Chemical Bond III

Covalent Bonding 1. Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing electrons to form molecules. This type of bond usually formed between two non-metallic elements. 2. The molecules might be that of an element ie one type of atom only OR from different elements chemically combined to form a compound. 3. The covalent bonding is caused by the mutual electrical attraction between the two positive nuclei of the two atoms of the bond, and the electrons between them. 4. One single covalent bond is a sharing of 1 pair of electrons, two pairs of shared electrons between the same two atoms gives a double bond and it is possible for two atoms to share 3 pairs of electrons and give a triple bond. Examples of Covalent Bond Chlorine oxygen nitrogen Hydrogen phosphorus carbon dioxide Tetrachloromethane sulfur dioxide Number of Covalent bonds depends on how many pairs of electron been shared. Number of Example and type of covalent electron bond 1 pair type of covalent bond

2 pair type of covalent bond

3 pair type of covalent bond

Example of covalent bond Single Bond Chlorine

Water

Ammonia

Tetrachloromethane

Double Bond Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Triple Bond

Predicting The Molecular Formula Non-metal element that bond together Element X valency Element Y valency Group IV Group VII Group IV Group V Group VI Group VI Group VII Group VII

Molecular Formula

Example 1 The diagram below shows the electron arrangements in a molecule of compound YZ2.

Example 3

Example 2

Which one of the following pairs of elements could be Y and Z? X Y A argon neon B calcium fluorine C carbon oxygen D oxygen hydrogen E sulphur chlorine Example 2

Exercise 1 What is the total number of shared electrons in the ethene molecule?

A B C 2

6 8 10

D E

12 16

In which of the following pairs do the elements form a compound by sharing electrons? A carbon and chlorine B lithium and iodine C neon and oxygen D potassium and bromine

Structure Question

Figure 1 shows the position of ten elements, E, G, J, M, L, Q, R, U, V, W, in the Periodic Table. By using the letters in the Periodic Table as the symbols of particles, answer the following questions. (a) Which element has the largest atomic radius? [1 mark] (b) Which of the elements are metals? [1 mark] (c) Explain why M is more electronegative than R.

[2 marks] (d) How does Q form ion? Write down the formula for this ion.

[2 marks] (e) Write down the electronic arrangement for atom U. [1 mark] (f) (i) What type of bond is in the compound formed by element J and R? [1 mark] (ii) Sketch the electronic arrangement for the compound formed by element J and R.

[2 marks] (g) Write down the chemical equation for the reaction between element L and G. [1 mark] Answer
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Exercise 1 D E B A B