.

,I
'UtItI 4
: Lfl1lHi91
...
m,'tI fh1';n",A'Bll,.1\h::L'I1ALm"liil1J 1,.m,

L1'4'1::1llL!lfJ Ll.1l14fJ1,*111'"1';Lm"Ii L"itilL;t 0n1'j'lUi n Ll.ft::lU14l1'4'1:: .
e1d"'''' ... r .. ... dlb cl
Ln1"ft Ll.'j01"!m1'4fJ1n'lllft::1'4 il LlIill'W II n1'11'4 Bll141 l"14ilm114
fh1';Ln511n'l5lm'j11l1"q/;iil Il 1n'l5lm'jNli'i
1m!1Nil?J11Lml1a1 ri Ll.'; LLI1'ln1'1'\aL"itII111
"1.... lIS d .1 I d
Lm'l1i'l IIInIl1",,::n'j::'I11
(Brinkmanship)
(Armed Struggle) L;;II'j1IJU'j::L'I1f1Ln1"a,f,. lU,.,.t!lU1!J;i,,:: t
qj"....1,;Ull'r'li',9ilLIJ l11L!I!J111A1 51 A5I11"::NIJ'r'I161"1"t5lLL t,.
n1'j'j1 LU,.i'i"n1'm1!1t,.U"j::L'YIfl m'j"j1IJU"j::L'YIAt5l!J '11015,f t ,;,f1
ti'l ni 11mm::151'1'1i'l II!It''''!JillJi'um"1IJU'j::L'I1 f1t51 1!1 (Fait accompli) Fl"j11J
"::LU IJ lii1!J15m'j91EJ\iT5I!J1 0 il h ii 5I11J iiil
1"1'jN11 illL!I!I t';Li'i Fl'l11JLnTl' aL;t il LU,.m"jf!lIut9i;i ll"i']!J milYi"1;i,,::n1
aqjqj1all.iM1'W
LU,.L'r'I'lt,;i"L!I!lll....U"'*,.1';Li'i
U'YIU1'11TJII L!I!Jt Fl 'j11JLm'r'lii II,. ,,::L91,.ft51 FiIlL m'I LN t,;
t L'I1FliiFl t ,;....nu,.
("war scare")
",.;;
Fl.fl. 1948
A.A. 1950 l"L!lmu51 llqjqj111l1vlLft!l11';Lm"aL,,'L1EJLl.i'l::'ll'l
l!lfJ",*"!1!1Lm"IiL'r'Iitllt51 fJL"i!J m'jLN Ll.ft::n1'j'YI"1' 11110 ouno;Ni"L!lfJllii
Fl.fl. 1949-1950
A.fl. 1949
HI 461 413
25 iiq"'w ,1.1'1. 1950 Lm"IL;,ot.r1nL/11l'11t....ft1fJ,.,U\J lLmiitil
a-,mtfn"tlm.l1mfl,a",:'bii'M'l1fLhrio" n"Il",nllflO

\!1:L"A oOl1011tlYl\!1:tI .
1I:'i''I'EIOntnll
.. ..- __._-

.1 It t.,.... l; ..
oo"""tl"u,:fl1f11..,,,:ClS"""1,oon ulll')fJ !I!lLtl"S""1l 1l,'Um'L"nfJ')LLL'l""nnOO""
tl"t1,:fI1fI,iiLLPlllehotlll A.A. 1951 i, ",:i1m,

'n10":LL'l LLII:",:tl..t'Utl't"t "qiLflllftIl1:'UIl'UAllllihittlPi' I'i1

tl"i3IlLIl;mseho"nnLilfJoiit.r
Iii"t u L'1",:PiSfLII!",num,,,Il u.",ulIhmh L,1ao",1niInrioLLL'l:lllltl!mil"
L"",:
fln,ff
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'in{)ii "qi"L'l')oN1nt"LIlL!lfJlII:'i'''llen LLII"!lIlOLLIlAe, Ll5IlWOLil\l,o"iit.r"ht

" .J . .A
';')!ll m;IlLLflIllOA')'lliiiIllL"\I,'l'l"':t ';flOA"Il,," "!lIlfJ'iatIlLLll:!llfJLO Il"i!ltil
:: .I.. ..... .. tI .I. ...
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Li4eo!fill r1 Il%LYIIltiLil"LA;'10111 1l,1l0t %n1' IitlO"',,11 m11u1nt "LMIl"LIl"L+'fJ"LLL'l:
'I'I{)"L+111AIlLflll"':1m1IlLtf\l,Il%,,,ff 38 ftIlL"ll') Pl10

... , .I."' ..
n1YlWljflOPl"IlLLll:Il"'Il'%1""'Ln!J')!l1l0 .
n1IlnL'l'OPl')1IlLLlllnLLfJnllIl010m'LiiIl0!lln
i
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itEi\1,111" !It"qi"11,)0t "n"fftlf""111!tillLis!lIfJtl"""" n,11",\1Lt/\I, \I, 1tlLfI fJ",:,,\t'niionfJ
III 19 (lhe19'" party
Congl'8S$) t"Lllis\Uj1l1"'N 1'I.F1. 1952 1tlL9fJiiLtlifJwtlllO\l,tfJU1fJo;J1nLJIlLRfJOflOl'l111l1l1
(Ease Tension)
e\l,"':L\l"tl1:tfJll\tLLr1Lll!le'I11YlI'l1'Nai'MO!l1l01tlL!fJLOO
1'1.1'1. 1951 L#allotllllsIl1ifnen')
m'L""""1..,,\t',ttJll,n n11lillmtli!l'I'LII""" mP:011
fl"tI1:nfI1li1!t.."nnm'lillmtJifJ'l'Lflll!llln!..eM'NINI'I.,ttnlmLlfllanLUf
m.R 511"nn011lLl1mtli!l\Oalln!llfJilllH.rn1o!lol'l'l1a4sN'..,ttnlaoLfalJlln

ti1R*ElNPnNL!I\l,f\l ..iril
t
fheJliElNil'l,",,,10tJimutElNt"!JL."!l1fl
..tI::rnt'l0
cmi',SSudmti1lNt\11,::t'NillLJi,f1!J1\1Yl10El1011'1 Lil\l
-HI! v .II" v .. " , f! Il Il v ....-.
L't'I'l 1'l'llM\J1ftLtI!JIIIOO't'l\l't'l\l1LlI1't'11n\lLWElml1V1nflt'l11110\JI"El8101"" YlO\lLLt'l::YlO\l\l fIt'l1N
tl 1111n!l El 0ft El Otl1::LYll'liitliiLn"'1nfIt'l1 t'lt \lfltnN.T\lfltl1!10l1L01't'1ft L't'IitO LLt'l:: fIt'l1N

