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2.

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3.

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4.

(Alnus glutinosa L)

5.

(Arbutus andrachne L.)

6.

(Berberis vulgaris L.)

7.

(Buxus sempervirens L.)

8.

(Carpinus betulus L.)

9.

(Carpinus orientalis L.)

10. (Celtis australis L.)

11. (Cercis siliquastrum L.)
12. (Cistus incanus)
13. (Clematis flammula)
14. (Clematis vitalba L.)
15. (Colutea arborescens L.)
16. (Coronilla emeroides L.)
17. (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.)
18. (Cupressus sempervirens L.)
19. (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.)
20. (Fraxinus ornus)
21. (Juglans regia L.)

22. (Juniperus communis L.)

23. (Nerium oleander L.)
24. (Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.)
25. (Paliurus spina-christi Mill.)
26. (Pinus brutia Mill.)
27. (Pistacia terebinthus L.)
28. (Platanus orientalis L.)
29. (Populus alba L.)
30. (Populus nigra L.)
31. (Prunus mahaleb L.)
32. (Quercus coccifera L)
33. (Quercus frainetto Ten.)
34. (Quercus pubescens L)
35. (Rosa canina)
36. (Salix alba L.)
37. (Sorbus torminalis)
38. (Tilia tomentosa)
39. (Viburnum tinus)
40. (Vitex agnus castus)
41. (Fagus sylvatica, , , beech)
42. (Coryllus avellana)
43. (Castanea sativa .)
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10. (Celtis), Written by

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***

Celtis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the genus of plants. For other uses, see Celtis (disambiguation).
Celtis, commonly known as hackberries, is a genus of about 60-70 species of
deciduous trees widespread in warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere,
in southern Europe, southern and eastern Asia, and southern and central North
America, south to central Africa, and northern and central South America. The genus
is present in the fossil record at least since the Miocene of Europe.[1]
Previously included either in the elm family (Ulmaceae) or a separate family,
Celtidaceae, the APG III system places Celtis in an expanded hemp family
(Cannabaceae).[2][3]
The generic name originated in Latin and was applied by Pliny the Elder (23-79) to
the unrelated Ziziphus lotus.[4]

Chinese Hackberry (C. sinensis) leaves and fruit

Description
Celtis species are generally medium-sized trees, reaching 1025 m (3382 ft) tall,
rarely up to 40 m (130 ft) tall. The leaves are alternate, simple, 315 cm (1.25.9 in)
long, ovate-acuminate, and evenly serrated margins.
Small monoecious flowers appear in early spring while the leaves are still developing.
Male flowers are longer and fuzzy. Female flowers are greenish and more rounded.
The fruit is a small drupe 610 mm (0.240.39 in) in diameter, edible in many
species, with a dryish but sweet, sugary consistency, reminiscent of a date.

10

Selected species

Celtis africana Burm.f. White Stinkwood

Celtis australis L. European Hackberry, European Nettle Tree or Lote tree
Celtis balansae Planch. (NEW CALEDONIA (AUSTRALIA))
Celtis biondii
Celtis brasiliensis Planch.
Celtis bungeana L. Bunge's Hackberry
Celtis caucasica L. Caucasian Hackberry
Celtis cinnamonea
Celtis conferta
Celtis durandii Engl.
[ syn. C. gomphophylla Bak. ]
Celtis ehrenbergiana (Klotzsch) Liebm. Spiny Hackberry, granjeno (Spanish)
(SOUTHERN US, MEXICO, GREATER ANTILLES, NORTHERN SOUTH
AMERICA)

Celtis glabrata
Celtis hypoleuca Planch. (NEW CALEDONIA (AUSTRALIA))
Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. Iguana Hackberry (FLORIDA (USA), MEXICO,
CARIBBEAN, C and SOUTH AMERICA)
Celtis integrifolia L. African Hackberry
Celtis jessoensis Koidz. Japanese Hackberry (JAPAN, KOREA)
Celtis koraiensis L. Korean Hackberry
Celtis labilis L. Hubei Hackberry
Celtis laevigata Willd. Southern Hackberry or Sugar Hackberry, (SOUTHERN
US / TEXAS) Sugarberry (E USA, NE MEXICO)
Celtis lindheimeri Engelm. ex K.Koch Lindheimer's Hackberry (TEXAS (USA),
COAHUILA (MEXICO))

Celtis loxensis
Celtis luzonica Warb. (PHILIPPINES)
Celtis mildbraedii Engl.
Celtis occidentalis L. Common Hackberry, Northern Hackberry, False Elm
(E NORTH AMERICA)

Celtis pallida Desert Hackberry, Shiny Hackberry (SOUTHWESTERN US /

Celtis paniculata (Endl.) Planch. (E MALESIA, E AUSTRALIA, MICRONESIA, W

TEXAS, N MEXICO)
POLYNESIA)

Celtis reticulata Torr. Netleaf Hackberry (W North America)

Celtis schippii
Celtis sinensis Pers. Chinese hackberry, Chinese nettle-tree or Japanese
hackberry (CHINA, JAPAN) [ syn. C. japonica Planch.; C. sinensis var. japonica
(Planch.) Nakai; C. tetrandra ssp. sinensis (Roxb.) Y.C.Tang ]
Celtis tala Gillet ex Planch. Tala (SOUTH AMERICA)
Celtis tenuifolia Nutt. Dwarf Hackberry (E NORTH AMERICA)
Celtis tetranda Roxb.
Celtis timorensis Span.
Celtis tournefortii L. Oriental Hackberry
Celtis triflora
Celtis trinervia
additional list source

[5] [6]

11

Celtis occidentalis leaf

Formerly placed here

Trema cannabina Lour. (as C. amboinensis Willd.)

