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Hong Ngc ng
Bi tp
K thut nhit
Li ni u
Phn I
nhit ng k thut
Chng 1.
phng trnh trng thi
V cc qu trnh nhit ng ca cht kh
1.1. Thng s trng thi
1.1.1. Nhit v cng
Q
, n v l j/kg, vi G l khi lng
G
L
ca mi cht tnh theo kg. Cng k hiu l L, n v l J hoc l = , n v l J/kg.
G
Nhit k hiu l Q, n v l J hoc q =
Cc qui i trn theo mmHg 00C, nu ct mmHg o nhit khc 00C , mun
tnh chnh xc phi qui i ct mmHg v 00C ri mi dng quan h qui i trn
nh sau:
(1-3)
h0 = ht(1 0,000172t)
trong :
h0 l chiu cao ct thu ngn qui i v 00C;
ht l chiu cao ct thu ngn o nhit t;
t l nhit , 0C.
p sut tuyt i l p l p sut thc ca mi cht.
Gia p sut tuyt i p, p sut thc p0 ca kh quyn, p sut d pd v
chn khng pck, pck = p - pk, c quan h nh sau:
(1-4)
p = p 0 + pd
(1-5)
p = p0 pck
c) Nhit
Thang nhit theo nhit bch phn c k hiu t, n v 0C; theo nhit
tuyt i c k hiu T, n v 0K; thang nhit Farenhet, c k hiu tf n v 0F.
Gia chng c mi quan h nh sau:
(1-6)
T (0K) = 273,15 + t (0C)
dT = dt; T = t
t 0C =
5 0
(t F -32)
9
(1-7)
d) Ni nng
Ni nng k hiu l U, n v l J hoc u, n v l J/kg. Ni nng ay l
nng lng chuyn ng ca cc phn t (ni nhit nng). Bin i ni nng ca
kh l tng trong mi qu trnh theo cc quan h sau y:
du = CvdT
(1-8)
(1-9)
U = G.u = G. Cv(T2 - T1)
y Cv l nhit dung ring khi lng ng tch.
Kh l tng l kh thc b qua lc tc dng tng h gia cc phn t v th
tch bn thn cc phn t. V d kh O2, N2, CO2, khng kh . . . . Iu kin nhit
v p sut thng u c coi l kh l tng.
e) Nng lng y
Nng lng y l Nng lng ch c trong h h gip mi cht chuyn
ng ra hoc vo h
f) Entanpi:
Entanpi c k hiu I, n vi J hoc i, n v J/kg, cng c th k hiu bng
H, n v J hoc h, n v J/kg. Ta c quan h:
i = u + pv; j/kg
(1-10)
Bin i Entanpi ca kh l tng trong mi qu trnh theo cc quan h sau y:
(1-11)
di = CpdT
I = G. i = G. Cp(T2 - T1)
(1-12)
g) Entropi:
Entropi c k hiu bng S, n v J/K hoc s, n v J/kg.K. Bin i
Entrpi theo cc quan h sau y:
dq
,
(1-13)
ds =
T
T- Nhit tuyt i ca mi cht.
h) Execgi v anergi
Execgi c k hiu l E, n v J hoc e n v J/kg. Execgi l phn nng
lng c th bin i hon ton thnh cng trong cc qu trnh thun nghch.
Anergi c k hiu l A, n v J hoc a n v J/kg. Anergi l phn nng lng
nhit khng th bin i hon ton thnh cng trong qu trnh thun nghch.
Vi nhit q ta c quan h sau:
q=e+a
(1-14)
trong :
e l execgi, J/kg;
a l anecgi. J/kg;
Execgi ca nhit lng q nhit T khc nhit mi trng T0 c xc
nhtheo quan h sau:
T
e = q1 0
(1-15)
T
e = i - i0 T0(s s0)
(1-16)
trong :
i, s entanpi v entropi ca mi cht nhit T, p sut p khc vi nhit
mi trng T0 , p sut mi trng p0;
8314
, J/kg0K
(1-18)
pV = RT = 8314T
trong :
V - th tch ca 1kmol kh;
V = v., m3/kmol,
R - Hng s ca kh l tng, R = 8314 J/kmol.K
Phng trnh vit cho M kilomol kh l tng:
PV = M.RT = 8314.M.T
M s kilomol kh;
(1-19)
(1-20)
Vtc th tch ring iu kin tiu chun vt l (t0 = 00C, p0 = 760 mmHg).
- Nhit dung ring ng p Cp, Cp, Cp, - nhit dung ring khi qu trnh xy
ra p sut khng i p = const.