tl1::011LIi8'l ,t'ltllOLi10ftOflt11NLn1't'1ftN1n 011LftOn
(Eisenhower)
PlotJ::1ll1n11NLn1't'1ftN1n ..
t"88N;11,::t1l'o11tlit'lLflIl8i .. mnlN;
"1" "1'" v "'v" v.
\10\10 fIIIlaN1n 'iI\Io fIIL101f11L'il1'i11n\JftIll1n\loI\lo'l\loYl 24 1'1.1'1. 1953
1ftLilrJ
i 00LIl!qJll1'l::81nLLn011i iii il\lol'ilBo ftLiI!Jtlli Lfttll'l'l1N!hrJL'r'I ftoilltn\10
81NrJ1n LLP!li'1!l'lrJL'r'I ft 1ftLiI!J 00\il!JI11'1'l1N.TMO!l0l1III\1oLEll1LW11=1ftLiI!JiooLIl!qJ't'Ilt'1n\J
ft't'li'.!oLN;n1 i11\1'r'11L01't'1flliN1lil1ml1i\loLLft'l LLt'l::ft"1!i\lo'il::iEll1ii'il111111t ';10\Jfl O\JLil\loiiLI'I",8
.... 1,,t, ...... 1"!!Ilo ... ttJ
N'r'I1 tlNn'l'l1'l101'i1<;}:: Ln1iI!I\Io LN1J'r'INOnLL't'IOftl1I'111NIII"Lfl11i11Yl::N\IoL'r'I\IoOlantJ nfl1"'r'I\Io" !Ion
'hft 1111!i\lo,,::tI'l 't'I;O13.1LoW!JI1tfll rioLil\loi Lt! nft1"li t'l 111Lil\lo
li'1ftIll1!i\lollllil1LLnn"l"lNtlil!Jn"l::n\lo';\lot 5 ll\lo1flN ft" fl11Ntan'il::LnfII(\Io'r'I;O111
Othl1l,1i 1II1N 0a'll n"l"lN!lOOL!l1li,j1t ,;,t'ltllOfltft1!J1'I'l1N'r'I'l11il1111nt \IoLHI'I11Ntan1tlllii tlil 8

\l1t 't'IIl!l o01ftLiI!Jllii,j1Lit\10\Iot!J\J1t1NO'llofl ft1!Jfl'l1NIil1Lfl;!JIiIPI Elltl tlil!JLUIII 01"l
tiLLn 0111Rao\loYl'r'l1"lPl111
ftarl'l"ltWEll1Ltlft!J"moo t \10 27 n,ntl1FlN Fl.I'I. 1953
tl"l::L'I'lFlLWO\lo\J1\1oti 'I'l"lOWt'l0* LLIII tJ1'lLn1't'1a!JI1N IOO1ftYl <;}::I'IIi1\10tJ::1ll1n"l"lN \Io'l a'l'l111'1'lIll\lo
liiln1''lt'll1\101Nft''\JAn
LLNtJ::1II1n'''lJl!l 00 L01'r'1 tiO1"l\JI1nl"llifiIIItJOOft0l10iiN'r'I1ei1\1o1'i1
"' .. " v, "v ..r .... t!! t.. .1
Franz H. Michael and George E. Taylor. Tbe Far ElIot In the Modem World
(3'" ed.: New York: Halt Rinehart and W11l8lDn. 1974). pp. 833-834.
HI 461
417
'.
.1 '" .. ""..',!'I" .J . .I .I "t"
JI

(Mutual Defense Treaty) t\4'I\4;11 'l1l1"1l ".M. 1953 Jl11l


lIID\411111!1;1Iifl Li1\4D\U111fl',1ln\411111l'iii'Ym u. O11M1Litt4n111II11l;30111l'alii 111'1fl L"'lli'
t,; \4Ln1"litRu.fi::t \4U;L11l11fluLn1"litPi'lR
J, ... B .I !II ".1 ",,, "t" ..
L'W \4L'WflL1J\4"1l nlJ'l::n\4L,,!f11L01"1l IIIflflll'lU n a",.!
1 Tntjm;!llIIa"i'3flLllin1
(American Economic Coordinator)

\4011"'Uflll 1!1Li\4LY1flU n\4u.1.I1T\til fl U.ll::1I1' O1"lt ,;i'3U111
L01"lit.n!Yil\4f1i''W!l1 a\.t'ua'lt Li fJ\4l
tl n L"ft I\Il;01 lRN t \4"'11l1ll t ","illfl\4t51.111"1l ".M.
1953 \4fJn\l1

"111l U.ll::1110111l1i'3 Lm"fttRi'uTfl mflD'lW11l;!\l::LIi"t "Ilnn
" 3.1 .I.." .. , " .J fI.1 ' .I
fI 1
\4tl1::LflM,f\41
a"i'.!flLIl;m\llltltju1im1f1"1"l1ll1IlR11it9Q!I

To' .1 .. ,B fI o !II
U.ll::llfl11L1J\4n111il1L\4\4n1'llll11l"lln"'11l .. L"'\4\4
(Collective Security)

,. I II ...., " fill II l: ..." II
U.ft::1l L\411111111J1L1, LIl "111lL1Il 111\4\4\4
"';flll 1 nun1ifliilllDl111

\4n11i1L\t\4011t\41::fJl:fl11\41\4T"flN"'\11Il LIflli eri\4ll1ni1

tlTlllm11n11\4
418 H1461
cl
UYI,YI 5
Lm11n : ilcy,.,;iLui1.!liil,r

LL!I nIIIillUL" j:Jill-loLii 14 UCY"1111!Itl-loll L" F1'l114flllii
j:J Ii'lil-lo 'l::tJauFi il14i1"iia tl-lot L 'l::tJllUU'l::Bu
11/1!I ILIll LoW ihLU nl-loll n atl-lot !fTlLn1" m'lU
LL L'l::LII \l 1!IIl1et ';LII n Ln1" il L ILL'l:: Lm" il Lnl-lon'lW
All
LLL'l:: is FI il14i17iialf
Ln1\'1iit&1'I11!1\'1R<I m"iil\1\J;in*
Vl"l"lALa
l
;,l!l14 (Liberal Party)
'isU1L'l 'is LLmllU;UU, llii';1t ,;"l::uuLji 1411il m"lLftiln 111l-lo1DUii
'111 Eiil14 i il iiL'l u'l::!f1!fl-loiillii F1l:LLl-lo t wi1ll'l1U"l::141wiil!l1'l:: 72 Lft il L\j,.
U'l::1l1l-lo1iSuii t l-loil 1952 Vl'l"lFi t
d it d';
(National Assembly) ILIll Fl.". 1956
'u ' 't m "" .. ...I I I" I d,t. ,to .. ...
"ll:!J1!fl-loL14 1 10 7'\l,
.. a II a , 1" .lol , or
14l-lo LIlI F1::LL,. 56 L'I11l-lo'\l, n1'l\lL'l1\l1'l !JI'lLLL'l::'Y1il l-loLIlI Ln 1lI11l-lo
I d ,m ... '!!!!'f ............1.1. I:, I 1.11 ...
iln 14l-lo'l L(;\\lU fI nil m"l\l1'l1\l1'l"l-lo LLL'l:: n1'l17"171,,1!1 n"
,.1eil (K,P. Lee) l-lom"l'fu
!I! '.1 .. a. !'t.. J. U .... ft_
LJ"l::1l1l-lo1lltJ(;\ "l::!f10lJ1It!l (Democratic
Party) Ail (Dr. John M. Chang) Ltl1LU,.F1l-loiiil
"1a"1F1;a9illm!lA1'11ililn LtJ,.L71'l1 4 ULM14fl
, U .. "!"I ..., U L,a!"l a '..

