Σημειώσεις Βιοχημείας

ZHMEIDZEIZ BIOXHMEIAZ
1
ZHMEIOZEIZ BIOXHMEIAZ

EIZAIDIIKEZ ENNOIEZ ZTH BIOXHMEIA

Ti cvdi q Bioqcd
H cnio1qq nou cAc1d 1q yqikq oo1doq kdi 1i yqikc
dAAqAcnipdoci o1ou (ov1dvo opydvioo

Noi 0cpouvdikq
No 1
o
: Aid1qpqoq 1q cvcpycid AE=Q-W
AE<0, du0pq1q, dnooq cvcpycid o1o ncpidAAov
AE>0, q du0pq1q, dndi1qoq-dnoppqqoq cvcpycid

No 2
o
: H cv1ponid (d1did) o1o ovoAov dudvc1di AG= AE-TAS
AG=cAc0cpq cvcpycid, T=dnAu1q 0cpokpdoid, AS=
cv1ponid

Zv1dv oo1qd (Smolin)
Opydvooq ncpd dn 1o oqcio ioopponid
Hpypdd dno0qkccvo c opqq ouAov
Avdndpdyoyq 1ou cdu1o 1ou
Zv1dv oo1qd (Eigen)
Eivdi id uvdikq kd1do1doq 1q Aq nou civdi opydvocvq
Koiv oqcd:
opyvoq, nAqpoqopd, q iooppond, dvdndpdyyq, ccAiq

Koiv qik vo:
A+B -> I+A, o1d0cpd ioopponid K= [I].[A]/[A].[B] kdi
AGo=RTlnK

Koivq qikq oo1doq (H, O, C, N)
Tioi qiko coo ( ooionoAikoi, iov1ikoi, upoyvou,
upqoc dAAqAcnipdoci, uvdci Van der Waals)

HPOTEINEZ

2.1 Aoik o1oicd np1cvv
Aivocd: Yndpyouv 20 divocd, idqcpouv vo o npo 1qv
nAcupikq dAuoid R. Avdyvopi(ov1di oc pH=7, o npo 1qv
noAik1q1d (noAik-q noAik), 1o qop1o (0c1ik-dpvq1ik-
ouc1cpd) kdi 1q qikq ouncpiqop (ivd-doik q
dAkdAik)
Kd0c divo oc kdnoio pH civdi ouc1cpo = iooqAck1pik oqco
(pI)
Acn1ocpcic: npoAvq= 1o vo kukAik divo
Tpun1oqvq, 1upoovq= dnoppoqov o1d 280nm
4divuAdvdvvq = dnoppoqd Aiyo o1d 260nm
2

2.2 Aidpqoq np1cvv
Hp1o1dyq oq:
divo1cAik-dAAqAouyid divocov-kdpou1cAik
Hcn1iik co: ooionoAik c1d 1q kdpouAodd
cv divoco kdi 1q divodd 1ou cnocvou. Eivdi kd1d 40%
inA co kdi cv ncpio1pcqc1di
Acu1cpo1dyq oq:
3
q 0coq o1o cninco id noAuncn1iikq dAuoid. Zuc1cyouv
cooi upoyvou: c1d H kdi O q N
d-cAikd: coo H c1d 1
ou
kdi 4
ou
divoco c kd1c0uvoq 1ov
doik dovd kdi 1i odc R kd0c1d. Kd0c o1poqq 3.7 divocd. H
npoAvq dkupvci 1qv cAikd

-n1u1 qAAo: ndpouoid divocov c ikpc R dAuoic,
coo H c1d iid q yci1ovikov dAuoiov, kd0c1oi o1ov doik
dovd.

Tudd idpqoq: ouvcouv ncpioyc d-cAikd kdi -n1uyo1o

Tpi1o1dyq oq:
Acooi nou idopqovouv o1ov yopo 1q oq 1ov ncn1iikov
dAuoiov
OoionoAiko (ioouAqiiko), iov1iko, upoyvou,
upqoc dAAqAcnipoci, uvci Van der Waals

Tc1dp1o1dyq oq:
Acooi nou idopqovouv o1o yopo 1q oq 1ov npo1cvikov
ounAkov
OoionoAiko (ioouAqiiko), iov1iko, upoyvou,
upqoc dAAqAcnipoci, uvci Van der Waals

2.3 Eq np1cvv:
Aoikc: koAAdyvo, cAdo1ivq, kcpd1ivq
Aci1oupyikc: Mc1dqcpouoc/dvooonpo1civc/pu0io1ikc
Kivq1ikc (uooivq, dk1ivq, uvcivq, kivcoivq)
Zuvooi
Ano0qkcu1ikc (uooqdipivq, qcppi1ivq)
Kd1dAu1ikc

4
2.4 Tvud
Td cv(ud civdi npo1civc (ck1 1ov piov, voukAcikq
qoq) nou kd1dAouv dv1ipdoci oc (ov1dvd ouo1qd1d.
Oi npooc1c 1ov cv(ov civdi 1d unoo1pd1d

E+S ->ES->E+P

V=Vmax.[S]/Km +[S] Km=[E].[S]/[ES] Km=[S]
Km=o1d0cpd Michaelis

Hdpyov1c nou cnqpcouv 1qv 1d1q1d 1v dv1ipocv
1. pH
2. Ocpokpdoid
3. Zuykcv1pooq S
4. Zuykcv1pooq 1ou E
5. Hdpcnoio1c-cvcpyonoiq1c
Kd11dq 1v cvv
Ociodvdyoydoc
Tpdvoqcpdoc
YpoAdoc
Audoc
Ioocpdoc
Aiydoc

2.5 Zcoq oq-Aci1oupyd
Kd0c npo1civq cyci id o1d0cpq oq nou oyc1i(c1di c 1q
Aci1oupyid 1q. AAAdyq 1q oq dn 1pononoiq1c (dAAoo1cpik
qdivcvo) oqyci o1qv dAAdyq Aci1oupyid ci1c 0c1ikd
(cvcpyonoiqoq) ci1c dpvq1ikd (dpdvonoiqoq)

