3-1

Michael Faraday (),

.
()
.
( ),
( )
( ).

.

.

.
, .


,
.
Gauss,
,
,
() , , , .

3-2
. 3.1

q .
q
,
q .

q (), , .

E=

F
q

.
Q
Q r q
Coulomb F = K c

Qq
r2

E = Kc
. 3.2
Q
.

Q
r2

() .
,
.

82

3-3

,
(. 3.3).

.

EA .
E .
, (.3.4),


.

. 3.3
,
.

. 3.4


.

3.4 A = A .

,
.
A = A EA = EA

E = EA

, , (.
3.4).
, ,
.

E ,
,
,

E = EA

(3.1)

.
SI m2/C.

83


,
,
,
A,

.
E = E A


. 3.5

.

E = Ei Ai i
E i , i E Ai .

.
(. 3.6) .
,
.
,
, , .
, .
1 ,
1 90,
. 3.6 1
. . ,
2

>90
,

2
2<0.
.

,
, . 3.6
,
.

3-4

O GAUSS ()

.
q.
r, 3.7,
.
.

. 3.7 q
r.

E = Kc

q
1 q
=
2

4 o r2
r

(3.2)

.
,
.

84

 q

.

E = Ei Ai i = EA = E A
(3.3)

4r 2 . (3.3) (3.2)
E =

q
q
4r 2 =
2
4 o r
o

()
r . ,
. 3.8 H
.
. .
, q, (. 3.8)
. ,
q ,

E =

, .

Q/ Q
.
Gauss .

, . 3.9 q
.
.

(3.4)

Gauss Gauss.
Gauss
. Q (3.4)
Gauss,

.

.

.

Gauss
.
Coulomb. Gauss Coulomb
,
.
.3.1

Karl Friedrich Gauss.

Gauss (1777-1855). ,

.
.

85

 Gauss
, Gauss

.
( Gauss)
.
3-1

(.3.10) Q,
.
.
:

,

.
. 3.10
Gauss , .

.

Gauss r
, r .
.
, .
, , (. 3.11)

= E A 0 = E A
Gauss.

= E A = E A = E 4r 2
(3.5)

. 3.11 H Gauss


.

Gauss

(3.6)

(3.5) (3.6)

E 4r 2 =

E=

Q
4 o r 2

Q,
r. , ,
.

86

Gauss
r < . , ,
,

E = E A = E A = E 4r 2
(3.7)

Gauss

Q = 0 = 0

(3.8)

(3.7) (3.8) =0
.

. 3.12
Gauss

.
,
.
.

.

.1
.

.

. 3.13


.

( ).

.

3.2
( ) .
( ),
.
:
,
.
.
, Gauss
, L r.
H
.
1

87

. 3.14

Gauss .

,
. ,
.
:

E = + =

= = = 2 r L

E = 2r L

(3.9)

L . Gauss

E =

L
0

(3.9)

2r L =

2 r

3.3
, .
( ).
.
:
, ,

.
Gauss
, , .

88

. 3.15 Gauss .
.

.
.
.

= + = = 2 EA

(3.10)

. Gauss

(3.11)

E=

(3.12)

(3.11) (3.10)

2 EA =

.

.

89

3-5

(.3.16).
.
q,
F=Eq. q
, , ,
q . H
, , .

q,
, , (
. 3.16 ).
- , W/q,
.
,
F .
.

, . :
o

q, q
, .

VA =

WA
q

(3.13)

To . SI
1 Volt (V), 1 J/C.

.
, VA-VB


q q.

VA VB =

WAB
q

(3.14)

q
,

WAB = (VA VB ) q

( e = 1,6 10 19 C )
1V,
W = 1V 1,6 10 19 C = 1,6 10 19 J .
1 eV.

1 eV = 1,6 10 19 J

90

 ,
, .
,
.


.

(VA-VB) ,
.
(0=0)

. ,
.

Q, r,

V = Kc

Q
r

(3.15)

1.

2.

(3.15) .
, .

. 3.17 Q .

Q1, Q2, Q3 , (VA),
Q
. V A = K c .
r


Q1 , Q2 ,

VA = V1 + V2 + V3 +

,
, ,
- -
.

91

 3.4
,
Q 2Q, .
:
)
.
)
, .
)

.

