Notes Hints Malaysian Studies Sufinah Dahari (7536) Chapter 1: The Early History 1.

Original people (native) of Malay Archipelago - concentrate on Perak Tampan Fort, Ulu Perak (35, 000 years ago) - early stone age (Palaeolithic): Characteristics lived in caves main activity: collecting forest products & hunting started using stone tools tools were simple & crude Area 1. Tampan Estuary, Perak 2. Niah Cave, Sarawak 3. Tingkayu, Sabah

- kingdom (famous for what, located?) name the early kingdom: Funan, Langkasuka (Patani), Old Kedah, Srivijaya (before Malacca at Sumatera famous for Buddhism and use Sanskrit), Majapahit (Java Hinduism from Indian Hinduism) Kingdom Funan, Kampuchea Note - 1st century - influenced by Old Kedah Hindu Religion - Kg. Sg. Emas (5th 10th century) - Pengkalan Bujang (10th -14th century) - 2nd century - important trade centre - influenced by Hinduism & Buddism - Merong Maha Wangsa History - 5th century - monarchy system - strategic location & important entrepot - influenced by Hinduism & Buddism - 7th century - well-known trade centre - strong relationship with India & China - centre of Buddism & Sanskrit - owned several vassal states - 13th century - owned several vassal states - trade centre - strong relationship with China, India & Middle East

Langkasuka, Patani

Old Kedah

Srivijaya, Sumatera

Majapahit, Jawa

- Hinduism: Funan & Majapahit - Buddism: Srivijaya - Hinduism & Buddism: Old Kedah & Langkasuka

2. Modern era of peninsula Malaya from old sultanate Malacca (development has to be seen) - whos the founder Parameswara 1403 - what type of government: Ruler: head of state, Islamic religion & army Important officials: Finance Minister, Admiral, Chief of Defence, Chief of Bursar, Harbour Master - Law of Malacca: Malacca code of law & Malacca law of the sea - why people came to Malacca (the role of Malacca) centre for maritime trade & spread of Islam strategic location midway along trade routes between India & China - Chinese came to Malacca by Cheng Ho, founded by Parameswara, famous with Tun Perak (great names) what these people famous for? 3. Fall of Malacca Empire: how the role decline - internal factors (politically): Tun Perak died lack an efficient leader replaced by Tun Mutahir (weak leader) struggles for power Sultan Mahmud (weak ruler) defamation & bribing were rife high taxes merchants divert attention to other ports; Weak administration of Tun Mutahir Malays hostile towards Indian Muslims Tun Mutahir & Tun Ali to be put to death by betrayal of Kitul (Malay) & Raja Mandaliar (Indian native) Tepok (Tun Peraks son) appointed as Chief Minister Tepok too old ministers formed dissenting groups misunderstanding & disputes caused segregation Alfonso dAlbuquerque attacked 1511 - external factors (Cape of Good Hope): Cape of Good Hope in South Africa: easier to sail from West to East 4. Colonial Era - remember date of colonist duration Colonist Portuguese Dutch British Siamese Duration 1511-1641 (130 years) 1641-1824 (183 years) 1824-1942; 1945-1957 (130 years) 1831-1909 (88 years)

Japanese - chronology of British colonisation Date 1976 1819 1824 1826 1841 1874 1874 1878 1888 1896 1909 1914 1945 1946 1948 1957

1942-1945 (3.5 years)

Event Penang Island founded by Francis Light Singapore founded by Stamford Raffles Anglo-Dutch treaty Straits Settlement James Brooke took over Sarawak British intervention in Perak: Pangkor Agreement British intervention in Sungei Ujung Brunei Sultan handed over Sabah to British British intervention in Pahang Federated Malay States Bangkok Agreement Johor accepted British advisor British Military Administration (BMA) was established Malayan Union Federation of Malaya Independence of Malaya