li1,.1'il!l tflPl!l\l::\1mi1Ii(;\ 141n FI iiilllii11LtJ WW"l"SFI!I 1!1il'*;n';
Franz H. Michael and lleorge E. Taylor. Tile Far Eaalin tba Modem World (:red,; New
York; Holt AinohaJt and WIn8lcn, 1974), pp. 834-847.
HI 461
419
14!lNLLft::laJ14!lNftfl51'1I1Nibit&ul' n 5,"1 LL'I1UlaJiltl'1n!l LLN':I::il
W"1'1';11,.,,r1 (Progressive Party)
.,,!'I _. ' " ... oJ tI
LU'Ilon1.lJ'l::'"ft11'1LLl'I LI'I'I1'lJU1ft L01,.,Il L'"':I::LIIlNL 1'11f11'111N0 m,., N'I11l1NI'll n1'I'l


tI'l::151," L,.,\tOtl'::!f1!f," 1958
NLtI LLft::Il::,;
. 48 79
233 fl,") L,"L;iIl,"O,"11flN fl.Ft. 1958 (Security
Act) L,;IlN1ft OW'l'lfltl'l::!l15tlllll L,"liN!I!I1LLl'I L'W'1::W'l'l1'l
_11' l> !'I .I ... .. .J
tI'l::!l1I5u L'"V11 1111n!l'"N1VQUU,","Lu'"0!l'"l<1!JYl ':I:: n1'l1N..YlI5!!11 111VLll .. 1,"'"IIV 111Yl1
IIV 1 Lil oil n1rj Iii
i1'l1!!n1'L,"R1," t,;il LLYl\lo t \Io'lt]Lutll' 1959 lliiil 1)
Wl<i,., ft1 !lQUU LLft:: it 01 Il N"I Ill<1ft OW''lfl tI'l::!l15tiLIII v." ft1 v II,., 1
1 '
. . '" .. l>.o-. "'"
I'111N LfIYl1!l'lloLNII Lnft'l::l<O1'lLllD0 lJ."151'"115U111 LI-ILI;III\IoN,"11'lN
1'1. Ft. 1960 (Dr. P.O. Chough)
11!lrl1I,"01'Lil '" fl11N"'1Vr"!J15''lN!l11ii'i Ivtr;i'!l1V!!Q r;l II d't';LLrl,"1!1
N1LLIl1L,"u 1956 LLft::fi1t';\10 L':IL O1'l';11(
'l::'" LIl;,"!l NIi\JW'l'l 1'1 tI'l::!l15tIl51v LiNi ,"N1':11001,t Pi1LL , tI,::151\1015\J Iii
Yl"I'IU(''l\t!lN (K.P. Lee) INlINI'I'l (John
M. Chang)
I'I::LL,","n11 200,000 15 L;iIl'lloil'llo1I'1N fl.Fl. 1960

fl::LLl.l.'Ilo
8,225,000 Pill 1,850,000



1
i1n1'lU....,.=m..... 1831'I'Ilo II'"
lLft:tJ'flLtunn 6,259 1m
420 HI 461
tf", lNLfltlSltl11"!1N1
rim. 1'I11'JElLN;{11titl1::';1"-j, '.!\lll'tID111nPl1i "N1P11m1nPl;tNL11Nl::I'INPlEl1::\lEl\J
tl1:!f15t1lPltl8\loLa;" 1l1l::m::fj'\lot';\lolt1hwlfWlL\4\lo01lt1nJtlm1UlEl"mltlnfl1El" 11Ntf4t'l1'
Nm1LaEJn,f"fil11""w'El4t11::151\lo10\ln11Nln"ft 27 LNVlt1\lo ,hNnlll"
\lolt1Stln1::i18P1'i\4\11P1n11N
11 85 tI 12 tI
, II .. l!'I_. tI l!'I - tI.... '
"J,iL01::1I111t1El fl14,,\lo,,\lolt1u"N\lo1LfltlLlmTlLfll1Y1\!!1!lEl" 1::!f,!f\lollll::Lu\lo\lon LP"Nlnml
U\lo\i'n\4t1Ntl1::!f15t1't"'tI L!ll1NtI El N fl11 Nil PlW L'll flO\loti'411NNl'11'l\lo

;J\J1L'1i'n1!tlm'LOW1::nlL'1 (Interim caretaker) (Huh Chung)
ElM",i'JN\loM;11nl'P11"tI'::LTlfl ti&ilL\4\1omltln1t1"L'llt1il\lo
fllL'1"L'll!JFI\lo
(Student Defense Corps)
!ll\loL!iEl!lEl"\Iol!J!l"i\lolJ 15
iiQ\Iol!J\Io F1.fl. 1960 (Presidential System) II'LU\Io'j::UU
tI II!... .o<.r" .r
'Jllm (Parliamentary System) (qeremonial powers)
, II t d II, d ' ' ' tI tIl' !l
F1.fl. 1960 W"F1 '::fll15
1iI'.!l1" (Dr. Chang) (Posan Yun) tiiu
d ll"'tI ...
LL'lEl n"'''LU\lo 'j::lll\1ol15U iii
;JUlllt "N"litl,::nlfl 01' LtI !I\IolltlL'l"\IoL!JUlfJ III l"tI'::LTI fl LlJ!J n;El"1'I1'N01'jIiiEl n
,t,1tJ'l,.L01"iiL","ElllL'l:: El'1NtI'::LTlflllL'l::t'I1nl' Lii Eln ,i',,&il1 1tlm!J11linl'jlf!
tI .. 1 ,,01 d .. ,
LLL'I!lEl" El" FI 01' II" 'j::fll!fl'" IiIII F1l1NWtll!11N L'jEl" F111NCJ f1W El""N El" nN'tl
01.1 T" J .t " .r ..
tI',\1ol\1on\l wl!Jcy '1\10 fJLOW1:: l'El"L01"" "'Ell""Tl15!lEl 800 L'I,\IoL"'j fJcya"'JElLII' 01'11n
01.1 J - 01 01.1 , .. _ '" 01 ,
cy 'I\IoLWEl!fIilL!!J nu O1,TI cy 'I F1\11u1l,,,,,,\Io!fl1Lm"IlIlL'l::!fIiIL!l!JTI'W!J ,,\loTi TI"l'CY 'I
\tl1
nl'iI'\Iolflil1i1\lo L'I!l4i\lo;'tiTil1'I1'L\;\10 mWfIii"i1cy", LflW,! I
01 f!1 ..... , - .. "tI , 01 II
Lnl"" \Ionl'jTl'l::WII&I\IolLfl,"".3 1Il411M Fl. fl.
1945 3 tnljL"';!JCY
, a"iJEl 1l"i'JUlL'I\Io1!Jii"N\loi'lfl1'11'''\I\l14al\1o,f\IoL IiItI,::a" fOlTll" 01' INEl" Nllri
!fl1\1o1\1nwft nli\loltil'11'El L;j El F11111 t" "YlEl llL'l::nil n, LFI'j"O1,!fL'l
tI'::Tll\1oNI\Ioa1\1ot"'cYi1!J CJ L'liElYi'l1'1lI1'Y11"01'UNEl" Nl nn11'l::i1!JL" CJL'I 01''"11&1\10'!f\lo\lTI
01.. J "..I d .. "tI" - J tI T" ..
TI f1,1\I1\1o L"\10u1fJ L." L'I El O11WII&I\Io1'1'11'11."n'l'lIn\1n\lo1 w"nCJ\IoLWEl ,:: El"\lonnl' LN El"
HI 461 421
l.h::Il'Nm,riwh g 1


n" II', flLJI"[PI l.J111';'iI' n"q,n'ilY(ITnhltlnuiill,Iin!l1'l1l' fl
2,500,000
100,000 600,000