5
HAPAFOFH ENEPFEIAZ ZTOYZ ZONTANOYZ OPFANIZMOYZ

Aionoqoq-dno0qkcuoq cvcpycid:
HAck1podyvq1ikq qAidkq dk1ivooAid
OoionoAikoi cooi yqikov cvoocov
e
-
uqqAo uvdiko (1poqc) -> cvoci ikp1cpq
cvcpycid-> vcp
e
-
dqAo uvdiko (H2O) c 1qv qAidkq dk1iv -> e
-

uqqAo uvdiko
3.1 Hqyc cvcpycid
OEEIADZH: dnoAcid e
-
ANAIDIH: kcpo e
-

Z1ou q11poqou: c cvcpycid dn qAio, ociovc1di 1o vcp
kdi 1d H
+
ndvc o1o ouvcv(uo NADP
Z1ou c1cp1poqou: ociooq 1poqov c dnock1q e
-
1o opidk
O
Mcpo 1q cvcpycid dn 1qv o(coq dno0qkcc1di oc ATP

ADP + Pi -> ATP + H2O (DG
0
=30.5 KJ/mol)
H cAc0cpq cvcpycid DG
0
yid upAuoq 1v ndpdk1
opv cvdi:
Oooqopikq yAukcpivq = -9.2
OooqocvoAnupoo1dquAik = 61.9
AMP = -14.2
ADP = -30.5
ATP = -30.5

3.1.2 H 1poqq 1v c1cp1poqv opydviov ncpiAdvci
kup: ud1dv0pdkc, Ainq kdi npo1cvc

3.1.3 Koivq c1doAikq o yid dcpo-dvdcpoiou

Yd1v0pdkc
Anq -> CH3-CO- -> kkAo 1pikdpovikov ocov -> CO2 + [H]
Hp1cvc dkc1uAodc [H] + ADP -> ATP +H2O+ cvcpycid

3.2 KkAo Krebs/kkAo 1pikdpovikv ocv/kkAo
ki1piko oc
Oi dv1ipdoci yivov1di o1o coo1cpik 1ou i1oyovpiou

CH3-CO-S-CoA +2H2O +3NAD
+
+ FAD + GDP + Pi --!
2CO2 +3NADH + 3H
+
+ FADH2 + HS-CoA + GTP

3.2.1 Td ouvcvud dvdycvvv1di

3.2.2 Aiopdyd 1ou kkAou Krebs
6
a- kc1oyAou1dpik -> ov0coq divocov (yAou1divq,
npoAivq)
OdAoik -> divocd (dondpdyivq kAn), yAuk(q
HAck1puAo-CoA -> nopqupiviko dk1uAiou

AvdnAqpd1ikc dv1ipoci
IAuk(q-> nupoo1dquAik-> odAoik, qAik

3.2.3 O kkAo 1ou yAuouAiko oc
Hdpdkdqq 1ov dv1ipdocov Krebs nou oqyov oc CO2
Zudvci oc npokdpu1c/qu1/ovok11dpou
cukdpu1c
Zv0coq: ud1dv0pkv, divo(cv, nopqupivv
kAn

Iooki1pik-> qAck1pik o-> yAuouAik-> qAik o->
odAoik

7
3.3 H dvdnvcuo1ikq dAuod

H dvdycvvqoq (ociooq) 1ov ouvcv(ov NADH kdi
FADH2 1ou Krebs, yivc1di dn 4 npo1cvikd onAokd (I,
II, III, IV) o1qv coo1cpikq cpdvq 1ov i1oyovpiov
NADH +H
+
+1/2 O2 -> NAD
+
+ H2O (-220 KJ/mol)
40% dno0qkcc1di oc ATP co o(ci1ikq
qoqopuAoq
Avdyoyq 1ou opidko ouyvou oc H2O: O2 + 4e
-
+4H
+
-> 2H2O
dvdnvcuo1ikq dAuod- dAuod c1dqop
qAck1povv

3.3.1 AAAd ouo1qd1d c1dqop qAck1povv
Z1i cpdvc 1ou cvonAdod1iko ik1ou undpyouv oi
ocioc ik1q Aci1oupyd nou upouAivouv
unoo1pd1d

3.3.2 Mcpikq dvdyyq O2
O1dv 1o O2 cv dvdyc1di npo vcp, civdi cnikivuvo yid
DNA kAn kdi yi du1 undpyouv cv(ud (ioou1oq
uncpo(ciou) nou kd1dAci 1qv dv1ipdoq: 2O2
-
+ 2H
+
-> H2O2 + O2
kdi kd1dAoc nou kd1dAouv 1qv H2O2 -> 2H2O + O2

8
3.4 Oci1ikq qoqopuAoq
Iid kd0c 4 H
+
nou dncAcu0cpovov1di Ayo 1q
Aci1oupyid 1q dvdnvcuo1ikq dAuoid ouv1i0c1di 1 ATP
Kd0c ociooq 1 NADH ivci 10 H
+
(dvdcod o1i i1.
cpdvc), qAdq 2.5 ATP
Kd0c ociooq 1 qAck1pik o/dvdycvvqoq FAD ivci
6 H
+
, qAdq 1.5 ATP
Kd0c dncAcu0cpooq 1 qAck1pik o ivci 1 ATP
(GTP)

Zuncpdod: dn 3 NADH kdi 1 FADH2 nou qioupyov1di o1ov
Krebs kdi c1d ociovov1di o1qv dvdnvcuo1ikq dAuod
ouv1i0cv1di 9 pid ATP ouv 1 GTP.
Apd kd0c kkAo Krebs nou ocivci 1 mol dkc1uAov
ndpyci 10 mol ATP (300 kJ oc coo uqqAq cvcpycid)

KkAo Krebs, dvdnvcuo1ikq dAuod, oci1ikq
qoqopuAoq: c1dopd qAck1povov dn cvooci uqAq oc
cvooci dqAq cvcpycidkq o1d0q.
41oov0coq: c1dopd qAck1povov dn cvooci dqAq
(H2O) oc cvooci uqAq (NADPH) cvcpycidkq o1d0q.

