Ch.

10,11- Phylums Platyhelminthes and Nematoda

Flatworms and Roundworms

Phylum Platyhelminthes
Largest group of acoelomate (no body cavity) worms Flatworms with middle tissue layer- mesoderm Tissues organized into organs Bilaterally symmetrical and flat Cells lie close to exterior enabling efficient diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide Highly branched gastrovascular cavity runs close to all tissues giving cells ready access to food No respiratory or circulatory systems

Phylum Platyhelmithes
Flatworms
Liver Flukes, Planaria and tapeworms Marine flatworms Characteristics:
Ribbon-like bodies Bilateral symmetry Branched digestive system No skeleton Asexual (fission); Hermaphrodites (sexual) Free movement Skin breathing

Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Most free-living; marine

Dugesia- Freshwater planarians

Digestion- Nutrients absorbed by intestinal wall and waste goes out through mouth
Muscular pharynx comes out of central mouth to feed

-- Reproduction- Mostly asexual by attaching posterior end to stationary object and pulling into two
Hermaphrodites can reproduce sexually

Nervous system: Brain, two nerve cords, and lightsensitive eye spots Water balance- Water continually enters by osmosis
Flame cells with cilia draw water to the outside

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Marine flatworm

Planarian

Phylum Platyhelminthes
Most occur in vertebrates Dozen types in humans Endoparasite- internal Taenia saginata- Beef Ectoparasite- external tapeworm Class Cestoidea Live in cow muscles in Subclass Eucestoda- Parasitic cysts flatworms (tapeworms) High temp. kills larvae Suckers and hooks attach to walls of Subclass Cestodaria intestines and food absorbed from Body not subdidvided into hosts intestines directly through the proglottids tapeworms skin Larvae in crustaceans; adults String of rectangular body sections in fish (proglottids)

Many parasitic

Each proglottid is a reproductive unit Added continually through life May grow up to 12 m (40 ft.) long

Phylum Platyhelmithes

Phylum Platyhelminthes
Largest flatworm class, Trematoda
Parasitic worms called flukes Endoparasites or ectoparasites
Subclass Aspidogastrea (Aspidobothrea)- Endoparasite of mollusks Subclass Digenea- Endoparasites of vertebrates

Complex life cycles involve more than one host Ex: SchistosomaResponsible for schistosomiasis
From contaminated water Larvae bore into host skin into blood vessels of intestines Block vessels causing bleeding and damage to liver Snail is intermediate host Class MonogeneaMonogenetic flukes
One life cycle in one host Mostly ectoparasites on vertebrates

Tegument- thick protective covering prevents them from being digested Take nourishment directly from hosts Use suckers to attach and the muscular pharynx to suck nourishment from hosts body fluids

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Liver fluke

Phylum Nematoda
Roundworms- have a pseudocoelem (body cavity between endoderm & mesoderm)
Fluid movement serves as circulatory and gas exchange system Fluid also distributes nutrients to cells from digestive system

Long, cylindrical bodies Majority microscopic and free-living One-way digestive system Thick, flexible epidermis protects and gives shape Layer of muscle underneath pulls at epidermis and pseudocoelem for whiplike movement

Phylum Nematoda
Roundworms
Ascaris, Trichinella and hookworms Characteristics:
Flattened bodies Bilateral symmetry Many are parasites Fluid-filled body cavity called a pseudocoelem Digestive tube No skeleton Sexual reproduction (Internal fertilization)
Sperm is amoeboid

Free movement Skin breathing

Phylum Nematoda
Class Secernentea (Phasmidea)- Phasmids (sensory structures) in tail Ascaris, Enterobius, Rhabditis, Turbutrix, Necator, and Wuchereria Class Adenophorea (Aphasmidia)- No phasmids Dioctophyme, Trichinella, Trichuris 50 species are parasitic Plant parasites feed on living plant cells in all parts of plant, causing wilting and withering 14 species affect humans Ex: Enterobius (pinworms), Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichinella spiralis, Necator (hookworms)

Phylum Nematoda
Trichinella infects pigs and causes trichinosis (serious disease caused by eating undercooked pork) Necator live in warm, moist soils of the tropics
Hookworm larvae enter bloodstream through soles of feet

Phylum Nematoda
Ascaris
Carried in human waste After ingestion, eggs hatch into larvae in intestines Larvae bore through blood vessels, enter blood stream and then lungs (causes respiratory distress) Larvae may enter gallbladder or pancreas causing blockages Return to intestines to mature and mate May grow up to 1 ft. in length

Phylum Nematoda
Ascaris

Trichinella

Trichinosis
Trichinella spiralis is found in pork Trichinosis is a disease caused by the Trichinella worm.
Eggs hatch in the hosts gut Symptoms:
Diarrhea Fever Muscle pain Death

Common Parasitic Roundworms

Pinworms- most common Heartworms- transmitted to dogs by mosquitos Filarial worms- live in blood where they block blood vessels or lymph vessels causing severe swelling (Elephantitis) Guinea worm- Ingested with contaminated water
Cause dracunculiasis Only found when exiting skin Found in Africa, India and Pakistan

Hookworms attach to the inside of the digestive tract Often found in pets