- Nhit dung ring ng tch Cv:
th tch khng i, ta c nhit dung ring ng tich Cv, Cv, Cv , - nhit dung ring
khi qu trnh xy ra th tch khng i V = const.
Quan h gia nhit dung ring ng p v nhit dung ring ng tch ca
kh l tng:
(1-22)
Cp - Cv = R.
(1-23)
Cp = k.Cv.
K s m on nhit.
1.3.2. Nhit dung ring l hng s v nhit dung ring trung bnh
Vi kh l tng, nhit dung ring khng ph thuc vo nhit v l hng
s c xc inh theo bng 1.1.
Bng 1.1. nhit dung ring cua kh l tng
Loi kh
Tr s Kcal/kmol. KJ/kmol.
0
0
K
K
K
Cv Cp Cv Cp
1,6
3
5
12,6 20,9
Mt nguyn t
1,4
5
7
20,9 29,3
Hai nguyn t (N2, O2 . . .)
1,3
7
9
29,3 37,7
Ba hoc nhiu nguyn t
(CO2, HO2, ..)
hiu C v cho trong cc bng phn ph lc. Nhit dung ring trung bnh t t1
0
n t2 k hiu C
C
t2
t1
t2
t1
1
t 2 t1
t .C t 2 t .C t1
1
2 0
0
(1-24)
i x i"
i"i'
(1-30)
1.4.2. Cc th ca mi cht
tnh ton vi nc, thun tin hn c l dng th i-s. th i-s ca
nc c cho trong phn ph lc.
Vi mi cht lnh NH3, R12, R22 . . . , thun tin hn c l dng th lgp-h.
th lgp-h ca mt s mi cht lnh c cho trong phn ph lc.
1.5. cc qu trnh nhit ng c bn Ca kh l tng
1.5.1. Bin i ni nng v entanpi ca kh l tng
Bin i ni nng:
U = U2 - U1 = G.Cv.(t2 - t1)
(1-31)
Bin i entanpi:
I = I2 - I1 = G.Cp.(t2 - t1)
(1-32)
trong :
L = pdv = 0
1
- Cng k thut:
lkt12 = -v(p2 - p1)
- Nhit ca qu trnh:
Q = G.Cv (t2 - t1)
- Bin thin entropi:
s = G.C v . ln
(1-34)
(1-35)
T2
T1
(1-36)
1.5.3. Qu trnh ng p
Qu trnh ng p l qu trnh nhit ng xy ra khi p sut khng i p =
const v s m a bin n = 0, nhit dung ring ca qu trnh Cp. Trong qu trnh
ny ta c cc quan h sau:
- Quan h gia nhit v th tch:
v 2 T2
=
v 1 T1
(1-37)
(1-38)
(1-39)
T2
T1
(1-40)
(1-41)
(1-42)
p1
p2
(1-43)
s = G.R. ln
p1
p2
(1-44)
p1 v 2
=
p 2 v1
T1 v 2
=
T2 v1
k 1
(1-45)
p
= 1
p2
k 1
k
(1-46)
p1 v1 p 2
l12 =
1
k 1 p1
k 1
k
(1-47)
- Cng k thut:
l kt12
kRT1 p 2
1
= kl12 =
k 1 p 1
k 1
k
(1-48)
n 1
(1-50)
p
= 1
p2
n 1
n
(1-51)
p1 v1 p 2
l12 =
1
k 1 p1
n 1
n
(1-52)
- Cng k thut:
10
l kt12
nRT1 p 2
1
= nl12 =
n 1 p 1
n 1
n
(1-53)
- Nhit ca qu trnh:
Q = GCn(t2 - t1)
- Bin thin entropi:
s = G.C n . ln
(1-54)
T2
T1
(1-55)
(1-56)
Bin i ni nng:
(1-57)
Bin i entropi:
(1-58)
l12 = 0
- Cng k thut:
lkt12 = -v(p2 - p1)
- Nhit ca qu trnh:
U = G.u = G(u2 u1)
(1-59)
(1-60)
1.6.3. Qu trnh ng p
- Cng thay i th tch:
l12 = p(v2 - v1)
- Cng k thut:
lkt = 0
- Nhit ca qu trnh:
Q = I = G.(i2 - i1)
(1-61)
(1-62)
(1-63)
(1-64)
11
- Cng k thut:
lkt12 = q (i2 - i1)
(1-65)
(1-66)
(1-67)
g = G
i
=1
(1-68)
v = V
i
=1
(1-69)
r = M
i
=1
(1-70)
= ri i
(1-71)
i =1
1
g
i
i
(1-72)
trong :
ri, gi- thnh phn th tch v thnh phn khi lng ca kh thnh phn,
12
ri i
(1-73)
g R
R=
i =1
(1-74)
Trong :
Ri, - hng s cht kh ca kh thnh phn,
kilomol ca hn hp kh c tnh theo (171) hoc (1-72).