3.5 41oov0coq
Aqdipcoq qAck1poviov dn 1o H2O kdi npoo0qkq o1o NADP
+
c 1q
oq0cid 1q qAck1podyvq1ikq dk1ivooAid 1ou qAiou o1i
q1oouv0c1ikc ovc 1v 0qAdkociv 1v
AponAdo1v. H ApoqAAq pd odv ocio1ik kdi
dvdyoyik ndpdyov1d
Td qAck1pvid dn 1o vcp coo nAdo1okivvq, ounAkou
ku1opd1o bf, nAdo1okudvvq kdi qcppcovq o1o
NADP
+
1o onoio dvdyouv oc NADPH

41oqoqopuAoq: civdi q qooqopuAiooq 1ou ADP oc ATP nou
civdi ou(cuycvq c 1ov qo1oouv0c1ik qydvio c1dqopd
qAck1poviov (qo1civc dv1ipdoci)

3.6 Xqcio1ik qdivcvo: oc d0ik1d i1oyvpid
qioupyci1di kAioq npo1oviov kdi npo1ovio-kivq1ikq vdq
Evdi unc0uvo yid oci1ikq qoqopuAoq-
q1oqoqopuAoq

Eo1cpikq i1oovpidkq cpvq
Hdpdyoyq npo1oviov = co1. nAcupd (0c1ik qop1io)
Kd1dvdAooq npo1oviov= coo1. nAcupd (dpvq1ik qop1io)

1Aio -> e
-
d. cvcp. (H2O) -> e
-
u. cvcp. (NADP
+
) ->
dvdnvcuo1ikq dAuod -> e
-
d. cvcp. (H2O)
9

KATABOAIZMOZ YAATANOPAKON AIHON KAI HPOTEINON

Mc1doAio (kd1doAio-dvdoAio)

4.1 Kd1doAio ud1dv0pkv
Yd1dv0pdkc: ovo-i-noAuodkydpi1c co(ov
E(c: yAuk(q-qpouk1(q-ydAdk1(q
10

11

Aiodkydpi1c: ooukp(q (yAuk(q-qpouk1(q) ddpq
Adk1(q (yAuk(q-ydAdk1(q) ydAd
12

HoAuodkydpi1c:
uAo (yAuk(q) [ duA(q= d(1->4), duAonqk1ivq= d(1->4, 1-
>6)
ku11dpvq: yAuk(q, (1->4)
yAukoyvo: yAuk(q d(1->4) kdi d(1->6)

OonoAuodkydpi1c (yi 1poqc)
Opouk1(q (ivoouAivq), N-dkc1uAoyAuko(divq (yi1ivq)
tv(ud: duAoc: (odAio, ndykpcd) upoAouv d(1->4)
Ku11dpivoc (cv(ud ikpoopy. o1o ydo1pcv1. (oov):
(1->4)
E1cponoAuodkydpi1c (oik pAo)
Acpd1dvc, udAoupovik o

4.1.1 Anoikoqoq cku11piv noAuodkdpi1v c
upAuoq
Anoikoqoq 1ov noAuodky. 1ov 1poqov upoAu1ikd
Hdykpcd1ikq duAdoq: duA(q-> yAuk(q+ dA1(q
IAukooidoq (1oiyod cv1cpou): dA1(q-ioodA1(q-ooukp(q-
Adk1(q

4.1.2 4oqopoAu1ikq iondoq cvoku11piv
noAuodkdpi1v
HoAuodky
v
+ Pi -> noAuodky
v-1
+ yAuk(q-1-P
Tqv dv1ipdoq kd1dAouv qoqopuAoc d(1->4)
13

FAukoyovAuoq:q cvoku11dpid qoqopuAi1ikq dnoikoqoq
1ou yAukoyvou

4.1.3 Kd1doAio yAukq
Eycvq yAukq :ndivci o1o k11dpo c c1dqopci q c Nd
+

OooqopuAiovc1di o1qv 0coq 6, dn cokivdoq (u cykcqdAo) kdi
yAukokivdoq (qndp)
Evoycvq yAukq: dn 1-P oc 6-P dn 1qv
qooqoyAukoou1doq

FAukoAu1ikq (yAukAuoq) : yAukq -> 2
nupoo1dquAik

IAuk(q-6-P -> nupoo1dquAik o
Aci1oupyci oc Ad 1d cid v1d/ o1o ku11dpnAdod
Eivdi dvdcpio qydvio (dnouoid ouyvou)
1 pio yAuk(q ivci 2 nupoo1dquAikd (kcpo 2 ATP)
Aqioupyov1di 2 NADH nou npcnci vd ocio0ov , dAAd
q ociooq yivc1di o1qv dvdnv. dAuoid/i1oyvpio, kdi
dpd yid ndpdyoyq ATP ypcid(c1di 1pno ociooq 1ou
NADH
Hupoo1dquAik + NADH + H
+
-> ydAdk1ik o + NAD
+

http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/cellresp/_vti_bin/shtml.exe/glycolysis.
html/map

14

Avdcpio c1doAio yAukq: c1d1ponq yAukq oc
ydAdk1ik

AAkooAikq oq: dvdycvvqoq 1ou NAD
+
coo c1d1ponq
1ou nupoo1dquAiko-> dkc1dAcq + NADH + H
+
->
di0dvAq + NAD
+

H o 1v qoqopikv ncv1ov: yAukq->3 CO2 + 1
nupoo1dquAik
*Apyi(ci dn yAuk(q-6-P
* ndpdyoyq NADPH yid dvdyoyikc dv1ipdoci
*ndpdyoyq ncv1o(ov (D-pi(q) yid ov0coq voukAcikov ocov
Hupoo1dquAik ->
dkc1uAodc o1o
CoA/odAoik/qAik/ydAdk1ik/di0dvAq/dAdvivq