- Anglo-Dutch treaty 1824: what for? Dutch handed over Malacca to the British in exchange for Bencoolen (Bangkahulu), agreed to eradicate pirate activities result in division of Malay Archipelago into 2 different geo-political areas - states of straits settlement: Penang island, Malacca, Singapore - states of federated Malay: Perak, Selangor, N.Sembilan, Pahang - from Bangkok agreement 1909 unfederated Malays states: Kedah, Perlis, Terengganu, Kelantan Terms: - old kingdom: sultan sons of the soil - sovereignty daulat - rescent derhaka - nusantara whole of region (Javanese): encompasses Malay Kingdom Chapter 2: Struggle of independence 1. Failure of Malayan Union - what government is introduced by British: Malayan Union - why the government is opposed: the granting of citizenship to non-Malays erosion of Malay rulers power & sovereignty Mac Michaels treat in getting the rulers to sign agreement - how the government failed: strong opposition from Malays no strong support from non-Malays wrong timing

 opposition from former British administrators in Malaya - what replace the opposed government: Federation of Malaya - why Malayan is opposed: AMCJA (All-Malaya Council of Joint Action): working committee did not include any non-Malay PUTERA (Pusat Tenaga Rakyat) radical Malay party: want Malaya as republic AMCJA-PUTERA front: form Peoples Constitution & launched hartal (close shop strike) 2. Negotiation for Independence - city council election (Georgetown 1951, KL 1952) demand to British general election 1955 negotiation of independence constitution - names of association (MCA, UMNO Alliance; PAS Islamic Party of Malaya; Parti Negara National Party; Parti Buruh Labour Party; Parti Progresif Rakyat Peoples Progressive Party): function? - name the community where Tun Abd Rahman and Gangs go to London (Feb 1956): o 4 Malay Rulers representative Datuk Panglima Gantang, Dato Ahmad Kamil, Abdul Aziz Majid & Dato Mohd Seth o The Alliance representatives Tunku Abd Rahman, Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman, Dato Abdul Razak Hussein & Colonel H.S Lee o British representative in Malaya - Lord Lennox Boyd who?: Secretary of British Colonial Territories chaired the negotiation from 18 Jan 8 Feb, the day the Landon Agreement was signed - British promised to grant independence on condition that a commission be formed to outline and draw up Malayas new Constitution 4. Constitution of the Federation of Malaya - when constitution is drew 1956 - Reid Commision: Lord Reid (Britain), Sir Ivor Jennings (Britain), Sir William Mckell (Australia), B. Malik (India) & Judge Abdul Hamid (Pakistan) - what fundamental principles of Malayan Constitution?: o Yg Dipertuan Agong as the head of Malaya while the rulers are heads of respective states o The Malays are recognised as the sons of the soil & special rights are quaranteed in Constitution (Article 153) o Malay language is national language: English however can still be used in Legislative Council for 10 years period after independence (Article 152) o Person born in Malaya on or after Independence is automatically a Malayan citizen (Article 14-31) o Islam is official religion of Federation of Malaya, but freedom of worship is guaranteed for non-Muslim

Chapter 3: Formation of Malaysia - formed on 1963 by Malaysia Agreement - Lee Kuan Yew (Singapore) left Malaysia 1965 - MAPHILINDO what?: Malaysia-Philippines-Indonesia - who opposed Malaysia idea?: o PAS claimed Malays would lose out if Malaysia was established, prefer MAPHILINDO idea o Philippines President Macapagal claimed Sabah as Filipino territory, formation of Malaysia will complicate his effort to claim Sabah, Macapagal broke off diplomatic ties between Philippines & Malaysia o Indonesia President Sukarno launched confrontation policy against Malaya on 1963 because KL ignored Indonesia in Malayas plans to set up a new country. Sukarno claimed Malaysia to be political structure that ignore Indonesias interest & weaken the spirit of Malay Archipelago. Historian view: Malaysia aborted Sukarnos scheme to form greater Indonesian empire, confrontation is a tactic to divert peoples attention away from various internal problems afflicting Indonesia - Cobbold commission 1962: survey opinions of people of Sabah & Sarawak survey confirmed more than 70% of people in two countries were in favour Chapter 4: System of Government & National Administrative Structure 1. Powers in Malaysia o Executive power to govern: Yg Dipertuan Agong (Article 39) o Legislative power to draw up, amend & pass law: Yg. Dipertuan Agong, Parliament House of Representative & House of Senate o Judiciary power defend justice: Court, defend supremacy of Constitution & balance other 2 powers 2. Power of Yg Dipertuan Agong (Article 20, [2]) o appoint Prime Minister (PM) o not to consent dissolution of Parliament o request for a meeting of Rulers Council - king PM cabinet member - if want to hold an election ask the king, king decide - why king must dissolve parliament? for election 3. Function of Yg Dipertuan Agong - appoint members of House of Representatives (by acting on advice of PM: Article 40, [1]) - supreme head of Federations Armed Forces (Article 40) 4. Council of Rulers (Majlis Raja-raja): Article 38, [1] - members: 9 rulers/states + Yg Dipertua Negeri of Malacca, Penang, Sabah & Sarawak (Governor)