. 3.18

:
)

Q , V1 A = K c
, -2Q V2A = K c

2Q

V A = V1A + V2A = K c
)

V1M = K c

Q
Q
= 2K c ,
/2

V2M = K c

VM = V1M + V2M = 2 K c
)

(3.16)

VA VM =

2Q
Q
= 4 K c
/2

(3.17)

WA M
WA M = (V A VM )( e)
e

(3.16) (3.17)

W A M = K c

Qe

3.5
, =400 m/s,
. .
: e = 1,6 10-19C, mP = 1,6 10-27 kg,
: 6, Coulomb c = 9 109 m2 /C2 .
.
:
Q=6e.
, ,
.
- ,
.

W A = K A K

W A = 0

1
m p 2
2
92

(3.18)

W A = WA = VA e

(3.19)

VA .
r

VA = K c

Q
6e
= Kc
r
r

(3.20)

(3.19) (3.20) (3.18)

Kc

3-6

6e 2
1
= m p 2
r
2

r=

12 K c e 2
m p 2

r = 10,8 10-6 m

, q1,
q2 q3 (. 3.19). , ,
, , 3.19.

.3.19
.
. - .

. 3.20. q1 (a), q2 (b)

q3 ( c).

q1
. , q2 . q2,
q1.
.

W B = WB = VB q 2 = K c

q1 q 2

(3.21)

q3.

q1 q2 .
W = W = V q3
(3.22)
q1 q2

V = K c

q1

93

+ Kc

q2

 (3.22)

W = K c

q1 q3

+ Kc

q 2 q3

(3.23)

,
, (3.21) (3.23)

W = Kc

q1 q 2

+ Kc

q1 q3

+ Kc

q 2 q3

(3.24)

U = Kc

q1 q 2

+ Kc

q1q 3

+ Kc

q 2 q3

(3.25)

.
.
q1 q2
r
. 3.21

r
.

U = Kc

q1 q 2
r

(3.26)

(3.26)
.
.
r
. ,
r .
.

3.6
m1 = 22 10 5 kg q1 = 11 10 7 C
0 = 30 m / s m2 = 2m1 q 2 = 2q1
d = 2 m . ,
L . K c = 9 10 9 4 m 2 / C 2 .
:
.
m1 m2 .
m1 m2
.
m1
m2 (
). T

. 3.22
1 = 2 = .
.
m1

K + U = K + U

94

q1 q 2 1
qq
1
= m112 + m2 22 + K c 1 2
d
2
2
L
2
2
2q
2q1 3
= m1 2 + K c 1
d
2
L

1
m1 02 + K c
2
1
m1 02 + K c
2

(3.27)

, .

P = P
m1 .
m1 0 = m11 + m2 2
m1 0 = 3m1

0
3

(3.27) L

L=

6dK c q12
= 0,28 m
dm1 02 + 6 K c q12

:

. , ,

.

3-7

. , , .


.
.
3.23.
q, F=q

. ,
x. F

W = F x = Eq x
(3.28)
W = (V A VB )q
, (3.28)

Eq x = (VA VB )q

E=

V A VB
x

E=

V
x

(3.29),

V .

95

. 3.23
q .
.


(. 3.24).
q,

W = F () = F ()

= F ( ) = Eqx

W = (V A VB )q
(3.29)
. 3.24



.

(3.29)


x, .

3-8

,
, .

F=Eq =

Eq
m

(. 3.25)
.
F = Ee (E : e : )

,
. 3.25 a = F / m
e
.

a = F / me = Ee / me

= at
x=

1 2
at
2

:
1. ;
d d =
t1 =

2d
.
a

96

1 2
t1
2

2. ;
= t

1 = 2ad .

.

V = 1 kV d = 5 mm
=2 105 4/C,
F=3,2 10-14 4 (e=1,6 10-19 C),
=3,5 1016 m/s2 (me=9,1 10-31 kg),
t1 = 5,3 10-10 s 1 =1,9 107 m/s.
(
)
,
.

3.26
+q -q, L,
d V.
0
.
F.

. 3.26 To
.

.

.

.
.

V,
E =

V
(
d

).
x
, 0 .
y
, F = Ee

E=

Ve
V
, F=
.
d
d

ay =

F Ee Ve
=
=
me me dme

97

(3.30)

. 3.2

, x :

x = 0
x = 0t

(3.32)

y = a yt

(3.33)

(3.31)

y :

y=

1
a yt 2
2

(3.34)

:
1.
, x
L. (3.32) x L
t :

t1 =

(3.35)

2.
(3.34) t
y
, .

1 Ve L

y1 =
2 dme 0

1
y1 = a y t12
2

(3.36)

3.
. 3.27
y1


1y.