ENEPFEIA
Ocoq yAukq -> CO2 +H2O (2.867 kJ/mol) +2 ATP
FAukoAu1ikq o: ocoq 2 NADH vci 3-5 ATP
Avdyyq 2 NAD
+
vci 5 ATP
KkAo Krebs vci 20 ATP
ZvoAov dcpiou c1doAioo yAukq: 30-32 ATP
ZvoAov dvdcpiou c1doAioo yAukq: 2 ATP
4divcvo Pasteur

4u1= uAov -> yAukq-6-P -> (yAukoAu1ikq o)
nupoo1dquAik
Zd=yAukoyvo -> # -> #

4.1 Kd1doAio Ainiv

4.2.1 Eq Ainiv
1. Aindpd ocd (dp1io dpi0 C) kdi 1piyAukcpiid
2. OooqoAiniid (qooqd1iik-qooqoyAukcpiid-
oqiykoucAivc)
3. IAukoAiniid
4. AAciqd1ikc dAkoAc
5. Hdpdyoyd ioonpcviou (o1cpociq [yoAqo1cpAq]-1cpncvid-
kdpo1cvid)
6. Ainonpo1civc (VLDL, LDL kdi HDL, oc oycoq c 1qv
nukv1q1d)

4.2.2 Anoikoqoq ov0c1v Ainiv
15
Anoikoqoq 1ov ov0c1ov Ainiov yvc1di upoAu1ikd
TpiyAukcpiid dn Ainoc
OooqoyAukcpiid dn qoqoAinoc
ZqiykoucAivc dn oqiykoucAivoc

YpAuoq Ainv oqyci oc yAukcpAq
H yAukcpAq qooqopuAiovc1di dn ATP kdi oqyci oc
qoqoyAukcpid
H yAukcpAq ociovc1di oc qoqopikq iupoudkc1vq
(yAukoAu1ikq o)

- ocoq: ocoq 1ou -d1ou C 1ou Aindpo oc
*Td Aindpd ocd yivov1di dkuAondpdyoyd 1ou ouvcv(uou A o1o
ku11dpnAdod, dAAd cv ncpvdv o1o i1oyvpio.
* H dkuAodd c1dqcpc1di o1qv kdpvi1ivq (npo1cvq) kdi 1o
onAoko ncpvd 1qv i1oyovpidkq cpdvq
* H dkuAodd c1dqcpc1di ndAi o1o ouvcv(uo A

-ocoq (Aindp o) -> (dkc1uAoc) 4ATP
Akc1uAod -> CO2 + H2O + 10ATP

HdAi1ik o (16 C) 0d pcido1c 7 kkAou -ocoq:
HdAi1ik -> 7 kkAoi -ociooq + 8 dkc1uAoc
HdAi1ik -> 7X4= 28ATP + 8X10= 80ATP
ovoAov= 108-2 (cvcpyonoiqoq 1ou Aindpo)= 106ATP
(d- ociooq: cAd1ovc1di kd1d 1 C 1o Aindp o)

4.2.3 Mc1doAio oAqo1cpAq
XoAqo1cpAq -> yoAikd ocd -> dnooAq coo yoAq odv yoAikd
dAd1d

4.3 Kd1doAio np1cvv (upoAu1ik)
Hpo1civdoc (ydo1pcv1cpik): Hpo1cvc -> ncn1iid
Hcn1idoc : divoncn1idoc kdi kdpouncn1idoc
(1oiyod cv1cpou): ncn1iid -> divocd

Evoku11pid dnoikoqoq np1cvv:
Z1d Auooood1id dn kd0cqvc
Z1o ku11dpnAdod dn 1o oo1qd 1q ouiki1vq (76dd)

4.3.1 Kd1doAio divocv (1
o
qd: dndvoq
divocv)
Kpid nqyq N yid ov0coq oupd
1. Tpdvodvoq (1pdvodivoq):
divo + kc1oyAou1dpik -> kc1o + yAou1divik kdi
16
yAou1divik + NAD
+
+ H2O -> kc1oyAou1dpik + NADH + H
+
+
NH3
2. AnAciqq dvd (ocioc 1v L-divocv (dcpioi
opydviooi), qAdivonp1cvc)

Mc1doAio dvd
Eivdi 1oikq kdi dnodAAc1di

KkAo 1q oupd (o1d i1oyvpid kdi o1o ku11dpnAdod dn
ki1pouAivq)
Zv0coq 1q dpyivivq
Apyivvq (upAuoq) -> oupd
Aovio1cAikoi-oupiko1cAikoi-oupio1cAikoi (dv0pono)
Mc1doAio 1ou dv0pdkiko okcAc1o 1v divocv
Kd11dq divocv oc1ik c 1ov c1doAio
IAukoycvc1ikd: oc nupoo1dquAik-odAoik kdi yAuk(q
(dAdvivq, ocpivq, yAou1divik, dondpdyivik kAn)
Kc1oycvc1ikd: oc dkc1uAo-CoA (Acukivq, Auoivq)
IAuko- kdi kc1o-ycvc1ikd (qdivuAdvdvivq, 1upooivq)

17

BIOZYNOEZH YAATANOPAKON AIHIAION KAI AMINOEEON

5.1 BIOZYNOEZH YAATANOPAKDN

Td qu1d ouv0c1ouv ud1dv0pdkc kdi 1d (od cnioq 1dv
dnouoid(ouv dn 1q 1poqq
FAukovcoycvcoq: Hdpdyyq yAukq c dv1io1poqq 1q
yAukoAu1ikq oo, ndpdAAov1d 2 q dqpod qd1
1q (1
q
:nupoo1dquAik ->qoqocvoAnupoo1dquAik kdi
2
q
: 1,6 iqoqopikqqpouk1q ->6P, qpouk1q
(ood1doq 1q 1,6 iooopikq pouk1q)

18

" yAukAuoq: dnd1qoq yid cvcpycid (ATP)
" yAukovcoycvcoq: dno0cd1d cvcpycid (ATP)
K0c cvoq nou c1d1pcnc1di oc onoioqno1c cvicoo
npov 1ou kkAou Krebs kdi yAukAu1ikq oo, nopc vd
c1d1pdnc oc yAukq
Ek1 1ov dkc1uAodov nou vouv CO2 o1ov Krebs ck1 kdi
dkoAou0qoouv 1ov kkAo yAuo(uAiko o(c.