Trema lamarckiana (Schult.) Blume (as C. lamarckiana Schult.)
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (as C. guineensis Schumach. or C. orientalis L.)
Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) H.Hara (as C. aspera Brongn. or C. tomentosa Roxb.)[7]

Uses and ecology

Several species are grown as ornamental trees, valued for their drought tolerance.
They are a regular feature of arboreta and botanical gardens, particularly in North
America. Chinese Hackberry (C. sinensis) is suited for bonsai culture, while a
magnificent specimen in Daegu-myeon is one of the natural monuments of South
Korea. Some, including Common Hackberry (C. occidentalis) and C. brasiliensis, are
honey plants and pollen source for honeybees of lesser importance. Hackberry wood
is sometimes used in cabinetry and woodworking.
The berries are often eaten locally. The Korean tea gamro cha (, )
contains C. sinensis leaves.

Lepidoptera
Celtis species are used as foodplants by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera. These
include mainly brush-footed butterflies, most importantly the distinct genus Libythea
(beak butterflies) and some Apaturinae (emperor butterflies):

12

Common Beak (Libythea lepita) caterpillars feed on Celtis

Acytolepis puspa (Common Hedge Blue) recorded on Chinese Hackberry (C.

sinensis)
Automeris io (Io Moth) recorded on Southern Hackberry (C. laevigata)
Asterocampa celtis (Hackberry Butterfly, Hackberry Emperor)
A putative new taxon of the Two-barred Flasher (Astraptes fulgerator) cryptic
species complex, provisionally called "CELT", has hitherto only been found
on Celtis iguanaea.[8]
Libythea celtis (European Beak)
Libythea labdaca (African Beak)
Libythea lepita (Common Beak)
Libythea myrrha (Club Beak) recorded on C. tetranda[verification needed]
Nymphalis xanthomelas (Scarce Tortoiseshell) recorded on European
Hackberry (C. australis)
Sasakia charonda (Great Purple Emperor) recorded on Japanese Hackberry
(C. jessoensis) and Pseudo-hackberry (C. japonica)

Pathogens
The plant pathogenic basidiomycete fungus Perenniporia celtis was first described
from a Celtis hostplant. Some species of Celtis are threatened by habitat destruction.

13

Gallery

Celtis aetnensis with mature fruit

African Hackberry (Celtis integrifolia)

14

Caucasian Hackberry (Celtis caucasica) with immature fruit

15

Chinese Hackberry (Celtis sinensis)

Footnotes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

^ Keeler (1900): pp.249-252[verification needed]

^ Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website :
Cannabaceae
^ "Celtis L.". GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. Retrieved February 12,
2012.
^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant
Names. I A-C. CRC Press. p. 468. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
^ "Celtis ehrenbergiana (Klotzsch) Liebm.". GRIN. USDA. 2002-0110. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
^ "Celtis sinensis Pers.". GRIN. USDA. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
^ "GRIN Species Records of Celtis". Germplasm Resources
Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved
2010-12-04.
^ Hbert et al. (2004), Brower et al. (2006)

References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Celtis
Wikispecies has information related to: Celtis
BROWER, ANDREW V.Z. (2006): Problems with DNA barcodes for species
delimitation: ten species of Astraptes fulgerator reassessed (Lepidoptera:
Hesperiidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 4(2): 127132.
doi:10.1017/S147720000500191X PDF fulltext
KEELER, HARRIET L. (1900): Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them.
Charles Scriber's Sons, New York.
HBERT, PAUL D.N.; PENTON, ERIN H.; BURNS, JOHN M.; JANZEN, DANIEL H.
& HALLWACHS, WINNIE (2004): Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals
cryptic species in the semitropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator.

16

PNAS 101(41): 14812-14817. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406166101 PDF fulltext

Supporting Appendices
***

Celtis australis ()
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Celtis australis, commonly known as the European nettle tree, Mediterranean
hackberry, lote tree, or honeyberry,[1] is a deciduous tree that can grow 20 or 25
meters in height.
Leaves: Simple, alternate, and sharp-toothed are rough on top, and furry underneath, 5
to 15 cm long and dark grey/green throughout the year fading to a pale yellow before
falling in autumn.
Flowers: The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) small
and green without petals, either singly or in small clusters. Not effective ornamentally.
Fruit: Small, dark-purple berry-like drupes, 1 cm wide hang in short clusters and are
extremely popular with birds and other wildlife.
Bark: Smooth, gray bark develops picturesque corky warts and ridges as it matures.

Celtis australis

17

Habitat
The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, requires well-drained soil
and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. It cannot grow in the shade. It requires dry or
moist soil and can tolerate drought. The Mediterranean climate is especially suitable
for the plant.
In India, in the Urdu/Hindi language it is called "khark".[2]
This tree is also widely found in the Middle-East.
In the north of Iran this tree has a sacred aspect.

Uses
It is often planted as an ornamental as it is resistant to air pollution and long-living.
The fruit of this tree is sweet and edible, and can be eaten raw or cooked. The leaves
and fruit are astringent, lenitive and stomachic. Decoction of both leaves and fruit is
used in the treatment of amenorrhoea, heavy menstrual and intermenstrual bleeding
and colic. The decoction can also be used to astringe the mucous membranes in the
treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery and peptic ulcers. A yellow dye is obtained from the
bark. Wood - very tough, pliable, durable. Widely used by turners. The flexible thin
shoots are used as walking sticks.

History
The European Nettle, Celtis australis, is supposed to have been the Lotus of the
ancients, whose fruit Herodotus, Dioscorides, and Theophrastus describe as sweet,
pleasant, and wholesome. Homer has Ulysses refer to the "Lotus-eaters" and the
"lotus" in Odyssey, Book IX.[3] The fruit and its effects are described in Tennyson's
poem The Lotos-Eaters.

