THE SMALLER

LOPHOTROCHOZOAN PHYLA
Jasmin Godoy- Dela Cruz
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• The phylum Platyhelminthes contains over 34,000 animal species.
• Flatworms range in adult size from 1 mm or less to 25 m.
Some general characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes include:
1.Usually flattened dorsoventrally, triploblastic, acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical 2.
2. Unsegmented worms (members of the class Cestoidea are strobilated)
3. Incomplete gut usually present (gut absent in Cestoidea)
4. Somewhat cephalized, with an anterior cerebral ganglion and usually longitudinal nerve cords.
5. Protonephridia as excretory/osmoregulatory structures.
6.Most forms monoecious; complex reproductive systems.
7.Nervous system consists of a pair of anterior ganglia with longitudinal nerve cords connected by
transverse nerves and located in the mesenchyme.
PLATYHELMINTHES
CLASSES OF PLATYHELMINTHES
 CLASS TURBELLARIA
• Members of the class Turbellaria are mostly
free-living bottom dwellers in freshwater
and marine environments, where they crawl
on stones, sand, or vegetation.
• Turbellarians are named for the turbulence
that their beating cilia create in the water.
• Over 3,000 species have been described.
• Turbellarians are predators and scavengers.
 TURBELLARIANS
• Body wall
 have an epidermis that is exposed to
the outside world.
 The epidermis may have cilia or
microvilli. Between the epidermis and
the mesodermally derived tissues is a
basement membrane.
 TURBELLARIANS
• Locomotion
 Turbellarians are primarily bottom dwellers
that glide over the substrate.
 They move using both cilia and muscular
undulations, with the muscular undulations
being more important in their movement.
 The gliding is both muscular and ciliary.
 The rapid movements pass from the head
backwards, propelling the animal forward,
and are wholly muscular.
• Nutrition and digestion
 The digestive tract of turbellarians is
incomplete, it has a mouth opening but
lacks an anus. This blind cavity varies from
a simple, unbranched chamber to a highly
branched system of digestive tubes.
 They feed on rotifers, small crustaceans
and other worms.
 TURBELLARIANS
• Excretion
 The excretory system consists of
protonephridia. These are branching canals
ending in so-called flame cells—hollow cells
with bundles of constantly moving cilia.
 flatworms use a nephridium as their
excretory organ.
 At the end of each blind tubule of the
nephridium is a ciliated flame cell. As fluid
passes down the tubule, solutes are
reabsorbed and returned to the body fluids.
Water is reabsorbed and waste is expelled
from the insect.
 TURBELLARIANS
• Nervous and sensory functions
 Most turbellarians have two simple
eyespots called ocelli , These ocelli orient
the animal to the direction of light. (Most
turbellarians are negatively phototactic and
move away from light.)
 Each ocellus consists of a cuplike
depression lined with black pigment.
Photoreceptor nerve endings in the cup are
part of the neurons that leave the eye and
connect with a cerebral ganglion
 TURBELLARIAN
• Reproduction
 Many turbellarians reproduce asexually by
transverse fission.
 Fission usually begins as a constriction
behind the pharynx .
 The two (or more) animals that result from
fission are called zooids and they regenerate
missing parts after separating from each
other. Sometimes, the zooids remain attached
until they have attained a fairly complete
degree of development, at which time they
detach as independent individuals.
 Turbellarians are monoecious, and
reproductive systems arise from the
mesodermal tissues in the parenchyma
 The female system has one to many pairs of
ovaries. Oviducts lead from the ovaries to
the genital chamber, which opens to the
outside through the genital pore. Even
though turbellarians are monoecious,
reciprocal sperm exchange between two
animals is usually the rule. This cross-
fertilization ensures greater genetic
diversity than does self-fertilization
TURBELLARIAN REPRODUCTION
 CLASS TREMATODA
• The approximately 10,000 species of
parasitic flatworms in the class Trematoda
are collectively called flukes, which
describes their wide, flat shape.
• Almost all adult flukes are parasites of
vertebrates, whereas immature stages may
be found in vertebrates or invertebrates,
or encysted on plants.
• Many species are of great economic and
medical importance
 TREMATODA
• Most flukes are flat and oval to elongate, and range from less than 1 mm to 6 cm in length.
• They feed on their host and other cell fragments.
SOME IMPORTANT TREMATODES IN HUMAN
 CHINESE LIVER FLUKE
CLONORCHIS SINENSIS
• a common parasite of humans in Asia, where more than 30 million people are infected.
• The adult lives in the bile ducts of the liver, where it feeds on epithelial tissue and blood.
• The adults release embryonated eggs into the common bile duct. The eggs make their way to
the intestine and are eliminated with feces.
• The miracidia are released when a snail ingests the eggs.
• Following the sporocyst and redial stages, cercariae emerge into the water. If a cercaria
contacts a fish (the second intermediate host), it penetrates the epidermis of the fish, loses its
tail, and encysts.
• The metacercaria develops into an adult in a human who eats raw or poorly cooked fish, a
delicacy in Asian countries and gaining in popularity in the Western world (e.g., sushi,
sashimi, ceviche).
CHINESE LIVER FLUKE LIFE
CYCLE
 CHINESE LIVER FLUKE
INFESTATION
• Liver flukes infect the liver, gallbladder, and bile duct in humans.
• While most infected persons do not show any symptoms, infections that last a
long time can result in severe symptoms and serious illness.
• Untreated, infections may persist for up to 25–30 years, the lifespan of the
parasite.
• Diagnosis of Clonorchis infection is based on microscopic identification of the
parasite’s eggs in stool specimens.