,
x 1x = 0 y 1 y = a y t1

1 y =

(3.30) (3.35)

Ve L
dme 0

H
2

1 = +
2
1x

2
1y

1 y
1x

VeL

1 = +
dme 0
VeL
=
(3.37)
dme 02
2
0

4.

x y.
(3.32) t (3.34)
(3.30). y = f ( x )

98

1 Ve x 2
Ve
y=
x2
2
2
2 dme 0
2dme 0
2
y = ax ,
y=

1
ayt 2
2

y=

.

.
F.
we = 8,9 10-30 N

V=1 kV
d=5mm F=3,2 10-14 , 36 1014
. To ,
,
-, , -
.

3.7
V0.
( )
. V
d. To L.
.
D .
.
. e
me .

. 3.28

99

 :
V0
- .

1
me 02 = eV0
2

0 =

2eV0
me

(3.38)

,
.

y1. H (3.36)

1 Ve L

y1 =
2 dme 0

(3.39)

VeL
dme 02

(3.40)

1. (. 3.29)
D y 2 .

y2
D

y 2 = D

. 3.29

(3.40)

y2 =

DVeL
dme 02

(3.41)

y1+y2 .
(3.38), (3,39) (3.41) :

y1 + y 2 =

VL
L
D +
2V0 d
2

100


, (. 3.30), ""
. H
.

, .
.
.

.
,
, .
, ,
.
.

. 3.30

3.30
.
().

.


. 3.3 .
().
.
.

.
kV. ,
107 m/s.
,

.

( 10-7 atm).
.

101


( ).

.

. (3.39), (3.41)
.

.


.


.
.
, ,
.

. 3.4 .

. 3.31 .

.


.

().
:
)
.
.
)
.
)

.
)

.

, y=V t
( ) (. 3.31)
-
y.
(50 )
.
.

. 3.32 .

x

( . 3.32)
,

102

 .
.

x .
.

V
.
(. 3.33).
V.

y=Vt ( )
(. 3.31).
(. 3.33).
V (
).
2V.
. 3.33 () V
, d

V.
()
,

.

x ( ),
y ()
.
(. 3.5) y.

,
.
,


.

103

. 3.5

.

3-9

.
, ,
. 3.34 .
.
. 3.34
. +Q Q.

(),
. +Q -Q.

, , V,
.
,
.
,
.
.
C
(Q) (V).

C=

Q
V

Farad,
F. 1F=1 C/V.
.3.6

. 3.35

Michael Faraday,
, . 1Farad
.
, (1F=10-6F),
, (1nF=10-9F) , (1pF=10-12F).

, .
. 3.6
.
.
.
,
, , d
.

d
.

C = o

104

A
d


( , ,
)
( ) .

.
.

.
,
.

. 3.7

.


.

3.8
=4cm2 d=2mm.
:
)
.
)
V=12V.
=8,85 10-12 C2 / (N m2)
:
:

C = o

A
,
d

, , :

C = (8,85 10 12

C2
4 10 -4 m 2
)
= 17,7 10 13 F = 1,77 pF
4 m 2 2 10 3 m

To , , :

Q = CV = 1,77 pF 12V = 21,24 pC = 21,24 10 12 C

3.9
10F V=100V.
, ,
. :
)

)
.
:

CO = O

105

A
d

(3.42)

C = O

A
2d

(3.43)

(3.43) (3.42) :

C=

CO
= 5F
2

To .

. ,
, .
V

C=

Q
V

(3.44)

, :

CO =

Q
V

(3.45)

(3.45) (3.44) :

CO V
CO
=
V =
V
C
V
C

V = 200 V

3-10

U,
.
U .

U=

1
CV 2
2

(3.46)

.

. .

.

106



, :
+dq
.
, . qo, Vo
.

dq
. +dq
, dq
+dq. A . ,
dq (), dF=Edq .
dF dF .
,
dq. dF
. 3.36
dF .

dq
V, .
dq,

dW = V dq .

C=

q
V

V=

1
q
C

( )

V = f q
qo,
(. 3.37).
- dq
- V. dq
dq. To
q,

W=

1
qoVo
2

W=

1
CVo2
2

1
U = CVo2
2

107

. 3.37

V=q/C

.

 3.10
C1=4F, , V=20V, Q.

C2=12F 3.39 :
)
V
.
)
.
)

. ;
;

. 3.38

:
C1,

Q = C1 V = 80C

,
Q C2 . C1 C2 Q1
Q2, ( ) V.
)

Q = Q1 + Q2

(3.47)

Q1 = C1 V

Q2 = C2 V

(3.48)

(3.48) (3.47) :

Q = C1V + C 2V
)

Q = (C1 + C 2 )V

V =

Q
= 5V
C1 + C 2

. 3.39

V (3.48)
:
Q1 = 20C Q2 = 60C
""
.