Secondary metabolites
The leaves of Celtis australis are a rich source of flavonoid C-glycosides.[4][5] Young
leaves of Celtis australis from Northern Italy were found to contain the highest
amounts of phenolics per gram dry weight. Amounts rapidly decreased until mid-May
and after this date the level of phenolics fluctuated but showed no discernible trend.
This general trend of high amounts of phenolics in the early growing season and a fast
decline affected both caffeic acid derivatives and flavonoids.[6]

References
1.

^ Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey
Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the
United States and Canada. Macmillan, New York.
2.
^ Celtis australis (Ulmaceae): Nettle Wood, Brimji , .. English (the
honeyberry tree, European hackberry, hackberry, nettle tree, mediterranean
hackberry); French (micocoulier); German (Zurgelbaum); Hindi (ku, batkar,
khark, khirk, roku); Italian(perlaro, bogolaro); Nepali (khari); Spanish (alneez,
lodono); Trade name (nettle wood, brimji) ..

18

3.

^ Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify

Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 249252.
4.
^ Spitaler, R; Gurschler, S; Ellmerer, E; Schubert, B; Sgarbossa, M;
Zidorn, C (2009). "Flavonoids from Celtis australis (Cannabaceae)". Biochemical
Systematics and Ecology (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) 37: 120121.
doi:10.1016/j.bse.2008.11.020. ISSN 0305-1978.
5.
^ Kaltenhauser, M; Ellmerer, EP; Zidorn, C (2010).
"Rhamnopyranosylvitexin derivatives from Celtis australis". Journal of the
Serbian Chemical Society (Belgrade, Serbia) (Free full text) 75: 733738.
doi:10.2298/JSC090817049K. ISSN 1820-7421.
6.
^ Sommavilla, V; Haidacher-Gasser, D; Sgarbossa, M; Zidorn, C
(2012). "Seasonal variation in phenolics in leaves of Celtis australis
(Cannabaceae)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (Amsterdam, The
Netherlands) 41: 110114. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2011.12.028. ISSN 0305-1978.

Flower of Celtis australis

19

19. (Fraxinus angustifolia) ( -, ..)

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20

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- - - - ASHTREE - FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR

15m 8-10m
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21

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22

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23

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Fraxinus ( -, ..)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fraxinus /frksns/[2] is a genus of flowering plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae.
It contains 4565 species of usually medium to large trees, mostly deciduous though a few
subtropical species are evergreen. The tree's common English name, ash, goes back to the Old
English sc, while the generic name originated in Latin. Both words also meant "spear" in
their respective languages.[3] The leaves are opposite (rarely in whorls of three), and mostly
pinnately compound, simple in a few species. The seeds, popularly known as keys or
helicopter seeds, are a type of fruit known as a samara. Most Fraxinus species are dioecious,
having male and female flowers on separate plants;[4] if grown as an ornamental and both
sexes are present, ashes can cause a considerable litter problem with their seeds. Rowans or
Mountain Ashes are unrelated to true ashes and belong to the Genus Sorbus though the leaves
and buds are superficially similar.
Selected species: Western Palearctic (Europe, north Africa and southwest Asia)

Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl Narrow-leafed Ash

o

Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa Caucasian Ash

Claret Ash or Raywood Ash

Fraxinus dimorpha

Fraxinus excelsior L. European Ash

Fraxinus holotricha Koehne

Fraxinus ornus L. Manna Ash or Flowering Ash

Fraxinus syriaca

Fraxinus pallisiae Wilmott Pallis' Ash

Ecology: Ash is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies
and moths)see list of Lepidoptera that feed on ashes.

Narrow-leafed Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) shoot with leaves

24

Fraxinus ornus

Canker on an Ash tree in North Ayrshire, Scotland

25

Emerald ash borer

Threats
The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) is a wood-boring beetle accidentally
introduced to North America from eastern Asia via solid wood packing material in the
late 1980s to early 1990s. It has killed tens of millions of trees in 15 states in the
United States and adjacent Ontario in Canada. It threatens some 7 billion ash trees in
North America. Research is being conducted to determine if three native Asian wasps,
who are natural predators of EAB could be used as a biological control for the
management of EAB populations in the United States. The public is being cautioned
not to transport unfinished wood products, such as firewood, to slow the spread of this
insect pest.[7]
The European ash, Fraxinus excelsior, has been affected by the fungus
Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus, causing ash dieback[8] in a large number of trees since
the mid-1990s, particularly in eastern and northern Europe.[9][10] The disease has
infected about 90% of Denmark's ash trees.[11] At the end of October 2012 in the UK
the Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera) reported that ash dieback had
been discovered in mature woodland in Suffolk, previous occurrences had been on
young trees imported from Europe.[12]
Uses
Ash is a hardwood and is hard, dense (within 20% of 670 kg/m for Fraxinus
americana,[13] and higher at 710 kg/m for Fraxinus excelsior[14]), tough and very
strong but elastic, extensively used for making bows, tool handles, baseball bats,
hurleys and other uses demanding high strength and resilience.
It is also often used as material for electric guitar bodies and, less commonly, for
acoustic guitar bodies, known for its bright, cutting tone and sustaining quality. Some
Fender Stratocasters and Telecasters are made of ash, as an alternative to the darker
sounding alder. They are also used for making drum shells. Interior joinery is another
common user of both European Ash and White Ash. Ash veneers are extensively used
in office furniture. Ash is not used extensively outdoors due to the heartwood having a
low durability to ground contact,[14] meaning it will typically perish within five years.
Woodworkers generally like the timber for its great finishing qualities. It also has
good machining qualities, and is quite easy to use with nails, screws and glue.[13] Ash
was commonly used for the structural members of the bodies of cars made by carriage
builders. Early cars had frames which were intended to flex as part of the suspension
system in order to simplify construction. The Morgan Motor Company of Great
Britain still manufacture sports cars with frames made from ash. It was also widely
used by early aviation pioneers for the aircraft.

