYM. Bn cnh , cht lng xe khng ng u, thi gian s dng v cht lng xe khng ng nht, ch bo dng, kim tra nh k t pht, khng c qui nh c th. - Vn tc dng xe khng n nh, hnh vi li xe khng ng u. Cc yu t mt ng, rng ca lng ng, mt tham gia giao thng nh hng rt ln n hnh vi ca ngi li xe.

Nh vy, phn ln cc d liu u vo cho m hnh xem xt trn l khng n nh hoc cn thiu, vic p dng cc phn mm tnh ton thiu cc iu kin bin s dn n kt qu khng chnh xc. Bn cnh vic hiu chnh cc trng d liu ph hp vi iu kin H Ni cng rt kh khn v thiu c s nh gi. Do , vic tip cn phng php Top-down s gp nhiu kh khn v d liu khi thc hin v kt qu thu c khng st vi thc t. Vic xy dng chu trnh li xe thc t cng gp nhiu kh khn do cc tn ti nu trn, chnh v vy, gia chu trnh li thit lp v hnh vi li xe thc t s c s sai lch ln nu khng th nghim y , chi tit i vi cc loi phng tin v cc loi ng trong th. Do , s rt tn km khi xy dng chu trnh li xe thc t cng nh xc nh h s pht thi tng hp c trng cho H Ni. Nh vy, vic tip cn phng php lun xy dng h s pht thi do hot ng giao thng th theo hng t di ln c c s v ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca H Ni. Tuy nhin, nu s lng cc th nghim t, tiu ch phn loi phng tin c trng khng chi tit v ph hp th s nh hng n gi tr tnh ton. Trn y l phng php lun tip cn tnh ton xy dng h s pht thi nhim kh do hot ng giao thng th v nhng phn tch la chn hng tip cn ph hp vi iu kin thc t H Ni. Vic xy dng b h s pht thi nhim kh cho H Ni l cn thit, ph hp vi tin trnh pht trin v mc tiu qun l mi trng. La chn phng php tip cn ng n s gim c thi gian v chi ph thc hin cng nh hnh thnh mt phng php lun chung trong cng tc xy dng h s pht thi. Cn c nhiu hn cc nghin cu chuyn su cng nh cc th nghim thc t nhm nh gi ton din phng php lun nghin cu v khng nh hng tip cn ph hp p dng cho H Ni ni ring v cho tt c cc th khc ti Vit Nam.
Ti liu tham kho [1]. B Ti nguyn v mi trng (MONRE): Bo co mi trng Quc gia 2007 - Mi trng khng kh th Vit Nam, H Ni, 2008. [2]. Cc Thng k H Ni: Nin gim thng k 2007, Nh xut bn Thng k. [3]. Phm Ngc ng: Cht lng khng kh th Vit Nam - Hin trng v gii php qun l cht lng khng kh th, Bo co Hi tho, H Ni, 2007. [4]. Website Cc Bo v mi trng: Vn nhim khng kh ti mt s im ch tc giao thng H Ni, Ngun: www.nea.gov.vn, 2006. [5]. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA): http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html Emissions Factors and AP42, Website:

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Kckck

[6]. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA): MOBILE6 Vehicle Emission Modeling Software, http://epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm. [7]. European Environment Agency (EEA): Computer programme to calculate emissions from road transport (COPERT), http://lat.eng.auth.gr/copert/. [8]. European Environment Agency (EEA): EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook, Activities 070700-070800, Group 7 - Roads Transport, 2006. [9]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Section 2.3, Road Transport, 2002

ng dng Phng php phn t hu hn nh gi bn thng toa xe vi s kt cu phc hp khung - v

PGS. TS L Vn Hc ThS. NCS Kiu Cng Thnh B mn u my - Toa xe - Khoa C kh Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti Tm tt: H kt cu khung - v chu ti trng ng thi thng hay gp trong cc kt cu thc t toa xe, chng hn nh trong toa hng ton thp v thng toa xe khch Tuy nhin trong thit k toa xe, phn ln cc tnh ton vn cn c thc hin bng cch tch ri cc phn kt cu vi nhau, kt cu khung tnh ring, kt cu v tnh ring Vic tnh ton ny khng phn nh y tnh hnh chu ti thc t ca h kt cu, hoc i khi dn ti cc thit k qu thin v an ton. Bi bo ny cp ti m hnh tnh ton kt cu thng toa xe G (toa xe hng ton thp) dng khung khng gian gm c khung xng v tn bc cng tham gia chu lc, p dng phn mm phn t hu hn (SAP 2000) phn tch kt cu v x l bi ton h kt cu khung - v thng toa xe. Summary: Frame - cover structure bearing the load are often used in real structure of the wagon, for instance in tank car, in total steel freight car, and in passenger car. However, in wagon design, almost calculations are still done by separating structures: frame structure and cover structure have been calculated separately. This calculation is not reflected real load acting situation of the structure or sometime it leads to over safe design.
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This paper mentions calculating model of wagon G (total steel freight car) body frame structure of a light duty train with plane frame included boned frame and iron sheet cover, which have been beared the load together. This paper uses Finite element method (SAP 2000) for analyzing the structure and solving problem of frame - cover structure.