• Safe and effective medication is available to treat Clonorchis infections.
Adequately freezing or cooking fish will kill the parasite.
 FASCIOLA HEPATICA
• called the sheep liver fluke because it is common in sheep-raising areas and uses sheep or
humans as its definitive host.
• The adults live in the bile duct of the liver.
• Eggs pass via the common bile duct to the intestine, from which they are eliminated. Eggs
deposited in freshwater hatch, and the miracidia must locate the proper species of snail.
• If a snail is found, miracidia penetrate the snail’s soft tissue and develop into sporocysts that
develop into rediae and give rise to cercariae.
• After the cercariae emerge from the snail, they encyst on aquatic vegetation. Sheep or other
animals become infected when they graze on the aquatic vegetation
 FASCIOLA HEPATICA
• Humans may become infected with
Fasciola hepatica by eating a freshwater
plant called watercress that contains the
encysted metacercaria
 SCHISTOSOMES
• Schistosoma is a genus of trematodes, commonly known as blood flukes.
• They are parasitic flatworms responsible for a highly significant group
of infections in humans termed schistosomiasis, which is considered by the World Health
Organization as the second-most socioeconomically devastating
parasitic disease (after malaria), with hundreds of millions infected worldwide.
• Adult flatworms parasitize blood capillaries of either the mesenteries or plexus of the bladder,
depending on the infecting species. They are unique among trematodes and any other
flatworms in that they are dioecious with distinct sexual dimorphism between male and female.
• Thousands of eggs are released and reach either the bladder or the intestine (according to the
infecting species), and these are then excreted in urine or feces to fresh water. Larvae must
then pass through an intermediate snail host, before the next larval stage of the parasite
emerges that can infect a new mammalian host by directly penetrating the skin.
LIFE CYCLE OF SCHISTOSOMA
• The Schistosoma Japonicum
larva (cercaria) swimming in
infested waters enter the
body by penetrating the
skin.
• The larva comes out from
the snail (Oncomelania
quadrasi) which is as small
as the grain of rice.
• Children and adolescents of
both sexes.
• Farmers most affected,
followed by fishermen and
unskilled laborers.
• Low incidence among
professionals.
Also occurs among Carabaos,
pigs, goats and other animals.
SYMPTOMS INCLUDE:
CASE FINDING AND TREATMENT
 CLASS MONOGENEA
• Monogenetic flukes are so named because
they have only one generation in their life
cycle; that is, one adult develops from one
egg.
• Monogeneans are mostly external parasites
(ectoparasites) of freshwater and marine
fishes, where they attach to the gill filaments
and feed on epithelial cells, mucus, or blood. A
large, posterior attachment organ called an
opisthaptor facilitates attachment.
•  Adults are hermaphrodites, meaning they
have both male and female reproductive
structures.
 CLASS CESTOIDEA
• Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms in the flatworm phylum (Platyhelminthes).
Most of the species—and the best-known—are those in the subclass Eucestoda;
they are ribbon-like worms as adults, known as tapeworms.
• Their bodies consist of many similar units, known as proglottids, which are
essentially packages of eggs which are regularly shed into the environment to infect
other organisms.
• Species of the other subclass, Cestodaria, are mainly fish parasites
LIFE CYCLE
IMPORTANT TAPEWORM PARASITES IN
HUMAN
 TAENIARHYNCHUS SAGINATUS
BEEF TAPEWORM
• Adults live in the small intestine and may reach lengths of 25 m. About 80,000 eggs per
proglottid are released as proglottids break free of the adult worm.
• As an egg develops, it forms a six-hooked (hexacanth) larva called the oncosphere. As cattle
(the intermediate host) graze in pastures contaminated with human feces, they ingest
oncospheres (or proglottids). Digestive enzymes of the cattle free the oncospheres, and the
larvae use their hooks to bore through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream.
• The bloodstream carries the larvae to skeletal muscles, where they encyst and form a fluid-
filled bladder called a cysticercus (pl., cysticerci) or bladder worm.
 LIFE CYCLE
• When a human eats infected meat (termed “measly beef”) that is raw or improperly cooked,
the cysticercus is released from the meat, the scolex attaches to the human intestinal wall, and
the tapeworm matures.
 TAENIA SOLIUM
PORK TAPEWORM
• has a life cycle similar to that of
Taeniarhynchus saginatus, except that the
intermediate host is the pig.
• The strobila has been reported as being 10
m long, but 2 to 3 m is more common.
• The pathology is more serious in the human
than in the pig
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
BROAD FISH TAPEWORM
• A fish tapeworm infection can occur when a
person eats raw or undercooked fish that’s
contaminated with the
parasite Diphyllobothrium latum. The
parasite is more commonly known as the fish
tapeworm.
• This type of tapeworm grows in hosts such
as small organisms in the water and large
mammals that eat raw fish. It’s passed
through the feces of animals. A person
becomes infected after ingesting improperly
prepared freshwater fish that contain
tapeworm cysts.
THANK YOU!
ACTIVITY
• In the life cycle of the fluke responsible for schistosomiasis, the larva that leaves the
intermediate host enters
a. a human.
b. a fish
c. a snail.
d. another fluke.
e. an unknown host
• Common intermediate hosts for most flukes are
a. clams.
b. flies.
c. mice.
d. Snails
• In the flatworm, flame cells are involved in what metabolic process?
a. Reproduction
b. Digestion
c. Locomotion
d. Osmoregulation
e. All of these (a–d)
To be submitted thru messenger on November 11, 2020
Prevention and treatment of pork Tapeworm
Prevention and treatment of beef tapeworm
Prevention and treatment of fish tapeworm