CONTENTS

13-1 Verb + gerund 13-2 Go + -ing 13-3 Verb + infinitive 13-4 Verb + gerund or infinitive 13-5 Preposition + gerund 13-6 Using by and with to express how something is done 13-7 Using gerunds as subjects; using it + infinitive 13-8 It + infinitive: using for (someone) 13-9 Expressing purpose with in order to and for 13-10 Using infinitives with too and enough

13-1 VERB + GERUND

She keeps worrying about her husband.

13-1 VERB + GERUND

verb

gerund

(a) I

like

be ing with you.

-ing form of a verb

gerund

used as a noun

object of the verb

13-1 VERB + GERUND

(b) They enjoy eating pizza.

(c) They have finished working on a big project.

(d) My sister never stops talking on the phone.

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13-1 VERB + GERUND

(e) I wish they would quit arguing.

13-1 VERB + GERUND

(f) Would you mind taking my picture?

13-1 VERB + GERUND

(g) I usually postpone doing my taxes until the last minute. (h) Many people put off doing their taxes until the last minute.

13-1 VERB + GERUND

(i) They have to keep (on) working until the project is finished.

13-1 VERB + GERUND

(j) They are considering breaking up. (k) They are thinking about breaking up.
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13-1 VERB + GERUND

(l) They discussed breaking up. (m) They talked about breaking up, but they decided to stay together.

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13-1 VERB + GERUND

(n) She is considering not going to work today.

not + gerund = negative form

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13-1 LETS PRACTICE

thinking about ______ going out to play. They are ____________

think about go

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13-1 LETS PRACTICE

Do you want to _________ talk about buying a new house? _______

talk about buy

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13-1 LETS PRACTICE

Would you consider _______ ______ giving us less homework this week?

consider give

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13-2 GO + -ING

Its a beautiful day. Lets go canoeing.

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13-2 GO + -ING

(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?

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13-2 GO + -ING

(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday? (b) We went camping on the beach.

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13-2 GO + -ING

(a) These guys are going skydiving soon. (b) We went camping on the beach. (c) Larry hasnt gone skiing lately.

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13-2 GO + -ING

(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday? (b) We went camping on the beach. (c) Larry hasnt gone skiing lately.

go + gerund
certain expressions about activities
INCORRECT: I like to go to dancing.

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13-2 LETS PRACTICE

go ________. fishing Mr. Anders loves to ___

go fish

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13-2 LETS PRACTICE

go ________. dancing My parents love to ___ go dance

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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE

I expected you to be here an hour ago.

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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE

(a) I hope to graduate this year.

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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE

(a) I hope to graduate this year

(b) He intends to study hard this year.

to + simple form of verb = AN INFINITIVE

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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE

(a) I hope to graduate this year

(b) He intends to study hard this year.

(c) She decided not to attend medical school. negative = not + infinitive

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13-3 LETS PRACTICE

At their wedding, they ________ promised ___ to ____ stay together forever.

promise stay

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13-3 LETS PRACTICE

go on a cruise, I _____ would _____ love _____ to _____ but I cant afford it. would love go

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13-3 LETS PRACTICE

I ______ seem ___ to ___ be out of money.

seem be

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13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE

I love to go fishing with my dad.

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13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE

(a) All of a sudden, it began raining. (b) All of a sudden, it began to rain.

some verbs

gerund or infinitive
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13-4 LETS PRACTICE

hate wait

hate ___ to _____ wait in line. I _____ hate _______ waiting in line. I _____

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13-4 LETS PRACTICE

begin study

began __________ studying yesterday, but I quit. I ______ began _____ to _____ study yesterday, but I quit. I _____
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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND

She is nervous about testifying at the trial.

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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND

(a) Some people are afraid of driving.

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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND

(a) Some people are afraid of driving. (b) Alex is responsible for leading our team project.

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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND

(a) Some people are afraid of driving. (b) Alex is responsible for leading our team project. (c) She apologized for being rude to her mom.

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13-5 LETS PRACTICE

teaching math. Angie is good ___ at (teach) ________

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13-5 LETS PRACTICE

studying They are planning ____ on (study) __________ all afternoon for the test.

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13-5 LETS PRACTICE

starting They are excited ______ about (start) _______ their new project.

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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE

It takes six hours to get from Baltimore to Seattle by air.