Il,n
Il1fJLPi'isll"N\JqjQU\lt1'111
--
Dwii,lu qj1'l" nqJlfl,nA''l!IJI'i'il i,,5n fl4n1'lftell1,;u1l:: i A,n,t'In""fl1'

LLll::f1'flftl.Jf'lllliih
'itlli'il' nln11'1Il1'l11fllf'lRO'lloL
Lillltl'::lI1'llo,Butt
9
I I _

Lwmfl 16 'l'Iq'l!lll1fllli fl.A. 1961 (Ueutenant
General Chang 00-Young) (Army Chlef of Staff)
(Supreme Council of National
Reconstruction) l'IN::"",fl'l1",,1Ilitl,::mAl!fln;04L,;'f,\.,.l11QIl"'l!I!I;U41'1f114

"u ' .... 11 l\ . l\ II
lnnlfNtf1l1LL1'I4!f,,, l1N'I1411N'lPlN!fN'1I
t.mm'n11....
l'l'l"::


..UieMelll1'1llM8Unnnl'lIIlUoHfl3Lf1uf(GenerilIe.tarM8gruder)
iU'CVtJ1Jl118t.rn ""mI'l1I'lI'Ia inlofu""J811l'mLLl1 lallJl'l'lIl'BtLlenlJnd'1fl Il11
115 wqwnllN
422
HI 461


it.!' T' ,,I ""!'L. "..I , , .. !II II'.!'

1wi\1,,1 20 "q".ll1l'l N l'lN::\I,18",,1,1l1iuut4'\I,tl'::tl1\1,1B'IJU\1,111'6
tl'::tl1\1,1B'IJLu\I"hII. 11.';oi3Lf]\I, n1't"!lofta0Lf]\I,n1'111',1l0'1l l'l'11N\In

Chfj\l,1\1,1tl'::L"Fl .. (Park Chung-hi) ll1i'
tllllllYlat "!/101111 Ji1LL 16lJ. \I,1fJYlail Lf]\I, Fl1 n"
16 YlQ".Il1AN ,.at ..
(Ueutenant--General Song Yu-Shan) 1i'1'1!1n1,i'
1.lt\l,Lf]\I,\I,1!lni'.!N\I,PI;1I110i',!'IJ1atflal
!lllO\l,1!lYlailn,oiI \1,1fJ?lliJ illilli1Lit\l,N1PI,n1' LoBN0'1l'lt \l,n11!1lij'.. n1,d'II'WLl;..rOfla'10
OIl .. _ MiS II .r. .. .,. .. !!
1'l'11NLnfJQI'l'l1\1,LQll!l!/1 m'OfJNW\I,l'l'1fJl'lllnlUfJeOIl'IJ
I: u '.1 u 1- u u 1:, , " , !!
A.A. 1961 lJnUl'l1 u.l'l"IlN1I\1,L"Il\l,Ylq".Il1I'lN
uT .1 I: ..Iu .. T u 1:.
1
,
fl. A. 1962 \l,m"'l!t'u"l::N1N 700 20,000 \I,lJn\l,\l,\JnlJllllfJ
lllJnflNl'l L \\1,'11'::LQftNQIlIlOfl"l\J"IIlU\J!llJO'::'IJllUm,tlnfl'IlO 1'1N::\I, Ill'l"filJ\I,
fl'11NLoBNO'1l11U1Otl,:: m"lP!IIioflN LLIl::L Nt11'il m"lLIl\l,m".,r\I, n1"1Liwj1LLIl::!l'il'l
n1"1LRwj1fl1'IJ1L',j (Cabaret) t\l,fJ1N'1P1;
.1 .....1 !It. ,.. .. I: 1" ,...
lJ"l::1I1\1, !l0L\J\I,l'l1LLfI\I,OQIilfl1fJQ1nn1"iLllllnl'l0 l'la11l11n \l,LlIIllM\I,1flN 1'1. A.
1962
\l,1fJ!/10 lJjj 1
.... "'..I,.... Yo. I: u .u, .!It..l. ,..I I:
10 1J !lOPlllN1nA10A1"11fl1'll0 tlon,::\I,'Ilo "0
t'llotlll1fJ\J 1962 u.Cl'llo';1\JLL"In (Five Year Plan) lSl"til'h!l11l1
."i"B"l'llo-afJN...t1'in" (Guided Capitalism)
, ..I.. ., ... , it u ..I..... .1"
'Ilolll'l'l1LQllfJ1JIl::"Il1fJa:: 7.1 m'Il0"l'llolJ'::1l1N"IlIfJll:: 55
LLP!M''Ilo\I 1963 LLa::m,
'Ilo,::r;lU\10 -- tl':N1Ni'llfla:: 25 m'r.liil'lmOn1'Ln'l!tPl,lM'
LLal'litt 11ll"tiN11'1,m'LvmfJ1niln,1 !/1'1nilO1N
!It , ...J ..

,.. '.1 u u.l u ..1.\
\l,l'l1'1lonl'1'110lJ"I:: L"A ',!lJ11l fJOflO'WfJ1fJ1 "I"1qfl'11N'InaonUIII ,,'Ilo
("nonaligned").
L fl'111l a,r'IJa't'llomitn1"l"(1P1 n1'1ll'l"fill'llofJllNt 11'i'1fJLfI'llSInPl11l LLn nlM'
HI 461 423
'fum'"ouTIIi;l1mn1"mlli iii"lvm,tioL"III "111U\l>"l!f1VUPI\l>"1IlA'111l "n tllltJffmJ0VAt
W\l>lli4'" tnM"riUtl'l1;JOLIl;m .
1li1\l>LPI,....,i'i'ilUfl::n1''n'l11''il1nlf'';JOLIl;m