- general functions are about interest of Malay Rulers & religion, and administrative affairs of country - Function (Article 38, [2]): o election of Yg. Dipertuan Agong & Deputy Yg. Dipertuan Agong o approves/disapproves any act, practice or religious ceremony that involves Federation as a whole o approves/disapproves any law & gives advice on whatever appointment, that under Constitution, requires the approval of, or consultations with the Council of Rulers o appoint members of Special Court (Article 182, [1]) o grants pardon, postpones or commutes sentences (Article 42, [12]) o deliberate matters pertaining to national policy (such as amendments to the immigration policy) and all other matters - appointment of Yg. Dipertuan Agong: governor has no voting right & cannot be a candidate 5. Cabinet - cabinet (Article 43): minister with/without portfolio - primary role: determine governments policies & issue directives for the implementation by the government administrative machinery at federal & state levels - acting as an advisory to Yg. Dipertuan Agong 6. Legislative Body (Parliament) - power to make law (call Act in federal level, Enakmen or Ordinan in state level) - exercise of legislative powers by Parliament (Article 66) o to inect law; the power of inect law shall follows procedure (Article 66, [1]): i) Minister & officers of ministry frame bill with advice from Attorney Generals Office ii) Minister will get Cabinet to pass bill policy explaining in detail the importance of presenting in Parliament iii) After being agreed by Cabinet, with/without amendment the bill is printed & presented to Parliament iv) Bill is presented to House of Representatives/Senate involve 3 readings: 1st reading Minister read bill 2nd reading principle of bill are debate 3rd reading if agreed by 2/3 majority of House, bill are discussed at level of House Committee v) Bill approved by both Houses is presented to Yg. Dipertuan Agong for approval vi) Before it is accepted & applied, the bill, approved by Yg. Dipertuan Agong, will have to be stamped with Royal Seal o Exceptions whereby bill can still be turn into law even though not pass by either Houses (Article 68) where a MONEYBILL pass by Parliament passed to House of Senate, after 1 month, Senate did not agree/do nothing, the bill can be handover by Parliament without agreement of Senate to Yg. Dipertuan Agong o Exeptions whereby any bill still is turn into law even though not get consent from Yg. Dipertuan Agong (Article 66, [4]) If bill not assented by 30 days,

by Yg. Dipertuan Agong, the bill will automatically become law as if it has passed by both Houses (must passed by both Houses) o Article 66, [2]: Subject to Article 67, a bill can be originated by either House o Article 67: A bill or amendment of provision increase, decrease any tax, abolishing tax, etc (MONEYBILL) which can only by originated by House of Representative o Article 66, [3]: When a bill has been passed by a House in which it originated, it shall be passed to the other House & get the consent of Yg. Dipertuan Agong after being passed by the other House subject to Article 67 7. Judiciary - function of court o power to interpret Constitution o power to interpret Law o power to proclaim/declare a written Federal or State law invalid o power to declare a government action as invalid in the eyes of the law - two-tier system (IMPORTANT): superior hear appeal cases & deal death penalty case subordinate limited power & cannot hear appeal case Superior Court Federal Court: - consist Chief Justice of Federal Court, Chief Justice of High Court, 4 judges & no. of additional judges - decides on validity of laws made in Parliament or State level - decides on disputes between Federal & State government - decides on disputes between 2 states - advises Yg. Dipertuan Agong on Constitution High Court: - headed by Chief Judge of High Court - has jurisdiction to hear cases which carry death penalty - has jurisdiction to hear civil cases; matrimonial cases, bankruptcy & company cases, guardianship of disabled Subordinate Court Session Court (District Court at Sabah/Sarawak) - headed by sessions court judge - highest subordinate court - hear all criminal offences other than except with death punishment - can impose jail sentence, fine & whipping befitting the offence committed as permitted by the law - hear civil cases where amount disputed < RM250,000 - hear civil cases on landlord & tenant Magistrate Court - headed by magistrate - hear light criminal & civil cases where the maximum imprisonment < 10 years or are punishable by fine < RM 25,000 - hear claims for repayment of debts in the monetary form - can impose caning for Special Court Juvenile Court (Court for Children) - headed by Session Court judge - hear offences commited by juvenile < 18 years of age - offenders cannot be sentence but sent to rehabilitation centers such Henry Gurney School until 21