- Nhit dung ring hn hp C;
(1-75)
C = giCi
trong : Ci, C l nhit dung ring ca kh thnh phn v ca hn hp.
C) Xc nhp sut ca kh thnh phn pi
pi = rip
(1-76)
p - p sut ca hn hp kh c xc nh theo nh lut Danton:
n
p = pi
i =1
r
ii
gi =
gi
i
ri =
g
i
i
(1-77)
g C T
g C
i
vi
(1-79a)
vi
trong : Cvi l nhit dung ring khi lng ng tch ca kh thnh phn.
Nu kh thnh phn l cng mt cht, ta c:
(1-79b)
t = giti
b) Hn hp theo dng
Hn hp c to thnh khi ta ni ng dn cc dng kh vo mt ng chung.
y p sut ca hn hp p thng cho trc. Entanpi ca hn hp c xc nh
theo cng thc:
(1-80)
I = Ii
trong : Ii, I l entanpi ca kh thnh phn v ca hn hp.
Nhit ca hn hp kh l tng c xc inh theo cng thc:
13
T=
g C T
g C
i
pi
(1-81a)
pi
(1-81b)
c) Hn hp kh np vo th tch c nh
Nhit ca hn hp kh l tng c xc inh theo cng thc:
n +1
T=
g i C vi Ti + g i C pi Ti
i=2
(1-82a)
g C
i =1
vi
Nu hn hp l cng mt cht, ta c:
t = g1t1 + g2kt2 + g3kt3 + . . .
p sut ca hn hp c xc nh theo phng trnh trng thi:
pV = RT
(1-82b)
f
= const
v
(1-83)
trong :
G lu lng khi lng [kg/s];
- vn tc ca dng [m/s];
f din tch tit din ngang ca dng ti ni kho st [m2];
- khi lng ring ca mi cht [kg/m3];
- Tc m thanh a
a = kpv = kRT
(1-84)
trong :
k s m on nhit;
p - p sut mi cht [N/m2];
v th tch ring [m3/kg];
R Hng s cht kh [J/kg0K];
T nhit tuyt i ca mi cht [0K];
- S Mach M.
14
M=
(1-85)
trong :
- vn tc ca dng, [m/s];
a - tc m thanh trong dng kh, [m/s];
b) Cc cng thc c bn v lu ng
- Quan h gia tc dng kh v p sut
d = -vdp
(1-86)
T khi nim: ng tng tc trong tc tng, p sut gim; ng tng p
trong p sut tng, tc gim.
- Quan h gia tc v hnh dng ng
df
d
= (M 2 1)
,
f
(1-87)
p
k
RT1 1 2
2 = 2
p1
k 1
k 1
k
(1-88)
trong :
k - s m on nhit;
R - Hng s cht kh [J/kg0K];
T1 - nhit tuyt i ca cht kh khi vo ng, [0K];
p1 - p sut cht kh vo ng, [N/m2];
p2 - p sut cht kh ti tit din ra ca ng, [N/m2];
+ Vi kh thc (hI nc . . .) thng dng cng thc:
2 = 2l kt = 2(i 1 i 2 )
(1-89)
p
2 k 1
k = k =
p1 k + 1
(1-90)
15
+ Vi kh l tng:
k = 2
k 1
k
RT1 1 k k ,
k 1
(1-91)
Vi hi nc:
k = 2(i 1 i k ) , m/s;
(1-92)
i1, i2 entanpi ca mI cht trng thI ti hn, J/kg, c p sut ti hn
p k = p 1 . k .
- Lu lng ca dng kh G
Lu lng dng kh G c xc nh theo phng trnh lin tc vit cho tit
din ra f2 ca ng:
G=
f 2 2
, kg/s;
v2
(1-93)
trong :
f2 - tnh theo m2;
2 - vn tc ca dng, [m/s];
v2 tnh bng m3/kg;
- Lu lng cc i
+ Vi ng tng tc nh dn:
G=
f 2 k
, kg/s;
vk
(1-94)
+ Vi ng tng tc hn hp:
G max =
f min k
vk
(1-95)
trong :
f2, fmin din tch ca ra v din tch nh nht ca ng, m2;
2 - vn tc ca dng, [m/s];
vk th tch ring trng thi ti hn c p sut pk, m3/kg;
1.8.2. Qu trnh tit lu ca kh v hi
a) Tnh cht ca qu trnh tit lu
- p sut gim: p2 < p1,
- Entanpi trc v sau tit lu khngi: i2 = i1,
- Nhit kh l tng khng i: T2 = T1,
- Nhit kh l tng khng i: T2 = T1,
- Nhit kh thc gim (T1 < Tcb nhit chuyn bin)
b) ng dng
Qu trnh tit lu c ng dng trong my lnh nh van tit lu nhit(gim
p sut v c iu chnh nng sut lnh), ng mao dn (ch gim p sut) v trong
tuc bin iu chnh cng sut ca tuc bin.