(Civilian Government) (Referendum)
O\l>"l11'11l 1'I.P1. 1962 llliilm'lftntl\l>1,::UOU .. (Guided Democracy)
.. 1.1 ..t ...... .If! l:....,. , " "
,::1I1!f\l>\m"fl 85 4 : 1
II M \l>1I0unU;Jll"I1\\qjQUUt '11 aJ!I 1!1'WilU ,::UUt1'::ll1\l>15Ugj'li' .
1.1,::ll1\l> il01\l>1'i11llig 1miuIl,t'!l't'1'1 N'11':: 4 tJ UiI::;Jtl1l1'i1::tl ElPI t10\l>&11U
U,Il'Jll"Il\\qj'il::NU'nUl1IQjl
t
"., "-o! '0,,01, ... -" b
'I'IlJ'l::!f111\l>1l Ln'Il1'W LL" 1
t1II1!1U 1963
wllli'l'l1l1!1 m,t1lj1ftII fhtlli qj1 III L'I'h,f\l> "1nLLIII t ,;n 'WLLti PI L 0wA'''lVI'I1'1
Lthinll
L'W'lU1!1'n1l1m,Lil t \l>U 1963 m,;/nOI1"'WLdEllllli'qj
rhtll1t'il (Brigadier General KIm Chong-pll)
'1!fm''WflLiil\l>tlU (Korean Civilian Intelligence Agency)
.. " !Ol 1.1-., .... 01 , b. , .. .. ' 01 ..
!l\l>LLfl::n1'L!l\l>tl1LlJ\l> !IlJn"",,, Eln\l> LII EI L"fl1'n'l'l1'!IWI1.11P1'11nnU'WII4Lfl'l'lL'W'lU1!11'WElul1
(Democratic Republican Party) t\l>t1111VtJ 1963 \l>1!1
- .. .I.. 1.1 t t! .. ,
'::L'nPi ML"'EI\l>n\l>!l1!l\l> A.P1. 1963 (Song Yu-chan)

nll1t'l'lll UII::\l>1!1n;,SIl\l>,,;t \It! 1961

ftPI LLUI1 \lit\lIO."'nU111 n\l811l L U\l>ltil,r;/,::UU;!LU\l>\.11::1!16tillll!l
I ,to ,....!II
1l1nm1\l\lll1'i1'i1::'I'I"l\lI'lMlIUJl1IJn
Ln1'MJL'MitO
'W"I'ILL'11111W10Ilil'111&!j{\n1'I'IlI (Communist Kerean WOrkBlB'
Party) tM16nPnIl 300,000
1'I\l1;!'lI'1nlJodelOlltl0l1t111llilM"lIlm,IIlIJt1MSllih'ltl'ld\lllt\lLm'l'l.L,,11E1 ifllllol1\l
IIiEl"'I'IflU'I111'ltlSVLn1'111tJt' 'l'tailltemlllWlII\l111wht.n4n t\l
1956 II-eong) iOLhthl:ll1lloill"M1;JN""" (COuncil
of Mlnl.teM) tiAilLfllnlfLft\l\l1..-C1".afllici.l1:
424 HI 461
La1t.n'nYlillL""ol-ri')!lm,,hillln&!lla

(Yenari)
Lil8\1o'l'lqvml'llll'l.A.
1958
Tfoi\lo \Io1!1jljlllpj,.. ("Cult of Personality")
LLa:l,,171VM
111l1ILft':llhL;'illlll
i!iu
LLal''il:tI,:IlUI'I"l1NftNLnll':l1\Ion1,1Irhfto011o,hlfolll11IlLn1"iMilu'l':lllth:L11Al\10':'1'110 fl.A.
1950-1953 tlilli
LmniiLnitoNrheioYlll 600,000 1'1\4
ln11\4 \41VAad'iIl'l0 ("a great war on a grand
... -!I LI I -'t ... , I .. k .. ..
scale") LYlOR1L",,"1'lYltllllLmnllll'l 1'I'1ULn111 On1IfVOIIlLnI'l!\4 'l'l'l'lflLL'001""ONN"l\4111'1
Ln1nii Plmmnii1PiPlO1tI m'lt JI".t1l1!f':l\4

LLll:;'il1,wlfni"JOLalli m Lli1li00Lrl V"l1"film1'!l00Lmnii Ln1nii Lnitoi'!\Ion'1"ar\4fl 01\4m'l
tlljLlloU11U1111R,
.... 1.1 .. ":'11"'1 .l .. "":-tI
Ln1nftLn\4mlf\40n1'l'l"l1l 'l:L111'1 LmnllLn'll8" ROt! "J1\4:TI'il:VOIl1tJn1'LIlOnIll0111 1:L111'1
.. ""tI ' tI- .. J.l 1.1 .., ..
L'l'l'l1:Ln1nIlLn\40N ':"1n'H\4 'nl1t1lL'l'lVOnOn\40!l00 1:"1n'!l00Lmnllll'l "'l'lflLL'l001\4
ei1'W'l'lflLL'001\4
.. .... .lLl. .. ... -'1" '!4 ... !II ..l d
flONIl"l\loIfI'lLmnllll \4LmnII Ln\40 LlJ\4L'0011
1'I'ioli1t'o!Iitlil1l1 Ln1niitPi'il:aoLIfIiNIf,rU \4,:uoum'ltlnfl'lOO!l 00\41Vjlj Na11'40 !f1"l

LLIl:bOil 'il:1ali"ull11iiYlIlI1\1011il'il1nn1' 00Ln11'1ii LnitoLLIl:m1'WV1V1Nri 0mii'1v
t \4i1\4fl"l1Nft d"nunf\IltI'l:L111'1fl 0Il it"litIIiii 'W'l'flLL'001\4fl 0Nit':litIfPiLm 'I' Ii
.. .. , .. . , "!l ol.... ol ..,
LLIfIilOfl"l1NLn \40nLn\41'il'il\4N1n!l\41\Iom'!liii LLVOtl 001\41'ilnUllfLtIv m'l11'il\4L!l1Ln V"l!l 00 1\4
If0fl'l1NLn1niili'i11,;LIl1L"Ill0NIiTI O'WII1\41i 'il m'l!l flO Yl'l'lI'lLL'1001\101'1Oil ii"litilPim1nii ,f0LLPl
1'I"l11l!1ilLUiot\4n1W'l:'41l!l00Yl'l'lflI'l0Ilil"l\tllPi'lIfLB!I t \4tJ 1961 Lmnii
d ....... III I l1li "'1" tI .. , ..
Ln\lo01f01'l1'l1l00nU!lOanLa!lO!l00fl1VLIl11l1n 110\4L'U\4L'l00'l Il\lo1 ,:nIl11il 0\411i1 LYl'l1: Lmnll
. <II III .. J.. ... .... tI .. " .. r ..l...... .. ...
'l:L'l1'l 'ilOI'lOON\4
01.. ....!< " .. II ".... .. ,!O!J ".. !l
LLUU'l'il\loLn\lo,,':IV fl!J101,nI'l11l LmnnLn'll8!101'l0Nfl':l1NnNYl\loOO\lolnlltllilnU'l0'il\loLLIl:lIfLtJV
HI 461 425
tWlllWl1nglPIN lUI. 1961 Ln-mILmWli1'i1fl14fiftllllV1t"airi\J,f"ftEl4th:L'I1..lin
ftlll1ll1'hi1f1NlII1mll 1'111N11NNElLLl't:1'I11N!l1flL"IEl11N014 (Trestles of Friendship,
Cooperation, and Mutual AssIstance)
;J\J1l't tT..t11'1E1NN11lftefLn1"li Ll'I\tElt'ON.tT\l1
"tlnMfl1" "Yhfl'ftpj''' lUI: "14fJN'm'l11" tPlfJI'I11NLU14'015"LLtl1


twiwA'13 R-l'l11I'1N 1'1....
u - Ii .. Ii.l
1958 "l't"'iI1nm1LQ1'i11a14fl1114114 m!l1P11l1 L'lI'l4El"nl't"E1Y1fl'll!l11Lm" 1'1
I"LLPli11958 !l11L01"lltl1l:N1W 80,000 1'1'14
a'llfJwluLm"liL'I'Iita in 600,000 J"I'I"au' I'I11N"nll"lillfl1fJ1tlan;] t
l'I.l'I. 1962 LLIl14n1,a'llflYl LU14Wfl!l'l4::YI1" O1,t1l".W1!1114LgEllt1,,;\JLn1'11IiL'I'Iita ii"n,::,f14