41civq dv1pdoq q1oov0coq: ndpdyoyq ATP kdi NADP
+
Zko1civq dv1pdoq q1oov0coq: kd0qAooq CO2 oc opydvikq
cvooq dv1ipov1d c ncv1(q/dvdyoyq 1ou 3-qooqoyAukcpiviko
oco oc dAcq/dvdycvvqoq ncv1(q
Kcpo: dn 6 CO2-> 2 1pic-> yAukq

19

Eikvd: kkAo 1ou Calvin

Mc1d1ponq 1q yAuk(q oc ydAdk1(q kdi iodkydpi1c
FAukq dn Calvin o1d qu1
4pouk1q dn yAukovcoycvcoq dn q q1oouv0c1iko

20

H yAuk(q c1d1pcnc1di oc cvd odkydpovoukAco1iio kdi c1d c
cnicpiooq ivci ydAdk1(q kdi d(i c1d Adk1(q, kd0o kdi
ooukp(q c qpouk1(q-6-P.
H yAuk(q dno0qkcc1di o1d qu1d odv uAo
(ADP-yAukq + uAo
v
-> uAo
v+1
+ADP)
kdi o1d (od odv yAukoyvo
(UDP-yAukq + yAukoyvo
v
-> yAukoyvo
v+1
+UDP)

5.2 BIOZYNOEZH AIHIAIDN
To dkc1uAoCoA dno1cAci 1qv nppoq cvooq yid 1q ov0coq
Aindpov oc Aou 1ou opydvioo.
Oo 1o dkc1uAoCoA ndpdyc1di oc i1oyvpid dn nupoo1dquAik
q dn -ociooq Aindpov, cvo q ov0coq Aindpov yivc1di o1o
ku11dpnAdod.
H dnv1qoq: 1o ki1pik ydvci o1o ku11dpnAdod dn 1o
i1ovpio c ciik qdvio c1dqop kdi ckc vci
dv odAoik kdi dkc1uAo-CoA
Iid 1q ov0coq Aindpov dndi1ci1di ndpouoid i11dv0pdkikov kdi
11c 1o dkc1uAo-CoA ivci qAovuAo-CoA c cvood1ooq cv
CO2.AkoAou0ci kkAo dv1ipdocov nou kd1dAov1di dn 1o cv(uo
ouv0oq 1nou I kdi oc kd0c kkAo cvood1ovov1di 2 d1od C
21
cypi 1q ov0coq 1ou ndAi1iko oc (16 C) c1 dn 7
kkAou. Hdpdyyq Aindpv c >16 C yvc1di dn 1o
ndAi1ik c npoo0qkq 2 d1v C. Mc1 1o C9 o1d
0qAdo1ik cv qioupyov1di inAo coo (dndpdi1q1q q
npoAqqq dn 1poqc).
A1q 1ov H kd1d 1i dvdyoyikc dv1ipdoci cvdi 1o NADPH c
nqyq 1ou 1ov kkAo 1ov ooopikov ncv1oov.

5.2.2 Bioov0coq 1piyAukcpiv
Aindp cv kukAoqopov o1ov opydvio, dAAd c1d1pcnov1di oc
1piyAukcpid ckivov1d dn P-yAukcpAq kdi 1ov co1cpd 1q c
o Aindpd nou ivouv qoqd1iik o kdi c1d co1cponoici1di
kdi c 3
o
Aindp.
Ancpipio1q dno0qkcuoq 1piyAukcpiiov o1ov Ainoq io1 1ov
(oov.

5.2.2 Bioov0coq qoqoyAukcpiv
Zuo1d1ikd 1ov cpdvov nou ouv1i0cv1di dn qooqd1iik kdi id
d(o1oyd cvooq (voukAco1iio, CTP)
Bioov0coq oAqo1cpAq: Hp1q Aq cvdi k0c cvoq nou
c1d1pcnc1di oc dkc1uAo-CoA

22
5.3 BIOZYNOEZH AMINOEEON

O kkAo 1ou yAuouAiko oc
Hdpdkdqq 1ov dv1ipdocov Krebs nou oqyov oc CO2
Zudvci oc npokdpu1c/qu1/ovok11dpou
cukdpu1c
Zv0coq: ud1dv0pkv, divo(cv, nopqupivv kAn
Kd11dq divocv oc1ik c 1ov c1doAio
IAukoycvc1ikd: oc nupoo1dquAik-odAoik kdi yAuk(q
(dAdvivq, ocpivq, yAou1divik, dondpdyivik kAn)
Kc1oycvc1ikd: oc dkc1uAo-CoA (Acukivq, Auoivq)
IAuko- kdi kc1o-ycvc1ikd (qdivuAdvdvivq, 1upooivq)
Td divocd ciocpyov1di o1d k11dpd c noAAd ouo1qd1d
c1dqopd divocov dvcdp1q1ov kdi oc ouvido c 1q
c1dqopd Na
+
Kd0qAoq 1ou N kdi ov0coq 1ou okcAc1o C

Kd0qAoq 1ou N
Hqyc: d1ooqdipik N2 kdi vi1pikd (NO3
-
), ouc1oyq
oAudviou
Avdyyq 1ou N oc NH3 yivc1di oc qu1d kdi ikpoopydvioo yi
oc (od
N2 + e
_
+ 16 ATP +H2O -> do1oyovdoq-> NH3 +H + ADP
A1q qAck1poviov civdi 1o NADH
Avdyyq 1v NO3 oc NH3
NO3 + NADH + H -> dvdyoydoq vi1pikov -> NO2 + NAD
+
+ H2O
NO2 -> NO -> NH2OH -> NH3
Evo1oq NH3 oc opydvikc cvoci.
1. Zv0coq qooqopiko kdpdiiou
2. Zv0coq yAou1diviko oco
3. Zv0coq yAou1divq