16
1.9 Qu trnh nn kh
My nn cng nh bm, qut l my tiu tn cng, nn c gng cng
hoc cng sut ca my nn cng nh cng tt.
C hai loi my nn kh: my nn piston v my nn li tm. Nguyn l lm
vic cu to ca hai loi my nn khc nhau nhng chng ging nhau trong vic
phn tch tnh cht nhit ng.
1.9.1. My nn piston mt cp l tng v thc
My nn piston gi l l tng khi ngha l khi piston chuyn ng n st
np xilanh, my nn piston thc khi piston ch chuyn ng n gn np xilanh,
ngha l cn mt khong h gi l th tch tha (hay th tch cht).
Cng tiu th ca my nn mt cp l tng hoc thc khi qu trnh nn l
a bin, vi s m a bin n c tnh theo cng thc:
L mn =
n
GRT1 k 1 1, [J ]
n 1
(1-96)
trong :
G khi lng kh, kg;
R - Hng s cht kh [J/kg0K];
T1 - nhit kh khi vo my nn, [0K];
Nhit lng to ra trong my nn khi nn a bin:
k
Q n = GC n T1 k 1 1, [J ]
(1-97)
pc
pd
(1-98)
trong :
pc - p sut cui cng;
p - p sut u ca kh.
Cng ca my nn nhiu cp bng m ln cng ca my nn mt cp L1:
L mn = mL1 = m
.n
n 1
RT1 () n 1
n 1
(1-99)
1.10 khng kh m
17
18
h =
Gh
, kg/m3;
V
(1-102)
b* m tng i :
m tng i l t s gia m tuyt i ca khng kh cha bo
ha h v ca khng kh m bo ha hmax cng nhit .
= h / h max
(1-103)
trong :
ph- phn p sut ca hi nc trong khng kh m cha bo ha;
pmax- phn p sut ca hi nc trong khng kh m bo ha;
Gi tr pmax tm c t bng nc v hi nc bo ha (theo nhit ) vi nhit
th = t.
c* cha hi d:
cha hi d l lng hi cha trong 1kg khng kh kh hoc trong (1+d)
kg khng kh m. cha hi cn gi l dung m:
d=
Gh
ph
= 0,622
; [kgh / kgkho ] ;
Gk
p ph
(1-104)
p h max
; [kgh / kgkho ] ;
p p h max
(1-105)
d* Entanpi ca khng kh m
Entanpi ca khng kh m bng tng entanpi ca 1kg khng kh kh v ca
dkg hi nc:
I = t + d(2500 = 1,93t); (kJ/kgK).
t nhit ca khng kh m, 0C.
e) Nhit bo ho on nhit :
Khi khng kh tip xc vi nc, nu s bay hi cu nc vo khng kh ch
do nhit lng ca khng kh truyn cho, th nhit ca khng kh bo ho gi l
nhit bo ho on nhit (nhit ly gn ng bng nhit nhit k t
= t).
f) Nhit ng sng ts
Nhit ng sng ts hay l im sng l nhit ti khng kh cha
bo ha tr thnh khng kh m bo ha trong iu kin phn p sut ca hi nc
khng i ph = const. T bng nc v hi nc bo ha, khi bit ph ta tm c
nhit ts.
g) nhit nhit k t t
Nhit nhit k t t l nhit o c bng nhit k t (nhit k c
bc vi t bn ngoi).
Khi = 100% ta c ts = t .
Khi < 100% ta c ts < t .
1.10.4. th i-d ca khng kh m
19
1.10.5. Qu trnh sy
Qu trnh sy l qu trnh lm kh vt mun sy. Mi cht dng sy
thng l khng kh. C th chia qu trnh sy lm hai giai on:
- giai on t nng khng kh 1-2 (hnh 1.3), y d = const, m tng
i gim, nhit khng kh tng.
- giai on sy 2-3, y I = const.
20
1 + d1
kg/kg hi
d 3 d1
(1-107)
I 2 I1
kJ/kg hi
d 3 d1
(1-108)
28
760 5
p0 =
10 , N/m2;
750
8314.273
= 0,8m3/kg
v0 =
760 5
28.