Syariah Court - headed by religious head appointed by Ruler/Sultan - examine cases of offences against Islamic religious law involving Muslims only - administer & handle Islamic laws

persons

criminal cases Penghulu Court - headed by Penghulu/ Head of Mukim in Penghulu hall - examine light criminal where fine < RM 25 - examine civil cases where fine < RM 50 District Court (Native Court) - headed by District Officer - exists in Sabah/Sarawak - has authority to decide a re-trial

Industrial Court - judges & settle employeremployee & trade union disputes

- if appeal case: hear at Magistrate Court to bring to High Court - Article 74, [9]: Powers in country divided into Federal (federal list) & State (state list) & Joint list - Federal: Defence, citizenship & foreign policies - State: Religion, lent matters, forest tree & protected animals Chapter 5: Parliamentary Democracy in Malaysia 1. Types of election - general election for whole country - by-election to constitutes the choosing of representative by public citizen: representative seat is vacant by post stripped off or death 2. Voter & Conditions - Article 119, [1]: Malaysian on reaching the age of 21 on the qualifying date & resides in an election division on the qualifying date or if not residing is considered as absentee voter. - 3 categories of absentee voters: o A Malaysian citizen who is working in Federation Armed Forces or Commonwealth countries, who, with his wife lives in a residence provided by Armed Forces authority on the date of application to register as a voter in the electoral district (the district he registered) o A Malaysian citizen living overseas with his wife but working with Federal or State government or local or semi-government authority, who has applied to register himself as a voter in the electoral constituency o A Malaysian citizen (& wife) who is studying abroad, who applies to register himself as a voter in electoral constituency - Lost the right to vote: On the qualifying date he is held as a person who does not have a fully sound mind or is carrying out a jail sentence A person is found guilty & is imposed the death sentence or jail exceeding 12 months in any Commonwealth country 3. Duration as Peoples Representative & Member of State Legislative Assembly

- until that date Parliament is dissolved by Yg. Dipertuan Agong or State Legislative Assembly is dissolved by Sultan/Ruler or Yg. Dipertua Negeri - voluntarily withdraw by writing officially to Yg. Dipertua of House of Representative - absent from meetings for six month without prior approval from the House concerned (Article 52) 4. Duration in Office of Senator - limited to 3 years - resign from post by writing officially to Yg. Dipertua of Senate Chapter 6: Supremacy of Constitution - contains 15 sections, 183 clauses/articles & 15 schedules - main features o Malaysia is a federation o Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy o Malaysia is a country that practises parliamentary democracy o Religious freedom with Islam as the official religion of Malaysia o Supremacy of Constitution & rule of law o Doctrine of separation of power o Validity & transparency of Judiciary o National language, special rights of Malays & the native tribes of Sabah & Sarawak Chapter 7: Important Provisions in Malaysia Constitution 1. Language (Article 152) - Malay language as national language 2. Religion (Part I, Chapter 3) - Islam is official religion of Federation; but other religions are allowed to be practised in peace & harmony in any part of the Federation (Article 1) - In states that have a ruler/sultan as head of state, the sultan/ruler is the head of Islam in the state concerned (Article 2) - For states without a sultan/ruler (Sabah, Sarawak, Malacca & Penang Island) & the Federal Territories (KL, Labuan, Putrajaya), the head of Islam is Yg. Dipertuan Agong (Article 3) 3. Citizenship (Part II) - special rights of citizen o right to vote in election o right to take active part in politics o right to fill a post that is exclusively for citizens only o free to own landed property & to be considered for special terms relating to property development o right to receive no. of benefits & facilities in the country o freedom of movement throughout the country (Article 9)