U = U U =

1
1
1
C1V 2 + C 2V 2 C1V 2 = 6 10 4 J
2
2
2

.

.

108

3-11
, ,
..,
.
.
, ,
. (.
3.40)
.

. )

( ,
). )

,
.
.
. )
.

. 3.40 .


.

.


. Vo.
-, , -
V .
Vo.

. 3.41


.

, .
C
C0 , o

K=

C
Co

(3.49)

.
H ,
.

109

C = K CO

C = K O

A
d

.
C = Q / V

K ,
( K ).
E = V / d .
K
K .
.
,
. .

(. 3.42).
. 3.42
()

.


.
()

. ()
,
,
,
.

(.
3.43).

. 3.43 ()

.
()


.
,
.

110




, (. 3.44).
.

. 3.44

.


.

K
1
1,00059
5,6
3,4
3,7
2,5

(V/m)

3 106
14 106
14 106
16 106
15 106

.3.8
Manhattan.




.

, ,
.
1020 .

111

 3.11
C, Vo.

.
.
:

Qo = C oVo

(3.50)
. 3.45

, ,
,
C = KC o
(3.51)
V

V=

Qo
C

(3.50) (3.51) V =

C oVo Vo
=
KC o
K

3.12
C=5F, V=10V.
,
, =5, .
, .
:
, , :

Q = C V = 50C

C:

C = K C = 25F

,
, V .
, , :

. 3.46

Q = C V = 250 C
:

Q Q = 200 C

112

3-12
( ),
m1 m2 r ,

m1m2
r2
G , G = 6,673 10 11 4 m 2 / kg 2 .
F =G

, Coulomb,
1.

m1 m2 . r

.

. 3.47
r


.

, ,
.
. .
, .

.

.

.3.9 .


.


.

113


.
(g)
(F) (m)
,
g=

F
m

(3.52)

H .
1N/kg
1m/s2,
.
. 3.48

m
. H
.

F
m

(3.52) g = ,

:
,

.
To , ,
.
. :
(V) , ,
,
m ,
.

VA =

WA
m

1J/kg

, m
, .

V A VB =

W A B
m

114



.

r , m.
H m

Mm
r2

F =G

(3.53)

g=

F
m

(3.54)

(3.53) (3.54)

g =G

M
r2

. 3.49

.

(3.55)

, r ,

V A = G

M
r

(3.56)

m1,
m2, r,

U = G

m1m2
r

(3.57)

(. 3.50)
3-5.
:

U = G

m1 m2

m1m3

.3.10 -

m 2 m3

1.
.

3.50
R, .
.

(r R).
.
2. (3.57)
r
.

115

 3.13

m1 m2
.
.
,
l .
G.
. 3.51

:
,
.

l :
P = P
,

0 = m2 2 m11
m
1 = 2 2
m1

(3.58)

U + K = U + K

m1 m2 1
1
+ m112 + m2 22
l
2
2

0 = G

1 (3.58)

0 = G

m1 m2 1 m22 2 1
+
2 + m2 22
l
2 m1
2

2 = m1

2G
l (m1 + m2 )

(3.58)

1 = m2

2G
l (m1 + m2 )

116

3-13

,
R = 6,38 10 6 m

M = 5,98 10 24 kg . ,
(3.55) (3.56)
.

,
r R + h h
. . 3.52 To
- h,
.
-

g =G

(R + h )

(3.59)

V = G

M
R + h

(3.60)

. 3.53


,

.

(3.59) h = 0

go = G

M
R2

117

g 0 = 9,8 m s 2 .

.3.11

.
(180 kg),

.

.

3-14
m,
;

,
.

( ) .

K1 + U 1 = K 2 + U 2
(3.61)
.3.12

Pioneer
.
1973

.

(
U 2 = 0 ).


, 2=0
(3.61)

K1 + U 1 = 0 + 0

M m
1
m 2 + G = 0
2
R

2GM
= 11,2 km s = 40 320 km h
R

.
h

2GM
R + h

.
2,37 km/s, 4,97 km/s, 59,1
km/s 618 km/s.
.

R


.

118


c = 3 10 8 m s .

2GM

R
2GM
= c R RS =
.
c2

Schwarzschild.
,
, .

.
.



.
Schwarzschild
.


.


3 km ,
6,96 10 5 km .
9 mm .
.
. 3.13
.