10
750
1
1
0 =
=
= 1,25 kg/m3.
v 0 0,8
21
28
760 5
p = p0 + pd =
10 + 0, 2.0,98.10 5 = 1,21.105 N/m2;
750
8314.400
= 0,98m3/kg
v =
5
28.1, 21.10
1
1
=
= 1,02 kg/m3.
=
v
0,98
R=
22
p1 . V1
p .V
; G2 = 2 2
RT1
RT2
8314 8314
=
= 287 kJ/kg 0K
trong : V1 = V2 =V = 0,5 m3; R =
29
T1 = T2 =T =20 + 273 = 293 0K
p 2 .V
p1 .V
V
G=
=
(p1 p 2 )
RT
RT
RT
G1 =
768 5
)10 = 3,024.105 N/m2;
750
768 420 5
=
10 = 0,464.105 N/m2;
750
p = p d1 + p 0 = ( 2 +
p = p 0 + p ck 2
G=
0,5
(3,024 0, 464).10 5 = 1,52 kg.
287.293
23
Li gii:
Ta c th gii bi ny theo cng thc tng qut tnh nhit dung ring trung
bnh (1-24):
C
t2
t1
t2
t1
1
t 2 .C t 1 .C
0
0
t 2 t 1
(a)
t2
0
t1
Vy ta c:
1
[1,09484.800 1,04171.200] = 1,11255, kJ/kg.0K
800 200
Ta cng c th tnh ngn gn hn nh sau:
Cp
t2
t1
t2
= a + b.t2;
t1
C = a + b.t2;
0
Cp
t2
t1
= a + b(t2 + t1)
(b)
t2
t1
Cng t bng 2 ph lc, ta c nhit dung ring trung bnh th tch ng tch ca
kh N2 :
C' v
t
0
t2
t1
24
Cv = 5 kcal/kmol.0K v H2 c = 2 kg. Vy ta c:
Cn =
5 1,5 1, 4
= 0,5 kcal/kg.0K = 0,5.4,18 = 2,09 kJ/kg.0K.
2 1,5 1
25
26
Li gii:
Khng kh l hn hp ca nhiu kh nhng ch yu l N2 v O2 nn c th
khng kh l kh hai nguyn t v khi tnh ton c = 29kg. V y l qu trnh
ng p nn nhit lng tnh theo nhit dung ring (1-25):
Q = G.Cp(t2 - t1)
y nhit dung ring Cp tnh theo (1-21) v bng 1.1 khi coi khng kh l kh l
tng:
C p 29.3
Cp =
=
= 1,01 kJ/kg 0K = 1 kJ/kg 0K,
29
27
T2
T1
= 0, 29.0,72. ln
398 + 273
= 0,177kJ/ 0K.
15 + 273
28
29
Li gii:
Bin i entropi ca qu trnh ng p tnh theo (1-40) vi nhit dung ring theo
bng 1.1:
T
T
s = G .C p . ln 2 = GC p . ln 1
T1
T2
29,3
527 + 273
. ln
= -9,095 kJ/kg 0K.
= 10.
32
27 + 273
Lng nhit to ra trong qu trnh ng p:
29,3
.(27 - 527) = 4578 kJ.
Q = G.Cp(t2 - t1) = 10.
32
Bi tp 1.18 Xc nh cng k thut qu trnh ng nhit ca 2,9 kg khng kh
nhit 127 0C, p sut t 1 bar n 2,7 bar.
Li gii:
Trong qu trnh ng nhit, cng k thut bng cng dn n, theo (1-42):
p
lkt = l12 = RT ln 1
p2
8314
1
(127 + 273). ln
= 332,6.10 3 J
= 2,9.
29
2,7
8314 8314
( y hng s cht kh ca khng kh R =
=
J/kg 0K).
28
Bi tp 1.19 Khi nn ng nhit 4 kg cht kh (coi l kh l tng) c hng s cht
kh R = 189 J/kg 0K t p sut 2at n 5,4 at, cn thi lng nhit 378 kJ. Xc
nh nhit ca qu trnh, th tch u v cui ca cht kh .
Li gii:
Trong qu trnh ng nhit ca kh l tng, nhit bng cng v c xc
nh theo cng thc:
Q = G.R.T. ln
p1
p2
T nhit ca qu trnh:
378.10 3
= 500 0K
p
2
G. R . ln 1 4.189. ln
5, 4
p2
0
500 - 273 = 227 C,
Th tch u ca cht kh c xc nh t phng trnh trng thi:
p1V1 = GR.T1
T=
30
GRT1 4.189.500
= 1,93 m3,
5
p1 2.0,98.10
Th tch cui ca cht kh c xc nh t phng trnh trng thi hoc theo quan
h (1-41):
p 2 v 1 V1
=
=
p 1 v 2 V2
p
2
= 0,72 m3.