L"itailI'l11NftNW14Dnutllnll1fl14an
_. .. ., u .I.. tI .I u' u
,:uaun1 nl'l,a"!Ia"Ln1'1'111L"14aLIiI'IIfl1fl1NfI'Ol: LII fl14U,U\J ,1:L,"FlL'II a14U114L"1iI114
LLIl14 7 iJ (Seven Yeers Plsn l'I.l'I. 1961-1 il'lII
, J , u u .1.1 1 u. u ,or;
II"'I'IN1 fJ," '01:"1NLwn14'11 '14 14P11"01'1Il't"m"flill a1'1'1m'N L01'1'1l't L'I114aD'''''14Lu14n''lW
1I11mh"iI1'1'1;;.llifl6I'1DNN1\tfl1l' i1!!01W"l"ll'tLi11'11N'fJIIl1NLLIl" 3tlll1!!t14 2iJ 8 LMa14 LLil:LLIl'l4
, .
5 tlll1fJt14 2
Il1fJ"Lf"tHI'I"l1NLn,,,1i
.ItI' ,.I t ... u'
LI'I,a"NDfl n,wn11Ln".IIl' LLl'tl:ll"1'I'Ol:a'1""lI:UU14'''l1N (Collectivization) 14LIiID",,""'I'IN
l'I.l'I. (Cooperatives) L'hL;'OIUILLtl1 lliiil
- ... tI ' J, !! t .11 '."l
O1"l'Ol'I""ft'l1mwL"1 a"l'In"lYl!lfJ'fJ"141fJIII'NLL141Y11"!I!NI'I(JNIJ14"14 14!1Wl:fI NJll'laNI;!14Il"
LLeI'11 t 14qldtu11llliiiJ 1963
.t: !Ii d', - d'. .. ....!It
1'1 aI,lIJ14v14L\J14W14J114LL""m"l1'l1'1.Jlil Na"1'1NLLil:'II14J'14a1141'0'"1"n"LNa" L01'11l't L'I114D'O:L\J14
tim,"FInilm"lN;l"","La"li'l1=) alii fT" L\1'14if LLIl'Ol:il n1"lIi''''':11 Lm'l1ii L qLi11
_ , u
"N'fJfiI"nl't11LLl't1
.";pLlI;n1
I'Il11llN14";1'I11Nai''l4l'I"lil't''NMLRfJ''
...bN';14J1LLtl1J1ant,;oil Pl1I11"iit,;oil 01"l'1N
426 ID461
t141lai'ei'.!\Jlft18L'IJlUl11; (Eisenhower)
ml"L,,\1E1ft:LN JI nftt llt\JKn {",.-flt,hftt,\Jt14ml'" t,,,;{ nBt

11 it m'LtlieNiLtlftf'lft rJIl1W'nltfl'l'll1L'l'hiltl'lnlltwi\lofi 27
fl. fl. 1953
L1Itnlltft'1:Ln!J Uft:R1L"14
2 I.h:L'nFfi"!l'1lf fWn,:,f\lo n

I I J!. 1,1 ell .. .. ...'." ...
Y111ll1f 1 1114\10\10 1\Io'1\lo'n 31 Wl]'ltIJ1f11l f1.Ff. 1956 nB\l1.J'Il1l1m'nlBf
B4ft lIfUP:mU\lom'#1fl'11 Uft:1m:!
Lfi\lo.Lfi\lo.LBlI.!I. (N.N.S.C.) tmRIl\loilll\lo1fl\.l, fl.fI. 1956 -tB1l1
fl. fl. 1957 nIlfU'Il!f1 n1'!l BfBf Mm'R'I'Itl'l:1l1ti1illPi fl fl Illo/il'1'1laPiil LU\Ioa1l1iJnt \Iofl til:
n"l'l1l1Dm"lRfuP:n (Millitary armistice commission)

f1.Ff. 1958 LY!mr!\Ion1"llllEl\Jti
, .1 J '"
I "ClEl\lonBfmft flll1fti1l11 BIlnl\11mn1"ft'nfllllfH1fl Uft: I "Elffl n1'''llfn 1l,,'l:I'nfl'n LU\lonft1f
f11lJ "llltaUftni'Ufl Il nlf,.r11tl,fftl"l:L'n fI -til 111 liil Elf'n'l'l1"lEl1a1
allfl'IlElnlil1mm"flt\Iotlft1flU 1958 mll"l1E1 il:LUfllll
11 "iBnll\lor!I\1:ilm"l
ail .3
LftllnJlfLa"l"\Io
RIl1iJn 16
l\1\1on'l:,.rfiif1\1or! 4 il\lo1AIl A.fI. 1959
LYl EIf U-t Li fl nofBft ,;tl El\lonllfri1llf!lElfa"tl,:ti1ti1il El Il nLm"flttA'1vi1,f\10 "1n tl,:m F1
tA'1fl11
iii m'U'll"1Ln1'1'1flttA' O1'lUft E1\1oU\Io;;n';Elltlmoftl,:tfltilt'Ul1'1 a".rl
mil; m ilfl'111l L 11 r'l1fl All llib'llaPi"illtA'tl,1,11\10 ilU'Il"1L01"fl 911 El\lol!ltlil L EI
U,; Elf M01,a"t1,:ti1ti1 Il II U..; t \10ftBfl'11llrl n 11';BAllI:: n'"n1'LNEI f Uft::1'11111ar\loAf
(polnical and Security Committee) !lElfAW:Il\.l,Jlifl11Ilar\loflf 23 A.fI.
1959
01' Ua1f"1ftEI ilu'Il"1L01'l'l fl t"E1aEI M1'1 ftElf rllJ'I'Iinm,U f n!luJI"l a"tl,:1I1!f1il. Uft::1,,1i\lo
1 110IIII I ... _ .... 1 d d .... I ..
011\101'1'111 m'Lft EI nJI f EI fl 1fU f'n1,,':: Lf1 Ffl," EI Lft EI nJI U'n\loa1111111U'I'Ifti1l11ll1 EI Illi n1'lII'11\1
RElU'aUil!lElfElfAn1'R'I'Itl,tti1111R
HI 461 427
tJIIN1an.l1:1innT'n'!nht,.\l1:L".. tWillEl,.d"ll11..N ...... 1969 N' (R88Olutlon) lJIl!I
1'l:1L,."d8t 54, : 9 lUt:Il,.ElllnLletO 17 lMM:N'll".'l11N.tw.. ..
\I?....l&u.llflli'n".,,\lld 1tI1a;!1l.i1lLtl1,,1 IlW",L"IlU,.ULflwmtJunn tn.WL"Mfl