1. Thng s k thut, s tnh v cc loi ti trng tc dng ln kt cu thng toa xe G Vit Nam thit k - Thng s k thut hng ton thp toa xe G

Hnh 1. Kt cu tng th toa xe G Vit Nam thit k TT 1 2 3 4 6 7 Mt s thng s k thut Chiu di thng xe Chiu rng thng xe Chiu cao thng xe Khong cch tm 2 ci chuyn hng Trng b ca toa xe Ti trng ca toa xe K hiu Lthng bthng hthng 2l P1 P2 Tr s 15 2,5 2,8 10,7 18 30 n v m m m m Tn Tn

- Gi thit v vic thnh lp s tnh thng xe S tnh thng toa xe l mt h gm cc phn t khung v phn t v, trong : cc phn t khung l ng trc i qua trng tm mt ct ngang ca cc thanh trong thc t ca thng xe; phn t v trong s tnh l tm i qua mt trung ho ca v toa xe thc t (v c gn hn vi cc thanh). Trong s tnh, chia cc thanh thnh cc phn t ni kt vi nhau bi cc im nt (96 nt), v toa xe l tm v ln c chia thnh cc tm nh hnh ch nht (91 tm) sao cho mi gc ca hnh ch nht trng vi cc im nt ca phn t thanh. Cc chn ct ng ca thnh xe c gn vi x dc cnh v phn di ca tm cng c gn vi x dc cnh.

Hnh 2. S tnh kt cu thng toa xe G (toa xe hng ton thp) Bng 1. c trng hnh hc ca kt cu Mt ct Ct u Ct ng Ct ca X u X gi X ngang X dc gia X dc cnh Dc mui Ngang mui Tm v F (cm ) 124,06 98,68 18,75 555,20 573,80 29,28 145,00 29,12
2 3

Wx (cm ) 711,95 137,74 25,66 5138,60 3826,89 252,52 1519,84 174,32

Wy (cm3) 41,10 250,49 37,22 22934,93 23020,85 33,05 1819,70 33,53

Jx (cm4)

Jy (cm4)

Phn t kt cu khung xe G 2035,52 226,07 384,76 1377,67 115,19 261,88 87925,19 2866865,96 72758,92 2877606,04 3787,83 256,96 23557,58 48222,08 1743,17 220,35 Thp dp L 45x45x6 mm Thp dp L 45x45x6 mm Phn t kt cu tn bc thng xe Tn c dp gn = 2,5mm

CKKC

Kckck

- Ti trng t ln thng xe [1]: + Trng b (P1 = 180KN) v trng ti (P2 = 300KN) ri u trn ton b din tch sn xe (F = 2,5mx15m) qsn =

P1 + P2 180 + 300 = = 12,8 F 2,5x15

(KN/m2)

+ Ti trng nn dc TN tp trung ti tm u m trn b xe TN = 1000 (KN) + Ti trng thng ng ph thm t u m mc ni truyn ti Ppth
P4 = 2.ldm TN .h 2.TN + c L 2 2.TN .L 1 + 1 2 l 2.TN .L + c.l = 44,625(KN)

Trong :

Tn - Ti trng dc = 1000KN

h - lch tm ca lc dc so vi b xe = 135 mm = 0,135 m ldm - B di thn u m-mc ni = 725 mm = 0,725 m

c - cng ca l xo trong 1 gi chuyn = 3434,6 KN/m 2l - Khong cch 2 tm ci chuyn hng = 10,7 m 2L - Chiu di b xe = 15 m l3 - Khong cch t x u b xe ti tm ci chuyn = 2,15 m a - khong cch t x u b xe ti tm u m = 1,205 m