V2 = V1 1 = 1,93.
p2
5, 4
v1 =
31
C v
20,9
= 0,65 kJ/kg 0K
32
1, 2 1, 4
C n = 0,65
= 0,65 kJ/kg 0K
1, 2 1
Bin i entropi qu trnh a bin c tnh theo (1-55):
T
S = G .C n . ln 2
T1
537 + 273
S = 2.(0,65). ln
= 1,3 kJ/0K
27 + 273
Lng nhit ca qu trnh a bin c tnh theo (1-54):
Q = G.Cn.(t2 - t1) = 2.(- 0,65).(537-27) = - 663 kJ,
Bin i ni nng ca qu trnh c tnh theo (1-31):
U = G.Cv (t2 - t1) =2.0,65.(537 - 27) = 663kJ,
Cng thay i th tch c th tnh theo phng trnh nh lut nhit ng I:
Q = U + L12
L12 = Q - U = (- 663) - 663 = - 1326 kJ
Cng k thut ca qu trnh c tnh theo (1-53):
Lkt12 = n.L12 = 1,2. (- 1326) = - 1591 kJ.
Cv =
T2 p 2 n
=
T1 p1
T
ln 2 ln 1727 + 273
T1
n 1
=
= 73 + 273
1000
p
n
ln
ln 2
0,001
p1
n - 1 = 0,166n
1
= 1, 2
n=
1 0,166
32
S = G .C n . ln
Cn = Cv
T2
T1
nk 5
1,2 1,4
= .4,18.
= 0,65 kJ/kg 0K
32
1
,
2
1
n 1
C v
5
.4,18
32
T
537 + 273
S = G .C n . ln 2 = 2.(0,65). ln
= 1,3 kJ/0K
27 + 273
T1
GRT1 p 2
1
L12 = Gl12 =
n 1 p 1
n 1
n
1, 5 1
32.(1,5 1)
1
33
ss s2 '
s 2 "s 2 '
6,991 1,53
= 0,977 ,
7,127 1,53
34
Tr li
15,64 bar;
35
1.12. bI tp v hn hp kh v lu ng
Bi tp 1.40 Hn hp kh gm O2 v H2 c thnh phn th tch rO2 = 30%, rH2 =
70%. Xc nh hng s cht kh ca hn hp, thnh phn khi lng v phn p
sut ca kh thnh phn nu bit p sut ca hn hp l p = 1 bar.
Li gii
Hng s cht kh ca hn hp c xc nh theo (1-73) khi bit thnh phn
th tch:
R=
8314
= ri i = rO2. O2 + rH2. H2
i =1
8314
= 755,6 , J/kg.0K
11
i ri
i ri
O 2 rO 2
0,3.32
=
= 0,873 = 87,3%
O 2 rO 2 + H 2 rH 2 0,3.32 + 0,7.2
36
g R
R=
i =1
R = R = 0,6.
RT0 253,7.273
=
= 0,684 m3/kg.
760 5
p0
.10
750
g1 =
G1
100
=
= 0,714
G 1 + G 2 100 + 40
g2 = 1 g1 = 1 0,714 = 0,286
Nhit ca hn hp:
T = 0,714. 150 + 0,286. 200 = 164,3 0C.
Bi tp 1.43 Dng kh O2 c lu lng 20 kg/s, nhit 47 0C hp vi dng kh
N2 c lu lng 5 kg/s, nhit 147 0C. Xc nh nhit ca hn hp.
Li gii
y l hn hp theo dng, theo (1-81) nhit ca hn hp:
T=
g O 2 Cp O 2 TO 2 + g N 2 Cp N 2 TN 2
g O 2 C pO 2 + g O 2 C pO 2
y:
g O2 =
20
= 0,8 ;
20 + 5
37
7
kcal/kg.0K;
32
C pO 2 =
T=
0,8
C pN 2 =
7
kcal/kg.0K
28
7
7
.320 + 0,2. .420
32
28
= 342 0K = 690C.
7
7
0,8. + 0,2
32
28
g O 2 C vO 2 TO 2 + g N 2 C vN 2 TN 2
g O 2 C vO 2 + g O 2 C vO 2
y:
g O2 =
0,64
= 0,64 ; gN2 = 1 gO2 = 1 0,64 = 0,36
0,64 + 0,36
T=
5
kcal/kg.0K;
32
0,64
5
kcal/kg.0K
28
5
5
.400 + 0,36. .300
32
28
= 373 0K = 1000C.