U.Ifn1,fl,,\lutl1'1.11ifl1N1,au" N\I,:L"III Lm,,t1fLtl \lo\I'l:L"..LUn"tI
"11\)':"
lium!lL"lut\lon1,";",\lo1Cla11l"\lo"an1luti'!&'lN!lt,,1i '1L1l:l1f

16 'IllJVll1"N ...... 1961 LilEl,.1fJ'IllliJn,.eriU01';!t1,=""
..M1l\J,ft..cu: lJ/1llJ/"1J1111 f!.J1
Cl";'!El LN'm.."IiIl:L-A%HtG,,8'IlftN1n\t'ElIILfle.t..lnftL11e.t..t\loft'iln1,ll1l1t,.
";\loI5i1..,f!EiU\loILU? t,.INtfllm;!uul'millili1'1l'1...'11l1IiLoA\lo,utJ\\lowq'n"llllM\lo1e
lln'f' Cl";'JElLIl'n1lii"'\lot'il'-;' ci'1taJCl1N1,ai'..1l'1fEl:l,li

1963
(John F. Kennedy) liLfllJ/\lo1!1'1l1l1ln'ffltlLfJEl'llCl";JEl LIl' mEl 1"Li!WYl1tm,t\loLilIEl\lo
ILftl:1.n';fl11Nit'llot'illLrl'Ilo11il'n,.efl
Ln1"llLftt'llo1!J'Ilftil'n,ffl,;,i1a7wrlJ/lJ/111'il:LLCl'f"1l5n"1fll'",al'llom111lltl':L""L,h,f'llo t'llo
Iaz::LII8,n'llo


ILft:t 1f tJLfi nflN:n"1l18 Ifm'$tl'l'ltl':tl1'1',;'it,,\t'1f!"111.1,:L""LLftl:\l 'N:
t111ll'fl,aiLn1,,1 1L.illf,jn1'Lmtl'l:tI1t11.illiLtlifJ'Ilo,..
LElO11!l8ML01'l'11


. ,
..nftftl\1\J/ifn fls.nElt'llllt"qjllEltu,fJEl.llin1'&'l'l'ltl1:81
'1' ILft:ri-nrt&ht4t"qj1lEltLn1"mi
,MI'IloIl1" .. 1963 fI1lllha7'1loilJllJ/1
428 HI 461
....tonlQ:imJhll."*"8ttlnll 4 \I


1I.11::Lils
1I.1'I::hiitltY!J1I\4t
Slillltl'::1l1141iruliQ14
g
t 14;] 1964

1964 ;]"0111
w ..,.1... , j,.. .I.,.:
Fl 11ll'l1411'" Illtl,:: 1 111n V LLII:: '1141l1 14L'II
t 'l'lIILi11tI'l14L01'1'1ftti L\l14
, fltl,uLtIV14t B Lm'l'lati L,,'1::Lu14n""'1Lm'l'lattiNfl':l1Ilftll1l140nu

Lm'l'lfttlll'iii1':1Li11tliifl':l1IliTll1l140nU
n'1 80 tl'::L11Fl

1 LflVn1'1'1\y!
,., , .. 01'. ,., oJ.
1I.1l14 u'l'l1l1VQ\JU L!l1Lfl LBBB114':IVfl':l111111 ElL L1401'14 Ll B':I1",1fllll Illllfl'l11l"'1L
mm1't 14'1::V::V1':114114 tl'::1l114
.I.. .I. .I.l -l l! 1I!11 , '"
01'1111fl':l11l LnV':I nulJl 14 fl':l1Ilu':lV L'I'I '" l'l'l'l'lBLIl,m 11111L1J14!l14L\l14IllB14L14lJ 1970
.. ...... .. ,I " '" .I. .., , ,., tI r r
L"'1::llfl':l11l 1Lnflll14 Lil L\l14\'114 Lm'l'l1'l LIll L",\J1l1l '::LvlI141l1mnn

'tI' L .. !II tI r.. l '" ... W
L '':IIl1tJ 5 lJ Q\JU11 2 (fl.Fl.
1967-1971) 8.9 '14;] 1971
5 ;] 2 LU14
.1.1 r ' , .. , .... 't1
New York Times UU\J'114\'118 LIl".1V14 Fl.Fl. 1971
'''u .. .,1... t",lI ..
mLlln 11VLfl 11.5 14\11414 252 L'I'I'1!JllI
l'l'l'l'3E1L1l; m fl11 II LtI !J14LL LLII:: ftlJllJl1Wfl ':11II LiiUt 'I'IqJiftl'1nil LU146' Ln III L{;14t itYfl
5 li114 Nil'n1otW::Lr;J;1lII1.UU141Fl'1l"1l
RN!JLLII::BYl1fIllLll14911l1nIl1V II.II::N
50 LLII::th::!f1mj'
H1461 429
""wJU;Oflft: 90 LiJoiw4J1" 5 (1'''1'1. 1972-1976) rfl81mli1
8.6
.
L".&LlIil"i'1j 389
.
1976
..i1Ll1''1N1nN1!J',,1Ii1''lllf,''.!Ii'il
.. 6n
'1Ii",ll""1!J "1t,,,,,,
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430 HI 461
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.. w t ...... J 3.
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fliflll1!11lflllON11) LLflmanLiuo
..
(Ministryof Unlflcation)
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432 H1461
, '".Of .... " oJ II 1$
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.; v , T"' , 1$", 3.' v
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25

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1972
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434 HI 461