o right not to be exiled - way of acquiring citizenship (IMPORTANT!!): Jus Soli (laws of birth place) - automatic citizenship for people born in Malaysia between 31st August 1957 October 1962 - if born after 1962 (either or): mother/father is citizen at time of birth at time of birth, mother/father residing in country at time of birth, not a citizen of any country Marriage - right to a foreign woman married to Malaysian citizen - conditions (must): if husband citizen in October 1962 with marriage still binding lived in Federation for 2 years before application, has intention to continue living in federation & is of good conduct Jus Sanguinis (laws of blood descent) - relies on citizenship status of father - is citizen if father is a citizen - if child is born outside (either or): father born in Malaysia father holds post in Public Service at Federal/State level birth was registered at Malaysian Consulate/Malaysian government within 1 year after birth Naturalization (Article 19) - to residents not born in Malaysia to be Malaysian citizen - conditions (must): aged 21 & above live in Federation at least 10 out of 12 years from & up to date of application have intention to live permanently of good conduct sufficient knowledge of Malay language

- applicant required to take oath of allegiance to the Federation & able to speak Malay language Chapter 8: Ethnic composition of Malaysian population - remember main inhabitants of Malaysia: Malay Chinese * Banjar * Boyan * Bugis * Jawa * Kampar * Kerinci * Mendaling * Minangkabau * Rawa Peninsular Malaysia Indian Indigenous * Malayali * Punjabi * Ceylonese * Tamil * Telegu (aborigines) * Negrito * Senoi * Melayu Asli Sabah Sarawak

Hokkien * ChuanChew * Chin-Chew * Eng-Hua * Eng-Choon * Hok-Chew Kwantung

* Bajau * Dusun * Murut * Bisaya * Kadayun * Org. Sg. * Org. Laut * Brunei

* Bidayuh * Bisaya * Iban * Kayan * Kedayan * Kelabit * Kenyah * Melanau * Malays

* Johor-Riau

* Kanton * Teochew * Hakka * Hailam

* Murut * Penan * Punan

- Malayan of Indonesian origin Community Javanese Background - from Jawa Island - concentrate in Johor (Muar, Pontian, Batu Pahat), Selangor (Klang, K. Selangor, K. Langat), Perak (Hilir Perak, Krian, Parit Buntar) - from Banjarmasin, Kalimantan - concentrate in Perak (Kerian, Parit Buntar), Selangor (Sabak Bernam) & Johor (Batu Pahat) - from Sulawesi Island - business group - concentrate in Johor (Benut, Kukup, Rengit), Selangor (Langat Valley) - from Boyan Island - migrated to Singapore, Ipoh, KL, JB, Penang Island - experts in horse-rearing - from Sumatera - concentrate in N. Sembilan & Malacca - known for Adat Perpatih - involves in business & agriculture

Banjar Bugis

Boyanese Minangkabau

- based on 1995 population distribution: Bumiputera = 11.95 mil, Chinese = 5.29 mil, Indian = 1.5 mil. - 1995, most populated states: Selangor, Johor & Sabah + Labuan - domination to sectors & ethnic groups 1995 Malay * agriculture * mining * electricity, gas, water * transportation, communication * finance, insurance, property Chinese * trading, hotel & restaurant * construction Indian * other services

- domination to occupation & ethnic group 1995 Malay * professional & technical * teacher & nurse * clerical worker Chinese * administration & management

- domination in professions 1995, more Chinese & Indians than Bumiputeras

Malay * doctor * veterinarian * surveyor

Chinese * accountant * architect * dentist * engineer * lawyer

- average household income in 1995 Malay RM 1,600 Chinese RM 2,895 Indian RM 2,153

Chapter 9: Unity & National Integration 1. Process to get integration (IMPORTANT!!): - unity: process of uniting groups with different backgrounds into one entity - integration: unity bound by common norms, values & interest Low integration Segregation - no integration - split of ethnics - occurs by law (de jure): apartheid at South Africa - occurs not base on law (de facto) Accomodation - ethnic aware of each others norms & value - safeguard own living culture - live harmony & respect - example: Switzerland (consist Germans, French & Italians) Acculturation - known as cultural assimilation - minority accept majoritys norms, values & culture - borrow/accept cultural elements without changing the original cultural elements High integration Assimilation Amalgation - known as - culture/race structural mixes form assimilation types of new - entry to culture & race dominant - intersociety through marriage friendship & close connection