.



.




.

119

 3.14
, h=R
(R ), =16 103 m/s.
.
. : R=6400 km
go=10 m/s2.
:

H , h, =

2GM
.
R + h

2GM
GM
=
2 R
R

(3.62)

go =

GM

R2

(3.63) (3.62)

GM = g o R2

(3.63)

= g o R = 8 10 3 m / s

> .
)
.
.

W = K K A

V = 0

VA =

GM
2 R

(V A V )m =

1
1
m 2 m 2
2
2

(3.63) V A =

(3.64)

g 0 R
2

(3.64)

g o R = 2 02

= 2 g o R = 8 3 10 3 m / s

3-15

Coulomb
(
), ,
.

.
.
-

.

.

,
.

120


.

q .

E=

F
q

. q

E = KC

Q
r2

, ,
, E = EA ,
.
m2/C.

, .
( Gauss)

( VA), ,
q q
, .

VA =

WA
q

To SI 1V=1 J/C.
, VA-VB,

, q.

V A VB =

W AB
q

Q
Q r,

V = KC

Q
r

.
q1 q2

U = KC

q1 q 2
r

x,
.

E=

121

V
x

 ()
. O . +Q Q.
C .

C=

Q
V

Farad (F). 1F=1 C/V.

C = o

A
d

( ,
, ) (
) .

U=

1
CV 2
2

.
() ,
, .
,
.

C
Co

K=

( )
m1 m2 r ,

m1m2
r2
G , G = 6,673 10 11 4 m 2 / kg 2 .
F =G

.
.
(g) (F)
(m) ,

g=

F
m

1N/kg 1m/s2.
(V) ,
m , .

VA =

WA
m

1J/kg

m ,
.

V A VB =

W A B
m

122

gA = G

M
r2

V A = G

M
r

m1, m2, r

U = G

m1m2
r

h ,
.

2GM
R + h

1.

,

, Fundy,
. ,
.
.

. 3.14 Fundy .

123


- Gauss
3.1

:
)
.
)
.
)
,
.
)

.
.

3.2

.
;

3.3

3.54 1, 2,
3, 4 +Q, -Q +3Q. 1, 2, 3 4
.
.
-Q/
2Q/
1
2
3Q/
3
0
4
4Q/
-Q

3.4

+Q -Q.
;
)
.
)

.
)

.
)


.

3.5

.
:
)

.
)
.
)
, .
.

3.6

;
)

.
)
.

. 3.54

124

)
)

3.7

.
,

.

R,
x , x < R x > R.

3.8

q, ,
. :
)

.
)
.
)

.
)
.
.

3.9

.
q ,
,
. .
q .
..
. , ,

3.10

(eV)
)
;
)
;
)
;
)
;

3.11

r
-200V. 2r
) -100V; ) -50V; ) -200V;
) -400V;
.

3.12

+Q Q
.
;
)

.
)

.

125

)
)

.

.

3.13

)
.
)
.
)
.
)
.
.

3.14

, .
:
)
.
)
.
)
.
)

.
.

3.15

:
.

3.16

R,
Q, x
, x < R x > R.

3.17

H ,

)
.
)
.
)
.
)
.
.

3.18

,
. :
)
.
)
.
)
.
.

3.19

.
)
.
)
.
)
.
)
.
;

126

3.20

)
.
)

.
)
.
)
.
)
.
.

3.21

He (He: , 2,
4)

.
;
)

.
)


)

.
)
.

3.22

, ,

.
:
1)
:
) ; ) ; ) ;
2)
:
) ; ) ; ) ;
.

3.23

;
;
;

3.24

:
)
.
)
.
)
.
)
.
;

3.25

1)
; 2)
; 3)
;

127

3.26

0,2J.
:
)
.
)
0,4J.
)
0,8J.
)
1,6J.
.

3.27

C
.
,
1)
;
2)
;
3)
;
:
) ) ) .

3.28

Co V
q. ,
,
,
1)
;
2)
;
3)
;
:
) ) ) .

3.29

.
. ;
)
.
)
.
)
.
)
.
)
.

3.30

3.31

:


.

128

 . ..
.
3.32

3.33

3.34

.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A)
B)
)
)

F
V/m
eV
V

3.35

:
, ,
.. .., m
, .
.
..

3.36

;
)


.
)

.
)
.
)

.
)


.

3.37

:

,
. ..
. , ,
...
.


m

3.38

, ,
.
, , .

129

 ,
;
)
;
)
;
)
;
)
;
.
3.39

;
)

.
)

.
)

.
)

.