qsan=12,8(KN/m2) Hnh 3. Ti trng qsn ri u trn ton b din tch sn xe

CK

Hnh 4. Ti trng nn dc TN v thng ng ph thm Ppth trn s tnh

2. Thut ton kt cu v mng (tm mng) trong phng php phn t hu hn tnh kt cu thng toa xe - Xt bin dng ca phn t tm hai chiu:
y +

y dy y
yx +

y a 1 2 b F 4 O 3 x
x

yx y

dy

xy +
xy
yx y

xy dx x x + x dx x

Hnh 5. Phn t tm nh

Trong phng php phn t hu hn i vi tm mng, ta chia tm thnh cc phn t tm nh. Nh trn, ta xt phn t tm c chiu cao b chiu rng a chu tc dng ca ngoi lc F. Ta phi tm ng sut v bin dng i vi phn t ny.

T phn t tm, ta tch ra phn t c din tch dxdy nh trn. Gi Fx, Fy l cc thnh phn lc th tch tc dng ln tm, ta c cc phng trnh cn bng sau:

x xy + + Fx = 0 x y

(1) ;

y y

xy x

+ Fy = 0

(2)

trn thay xy = yx (quan h i xng), theo nh lut HOOK ta c :

x E y = 2 1 xy
Trong :

0 x 1 1 0 y 1 0 0 2 xy

(3)

x , y , xy - L cc bin dng di v bin dng gc ca phn t.

E - M un n hi ca vt liu; - H s Poisson. - Quan h bin dng v chuyn v:
x x y = 0 xy y 0 u . y v x

(4)
CKKC

Kckck

u, v - cc thnh phn chuyn v theo phng x,y. t:

x T A = 0 0 y

x Fx ; = ; F = ; y D= E y Fy 1 2 xy x
0 y x

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 2

x u ; = y ; e = v xy

x A= 0 y

; T ta c:

A T . = F = D. = A.e

(5) ; Suy ra : A T .D.A.e = F

(6)

Khai trin ra ta c :

2u 1 + ( E x 2 2 2 1+ 1 ( . 2

2u 1 + )( . 2 y 2 2u 1 )( xy 2

2v ) xy Fx = 2 2 v v Fy + ) x 2 y 2

(7)

Cc chuyn v u, v c ri rc ho theo cc chuyn v nt (1, 2, 3, 4) theo quan h sau:

u 1 u 2 u = [N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 ] = NU u 3 u 4

(8)

v 1 v v = [N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 ] 2 = NV v 3 v 4 Trong : Ni - l cc hm tnh theo cc cng thc: y x x y ; x y N 1 = (1 ).(1 ) ; N 2 = (1 ). N3 = . a b a b a b

2u 1 + ( E x 2 2 1+ 1 2 ( . 2 2u 1 + )( . 2 y 2 2u 1 )( xy 2 2v ) Fx xy = 2 v 2 v Fy + ) x 2 y 2
T

(9)

; N 4 = x .(1 y )
a b

(10)

Nhn c hai v ca phng trnh (10) vi N = [N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 ] v thay u = NU, v = NV ri tch phn hai lp phng trnh ny da vo iu kin:

N
ta c h phng trnh:
E 2 1
CK

2N j
i

dxdy

N i N j dxdy x x

(11)

a b

N i N j 1 N i N j N N j 1 N i N j ) ( i ) + + u ( Fx 2 y y 2 y x x x x y dxdy = N N N N N N N N 1 1 j j j j i i i i v Fy 0 ( y x + 2 x y ) ( y y + 2 x x )

Vi: i , j = 1, 2, 3, 4. Gii h phng trnh ny tm c ui, vi: i, j = 1, 2, 3, 4. Thng qua cc hm trn xc nh c chuyn v theo cc phng ca cc im trn tm t tm c ni lc ca cc im. 3. ng dng SAP 2000 - Tnh bn thng toa xe G kt cu khung - v Trn c s s tnh ton v cc loi ti trng tc dng ln kt cu thng toa xe G, ng dng phn mm phn t hu hn SAP 2000 nh gi bn thng toa xe. Ta c biu ni lc ti cc mt ct ca phn t kt cu toa xe ( y ch trch mt s biu ni lc tng hp).