26

It makes excellent firewood and barbecue or smoking wood. The two most
economically important species for wood production are White Ash in eastern North
America, and European Ash in Europe. The Green Ash (F. pennsylvanica) is widely
planted as a street tree in the United States. The inner bark of the Blue Ash (F.
quadrangulata) has been used as a source for a blue dye.
The leaves of ash are appreciated by cows, goats and rabbits. Cut off in the autumn
the branches can be a valuable winter supply for domestic animals.
Cultural aspects
In Greek mythology, the Meliae were nymphs of the ash, perhaps specifically of the
Manna Ash (Fraxinus ornus), as dryads were nymphs of the oak. They appear in
Hesiod's Theogony.
The ash exudes a sugary substance that, it has been suggested, was fermented to
create the Norse Mead of Inspiration.[15] In Norse mythology, the World Tree
Yggdrasil is commonly held to be an ash tree, and the first man, Ask, was formed
from an ash tree. Elsewhere in Europe, snakes were said to be repelled by ash leaves
or a circle drawn by an ash branch. Irish folklore claims that shadows from an ash tree
would damage crops. In Cheshire, it was said that ash could be used to cure warts or
rickets. In Sussex the ash and elm tree were known as the Widow Maker because the
large boughs would often drop without warning.
See also
List of Lepidoptera that feed on ashes
, the letter ash
Footnotes
1.
^ "Fraxinus L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United
States Department of Agriculture. 2006-04-03. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
2.
^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606607
3.
^ J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, ed. (1997). Encyclopedia of IndoEuropean culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
4.
^ "Monoecious and dioecious plants". saylorplants.com. Retrieved 15
April 2013.
5.
^ "Species Records of Fraxinus". Germplasm Resources Information
Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
6.
^ "Fraxinus L.". ITIS Standard Reports. Integrated Taxonomic
Information System. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
7.
^ "The Problem". Don't Move Firewood. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
8.
^ Kowalski T (2006) Chalara fraxinea sp. nov. associated with dieback
of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Poland. Forest Pathology 36(4), 264-270
9.
^ E. Halmschlager & T. Kirisits (2008). "First report of the ash dieback
pathogen Chalara fraxinea on Fraxinus excelsior in Austria". University of
Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
10.
^ N. Ogris, T. Hauptman & D. Jurc (2009). "Chalara fraxinea causing
common ash dieback newly reported in Slovenia". Slovenian Forestry
Institute. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
11.
^ "'Ash dieback' fungus Chalara fraxinea in UK countryside". BBC. 25
October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
12.
^ BBC News 'Ash dieback' fungus, Chalara fraxinea found in UK
countryside. retrieved 25 Oct. 2012
13.
^ a b "White Ash". Niche Timbers. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
14.
^ a b "Ash". Niche Timbers. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
15.
^ Dumont, Darl J. (Summer 1992). "The Ash Tree In Indo-European

27

. Mankind Quarterly 32 (4): 323336.

Bibliography: Philips, Roger (1979). Trees of North America and Europe: A
Guide to Field Identification, Revised and Updated. New York: Random House.
ISBN 0-394-50259-0. OCLC 4036251.

, ()

,
,
; .
, .
.
.
,
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Melia Azedarach .
,
,
.
Melia Azedarach.
Melia azedarach
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Chinaberry (disambiguation).
Melia azedarach, commonly known as white cedar, chinaberry tree, bead-tree, Cape lilac,
or Persian lilac[2] or Indian lilac, is a species of deciduous tree in the mahogany family,
Meliaceae, that is native to Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Indochina, Southeast Asia and
Australia.[3] The genus Melia includes four other species, occurring from southeast Asia to
northern Australia. They are all deciduous or semi-evergreen trees.
The adult tree has a rounded crown, and commonly measures attains a height of 712 metres,
however in exceptional circumstances M. azedarach can attain a height of 45 metres.[4] The
flowers are small and fragrant, with five pale purple or lilac petals, growing in clusters. The
fruit is a drupe, marble-sized, light yellow at maturity, hanging on the tree all winter, and
gradually becoming wrinkled and almost white.
The leaves are up to 50 cm long, alternate, long-petioled, two or three times compound (oddpinnate); the leaflets are dark green above and lighter green below, with serrate margins
Nomenclature
Melia azedarach should not be confused with the Azadirachta trees, which are trees in the
Meliaceae family that are classified separately from the Melia azedarach tree.
Common names
Common names of Melia azedarach include chinaberry, Persian lilac,[5] white cedar, Texas
umbrella, bead-tree, Cape lilac, Ceylon cedar, Pride of India,[6] malai vembu (
), bakain, zanzalakht ( ) and dharek or dhraik (). Other common names
include Ghora neem () (Ghora meaning horse) in Bengali Hebbevu in Kannada and
Vilayati (foreign) neem in Bundelkhand region, and Bakain in East Uttar Pradesh and
Jharkhand region of India. It has been naturalized in Madagascar where it is called
vaondelaka.
Uses and ecology
The main utility of chinaberry is its timber. This is of medium density, and ranges in colour
from light brown to dark red. In appearance it is readily confused with the unrelated Burmese