5
5
0,64. + 0,36
32
28
Li gii
t = giti = g1.t1 + g2.t2
vi
g1 =
G1
10
=
= 0,25
G 1 + G 2 10 + 30
g2 = 1 g1 = 1 0,25 = 0,75
t1 = 127 0C ; t2 = 27 0C,
Nhit ca hn hp
t = 0,25. 127 + 0,75. 27 = 52 0C.
38
g 1 C v1T1 + g 2 C v 2 T2
g 1C v1 + g 2 C v 2
Cp
Cv
=k
Vy ta c:
T = g1.T1 + kg2.T2
Khi lng khng kh c sn trong bnh G1 c xc nh theo:
G1 =
p1 V 1.10 5.10
=
= 11,6 kg
RT1 287.300
G1
11,6
=
= 054
G 1 + G 2 11,6 + 10
g2 = 1 g1 = 1 0,54 = 0,46
Nhit hn hp:
T = 0,54. 300 + 1,4.0,46.400 = 419,6 0K (= 146,6 0C)
p sut ca hn hp c xc nh t phng trnh trng thi vit cho hn hp:
pv = GRT
G = G1 + G2 = 11,6 + 10 = 21,6kg
p=
GRT 21,6.287.419,6
=
= 2,6.10 5 N/m2 = 2,6 bar.
V
10
p2
vi t s p sut ti hn ca kh O2 l
p1
kh 2 nguyn t :
=
p 2 36
=
= 0,6 > k = 0,528
p 1 60
39
2 = 2
k 1
k
RT1 1 k k
k 1
1, 4 1
2.1,4 8314
=
.
(100 + 273) 1 0,6 1, 4 = 304 m/s
1,4 1 32
f 2 2
v2
p 2 v1
= =
p1 v 2
v 2 = v1
1
k
RT1
8314.373
=
= 0,01648 m3/kg,
5
p1
32.60.0,98.10
v 2 = 0,01648.0,6
1
1, 4
= 0,0236 m3/kg,
Vy lu lng O2 bng:
G=
20.10 6.304
= 0,258 kg/s.
0,0236
i2 = i1 -
2
200 2
= 40.10 3
= 20.10 3 = 20 kJ/kg
2
2
40
1, 4
2 k 1 2 1, 4 1
= 0,528.
k =
=
k + 1
1,4 + 1
t = 80 0C.
t = 309 0C.
t = 49 0C.
41
Tr li
2 = 310 m/s;
G = 0,257 kg/s;
b) 2 = k = 510 m/s;
a) 2 = 310 m/s;
2 = 600 m/s;
d2 = 63 mm;
b) k = 600 m/s;
a) 2 = 837 m/s;
n
GRT1 ( n 1 1)
n 1
n
n
n 1
N=
p 1 V1 ( 1)
n 1
N=
p2 8
= =8
p1 1
42
N mn
1,2
100
=
.0,98.10 5.
(8
1,2 1
3600
1, 2 1
1, 2
1) = 6,78.10 3 W
Q n = G.C n T1 ( n 1 1)
p1 V1
1.0,98.10 5.100
=
= 0,0316 kg/s
RT1 287.(27 + 273).3600
Cn = -0,72 kJ/kg.0K,
y C v =
C v
0, 2
1, 2
1) = 2,82.10 3 W = 2,82kW .
ph
p h max
vy ph = .phmax
T bng nc v hi nc bo ho vi th = t =25 0C, tra c p sut pmax =
0,03166 bar. Vy phn p sut ca hi nc:
Ph = 0,6.0,03166 = 0,018996 bar = 0,19 b
T bng nc v hi nc bo ho vi ph = 0,019 bar tra c nhit ng
sng ts = 17 0C.
cha hi d theo (1-104):
d = 622
ph
0,019
= 622
= 12 g/kg kh = 0,012kg/kg kh
1 0,019
p ph
43
Li gii
Theo (1-103) ta c:
=
ph
p h max
0,0123
= 0,53
0,0234
Theo (1-104) ta c:
d = 622
ph
0,0123
= 622
= 0,00775 kJ/kg kh
p ph
1 0,0123
Gh =
G 11,84
=
= 1,184 kg/m3 1,2 kg/ m3
V
10
ph
;
p ph
ph
p bh
0,042
= 27,3 g/kg
1 0,042
44
ph
30
d = 622
= 25,9 g/kg
p0 ph
750 30
I 2 I1
23 8,3
=
= 817 kcal/kg
d 3 d 1 0,024 0,006
1 + d1
1 + 0,006
=
= 55,9 kg/kg.