3.40

:
)

.
)
.
)

.
)

(, ).
)
.
;

3.41

,
, h ,
(R),
(go) h .

3.42

.
;
.

- Gauss
3.43

r = 0,2m
=500/C.
, :
)

.
)
.
)

60.
[: ) 62,8 m2/C, ) 0, ) 31,4 m2/C ]

130

3.44

10C.
;
: 0 = 8,85 10 12 C2/(Nm2).
[: 1,13 106 m2/C ]

3.45

=2m2/C. .
: 0 = 8,85 10 12 C2/(Nm2).
[: 17,7 10-12 C ]

3.46

(. 3.55).
.
R .
[ : -ER2 ]

3.47

, .
. ,
, =100/C,
, (
) , .
R = 6400 km 0 = 8,85 10 12 C2/(Nm2).
[: -455.295 C ]

3.48

R=20cm
Q=24C, .

)
r1 = 40 cm,
)
r2 = 10 cm.
: 0 = 8,85 10 12 C2/(Nm2).
[: ) 1,35 106 /C ) ]

3.49

R=1m, ,
Q=12C, .

, ,
) 20 cm ) 60 cm ) 80 cm ) 1,2m ) 2m;
r V =

4 3
r .
3

: 0 = 8,85 10 12 C2/(Nm2).
[ : ) 10,8 103 Nm2/C ) 29,2 10 4 m2/C ) 69,4 10 4 Nm2/C
) 135 10 4 m2/C, ) 135 10 4 m2/C]
3.50

4C
.
) 10 cm ) 20 cm .
: 0 = 8,85 10 12 C2/(Nm2).
[ : 720 10 3 N/C , 360 10 3 N/C]

131

. 3.55

 - .
3.51

Q = 2 10 7 C
V=300V.
. K c = 9 10 9 m2 /C2.
[ : 6m ]

3.52

q = 2 10 8 C
, 3m 2m
( ). VA-VB.
[ : -90V ]
K c = 9 10 9 m2 /C2.

3.53

Q
=60 N/C V=180 V.
Q.
K c = 9 10 9 m2 /C2.
[ : 6 10 8 C, 3m]

3.54

Q = 2 10 6 C, .

q=10-8C ,
r1=()=1cm Q, ,
r2=()=4cm Q. : K c = 9 10 9 m2 /C2.
[ A : 13,5 10 3 J ]

3.55

$ =90,
, , A
Q1=4 10-8 C Q2= 5 10 8 C. =3cm
=4cm, :
)
, .
)

2 10 10 C .
: K c = 9 10 9 m2 /C2.
[ : 23250V, 32400V,

3.56

183 10 8 J ]

, =30cm,
q=2C.
. : K c = 9 10 9 m2 /C2.
[ : 36 10 2 J ]

3.57

Q=100C, .
m=10g q=20nC ,
r1=30 cm .
,
, . :
)
r2=60cm .
)
.
: K c = 9 10 9 m2 /C2 .
[ : )

6 m/s, ) 2 3 m/s ]

132

 .
3.58

, ,
, , , . VA-V=5V
= x = x,
- -;
[ :10V, 5V]

3.59

,
3 10 6 V/m (
).
0,5mm.
,
;
.
[ : 1500 V ]

3.60

+Q Q, ()
m=10-3kg q = 5 10 7 C.
l=2cm,
. g=10m/s2.
[ : 400V ]

3.61

,
+Q -Q,
,
6 o.
d=10cm V=200V. H
m=2mg. N
. o g=10m/s2, 6=0,1.
[ : 10-9 C ]

3.62

=2 104m/s
=91V/m.
)

.
)

.
) )
.
me = 9,1 10 31 Kg
e = 1,6 10 19 C .
[ : 1,456 10 17 4 , 16 1012 m / s 2 ]

3.63

0
.
,
. .
me e.
[ : m0/E.e, 2 m0/E.e , -0 ]

133

3.64

.

.
, l ,
, me e.
[ :

y=

E 2 e 2l 2
Eel 2
Eel
2
=
+
,
, =
]

0
2
2 2
2me 0
me 0
me 02

-
3.65

6pF,
12V. .
[: 72pC ]

3.66

4cm
1mm.
V=10V; : 0 = 8,85 10 12 C2 / (N m2).
[ : 444,6 pC ]

3.67

=72cm2
d=1,2mm.
V=12V. :
)
.
)
.
)
.
: 0 = 8,85 10 12 C2 / (N m2).
[ : 104 V/m, 53,1 pF, 637,2 pC]

3.68

C=10F
V=100V.
.
:
)
.
)

.
[ : 5F, 1000C, 500C ]

3.69

C=20F V=500V.
;.
[ : 2,5 J]

3.70

C1=20F V1=80V.