28

Teak (Tectona grandis). Melia azedarach in keeping with other members of the family
Meliaceae has a timber of high quality, but as opposed to many almost-extinct species of
mahogany it is under-utilised. Seasoning is relatively simple in that planks dry without
cracking or warping and are resistant to fungal infection. The taste of the leaves is not as bitter
as Neem (Azadirachta indica).
The hard, five-grooved seeds were widely used for making rosaries and other products
requiring beads, before their replacement by modern plastics.
Some hummingbirds like Sapphire-spangled Emerald (Amazilia lactea), Glittering-bellied
Emerald (Chlorostilbon lucidus) and Planalto Hermit (Phaethornis pretrei) have been
recorded to feed on and pollinate the flowers, these only take it opportunistically.[7]
Toxicity
Fruits are poisonous to humans if eaten in quantity.[8] However, like those of the Yew tree,
these toxins are not harmful to birds, who gorge themselves on the fruit, eventually reaching a
"drunken" state. The toxins are neurotoxins and unidentified resins, found mainly in the fruits.
Some birds are able to eat the fruit, spreading the seeds in their droppings. The first symptoms
of poisoning appear a few hours after ingestion. They may include loss of appetite, vomiting,
constipation or diarrhea, bloody faeces, stomach pain, pulmonary congestion, cardiac arrest,
rigidity, lack of coordination and general weakness. Death may take place after about 24
hours. Like in relatives, tetranortriterpenoids constitute an important toxic principle. These are
chemically related to Azadirachtin, the primary insecticidal compound in the commercially
important Neem oil. These compounds are probably related to the wood and seed's resistance
to pest infestation, and maybe to the unattractiveness of the flowers to animals.
Leaves have been used as a natural insecticide to keep with stored food, but must not be eaten
as they are highly poisonous. A diluted infusion of leaves and trees has been used in the past
to induce uterus relaxation.
As invasive species
The plant was introduced around 1830 as an ornamental in the United States (South Carolina
and Georgia) and widely planted in southern states. Today it is considered an invasive species
by some groups as far north as Virginia and Oklahoma.[9] But nurseries continue to sell the
trees, and seeds are also widely available. It has become naturalized to tropical and warm
temperate regions of the Americas and is planted in similar climates around the world.
Besides the problem of toxicity, its usefulness as a shade tree in the United States is
diminished by its tendency to sprout where unwanted and to turn sidewalks into dangerously
slippery surfaces when the fruits fall, though this is not a problem where songbird populations
are in good shape. As noted above, the possibility of commercially profitable harvesting of
feral stands remains largely unexplored.
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Class:
Magnoliopsida
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Meliaceae
Genus:
Melia
Species:
M. azedarach
Binomial name
Melia azedarach L.[1]
Synonyms
Melia australis Sweet
Melia candollei Sw.
Melia japonica G.Don
Melia sempervirens Sw.
Footnotes
1.
^ Linneas, C. (1753)
2.
^ "USDA GRIN Taxonomy".
3.
^ Mabberley, David J. (1984). "A Monograph of Melia in Asia and the
Pacific: The history of White Cedar and Persian Lilac". The Gardens' Bulletin

29

Singapore 37 (1): 4964. Retrieved 16 May 2013.

^ Floyd, A.G., Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia, Inkata
Press 1989, ISBN 0-909605-57-2
5.
^ This name is also used for a lilac hybrid, Syringa persica.
6.
^ USFWS. Cyperus pennatiformis Five-year Review, U.S. Fish And Wildlife
Service. August 2010.
7.
^ Baza Mendona & dos Anjos (2005)
8.
^ Russell et al. (1997)
9.
^ Langeland & Burks
References :
LINNAEUS, C[arolus] (1753): Species Plantarum 1: 384385. Tropicos - Missouri
Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, Missouri.
BAZA MENDONA, LUCIANA & DOS ANJOS, LUIZ (2005): Beija-flores (Aves,
Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma rea urbana do Sul do Brasil
[Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern
Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22(1): 51
59. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752005000100007 PDF fulltext.
LANGELAND, K.A. & BURKS, K. CRADDOCK (EDS.) (2005): "Melia azedarach". In:
Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas: 9697.
Version of 2005-SEP-05. PDF fulltext.
RUSSELL, ALICE B.; HARDIN, JAMES W. & GRAND, LARRY (1997): "Melia
azedarach". In: Poisonous Plants of North Carolina. Retrieved 2008-JAN-26.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Melia azedarach
Melia azederach (PDF), SerTox (in Spanish)FAQ about toxic plants
Melia azedarach in West African plants - A Photo Guide.
4.

22. (Juniperus communis)

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30

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24. (Ostrya carpinifolia)
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(Ostrya carpinifolia)

Ostrya
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ostrya is a genus of eight to ten small deciduous trees belonging to the birch family
Betulaceae. Its common name is Hophornbeam in American English and Hophornbeam in British English. It may also be called ironwood, a name shared with a
number of other plants.
The genus is native in southern Europe, southwest and eastern Asia, and North and
Central America. They have a conical or irregular crown and a scaly, rough bark.
They have alternate and double-toothed birch-like leaves 310 cm long. The flowers
are produced in spring, with male catkins 510 cm long and female catkins 25 cm
long. The fruit form in pendulous clusters 38 cm long with 620 seeds; each seed is a
small nut 24 mm long, fully enclosed in a bladder-like involucre.
31

The wood is very hard and heavy; the name Ostrya is derived from the Greek word
'ostrua', "bone-like", referring to the very hard wood. Regarded as a weed tree by
some foresters, this hard and stable wood was historically used to fashion plane soles.
Ostrya species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species
including Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata), Walnut Sphinx (Amorpha juglandis)
and Coleophora ostryae.

Species

Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. - European Hop-hornbeam

Ostrya chisosensis Correll - Chisos Hophornbeam, Big Bend Hophornbeam
Ostrya guatemalensis (Winkler) Rose - Central American Hophornbeam
Ostrya japonica Sarg. - Japanese Hop-hornbeam
Ostrya knowltonii Coville - Knowlton Hophornbeam, Western Hophornbeam,
Wolf Hophornbeam
Ostrya multinervis Rehd. - Central Chinese Hop-hornbeam
Ostrya rehderiana Chun - Zhejiang Hop-hornbeam
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch - Eastern Hophornbeam, American
Hophornbeam, Ironwood.
Ostrya yunnanensis Hu - Yunnan Hop-hornbeam
Ostrya oregoniana (fossil)

References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ostrya
Rushforth, K. 1985. Ostrya. The Plantsman 7: 208-212.
Flora of China: Ostrya
Flora Europaea: Ostrya
Flora of North America: Ostrya

Ostrya carpinifolia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ostrya carpinifolia, the Hop Hornbeam, is a tree in genus Ostrya, in the family
Betulaceae, native to Europe.