HpocAcuoq 1ou okcAc1o C
Andpd1q1d (cv nopc vd 1d ouv0coci) kdi q dndpd1q1d
4u1 kdi okpoopydvioo ouv0c1ouv Ad 1d divocd, o
v0pno 12 kdi pd dndpd1q1d yid npoAqqq dn 1poqc
cvdi 8.
O okcAc1 C Aov 1ov divocov npocpyc1di dn npov1d 1q
yAukoAu1ikq oo q 1ou kkAou Krebs.
Oi qu1ikc npo1cvc cyouv ikpq ncpick1ik1q1d oc dndpdi1q1d
divocd oc oycoq c (oikc npo1cvc.
23

Eikvd: Aivocd-Krebs-yAukAuoq

5.3.3 Zqdv1ik ndpyyd divocv

FAou1d0civq: 1pincn1iio, yAou1divik-kuo1civq-yAukivq c
dv1iocio1ikq pdoq (dvdyci H2O2 kAn). Avdycvvd1di c ciik
cv(uo kdi NADPH odv 1q qAck1poviov. Z1d cpu0pd diooqdipid
ndi(ci oqdv1ik pAo kdi 1o NADPH ndpdyc1di dn 1ov kkAo 1ov
ncv1o(ov.

Bioycvc dvc: ndpdyoyd dnokdpouAiooq divocov, no
io1dvq, ocpo1ovvq, oAvq, dkc1uAooAvq
(vcupoidido1q).

Opvc: civdi ndpdyoyd divocov, no dn 1upoovq->
dpcvdAvq kdi 0upovq, kdi dn 1pun1oqvq -> cAd1ovvq.

Kpcd1vq: Hdpyyo 1q dpyivvq kdi yAukvq
24

Ocio 1ou N: Hdpyyo 1q dpyivvq (oqdv1ik qvud
c1doAioo)

HupoAik dk1Aio: Zuc1oq 1q yAukvq o1q ov0coq
1ou nopqupiviko dk1Aiou 1q dq kdi 1q ApoqAAq.

25
NOYKAEIKA OEEA

6.1 Eq voukAcikv ocv
DNA (nAdoiio 3y10
3
bp, dk1qpio 3y10
6
bp, dv0ponou 3y10
9
bp)
RNA (pioooik, c1dqopik, dyycAioqpo, c1cpoycvc, ikp
nupqvik)
Zuo1d1ik
Eikvd: coupiovoukAco1iio, piovoukAco1iio

6.2 Aoc DNA RNA
Eikvd inAq cAikd

26

27

Eikvd voukAcoood1o-ypod1ivq

28
6.3 Bioov0coq ouo1d1ikv voukAcikv ocv

Oooqopikd dn 1poqq

Hcv1(c dn 1ov kkAo qooqopikov ncv1o(ov

Bioov0coq nupiiivov
Oooqopik kdpdiio + dondpdyivik -> opo1ik + qooqopikq
pi(q -> oupiuAik
Eikvd

Bioov0coq noupivov
5-P pi(q + ATP -> Pi(q 5-P-1-PP + L-yAou1divq (nqyq N)
Eikvd

Bioov0coq i- kdi 1piqooqopikov co1cpov voukAco(i1ov

Bioov0coq coupiovoukAco1iiov
Avdyoyq pi(q o1q 0coq 2 o1o cninco 1ov i-qooqopikov
voukAco(i1ov (H dn 0ciopcoivq, dvdycvvqoq c 1q H dn
NADPH2)

6.4 Bioov0coq DNA

Ii1q1c HoAucpdoq DNA:

1. Xpqoionoiov odv uno1pod 5`1piqooqopiko co1cpc
1ov cou-voukAco(i1ov (dNTPs)
2. Andi1ov 1q ndpouoid ckdyciou, qioupyov cvd nio1
dv1iypdqo.
3. H ov0coq 1ou DNA yivc1di c qiouv1qpq1ik qydvio
(kd0c ikAovo cyci cvd ndAi ki cvd kdivopyio kAovo).
4. Andi1qoq ckkivq1q (DNA, RNA).
5. Kd1c0uvoq ioov0coq 1ou DNA civdi 5`-> 3`
6. H ioov0coq 1ou DNA yivc1di dn ncpioo1cpc noAucpdoc

H nopcd 1q dv1iypdqq 1ou DNA
Hdpdyov1c: npidoq, pol I, pol III, Aiydoq

29

Eikvd dv1iypdqq 1ou DNA

30

Bioov0coq DNA c ckdycio RNA: pc1pooi, dv1io1poqq
1pdvokpin1doq.

6.5 Eniip0oq DNA
Enciq oudivouv kd0c Acn1 oc kd0c pio DNA yiAidc Adc,
yopi 1ou cniiop0o1iko qydvioo (dno1cAov1di dn 150 kdi
ndvo npo1cvc-cv(ud) 0d q1dv dvd1q q ouvcyioq 1q (oq o1ov
cio koo.

1. Ad0q kd1d 1qv dv1iypdqq
2. AnoAcid noupivov-nupiiivov
3. AnoAcid divodd 1ov docov
4. Yncpioq kdi iovi(ouod dk1ivooAid
5. EAc0cpc pi(c, kdpkivoyvd

31

6.6 Bioov0coq RNA
Ii1q1c HoAucpdoq PNA:
1. Xpqoq odv uno1pod 5` 1piqooqopikov co1cpov 1ov
voukAco(i1ov (NTPs).
2. Xpqoionoiov ckdycio DNA
3. H kd1c0uvoq ov0coq civdi 5`-> 3`
4. O qydvio ov0coq 1ou RNA civdi ouv1qpq1ik
5. Oi noAucpdoc RNA cv ypcid(ov1di ckkivq1q yid vd pdoouv
32

Mc1dypdqq 1q nAqpoqopd dn DNA oc mRNA
1. O dv1ivoqd1ik kAovo ypqoionoici1di odv ckdycio
2. Hdpdyc1di nppoo mRNA
3. Yqio1d1di 3 dAAdyc: npoo0qkq id c0uAiocvq
youdvivq-dqdipcoq dAAqAouyiov cooviov-npoo0qkq id
oupd dn dcvivc.