2. Obstacles to National Integration - Prejudice: attitude towards other groups based on common generalization (stereotype) - Racism (communalism): attitude of favouring ones own ethnich community - Ethnocentrism: belief that ones own culture is superior to that of other 3. Efforts - political - economic - social & cultural 4. Basis of racial unity in Malaysia - sharing political power - democratic government - sound economic growth

- cultural compromise Chapter 10: Rukun Negara: The national ideology 1. 13 May 1969: - what the cause: misunderstanding in Kg. Baru, KL when DAP won election supporters of opposition political party too enthusiastic in celebration of partys victory actions beyond confines of law & social ethics behaviour annoyed the supporters of governing coalition opposition predominantly Chinese, governing purely Malay party confrontation & local quarrel flared into a - what the effect: racial clash between Chinese & Malay National Operation Council/NOC (MAGERAN) took over country Special Peace & Development bodies formed Rukun Negara was formed - what kind of government introduced to deal with chaotic country: MAGERAN - function of the government: formulate normative guidance & set of values for unity 2. Principle of Rukun Negara (remember the order) - belief in God - loyalty to King & Country - upholding Constitution - rule of law - decorum & morality Chapter 11: Development Plan & Vision 1. Outline Perspective Plan 1 (OPP1) = New Economic Policy (NEP) - introduced after 13 May 1969 - period of 20 years (1971 1990) - 4 years Malaysia plans (MP2 MP5) - to bring back once more racial integration through national economic development 2. Outline Perspective Plan 2 (OPP2) = National Development Policy (NDP) - to create a fairer & more united Malaysian society - period 10 years (1991 2000) - 1st phase to achieve Vision 2020 - to bring balanced development (generates rapid socio-economic growth by income distribution) 3. Outline Perspective Plan 3 (OPP3) = National Vision Policy (NVP) - period of 10 years (2001 2010) - 2nd phase to achieve Vision 2020

- to bring balanced development (agricultural sector, small to medium industries to industries based on high technology & information technology) 4. Vision 2020 - not a concrete policy - slogan/motto to empower citizens to transform Malaysia into a developed nation - consist 9 challenges of Vision 2020 Terms: - esprit de corps: pride & loyalty to unite members of group - K-economy: economic growth based on knowledge Chapter 12: Malaysias Main Policies 1. Purpose - to fulfil socio-economic needs (economic growth, income distribution & welfare) 2. Economy Based- Policy - National Agriculture Policy (NAP) why? relative rapid overall economic growth effect to transform agricultural sector to be more modern, commercialised & sustainable to increase countrys export commodities - National Incorporation Policy joint venture between private & public sectors to create close, meaningful, effective cooperation between public & private sector to improve national earnings - National Privasation Policy support National Incorporation Policy transform government sector functions & activities to private sector to raise productivity quality & administrative efficiency - National Development Policy (from Chapter 11) NEP NDP NVP - National Industrialization Policy to intensify industrial growth through manufacturing to optimise the use of countrys natural resources to upgrade local research & development of local technology involve Malaysian Industrial Policy Study (MIPS): to asses/amend existing industrial policies & to review investment incentives & export promotion policies involve Industrial Master Plan (IMP): to formulate general industrial development objectives & strategies for small sectors with potential 3. Socially-Based Policies