Distribution
Ostrya carpinifolia is found in Italy, France, Austria, Slovenia, Greece, Bulgaria,
southern Switzerland and Anatolia. It is found in the medium elevations, in southern
Italy and Sicily, in the South Apennine mixed montane forests ecoregion of the
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Biome.
Description

Ostrya carpinifolia is a broadleaf deciduous tree, that can reach up to 24 metres

(79 ft). It has a conical or irregular crown and a scaly, rough bark, and alternate and
double-toothed birch-like leaves 310 cm long.
The flowers are produced in spring, with male catkins 510 cm long and female
catkins 25 cm long. The fruit form in pendulous clusters 38 cm long with 620
seeds; each seed is a small nut 24 mm long, fully enclosed in a bladder-like
involucre.
Uses: The wood is very heavy and hard. The name Ostrya is derived from the Greek
word 'ostrua', "bone-like", referring to this very hard wood. This stable wood was
historically used to fashion plane soles.
Ostrya are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.
External links
GRIN database: Ostrya carpinifolia
Scheda botanica: Ostrya carpinifolia
32

33. (Quercus frainetto Ten. )

34. (Quercus pubescens L.)
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33

 (Quercus robur)
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34


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,
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1.

2.

Govaerts, R.; Frodin D.G. (1998). World checklist and bibliography

of Fagales (Betulaceae, Corylaceae, Fagaceae and Ticodendraceae.
Richmond: Royal Botanic Gartens, Kew.
,

. . 2009-07-23.

35

() Quercus cerris
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The name Turkey Oak is also commonly used in this form for the American Turkey
Oak (Quercus laevis)
Quercus cerris, the Turkey oak is an oak native to south-eastern Europe and Asia
Minor. It is the type species of Quercus sect. Cerris, a section of the genus
characterised by shoot buds surrounded by soft bristles, bristle-tipped leaf lobes, and
acorns that usually mature in 18 months.

36

Turkey Oak foliage

Description
Quercus cerris is a large deciduous tree growing to 25-40 m tall with a trunk up to 2
m diameter. The bark is dark grey and deeply furrowed. On mature trees the bark
fissures are often streaked orange near the base of the trunk. The glossy leaves are 714 cm long and 3-5 cm wide, with 6-12 triangular lobes on each side; the regularity
of the lobing varies greatly, with some trees having very regular lobes, others much
less regular.

Turkey Oak leaf showing variation in lobing

The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins, maturing about 18 months after pollination;
the fruit is a large acorn, 2.5-4 cm long and 2 cm broad, bicoloured with an orange
basal half grading to a green-brown tip; the acorn cup is 2 cm deep, densely covered
in soft 4-8 mm long 'mossy' bristles. The acorns are very bitter, but are eaten by jays
and pigeons; squirrels usually only eat them when other food sources have run out.
The tree harbours the gall wasp Andricus quercuscalicis whose larvae seriously
damage the acorns of native British oaks. In 1998, the Ministry of Defence ordered
the felling of all Turkey Oaks on its UK bases.

37

Acorns with 'hairy' cups

Cultivation and uses

The species' range extended to northern Europe and the British Isles before the
previous ice age, about 120,000 years ago. Reintroduced in the United Kingdom and
in Ireland in the eighteenth century, its gall wasps now provide early food for birds.[1]
Turkey Oak is widely planted and is naturalised in much of Europe. This is partly for
its relatively fast growth. It is used as an ornamental, and as a coastal windbreak. The
wood has many of the characteristics of other oaks, but is very prone to crack and split
and hence is relegated to such uses as fencing. Several cultivars have been selected,
including 'Variegata', a variegated cultivar, and 'Woden', with large, deeply lobed
leaves.

38

A Turkey Oak coming in to leaf.

Hybrids
Turkey Oak readily hybridises with Cork Oak (Q. suber), the resulting hybrid being
named Q. crenata Lam.. This hybrid occurs both naturally where its parents ranges
overlap in the wild, and has also arisen in cultivation. It is a very variable medium to
large tree, usually semi-evergreen, sometimes nearly completely so, and often with
marked hybrid vigour; its bark is thick and fissured but never as thick as that of the
Cork Oak. Numerous cultivars are available, often grafted onto Turkey Oak root
stock. These include 'Ambrozyana', evergreen except in severe winters, originating
from the Mlyany Arboretum in Slovakia, home of the late Count Ambrozy;
'Diversifolia', with the leaves are extremely deeply cut leaving a narrow strip down
the centre, and very corky bark; 'Fulhamensis' (Fulham Oak), raised at Osborne's
nursery in Fulham c.1760; and 'Lucombeana' (Lucombe Oak), raised by William
Lucombe at his nursery in Exeter c.1762. An early specimen raised by Lucombe is at
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[2] A similar Lucombe oak was felled by fungus and

39

a light wind in Phear Park, Exmouth 15 February 2009.

See also

Knopper gall

Oak Marble gall

Notes
1.

^ BBC News, " Ancient tree helps birds survive", 17 August 2008
Accessed 18 August 2008.

2.