Hnh 6. Dng biu lc ko nn (N) kt cu khung thng toa xe

Hnh 7. Dng biu lc ko nn (N) kt cu v thng toa xe

Hnh 8. Dng biu lc ct (Q) trn kt cu khung thng toa xe

Hnh 9. Dng biu lc ct (Q) trn kt cu v thng toa xe

CKKC

Kckck

Hnh 10. Dng biu mmen un (M) trn kt cu khung thng toa xe

Hnh 11. Dng biu mmen un (M) trn kt cu v thng toa xe

Hnh 12. Mt s v tr mt ct ca phn t khung xng v phn t tn bc

Bng 2. Gi tr ni lc v ng sut ti mt s mt ct ca khung xng v v (tn bc) thng xe Phn t 1 2 3 4 5 a b c d N (KN) 6574.46 6586.33 3002.05 3124.36 4922.87 24.28 19.01 22.91 1.26E-05 Q (KN) 64522.11 42325.32 56048.27 78529.41 85529.48 62.07 60.49 147.31 138.98 Mx (KNmm) 631028.75 469009.51 732238.35 953049.49 754838.15 16.39 110.92 47.05 2.86 t (MPa) 55.5739 35.8752 53.7771 59.4453 54.8432 9.71 7.63 9.16 5.02E-06

Gi tr trn phn t thanh

Gi tr trn phn t v

4. Kt lun 1. Trc y cc bi ton kim nghim bn thng toa xe thng s dng kt cu khung phng v bc c k thm mt phn vo cc ct ng v thanh dc khung xng theo qui c. Kt qu tnh ton cn hn ch v cha k n y cng thp bc thng xe. Kt qu tnh ton bn thng xe vi s nh vy chnh xc cha cao, cn phi c hon thin thm. 2. Trong thc t kt cu thng xe hng G l khung v ng thi chu lc, bng phng php phn t hu hn c th cho php tnh ton c trng thi ng sut ca c khung xng v thp bc. Ti trng trn s tnh hon ton phn nh thc t tnh hnh chu lc ca toa xe khi vn hnh (ti trng ri u trn sn xe) y l c im mi v khc hn vi cc phng php trc y (ti trng ri u trn n v di). 3. S dng phng php mi ny, tnh ton cho thng xe G ton thp, c kch thc v trng ti nh nu trong ni dung bi bo cho thy kt qu ng sut pht sinh trong cc phn t u nh hn ng sut cho php. ng sut ln nht pht sinh ti im gia x dc (59,44 MPa) v ti mp tn bc ni gip vi x dc cnh (9,71 MPa) v cng v tr gia thng xe. Cc kt qu ny l hp l v tng t nh cc kt qu ca cc phng php trc y s dng. chng t kt qu ca phng php mi ny, trong cc bi bo tip theo s gii thiu kt qu tnh ton cho mt s loi thng xe hng ton thp khc ang s dng trn ng st Vit Nam.
Ti liu tham kho [1]. Kt cu v tnh ton toa xe - Dng Hng Thi, L Vn Doanh, L Vn Hc - Nh xut bn GTVT 1998. [2]. Lun vn thc s KHKT - Kiu Cng Thnh . i hc GTVT - 2003. [3]. Phn tch v thit k kt cu bng phn mn SAP 2000 - Bi c Vinh - i hc Bch Khoa TP.HCM - Nh xut bn thng k. [4]. S dng Micro FEAP & SAP 90 trong tnh ton kt cu - L Xun Th - Nh xut bn ng Nai. [5]. Lp chng trnh tnh ton cng trnh xy dng bng Phng php phn t hu hn - I.M.SMITH v D.V.GRIFITHS - Trng i hc Tng hp Manchester - Nh xut bn Xy dng. [6]. Concepts and applications of finite element analysis - Robert D.Cook, Davids S.Malkus, Michael E.Plesha - University of Wisconsin Madison

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NGHIN CU M PHNG C TNH KO CA NG C D B TRN U MY BNG PHNG PHP IU KHIN TRC TIP M MEN
ThS. PHM VN TIN PGS. TS. VIT DNG
B mn u my - Toa xe - Khoa C kh Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti Tm tt: Trn c s c tnh ko ca u my, xy dng m hnh m phng h thng iu khin trc tip m men vi qu tch t thng l hnh trn, khi s dng ng c d b ba pha. Kt qu m phng bng phn m m Matlab/Simulink cho thy, h thng tha mn c yu cu vn hnh ca u my, ng thi kim nghim c tnh chnh xc v hiu qu ca phng php iu khin. Summary : A simulation model of circular flux track direct torque control system on asynchronous moto is built according to the traction trait of the locomotive. Matlab/Simulink simulation results show system meet the requirement of locomotive operation, the validity and correctness of the control method is proved.