KOREA IN RECENT TIMES
N. - puklo (northern plrl of province)
S. - namdo (soulhern
SEA OF
JAPAN
1953 Iruce line
...... 38" 1945 occupation line
T/,LLOW
SEA
TSUSHIMA
'15.
O
R
HI 461
435
u'!'f1 1 (Ia"'tWM\k,ilfI"I''';
'Relsohauer, East Asia, p. 400.
'Ibid., p. 399.
'Rel8chauer, East Alia, p. 444.
'Hae-Jong Chun, TribUtary Reilltions In the Ch'lng Perlocl,"
. Readings In Modern Chinese History, p. 90.
"Ibid., p. 96.
I .
Ibid., p. 104-6.
U"f12 18 : I.?
'T.C. Un, "U : Korean Politics," Read"" In Modern Chinese HIstory, p. 276.
'Borton, Japan's, p. 187.
'Rel8chauer,East Asia, p. 461.
'Un, "U," p. 272.
IlbId., p. 279.
IFalrbenk, East AsIa, p. 378.
'Un, "U," p. 276.
'BortOn, Japan's, p. 189.
"Ibld., p. 190.
'''Ibid., pp. 190-91.
"Borton, Japan's, p; 233.
"Hau, The Rtse or Modem China, p. <106.
'"Ibid., p. 407.
''BesseIey; The Modern HIstory, p. 183
'''Borton, Japan's, p. 239.
'"Ibid., p. 360.
"Ibid., pp. 264-86.
'"Ibid., p. 26T.
436 H1461
'"KI-baik Lee, A New History or Korea, trans. Edward W. Wagner (seoul,
Korea: IIchokak, Publishers, 1984), p. 308.
"Borton, Japan, p. 278.
21Ki-baik Lee, op.cit., p. 315.
\1,.;1 3 Ln1'Ma: ,.lltl,n.,.,N;lilitlLII"iil.r
'Fairbank, East Asia, p. 756.
2Ki-balk Lee, A New History, pp. 317-26.
\1,.;1 4 ."..nNLn1'Ma: t"'Iilb?
'Adam B. Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence, Soviet Forlgn Policy, 1917
73 (N.Y.: Praeger Publishers, 1974), p. 501.
2'i1Tl!lft:Lii!JIRt'lll Harold C. Hinton, China's Turbulent Quest, An Analysis of
China's Foreign Relations since 1949 (N.Y.: MacMillan Co., 1970).
'Ill Allen S. Whiling, China Crosses the Yalu, the DecIsion to
Enter the Korean War (Standford: Standford University Press, 1960).
'Hinton, China's, pp. 44-45.
John Gillings, Survey of the Sino-Soviet Disputes, A Commentary and
Extracts from the Recent Polemics, 1963-87 (London: Oxford University, 1968),
p.45.
"Hinton, China's, p. 59.
7lbid., pp. 53-54.
"Ibid., p. 56.
HI 461
437
'mI11" ...,.. 1842-1943
: "El"mJl1NlNBI1Jl1Jl1 lIYIftM11n4ElnmN1ml "trnm,t';PI'l1NEl"t
lflTlZ
';

filM : Falrtlenk, East' Asla. The Modern TrBDSformatlon, p. 145.
438
HI 461
!
\ ...
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,.. .
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r \ \
. (\
, .
-.,
......
(
Sea ofJapan
Yellow Sea
Quelpart Is.
(Che--juDo)
.. ..
\n,,.IIUIII:LLNOUVL1!J
..
_.
H1461 439
SIBERIA
JEHOL
INTERNATIONAL RIVALRY
IN
KOREA AND MANCHURIA
............ Railways. various dates
SEA
OF
JAPAN
__1" 1'45 OCCU!WATIOfl
u
440 HI 461


tE
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....
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....
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",\. .. MAP NO.3
The FAR EAST and
, .,'
The PACIFIC
KO"A I
INA . r7"'
CH v
p
A c F c
TIBET Nanking. ." 'i";.
",..li,. c:;
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. _ FOAMcls:
l_jitrto.
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151
HOlliS K.Gn{ (Taiwo"j
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

'eo,' HarLow'"
o c E A N
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l?

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, I
....
SCALE OF MILES
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,
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Guinea
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, 'i.'
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' o:....tILlTHAILANOJ ('I
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."
WORLD WAR II IN GREATER
EAST ASIA
ALLIED COIJNTER-ATTACKS.19431945
..... 8y... -0(--- 8y .Ir
or 1l1l<I ~ .)
J.plI.... control II ~ ...<t; ~ ' : . _ . : : : : . -

time of surrender 0 .. ~ . ; "
...._.... ~ a J\ '-;.
........ _.-..;
I
442
HI 461
2l
....
Ol
-
THE CHINABURMAINDIA THEATER IN
WORLD WAR II
+-- Japanese offe..1w, ApriJ.October 1944
o Airfields
- Pipelines for military fuel
_ Japanese control, April 1944
TSDJlgpO
Lhasa
TIBET

00

Kweiyang
PHIUPPINES
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....
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HI 461 445
!f!JUL\l, 3
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446 HI 461
Lt1'"'I'l'l='l1ft'i'itIlQ n;l.,itf1'ln1," 8 ?J mlii El," Il,"ii Llii El '"","!J1!1,"
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1'1.1'1. 1995 li11\'1il1!! 1
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. HI 461
461

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A t .It ,.I t .. .. /; A A
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s .1,'1 A:ot lOt ' .I
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AtJ .I
,,1"r'1'l'U':L'U(;l 'l).l1qj" L The New
Republic
.I
Fl'l1NtJIl1'UtJIlN!l L"r'IEl (;l"r'l1eJ LtJEl L''l
L!l:trA'\J'IOL,; El mN11LtI'IOa1 L!l1I11El'U11
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" d "'.. ..." ...
Fl.F1. 1946 6
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U,1l:r;i''leJFl'l1NLti1,,, '10 Eli (Harper) (11i
l'U'LLEl'101I1 tFlLii.'I01I1 (James Bryant
Conant) tI':01'1ON"r'I11l'l!J111!J!l1fL'1flil (Harward) trA'!lEl

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462 H1461
1'l4. fl.A. 1947 L'I111"
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500,000-1,000,000 A'l4. 1'l4. fl.A. 1956 1'l4. A.A. 1965 7 tJriEl'l4.

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L'YI1Y1'll:JtlI 'l4.flEl l>1ElElEl '1'1 LnEJ'lnU 2 U.fl:
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Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb (208
'I'I,xl, Little Brown, $19.95) "Jl'l4.1n (Ronald Tanaki) ,xntl,:1IiiAlalllfLU{flil6
(Berkeley)
(Racist) (The Jap)
LLfl:lJJjfln 1'l4.U"JU1"JtI'l:Ol'14.1auIii "111" L'II1niu
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ff1'1'1W'I4.1!JhLUflil L\l6 ilvllll'14. (Robert Jay Lifton) U.fl:'I4.1!JLfl'ln illilL!lfl (Greg
Mitch,ell)
... . ...... fJ ... II I .. ':1 ...do cI
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, "t" d , s d g .r, 1
1(;l n Ell 'ln1-l1 nflU'VIEllEJ11-l nflULnflEl'l4.1 Lml'll'l4.IlIElI-l\.t,*!J 'l4.
"Russell Watson, "Age of Angst," Newsweek (July 25, 1995), p. 38
HI 461 463
Hiroshima in America: Fifty Years of Denial (425. ",r1, Grosset!
Putnam. $27.50)
vh' !lll1''Il.mliiL1VIiIU1l-l 1m'l!l{lnll1 (Watergate)
LLfI:: fl!lWtm (I ran-contra) rrL;V'Il.himl1iin 1'1 1'lJii n i 1Vn1,lll'lJii V'';'llofl 1'1l.11
"m,!i'll.V!ll-l' 1 'lJhi'Yhl
!l!l 1n n1'jLii!l "
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,rn'lJ'j::1ii nl-l"11'Y1V1 Ii l-l 1'1;3LYiU!If111Litv iii Lri v.tit! !l\lo
The Last Great Victory (730 'I1,r1, Dutton, $35) lUClI!l;!luti l'1.fl.
. i 1945
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