d 3 d 1 0,024 + 0,006
ph
0,019
= 622
= 12 g/kg kh = 0,012kg/kg kh
p ph
1 0,019
45
Chng 2. chu
l 0 q1 q 2
=
q1
q1
(2-4)
q2
q2
=
l0
q1 q 2
(2-5)
q
l0
= +1
(2-6)
T1 T2
T1
(2-7)
72
c =
T2
T1 T2
(2-8)
(2-9)
k 1
Trong :
- t s nn:
v1
v2
k s m on nhit
=
v3
v' 2
73
T1
1
= 1 k 1
T2
k
(2-12)
trong :
=
p2
- T s tng p trong qu trnh nn:
p1
(T4 T1 )
(T
T2
=1
k 1
k
(2-13)
(2-14)
trong :
74
l i1 i 2
=
q 1 i1 i 3
(2-15)
T1
T2 T1
(2-16)
(2-17)
y:
q2 nhit mi cht lnh nhn t ngun lnh,
l0 Cng ca my nn,
i1 entanpi vo my nn,
i2 - entanpi ra khi my nn,
i4 entanpi vo bnh bc hi (hoc ra khi b phn tit lu).
H s bm nhit:
= +1.
75
Bi tp 2.1 Xc nh hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh Carno thun chiu khi bit
nhit ngun nng t1 = 927 0C, nhit ngun lnh t2 = 270C. Xcnh h s
lm lnh ca chu trnh Carno ngc chiu khi bit nhit ngun nng t1 = 37
0
C, nhit ngun lnh t2 = -30C.
Li gii
Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh Carno theo (2-7):
tc =
T2
3 + 273
= 6,75
=
T1 T2 (37 + 273) (3 + 273)
k 1
=1
1
1, 5 1
= 0,553 = 55,3%
k 1
1
ct = 1 1, 4 k 1 = 0,4 = 40%
3,6
T2 v 1
= = k 1 = 3,61,4 1 = 3,60,4
T1 v 2
T2 = T1.3,60,4 = (20+273).3,60,4 = 489 0K = 216 0C,
T qu trnh cp nhit ng tch 2-3 ta c:
76
T3 p 3
=
=
T2 p 2
T3 = T2 = 489.3,33 = 1628 0K = 1628 273 = 1355 0C
0
p3
; p3 = pmax = 45 bar
p2
45
= 1700 K0
22,6
Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh tua bin kh cp nhit ng p c xc nh theo (212) vi
k 1 1,4 1
= 0,286 : ):
k
1,4
1
t = 1 k 1
t = 1 -
0 , 286
=1
1
7
0 , 286
= 0,43 = 43%
77
k 1
k
k 1
k
k 1
k
Vy ta c:
q1 = 1.(680 523) =157 kJ/kg,
l0 = 0,43.157 = 67,5 kJ/kg
Bi tp 2.6 Chu trnh Rankin thit b ng lc hi nc c nhit v p sut
vo tuabin t1 = 500 0C, p1 = 100 bar, p sut bnh ngng p2 = 0,05 bar.. Xc nh
hiu sut nhit v cng ca chu trnh.
Li gii
l 0 i1 i 2
=
q1 i1 i 3
78
3372 2011
= 0,42 = 42% ,
3372 138
t =
l 0 i 1 i 2 5600 4200
=
= 0,304 = 30,4% .
=
q 1 i 1 i 3 5600 1000
T1
13 + 273
= 4,33
=
T2 T1 (47 + 273) (13 + 273)
H s bm nhit:
= + 1 = 4,33 + 1 = 5,33.
79
i 1 i 4 1720 520
= 5,12
=
i 2 i 1 1950 1720
N
50
=
= 0,22kg / s
i 2 i 1 1950 1720
i 1 i 4 700 500
= 3,75
=
i 2 i 1 740 700
H s bm nhit:
= + 1 = 3,75 + 1 = 4,75.
Bi tp 2.12 My lnh to nhit 1250 kJ cho ngun nng, tiu tn 250 kJ. Xc
nh h s lm lnh.
Li gii
Theo (2-6) h s bm nhit vi Q1 = 1250kJ; L0 = 250kJ:
=
Q1
L0
1250
=5
250
Vy h s lm lnh: = + 1; = - 1 = 5 1 =4.
Bi tp 2.13 My lnh (hoc bm nhit) nhn nhit 800 kJ t ngun lnh, thi
1000 kJ cho ngun nng. Xc nh h s lm lnh (hoc h s bm nhit ).
80
Li gii
Theo (2-5) h s lm lnh v theo (2-2) cng ca chu trnh:
=
Q2
800
=4
200
Vy h s bm nhit:
Hoc:
L0
= + 1 = 4 +1 = 5
Q1
L0
1000
= 5.
200
81