C2=5F. :
)
.
)
.
)

.
[ : ) 64V, ) 1280C, 320C ) 12,8 10-3 J ]

134


3.71

C=12F
5.
.
[ : 60F]

3.72

, , 240V.

, .
40V.
.
[ : 6 ]

3.73

C=5F, ,
V=10V.
, .
Q=150C.
.
[ : 4 ]

3.74

C=44nF V=2000V.
,
E = 24 10 6 V/m =5.
.
: 0 = 8,85 10 12 C2 / (N m2).
[ : 0,083m2 ]

3.75

=3cm2.
,
=4.
. o : 0 = 8,85 10 12 C2 / (N m2)
E = 16 10 6 V/m.
[ : 169,9 nC]

3.76

h=R .
R = 6400 km
go=10 m/s2.
[ : 2,5 m/s2 , -32 106 J/kg ]

3.77

m
0=103 m/s.
. R = 6400 km
go=10m/s2.
.
[ : 50 km ]

135

3.78

81
11/3.
)

g0=10/kg
.
)
700 .
;
[ : 1,66 N/kg , 116,2 N ]

3.79

h

.
.
. R
g0.
[ : =

3.80

2 g 0 R2
]
R + h

m=M/8 .
=11,2 km/s. H
.
V =

4 3
R .
3

[ :

5,6 km/s]

3.81

.

=65.000km/h.
.

,
, . R=6400 km, g0=10 m/s2.
[ : 14 10 3 m / s ]

3.82

m1 = m m2 = 2m
l .


.
G.
[ :

3.83

x = l 2 1 m1,

Gm
2 2 +3 ]
l

,, , ,
m1, m2, m3.
. G.
[ :

m1 m 2

+G

m1 m3

+G

136

m 2 m3


3.84

R ,
.
.

.
r .
r V =
[: r p R E =

3.85

r
,
3

r R

E=

R3
]
3 r 2

, , R
.
.
. o

.
[ : r p R E =

3.86

4 3
r
3

r
R2
, r R E =
]
2
2 r

R=10cm
Q=20nC.
r1=2cm, r2=8cm r3=20cm
. : 0 = 8,85 10 12 C2/(Nm2).
[: ) 0 ) 0 ) 45 10 2 /C ]

3.87

.
+ . O

-
.
.
[ : E =

3.88

2 r

, 0 ]

, 3.56.
+,
-.
) )
) .
[ : ) 0, ) E = / ) 0 ]

137

. 3.56

3.89

,
,
l=1,5cm

= 4 10 7 m/s,
. . :
e = 1,6 10 19 C, me = 9 10 31 kg.
[ : 3 10 5 /C ]

3.90

To ()
, .
:
)
.
)
.
)
.
)

(
).
: e,
r C.

1
e2
e2
1
e2
1
e2
Kc
, ) K c
, ) K c
, ) K c
]
[ : )
2
r
r
2
r
2
r
3.91

, ,
.

0 = 5 10 5 m/s, .
,
;
: e = 1,6 10 19 C
m p = 1,6 10 27 kg.
[ : 1250V ]

3.92

m = 0,5 g q = 10 8 C

0 = 85 cm s ,
.
V = 4 k V
d = 4 cm ,
.

; g = 10 m s 2 .
[ : 1 cm ]

3.93

0 = 2 10 7 m s

. 80V,

138

 d = 2 cm l = 12 cm .


.

e
= 1,75 1011 C kg .
me
[ : 12,6 mm, 50,4 V ]
3.94

1
3

R=10cm Q = 10 9 C.

.
)

r=30cm .
)

.
: : e = 1,6 10 19 C, me = 9 10 31 kg , Kc= 9 10 9 Nm2/C2
[: 2,66 10 6 m/s, 3,26 10 6 m/s ]

3.95

3.96

Q = 2 10 7 C
. m=1mg
q = 3 10 8 C.
d .

. .
l=3m, d=1m, =30.
: g = 10 m/s2 Kc = 9 10 9 Nm2/C2.
[ : 9,6 m/s ]
R=10cm Q = 2 10 7 C,
, . d=30cm
,
, m = 0,5 10 6 kg

q = 4 10 9 C, .
.
. Kc = 9 10 9 Nm2/C2.
[ : 14,4 ms ]
3.97

q m
2m ,
l .


