ANTIBIOTIK

Agen antimikroba diklasifikasikan berdasarkan struktur kimia dan mekanisme kerjanya, yaitu 1. Menghambat sintesis dinding sel bakteri, yaitu kelas beta-laktam (seperti penisilin, sefalosporin, dan carbapenem) dan Antimicrobial agents are classified based on chemical structure and proposed mechanism of action, as follows: (1) agents that inhibit synthesis of bacterial cell walls, including the -lactam class (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems) and dissimilar agents such as cycloserine, vancomycin, and bacitracin; (2) agents that act directly on the cell membrane of the microorganism, increasing permeability and leading to leakage of intracellular compounds, including detergents such as polymyxin; polyene antifungal agents (e.g., nystatin and amphotericin B) which bind to cell-wall sterols; and the lipopeptide daptomycin (Carpenter and Chambers, 2004); (3) agents that disrupt function of 30S or 50S ribosomal subunits to reversibly inhibit protein synthesis, which generally are bacteriostatic (e.g., chloramphenicol, the tetracyclines, erythromycin, clindamycin, streptogramins, and linezolid); (4) agents that bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and alter protein synthesis, which generally are bactericidal (e.g., the aminoglycosides); (5) agents that affect bacterial nucleic acid metabolism, such as the rifamycins (e.g., rifampin and rifabutin), which inhibit RNA polymerase, and the quinolones, which inhibit topoisomerases; and (6) the antimetabolites, including trimethoprim and the sulfonamides, which block essential enzymes of folate metabolism