^ Lucombe Oak; pictures and history.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Quercus cerris

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41

 (Fagus orientalis)

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43

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44

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40 .
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45

Y
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.[6]
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Ulmus hollandica ( = U. glabra U. minor) o,
O -
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Ulmus minor Ulmus pumila - , I

Ulmus hollandica 'Belgica' ( = U. glabra U. minor [ o

'']) - , 1694*
Ulmus hollandica 'Major' ( = U. glabra U. minor [ o
'']) - , 1696*
Ulmus hollandica 'Vegeta' ( = U. glabra U. minor [ o
'']) - , 1746*
Ulmus hollandica 'Klemmer' ( = U. glabra U. minor [ o
'']) - , 1789*
Ulmus [glabra] 'Exoniensis' ( = U. glabra [(?) U. minor subsp. angustifolia])
- , 1826*
Ulmus hollandica 'Dampieri' ( = U. glabra U. minor [ o
'N']) - , 1853*
Ulmus hollandica 'Vanhouttei' ( = U. glabra U. minor [
o 'B']) - , 1863*
Ulmus hollandica 'Wredei' ( = U. glabra U. minor [ o
'B']) - , 1875*
Ulmus hollandica 'Purpurascens' ( = U. glabra U. minor [
o '']) - , 1881*
Ulmus arbuscula ( = U. pumila U. glabra) - , 19
Ulmus androssowii ( = U. pumila U. minor var. umbraculifera) - ....,
20
Ulmus 'Coolshade' ( = U. rubra U. pumila) - HA, 1946*

46

[ * = Ko, . o
.]

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, o,
. .
. (R. H. Richens, 1919-1984)
,[7]
(Ronald Melville 1903-1985) Ulmus canescens [8]
o, ,
.[9] H o
.
(Ulmus glabra), ,
.[7] A o , ..
,[10][11] ,
1928 , ()
.[12][13]
H (Ulmus laevis)
.[14] A
, ,[15] o o
.[16]
H O (Ulmus hollandica 'Vegeta')
o . O
oo I T
o .[17][18][19]
H (Ulmus pumila) .[20]

A
, ,
Oo-o
(Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, O A ),
.
, 500 ,
.[21][22][23] A
(2009)
, , o
ooo[24] .[25][26] A o
,[27][28]

, ,[29][30][31] ,
,[32] o[33]
,[34]
47

 .[35]
[36]
..
,[37]
,[38] , ,
(. ), ( ).

, , To K ,
. 1285,
, o
o , ,
, 3-4 .[39] , , T
K O B, ,
O B, o
. 1650, o , o
, .[40] K ,
T K
.[41][42]
(
) , 8 9
,
.[43][44]
A A ,
, o o :
Nearer at hand, in the valley, is a clump of trees, elms not oaks, but huge and
spreading, an oasis in a parched solitude
[:o o, , ,
, , ] [45]
, oo ,
o ,
o o
.[46]

O
H ( ) . Koo
o
- (= ) o o ,
.[7]

kara (= ) aa (= ). To
B B.[47] .[48]

48

o. ,
( o).
.
. ,
,
. ,
. H ()
.
( -- ),
.[49] .[50]
,
,
.[51]
, ,
, , ,
. T
, o ( ),
o o, o ,
.[52] o o
.
E '50 , ,
, ,
.[53][54] K , E
, .[55]
o Bo Ulmus
thomasii ( ) ,[56] .

49

H ,
, .
,
A.[57]
o
.[58] ,
.[7] , 45%
.[59] H
. E Ulmus rubra -
.[60] ,
o (Ulmus glabra)
1812.[7]
H o.[61]
, . H

- Ulmus rubra (Slippery elm) -
.[62][63]

H
H . A, ,
, . A
o o o o
o , , o
.[7] To o o
o . E o, o o Ulmus minor
o o (), o ,
o , o
. , ..,
Ulmus procera, A ,[64] o
1000 .[51]
Po, o Io,
, , [71]
o. (Amores)
: ulmus amat vitem, vitis non deserit ulmum (
, ),[65]
.[66]

T
A oo
. o .
E o . E o
o
.[7] E o, .[67]
M o, .
T , o.[7]
50

 (Ulmus glabra) o, o
. , .., o
o .[68] A , Ulmus x
hollandica ,
. M . ,
, , Ulmus x hollandica Belgica [69]
Ulmus x hollandica Klemmer
, o .[7][67] T Ulmus x hollandica
Vegeta Ulmus [glabra] 'Exoniensis' ( ) -
o [70] - .
,
.[51] o
oo o , o o
, , Ulmus minor var.
sarniensis,[71] o o , ,
Ulmus minor var. umbraculifera, o A,
o o , ,
Ko Ulmus glabra Camperdownii. H
, o Ulmus americana,
A ,[72]
. E ,
o , K
A Ko , 'o
.

A
M o ,
. . B
. , o o,
, 1 - 2 o. H o
o o. M (
[7]
) o .
M o
, o o
o. o ,
, o, ,
. K
. O
o o. O Ko (Ulmus
glabra Camperdownii) 2 - 3 o. Ao
(Ulmus pumila) , o , .. ,
.[60]
Y o, (
o) Ulmus [glabra] 'Nana', (
o), X Ulmus 'Jacqueline Hillier',
. A , 4 o,
. .
K .
51

H O A
M o o O ,
Ophiostoma ulmi (Oo , Dutch Elm Disease, la graphiose, la
graphiosi [ = Ceratocystis ulmi]),
,
. M 1910 1960 10%
- 40% .[68] E
.[60]
M , o o o, Ophiostoma
novo-ulmi (Oo-o ), 1960 ,
75% ,
, .
. 25 30
1969 2010.[73] H 77
o 1930: 75% 1989,[74]
90% .[75]

H
H o, ooo
o . T o
, o . T
o,
, o o. H
o ,
,
. . o

.
, Scolytus scolytus, Scolytus multistriatus
Hylurgopinus rufipes, . T
o

. o , ,
o . T

. T oo , o
. oo o o
. H
.[76]

H 1922 o o
M B o- (Marie Beatrice Schol-Schwarz, 1898-1969)
M (Christine Johanna Buisman, 1900-1936) ,
o O ,
52

,
Ophiostoma ulmi:

Ulmus hollandica 'Christine Buisman' ( = U. glabra U. minor) O, 1937*

Ulmus hollandica 'Bea Schwarz' ( = U. glabra U. minor) - O,
1948*
Ulmus 'Commelin' ( = Ulmus hollandica 'Vegeta' x U. minor) - O,
1960*
Ulmus 'Groeneveld' ( = Ulmus hollandica x U. minor) - O, 1963*