- National Integration Policy - National Cultural Policy - Policy of Applying Islamic Values in Administration - National Womens Policy 4. National Education Policy - replaced colonial education system: to elevate the spirit of Malaysians after Independence - born from Tun Razak Report 1956 - Education Ordinance 1957 - reviewed in 1960 Rahman Talib Report 1960 1961 Education Act - emphasis to help NDP to eliminate poverty & restructure society - programme: KBSR, KBSM 5. Educational Reforms - improve educational systems conditions & quality - create an updated system of education that is universal standard - programme: modernisation, manpower development Science & technology programme 6. Smart School - to produce young dynamic Malaysians in line with world education development but adapted to norms & values of Malaysian way of life - programme: smart - learning, curriculum, assessment, teaching, management Chapter 13: Malaysias Policy on Regional & World Affairs 1. Malaysia & Regional Relations - ASA 1961(South Asia Organisation): Philippines & Malaysia failed - MAPHILINDO 1963 failed: Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia - ASEAN 1967: set up because failure of ASA & MAPHILINDO to build up strength of regional unity programme (IMPORTANT!!): * APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) * EAEC (ASEAN Economic Ministers Conference) * Kuala Lumpur Declaration 1971 proclaim ZOPFAN (Zone of Peace, Freedom & Neutrality) - Bangkok Declaration 1967 ASEAN (Association of Asian Nations): remember the full name - remember 10 members of ASEAN: Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar (Burma) & Laos - contributes towards economic, social & political development - example of case solved by ASEAN solidarity policy: Malaysia-Thai (1977): maritime zone between south Thailand & state of Kelantan Malaysia-Indonesia: area in South China Sea & eastern Sabah

Malaysia-Indonesia Memorandum of Understanding 1973: Malaysia give Natuna & Anambas islands to Indonesia Singapore claim on Batu Putih Island (Singapore win) Vietnam claim on Spratley Island 2. Malaysia & World Affairs - Commonwealth Organisation: organisation of former, independent British colonies 49 members with former British protectorates: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India & Sri Lanka - South-South cooperation: strengthening ties among members of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement/Movement of Non-aligned Countries) 1st time in Asia Africa Conference in Bandoeng 1955: proclaimed the importance of economic development & cooperation among member countries comprehensive framework of common agreement: Group 77 Conference Caracas, Venuzela 1981 South Commision (question can come out to choose which one is not South Commision member): Tanzania, India, Egypt, Brazil, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, West Samoa, Argentina, Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Jamaica, Philippines, Mexico, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Yugoslavia, Venuzuela, China, Guyana, Cuba, Pakistan, Senegal, Indonesia, Algeria, Malaysia - OIC (Organisation of Islamic Countries) 1971 known as Islamic Commonwealth/Islamic Secretariat 43 countries made at Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers in Jeddah (1970) - United Nations Organisation (UN): base for forging international linkages with member countries in economic, social & political development - UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation): remember the full name set up in Paris, 1946 with 61 members today from 28 members initially focused on continent of Africa & Latin America (because of backwardness & poverty) - important objectives OIC * forge closer unity & cooperation among member economically, socially & culturally & in field of science * firm up cooperative efforts to protect honour, independence & national rights * solve problems dispute involving Islamic nations * eliminate any oppression & colonialism to bring universal peace UNESCO * develop knowledge particularly science * have close cooperation to eliminate illiteracy * improve level of cooperation in education & culture to create world unity & welfare

- important programme for all policy (IMPORTANT!!)

Policy Commonwealth Organisation

Programme * Colombo Plan (question can come out to choose which strategy is under Colombo Plan)

Strategy Colombo plan implementation: * supply training & research experts * prepare places of training in universities for those that need them * prepare equipment for research & help * finance physical development projects * aid in health, agriculture & marketing * opposition against apartheid * make Antarctica an agenda for United Nations Organisation

South-South Cooperation

OIC Fighting Drug Abuse Internationally UNESCO

* Group 15 (G-15) & Malaysia as pioneer in programmes for investment data exchange, & SouthSouth Trade & Technology * International Islamic University of Malaya * International Conference on Drug Abuse & Illegal Trafficking in Vienna, Austria - 1987

* support Islamic Development Bank activities (IDB) & set up IDB in Malaysia in 1995

* focus on development in Africa

Chapter 14: Development & Environment 1. Management of Natural Resources Protection & Conservation (IMPORTANT!!) Resource programme Water * management & control of water catchment areas & river water * guidelines on water utilization Forest * increase in forest reserve * reforestation projects & establishing forest estate * National Forestry Act 1984 * Malaysian Peer System & Selection * replanting forest trees * management system Strategy * control of development of highland areas, water catchment areas & water supply * improve effectiveness of enforcing reforestation * protect forest & biological diversity especially involving logging * method of logging that reduces negative effects to environment * provision of log supply * improve forest product industry

* forest cultivation to improve economy of local people * forest control using Geographical Information System (GIS)

* 3rd national forest inventory in West Malaysia * improve research & development programmes especially the management of forest uses, census & control of resources, silviculture, reforestation & rehabilitation