I . T VN

Ngy nay trn th gii, u my truyn ng in xoay chiu chim lnh v tr ca u my truyn ng in mt chiu, nguyn nhn ch yu l do vic s dng ng c in d b c nhiu u vit hn so vi s dng ng c in mt chiu, nh: th tch nh, trng lng nh, cng sut ln, khng c h thng chi than vnh gp, sa cha thun tin, gi thnh r... Hin nay nc ta bt u a vo s dng u my truyn ng in xoay chiu, l u my D2 0E nhp t c. Do c tnh t nhin ca ng c d b ba pha khng ph hp vi c tnh ko ca u my, cho nn cn phi tin hnh iu chnh hay cn gi l iu tc (hnh 1). Phng php iu tc hiu qu nht l s dng bin tn iu tc, hin nay trn u my s dng ba phng php bin tn iu tc l: iu khin tn s trt, iu khin ta theo t thng rotor hay cn gi l iu khin vector, iu khin trc tip m men. Phng php iu khin trc tip m men t ra u vit so vi hai phng php cn li do t chu nh hng t cc tham s ca ng c do dng tham s pha stator tnh ton t thng mc vng v m men in t, mch in iu khin n gin, c tnh ng tt.
M

CKKC

Kckck

= const
f1 < f 2 U1 = U 2

M = f ( ) o

Hnh 1. c tnh t nhin v c tnh ko

II. NGUYN L C BN CA PHNG PHP IU KHIN TRC TIP M MEN 2.1. Phng trnh c bn vi m hnh ton hc ca ng c d b ba pha

Trong qu trnh phn tch h thng iu khin trc tip m men, s dng phng php ton

Hnh 2. Mch in tng ng ca ng c di b ba pha

Hnh 3. H ta ba pha v hai pha

Trong hnh 2: us(t) - Vector in p khng gian ca stator; is(t), ir(t) - Vector dng in khng gian ca stator v rotor; s(t), r(t) - Vector t thng mc vng khng gian ca stator v rotor; Rs, L - in tr v in cm pha stator; Rr - in tr pha ca rotor quy i v stator; L - T ng in cm tn ca stator v rotor; - T c gc dng in rotor; Cc phng trnh biu th ng c d b ba pha trn h ta stator
CK

u s = R s is +

d s dt

(1) (2)

0 = R r ir

d r + j r dt

T thng mc vng ca stator v rotor s = Li

r = s L i r Phng trnh m men in t ca ng c Me = Hoc vit di dng sau Me = Trong : - gc t thng.
2.2. M hnh b ngc bin v vc t khng gian in p

(3)
(4)

1.5p n ( s r s r ) L 1.5p s r sin L

(5)

(6)

S nguyn l m hnh b ngc bin kiu hai im loi in p nh hnh 4.

T s cho thy, b ngc bin c to thnh bi su van, chia lm ba cu. Khi lm vic, trn mi cu trng thi ca cc van tri ngc nhau, do vy nhiu nht l c tm t hp trng thi c to ra, v hon ton c xc nh bi trng thi ca (Sa, Sb, Sc), dng 1 biu th trng thi ng v 0 l trng thi m ca van, nh vy tm t hp trng thi tng ng l: (Sa, Sb, Sc) = (000), (001), (010), (011), (100), (101), (110), (111). Vector tng hp in p cp cho ng c
2 u s (t) = (u a + u b e j2 / 3 + u c e j2 / 3 ) 3

(7)

t rong : ua, ub, uc l n lt l in p pha ca ba pha a, b, c pha stator, v lch pha nhau 1200. Tng ng vi tm t hp trng thi ca b ngc bin, l tm vector khng gian in p ca ng c: U0(000), U1(001), U2(010), U3(011), U4(100), U5(101), U6(110), U7 (111). Trong , U0(000) biu th ba van trn ca ba cu u m, U7 (111) biu th ba van di ca ba cu u ng, khi in p cp cho ng c l bng khng, do vy gi hai vector ny l vector khng, c v tr ti gc ta , cc vector cn li u c bin bng 4E/3, nm cch nhau 600 v c gi l cc vector in p phi khng. S phn b ca cc vector trong khng gian nh hnh 5.