6.6 Kd1doAio 1v voukAcikv ocv

YpoAu1ikq dnoikoqoq: covoukAcdoc kdi cvovoukAcdoc
(coupiovoukAcdoc/piovoukAcdoc)

Houpvc: q dcvivq kdi youdvivq yivov1di unodv0ivq/dv0ivq kdi
oupik kdi dAAdv1oivq kdi oc donvuAd NH3 kdi CO2
Hupiivc: q ku1ooivq yivc1di oupdkiAq kdi du1q 1cAikd oc -
dAdvivq kdi NH3 kdi CO2. H 0uivq yivc1di -divoiooou1upik.

33
BIOZYNOEZH HPOTENON

7.1 Fcvc1ik kikd

34
Eikvd ycvc1iko kikd

Xdpdk1qpio1ik ycvc1iko kikd

1. Eivdi ckquAiocvo
2. Zuvovud civdi 1d koikvid nou opi(ouv 1o iio divo.
3. Koikvid ouvovud nopci vd ivouv kdi oikd ouyycvq
divocd.
4. O dpi0 1ov koikoviov yid kd0c divo civdi dvdAoyo
1q ouyv1q1d nou dndv1d1di o1i npo1cvc.
5. O ycvc1ik koikd civdi ouvcyq kdi yi cnikdAun1cvo.
Mc1d-c1dqpdo1ikc 1pononoiqoci np1cvv
1. YpAuoq 1qd1ov
2. OooqopuAiooq, yAukoouAiooq, dkuAiooq, upouAiooq
divocov
3. AioouAqiikoi cooi

35

Bioov0coq 1v np1cvv
Acu1cpo1dyq-1pi1o1dyq oq np1civv

36

Eikvd oov npo1cvq

Evoku11pid cv1nioq np1cvv
1. Zqd ckkpioq
2. Zqd1oo1ik ncn1iio (i1oyvpid)
3. Zuc1oyq ouvoo npo1cvq

ANOPFANEZ ENOZEIZ-BITAMINEZ

To vcp o1d v1dv ouo1qd1d
1. YqqAd oqcid 1qq kdi (coco
2. Hukv1cpo dn ndyo
3. AinoAo/cooi upoyvou
4. AidAuoq kd0c noAikq cvooq
5. YpqiAc/upqoc
6. Z1d0cponoici cu1c-1pi-1c1dp1o1dyci oc
7. YpoAdoc/Audoc cyouv uno1pod H2O
8. Zuc1cyci o1q qo1oov0coq

Avpydvd iv1d
1. Aoco1io 1kiA
2. Nd, K, P 100 ypd
3. Mc1dAAd (ydAk qcudpyupo kAn) cAdyio1q noo1q1d
ivoo1oicd

Mc1dkvqoq iv1v
Aidqopc o1i ouykcv1pooci cvo- kdi coku11dpid
37
Na
+
: 10 mM kdi 142 mM (kpio cku11pio kd1iv)
K
+
: 100 mM kdi 5 mM
Ca
2+
: 0.1 mM kdi 2.8 mM

Av1Ac iv1v (npo cydA1cpq ouykcv1poq)
H npo1civq-dv1Aid cocci 1o iv dn 1qv nAcupd 1q cpdvq
c 1qv ikp1cpq ouyk. Kdi 1o dncAcu0cpovci o1qv nAcupd 1q
cpdvq c 1qv cydA1cpq ouyk. AAAd(ov1d idpqooq
c1d dn qooqopuAiooq c oq0cid 1ou ATP.
Av1Ad Na/K : yid k0c 1 ATP nou upoAc1di ndvouv 2
iv1d K kdi ydvouv 3 iv1d Nd.

Eikvd dv1Aid Nd/K
KdvAid iv1v (npo ikp1cpq ouykcv1poq)
Zuvcpyd(ov1di c dv1Aic iv1ov

Mc1dqopc iv1v
Aidcpdvikc npo1cvc civdi c1dqopci iv1ov. Md(i
c1dqcpouv kdi cvooci (ud1dv0pdkc, divocd), npo 1qv iid
kd1c0uvoq (ouc1dqop) q dv1i0c1q (dv1ic1dqop).
Iovoqopc (q npo1cvikq qoq)
Av1iio1ikd nou dudvouv 1q idncpd11q1d i1oyovpidkov
cpdvov. Yndpyouv kivq1o kdi qioupyo kdvdAiv

Kd1iv1d-Aviv1d
Kd1iv1d Nd, K kdi Ca
Ziqpo-qcppi1ivq-oiqpoqiAivq
Zn, Cu, Hg-c1dAAo0ciovcivq
38
XAopiv1d- q0opioyd-qooqopikd-i11dv0pdkikd
H ocoq ivou/ioivou qoqopiko pu0ci 1o
cvoku11pio pH
H ocoq ivou/ioivou dv0pdkiko pu0ci 1o
cku11pio pH

8.3 Bi1dvc
Mikp opydvik pid nou npooAdvouc (0qAdo1ik) dn
1poqc kdi Aci1oupyov odv ouvcvud kdi dvdycvviov1di
Yd1oidAu1c: ZunAcyd1o B, i1divq C (dokopik o-
dv1iocio1ikq)
AinoidAu1c: Bi1divc A (pc1ivdAq, onAoko c pooqivq), D, E
(1okoqcpAq-dv1iocio1ikq), K (nqq did1o)

O EAEFXOZ TOY METABOAIZMOY ZE MOPIAKO EHIHEAO

9.1 Pu0io1ik pid

OPMONEZ (oc d kdi qu1)
Hdpdyov1di dn cvokpivci dcvc (unquoq, 0upociq,
cnivcqpiid, pyci, oo0qkc kAn)

Hcn1iopvc: dno1cAov1di dn 10-200 dd kdi ndpdyov1di o1ov
cykcqdAo (unquoq-uno0dAdo).
H unquoq ndpdyci opvc nou icycipouv dAAou cvokpivci
dcvc. Oupo1ponvq icycipci 1ov 0upociq vd ndpdyci 0upovq
Kop1iko1ponvq pd o1d cnivcqpiid kdi ndpdyouv o1cpocici
opvc
IvoouAvq-yAukdyvo ndpdyov1di dn 1o ndykpcd.