.

2l.
[ :

2q

Kc
Kc
, q
]
6lm
6lm

139

. 3.57

3.98

Q=7 10-6C
h=3,6m . h/2
m = 10 3 kg ,
( ) =8m/s.
)
;
)

q.
: Kc = 9 10 9 Nm2/C2, g = 10 m/s2.
[ : 0,8 10 6 C ]

3.99

Q1 = Q2 = 5 10 6 C .

m = 5mg q = 2 10 10 C .

. : l = 60cm ,
h = 40cm , g = 10m / s 2 , K c = 9 10 9 4m 2 / C 2 .

. 3.58

[ :
3.100

4,2 m / s ]

Q = 4 10 6 C . r = 40cm Q
m = 4 10 4 kg

q = 2 10 8 C (. 3.59).
, :
)
Q
.
)
.
: g = 10m / s 2 , = 30 , K c = 9 10 9 4m 2 / C 2 .

. 3.59

[ :

0,9 m, 1 m / s ]

3.101

.
, VA=50V VB = -50V,
.
)
;
)
,
;
)
,
;
[ : ) 100 V, ) , ) 100 V, 0 ]

3.102

,
, 2C.

; = 3 10 6 V/m
= 14 10 6 V/m. =5.
[: 46,7C ]

140

3.103

C1 = C 2 = 4F .
V = 30V (. 3.60)
.
C1
K = 5 .
)

.
)


.
q1 = q2 = 120C ,
)
V = 10V ,
[: )

q1 = 200 C , q 2 = 40 C ]
3.104

m=8000 kg .
h=R

=8 103m/s.
)


.
)
,
h , ,
F,

.
R = 6400 km
go=10m/s2.
.
[ : 8 2 10 3 m / s, 8 10 4 4 ]

3.105

,
r1= 7 10 6 m r2= 9 10 6 m, .
r1 () 1=8 103m/s,
:
)
r2 ()
)

, m=140 kg,
, .

.
R = 6400 km
go=10m/s2.
: )
. )

.
[ : 6,16 10 3 m / s , 3,7 10 9 J ]

141

. 3.60

3.106

=32 m/s2.


.
.
R=6400 km
go=10m/s2.
[ : 1,6 106 m]

3.107

m=200 kg.

, .
.
F=4000 N
0,6 R .


.
R = 6400 km
go=10m/s2.
[ : 3,2 106 m, 5,06 103 m/s]

3.108

M
= 81
M

d = 60 R .

. R .

.
[ : x = 54 R ]
3.109

.
, ,
.
h = R .
: R = 6400km , g o = 10m / s 2 .
[ :

3.110

8 10 3 m / s ]

m = 100 kg ,

R . ,

. 3.15

, ,
7 R / 9 .
)

.
)

A = 0,2 4 ,

142


.
: R = 6400 km , g o = 10m / s 2 .
[:
3.111

2 10 8 J ,

10 9 m ]

M = 8ton
m = 1,5ton ,
h = R / 20 ( R : ).


.


.
)

.
)

.
:
g o = 1,6m / s 2 R = 1680 km .
, .
[ : 1900 m / s, 192 10 6 J ]

3.112

m
.
, , m1 ,

, m2 ,
.
m1 m2 .
[:

3.113

2m 2 1 ,

m 32 2 ]

, R1 = 1334 103 m
m1 = 1209 1019 kg m2 = 4m1 .
,

.
l = 40R1 .
G = 6,673 10 11 4m 2 / kg 2 .
. 3.16 ,
.
)
.
)


.
:
.
[ : 42,69 10 6 m, 10,67 10 6 m, 1025,8 m / s ]

143

TO TOY MILLIKAN
1909-1913, o Robert Millikan (),

, e
-
, e.

Millikan. .
.

.
,
.
.

. 3.61

Millikan

m
q, .
,
: mg ,
F , .
(F)
. ,
, ,

F = C = 6 r
(:
), r
.
mg ,
. ,
. 3.17 Robert Millikan (1868- . ,
1953). .
.
mg = F mg = 6r
(3.65)

144

 m = V ,

V .

4 3
r ( ).
3

(3.65)

4 3
r g = 6r
3

4 2
r g = 6
3

(3.66)

, (3.66) .
,
.
,
Eq . q ,
.

, , .

. 3.62
.

, F,
.
,

F = 0

4
qE r 3 g 6r = 0
3

,
(3.66) q.
Millikan
e.
, , ,
. .
Millikan 1923 .

145

()

. ()
.