[ * = Ko, . o .]
H O o .
o , ,
, o ,
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, o o o o . M
o
o . O A, ,

, o .
Eo, o
1960. O , o X o (H. M. Heybroek, 1927- )
o O K Ulmus
wallichiana [77] o
. T o
o:

Ulmus 'Dodoens' ( = Ulmus [glabra] 'Exoniensis' Ulmus wallichiana) O, 1970*

Ulmus 'Lobel' ( = [Ulmus [glabra] 'Exoniensis' Ulmus wallichiana] x [Ulmus
hollandica 'Bea Schwarz']) - O, 1973*
Ulmus 'Plantyn' ( = [Ulmus [glabra] 'Exoniensis' Ulmus wallichiana] x
[Ulmus minor Ulmus minor]) - O, 1973*
Ulmus 'Clusius' ( = [Ulmus [glabra] 'Exoniensis' Ulmus wallichiana] x
[Ulmus hollandica 'Bea Schwarz']) - O, 1983*

[ * = Ko, . o .]
o o o
o , . ,
O (o o o o),
(o [Eugene Byron Smalley, 19262002], o
[George Ware, 19242010] o o), I,
o
, Ulmus davidiana,
Io ,[78] Ulmus parvifolia, K ,[79] Ulmus chenmoui,
, oo o
Ulmus pumila, .[80]
53

 o
, oo o
, o o , o o
Ulmus Frontier ,[81] Ulmus Nanguen (Lutce)
[82]
, Ulmus Columella, Ulmus Rebona (Resista) Ulmus New Horizon
(Resista) ,[83] Ulmus Plinio Ulmus San
Zanobi .[84] To o Ulmus Sapporo Autumn Gold
.

Ulmus 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' ( = U. pumila U. davidiana var. japonica) HA, 1975*
Ulmus 'Regal' ( = U. 'Commelin' x [U. pumila U. minor 'Hoersholmiensis']) HA, 1983*
Ulmus 'Columella' ( = U. 'Plantyn' var. x [U. minor U. minor]) -
O, 1989*
Ulmus 'Frontier' ( = U. minor U. parvifolia) - HA, 1990*
Ulmus 'Rebona' / Resista ( = U. pumila U. davidiana var. japonica) HA, 1993&
Ulmus 'New Horizon' / Resista ( = U. pumila U. davidiana var.
japonica) - HA, 1995*
Ulmus 'Nanguen' / LUTCE ( = U. hollandica 'Bea Schwarz' x Ulmus
'Plantyn') - O , 2001*
Ulmus 'Plinio' ( = U. 'Plantyn' U. pumila) - I, 2002*
Ulmus 'San Zanobi' ( = U. 'Plantyn' U. pumila) - I, 2006*
Ulmus 'Wanoux' (Vada) ( = U. 'Plantyn' U. 'Plantyn' var.) - O, 2006*
Ulmus 'Morfeo' ( = U. 'Groeneveld' U. chenmoui) - I, 2010*
Ulmus 'Rebella' ( = U. americana U. parvifolia) - HA, 2011*

[ * = Ko, . o .]

o. M
- - o
.[68] A
1990, o
, Ulmus minor Ulmus
americana , o
, oo
. T o o
oo o, o,
.[85] H
.[86]
Eo, ,
, .. o o Ulmus americana Jefferson,[87] Ulmus
americana Valley Forge Ulmus americana New Harmony,[88]
o o Ulmus minor Ulmus
54

glabra .[89][68] O o o,
A Ulmus procera, O 'B' 'M',
o Ulmus minor var. sarniensis,
.

o
,
, O A.[90]
H o . o ,
, , o
o :
o , o oo
( , 419-420).
, ,
,
, :
( , 242-243).
K o o, o o
,
. o, o
A,
,
o
- .[91][92]
, . ,
,
,
:
,

.
, ,
.[93]
,
(7.141),
:
, ,
To oo o
o
N, o o .
, o
T, o .
55

o o, o o
o o.
,
.[94]
Y
, o To o Poo, o Eo
(Po, . I-T), o o 1923.[95][96]
H oo o,
. o :
o o . o
, .., o oo o o
o. Ko , o o
, o o (o I, 19-23,
o VII, 135-40).
O (1 2 ) o
[ K ]
o , .. :
,
.[97]
o,
,[98] .
o , o
:
In medio ramos annosaque bracchia pandit
ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem Somnia vulgo
uana tenere ferunt, foliisque sub omnibus haerent.[99]
[: ,
, , , ,
, o oo.]
, ,
, . o o , o A, . K
o , Ko o, ,
() (),
.[51]
H o. o
, .., o. H
, B ,
, ,
:
Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms.
... the female Ivy so
56

Enrings the barky fingers of the Elm.

O, how I love thee! how I dote on thee! [100]
[:Koo .
... o K o
o .
, '! !]

o o . H
o o
, o Childe Hassam, o Karel Klinkenberg.[101]

o, .
oo A 1688,
o .
o , ,
', O o Ulmus
hollandica 'Major' ( o ''), o
.[7] (H .)
, To (The Liberty Tree)
, o
o , o 1765,

. o , o o
o , o o 1776, o
o .[7]
, (Les arbres de la libert),
, . To o
o B (Vienne, Isre) 1790,
o .[7] H , ,
(L'Orme de la libert, La Madeleine, Faycelles, Dpartement de
Lot), 1789 , o
.[102] O o o Zo (Lionel Jospin),
o o 1998
Htel Matignon,
, , .
o o, 'Ko 762' - B (Ulmus
'Wanoux' (Vada)).[103]

oo , .. Mo
(L'Olmo di Montepaone, Albero della Libert),[104]
1799 .

25
,
, ,
, 1839-40 .[105][106]
, 25
. 25 ,
1821, ( 20 m).[107][108]

57

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63