CKKC

Kckck Hnh 4. S nguyn l b ngc bin Hnh 5. Phn b ca cc Vector in p

2.3. nh hng ca vector khng gian in p i vi t thng mc vng stator v m men 2.3.1. nh hng ca vector khng gian in p i vi t thng mc vng stator T cng thc (1) vit c cng thc t thng mc vng ca stator:
s = (u s R s is )dt

(8)

Nu b qua in p ri trn in tr ta c
s = u s dt + st0

(9)

Trong : sto - Vector s (t) ti thi im ban u t0 . Cng thc (9) cho thy, khi vector tng hp in p phi khng t ln ng c, vector t thng mc vng stator di ng vi tc t l thun vi in p t vo v theo phng ca vector in p tng hp. Lng bin i l |s| = ust. Nu t ln ng c vector tng hp in p khng U0(000) hoc U7(111), th vector t thng mc vng stator s ng im trong khng gian. Do vy, iu khin thch hp tm t hp trng thi ca b ngc bin th c th thc hin c qu tch t thng l a gic vi tc quay nht nh, v khi s cnh ca a gic l rt ln th c th xem qu tch t thng l hnh trn.

2.3.2. nh hng ca vector khng gian in p i vi m men

T cng thc (6) cho thy, m men in t ca ng c t l thun vi gi tr bin ca t thng mc vng stator, rotor v gc t thng. Trong thc t vn hnh, thng thng duy tr thng mc vng stator l gi tr nh mc, nhm li dng ton phn vt liu st t ca ng c, m gi tr bin ca t thng mc vng rotor li do ph ti quyt nh, do vy mun thay i m men in t ca ng c th c th thng qua vic thay i gc t thng. Trong iu khin trc tip m men, phng php iu khin c bn l thng qua vector khng gian in p iu khin tc quay ca t thng mc vng stator, khin t thng mc vng stator ngng quay, t thay i gi tr gc t thng, nhm t c mc ch iu khin m men in t ca ng c.
2.3.3. H thng iu khin trc tip m men vi qu tch t thng l hnh trn

S khi ca h thng iu khin nh hnh 6.

CK

Hnh 6. S khi h thng iu khin trc tip m men vi qu tch t thng trn

H thng s dng phng php tra bng vector in p tin hnh iu khin ng thi t thng mc vng stator v m men in t ca ng c, cn c vo ba tn hiu l tn hiu ra t b iu tit t thng PhiQ, tn hiu ra t b iu tit m men MQ, v tn hiu ra t modul xc nh v tr t thng (i). B iu tit t thng v b iu tit m men u s dng b iu tit loi hai im c lp, tn hiu vo l hiu ca gi tr t v gi tr thc t o c. thun li cho vic la chn vector in p, phn vng trn thnh su vng, dng (i) biu th, nh hnh 7, cn c vo gi tr gi tr bin t thng v gi tr thnh phn trn cc trc , c th xc nh c v tr ca t thng. Bng 1 l bng la chn vector in p.
MQ 0 1 PhiQ 1 0 1 0 (1) 110 100 111 000 (2) 010 110 000 111 (3) 011 010 111 000 (4) 001 011 000 111 (5) 101 001 111 000

(6 ) U1 (1) U5

(5)U 3
( 4)

U 4 ( 2)

U2

U6

(3)

Hnh 7. Phn vng t thng

Bng 1. Bng la chn vector in p (6) 100 101 000 111

Hnh 6 l s khi ng vi giai on khi ng u my, m men khi ng l khng thay i, trong giai on vn hnh hay cn gi l giai on gim yu t trng vi cng sut pht ra ca ng c l khng i, khi trong s khi b iu tit m men c thay th bi b iu tit cng sut, gi tr t thng t s gim t l nghch vi tc ca ng c.
III. M HNH M PHNG V KT QU 3.1. M hnh m phng h thng: nh hnh 8, thun tin dng d, q biu th , .

CKKC

Hnh 8. M hnh m phng h thng iu khin

Kckck

3.2. Kt qu m phng

c c mt kt qu tng i ton din, thit lp qu trnh m phng nh sau: ti t = 0 s, t tc gc ca rotor l *r = 514 rad/s (tng ng vi tc th nghim cao nht ca u my l v* = 250 km/h); ti t = 9 s, t *r = 411 rad/s (tng ng vi tc vn doanh cao nht ca u my v* = 200 km/h), ti t = 12.5s, u my ln dc i = 12. Kt qu m phng nh hnh 9.

Hnh 9. Kt qu o qu tch t thng, cng sut, tc quay rotor, in p pha a v m men in t, m men cn

Hnh 9 (tip).

4. KT LUN

T kt qu m phng cho thy, h thng hon ton p ng c yu cu vn hnh ca u my vi c hai trng thi ko v hm, ng thi ti tc cao nht vn m bo c tn ti lc gia tc d nht nh.
Ti liu tham kho [1]. . .: , 1997. [2]. .. : , 1994. [3]. .MATLAB/Simulink. , 2001

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