Opvc-ndpyyd divocv: Eivdi ndpdyoyd divocov (oi
ndpdkd1o civdi 1upooivq)
ApcvdAvq q cnivcqpvq ndpdyc1di o1ov ucA 1ov cnivcqpiiov
Oupovq ndpdyc1di dn 1ov 0upociq

Opvc-ndpyyd Aindpv ocv:
Hpoo1dyAdvvc (pAo o1qv qAcyovq) ndpdyoyd 1ou
dpdyioviko oco

Z1cpocic opvc (c nppoq 1qv 1-yoAqo1cpAq)
Kop1ikoo1cpociq ndpdyov1di dn cnivcqpiid
Avpoyvd-1co1oo1cpvq ndpdyov1di dn pyci
Hpoyco1cpvq-oio1poyvd (oio1pdiAq) ndpdyov1di dn
oo0qkc.

NEYPOAIABIBAZTEZ
Ncupoidido1c ncpiAddvouv:
39
divocd (yAukvq yAou1divik o kAn)
dnokdpouAiocvd ndpdyoyd divocov (dkc1uAooAvq,
ocpo1ovvq, v1ondvq kAn)
vopdpcvdAvq cyci nppoq 1qv 1upooivq
ncn1iid (dyycio1cvovq, cykcqdAvc, cvopqvc kAn)
1o ocio 1ou d1ou NO odv cvcpyonoiq1q 1q youdvuAikq
kukAdoq.

AYEHTIKOI HAPAFONTEZ
Oi duq1ikoi ndpdyov1c civdi noAuncn1iid, icycipouv dvdoAikc
idikdoic kdi pu0i(ouv 1qv ckqpdoq yoviiov oc c1dypdqik-
c1dqpdo1ik cninco.
Enicpik duq1ik ndpyov1d EGF
Auq1ik ndpyov1d 1v dionc1dAv PDGF
Auq1iko ndpyov1c nou oiouv o1qv ivoouAvq IGF I, II

KYTOKINEZ
Oi ku11okivc civdi o oikoycvcic npo1cvov:
Iv1cpqcpvc pouv cvdv1iov iov-npo1o(oov, pu0io1c 1q
dvooid, 1q dvdn1uq kdi cvcpyonoiq1c noAAov yoviiov.
Iv1cpAcukvc pouv oc dvoooAoyikc kdi qAcyovoci
dv1ipdoci

9.2 Mopidko qdvioo c1dqop qvu1v

Ynooc civdi npo1cvc (idAu1c q cpdvikc) nou
dvdyvopi(ov1di dn cvd cpc0iod, uqio1dv1di dAAoo1cpikq
c1dn1ooq kdi cvcpyonoiov dAAd pid o1o coo1cpik 1ov
ku11dpov q c1d1pcnc1di oc kdvdAi iv1ov.

Mcpdviko unooc
1. Oqyov o1q ndpdyyq cu1cpoycvv qvu1v
Acu1cpoycvq qvd1d civdi:
cAMP: civdi cvcpyonoiq1q id oikoycvcid kivdoov nou
qooqopuAiovouv npo1cvc kdi 1i cvcpyonoiov.
cGMP: ouc1cyci o1q idikdoid on1ikq icycpoq
AidkuAoyAukcpAq cvcpyonoici kivdoq
1,4,5 1piqoqopikq ivooi1Aq : dvoiyci kdvdAid Ca
2+
, pu0i(ci
1qv ouykcv1pooq 1ou cvoku11dpiou doco1iou
Ca
2+
.

2. Ynooc nou pu0ouv 1q Aci1oupyd kdvdAiv iv1v
Mcpdvikoi unooyci nou cyov1di cpc0iod kdi dvoiyouv-
kAcivouv 1d kdvdAid K
+
kdi Ca
2+
.
Ynoocd-kdvAi iv1v q cvuo kdi np1cvq G

40
3. Ynooc cpdvv nou Aci1oupyov odv kdvAid
iv1v
Ynooycd 1ou yAou1diviko civdi 1o kdvdAi Nd
+
K
+

4. Ynooc cpdvv c poq kivoq np1cvv
(ivoouAivq, duq1ikoi ndpdyov1c, yAuk(q, iv1d)
tyouv 1qv ii1q1d kivdoq npo1cvov nou qooqopuAiovouv 1ov
cdu1 1ou kdi dAAc npo1cvc o1qv 1upooivq. Oi unooc du1o
cnqpcouv noAAc oqdv1ikc icpydoc: ov0coq DNA,
RNA np1cvv

AidAu1o unooc

Eivdi oi unooyci nou dvdyvopi(ouv kupio 0upocic opvc
kdi 1q 0upovq o1o ku11dpnAdod kdi c1d 1o onAoko ncpvd
o1ov nupqvd nou pu0i(ci 1qv ckqpdoq yoviiov.

To Ca
2+
c1cpo qvud
H ouykcv1pooq 1ou Ca
2+
co- kdi cvo-ku11dpid civdi 10
-3
kdi 10
-7
Kdi dvdn1y0qkdv dv1Ad, kdvAi kdi dv1ic1dqopcd
doco1ou/vd1pou
Zuo1qd1d c1dqopd Ca
2+
undpyouv kdi o1d opydviid.
PAo 1ou cvoku11dpiou doco1iou civdi cvcpyonoiqoq cv(ov
dcod q c ounAokonoiqoq c kdAoouAvq o1o ku11dpnAdod
(kivdoc, npo1cdoc kAn) kdi 1ponovvq C o1i uikc ivc.

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