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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE

(a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the number of minutes and pressing the ON button.

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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE

(a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the number of minutes and pressing the ON button. how something is done

By + a gerund

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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE

(b) I love travelling by train.

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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE

(b) I love travelling by train.

(c) Many people eat with chopsticks.

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13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE

(b) I love travelling by train.

(c) Many people eat with chopsticks.

by
OR

+ noun

with

how something is done

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13-6 LETS PRACTICE

Some people in London get around by double-decker bus. ___

by with

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13-6 LETS PRACTICE

Most students dont write their by hand anymore. reports _____

by with

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13-6 LETS PRACTICE

Floors can be cleaned _____ with a mop.

by with

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13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT + INFINITIVE

Riding a motorcycle can be exciting.

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13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT + INFINITIVE

(a) Riding motorcycles is dangerous. same meaning

(b) It is dangerous to ride motorcycles.

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13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT + INFINITIVE

(c) Visiting other countries is fun.

gerund a gerund is singular subject verb is singular

(d) It is fun to visit other countries. it it subject to visit other countries

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13-7 LETS PRACTICE

Gerund as subject

It is important to do well in school.

Doing well in school is important. ________________

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13-7 LETS PRACTICE

Gerund as subject

It can be helpful to study with a friend.

Studying with a friend can be helpful _____________________________.

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13-7 LETS PRACTICE

Gerund as subject

Is it scary to climb mountains?

climbing mountains is scary Yes, _______________________.

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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

It is a good idea for everyone to get a flu shot.

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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

(a) You should get a flu shot. (b) It is necessary forsimilar you to get a flu shot.
meaning

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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

(a) You should get a flu shot. (b) It is necessary for you to get a flu shot. (c) He should be careful. (d) It is important for him to be careful.

it is + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive phrase

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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

(e) We dont have to go to work today. (f) It isnt necessary for us to go to work today.

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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

(e) We dont have to go to work today.

(f) It isnt necessary for us to go to work today.

(g) A dog cant drive a car. (h) It is impossible for a dog to drive a car.

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13-8 LETS PRACTICE

World leaders should be honest. for world leaders to be honest It is important ________________________.

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13-8 LETS PRACTICE

In some cultures, brides wear red.

In some cultures, it is appropriate for brides to wear red ___________________.

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13-8 LETS PRACTICE

Snakes cant run. for snakes to run It is impossible _______________.

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13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR

I am going to college in order to get a good education.

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13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR

- Why are you going to college?

(a) I am going to college because I want a good education. (b) I am going to college in order to get a good education. (c) I am going to college to get a good education.

same meaning

in order frequently omitted In order to purpose

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13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR

(d) I am going to college for an education.

for
preposition

purpose
noun

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13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR

(d) I am going to college for an education. (e) I am going to college to get an education.
INCORRECT:

I am going to college for to get an education.

INCORRECT:

I am going to college for getting an education.

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13-9 LETS PRACTICE

CORRECT

OR

INCORRECT

I went to the ATM in order to withdraw money.

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13-9 LETS PRACTICE

CORRECT

OR

INCORRECT

I went to the ATM for to withdraw money.

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13-9 LETS PRACTICE

CORRECT

OR

INCORRECT

I went to the ATM for withdrawing money.

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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

This dessert is too delicious to resist.

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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

TOO + ADJECTIVE + (FOR SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE

(a) Hang gliding is (b) Hang gliding is (c) Hang gliding is

too scary to try. too scary for me to try. too scary for Sue to try.

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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

Hang gliding is too scary to try.

Dont even think of trying it.

too + adjective

negative result
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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

COMPARE

Hang gliding is too scary. I cant do it.

Flying is very scary, but I can do it.

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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

ENOUGH + NOUN + INFINITIVE

(d) I dont have enough time to mop the floor. (e) Do you have enough time to do it?

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13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE

(f)

Im not strong enough to mop the floor.

(g) Are you strong enough to do it?

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13-10 LETS PRACTICE

I am too clumsy. I cant be a waitress. too clumsy to be a waitress I am ______________________.

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13-10 LETS PRACTICE

These shoes are too small for me. big enough for me These shoes arent ________________.

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13-10 LETS PRACTICE

Hang gliding takes a lot of courage.

enough courage to try it. I dont have ______________

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