2. Education & training programmes - emphasizes values of protecting environment - remember SIRIM (Industrial Standard & Research Institute) 3. Non-Governmental Organisation programmes - remember campaigns: Love Our Rivers Tree Planting Campaign Clean & Beautiful Campaign Haze Awareness Campaign 4. International & Regional Agreement - in fostering commitment on the environment, Malaysia involved in; Framework of Climatic Change Convention (FCCC) Biological Diversity Convention Basel Convention On the Movement & Disposal of Dangerous & Toxic Wastes Across Boundaries RAMSAR Convention Desertification Convention - sustain protection of environment through; General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT) Group for Environmental Measures & International Trade 1994 World Trade Organisation (WTO) Chapter 15: Human Development 1. Special governmental human development programmes - through various ministries Ministry of Youth Ministry of National Unity & Social Development Ministry of Human Resource - to create a defence to fight against negative social ills - Ministry of Human Resource protecting interest of workers through concept of harmonious relations between organisation & coordinating the planning development programmes for skilled, productive & disciplined workers - human development through prime agenda, core programmes & Ministry of Youth & Sports National Social Services Programme Strategy Prime agenda to enforce youth * to mobilize efforts to create a younger development generation that is: dynamic, creative, with vision, entrepreneurship & culture

* founded upon knowledge, skills, technology & up-to-date information system * highlight youth activities through informal training that emphasizes awareness of lifelong education in line with Malaysian & eastern religious & moral norms * to sustain efforts in creating a frontline of dynamic & capable leaders * to reinforce integrated cooperation between government, private & non-government organisations * promote culture of peace through thoughts & activities that have as roots, the esteem local culture Core Programmes * Prime Leadership Programmes * programmes for development of entrepreneurs * programme for developing personality * implement Young Comrades (Rakan Muda) Programme

- social development through national integration & development of human resources Programme Ministry of Unity & Social Development * National Integration * Social & Community Development * Natural Disaster Aid * Moral Reform Centers (for adolescents) * Tunas Bakti (Young Potentials) schools * Reform homes * Development Strategy * foster unity among races * reduce economic development imbalance between states & urban & rural areas * inculcate values & spirit of cooperation & responsibility to overcome problems through community projects; rehabilitation centers, welfare homes & Prime Welfare Brigade * inculcate spirit of mutual help for unfortunate & poor families * give help & moral support to adolescents faced with social problems so that they will change for the better & can contribute to national development * strengthen institution of family to produce responsible citizens * promote & determine methods/techniques to create strong families

- Ministry of Education (MOE) programme for human development Programme Philosophy of National Education Strategy * integrated & overall development of potential of an individual * create human beings who are balances & harmonious intellectually, spiritually,

emotionally & physically, guided by their belief in & obedience to God * produce Malaysian citizens who are, knowledgeable resourceful noble in character responsible capable of achieving personal well-being contribute towards social & national harmony & prosperity Islamic Education (Muslim students) * build up potential of self for forming good morals, behaviour & attitudes following Gods teachings * inculcate behaviour as underlined in Koran & Sunnah * develop human beings who can lead society to a peaceful & happy life * encourage & form quality knowledge to strive for excellence in life

- development of world standard knowledge (MSC Universal Standard IT) Aim * to know & identify all advantages & disadvantages of universal explosion of information technology * to develop the endurance to prepare oneself for constructing the best mechanism to choose & to adapt information obtained from within & outside country to the way of life o people * make use of smart city, that is Putrajaya, as launching pad for world standard IT development Programme Strategy Electronic government * government administration center that uses the concept of sophisticated multimedia * computerised information network that links with various organisations through the electronic method; video conferencing meetings sharing of database line for sharing information with businessman & public Smart School Telemedicine Research & development complex (R&D) National card for diverse uses (I-Card) Borderless marketing center

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- governments concern in family development programmes Programme * Child protection Act 1991 * counselling services * National Action Plan for life, protection & development of children 1994 Strategy * provide protection for the safety & health of children through legal system * formation of childrens teams at state & district level * plan for welfare, education & health development * concern & love for parents & senior citizens * protection & welfare for senior citizens * non-governmental bodies have built 132 senior citizen homes