project statement

The OostvaardersWold ecological corridor is a “New Nature” project in the Netherlands, transmuting agricultural
land into a robust ecological zone for wildlife migration. It is recognized that diversity affords ecological resiliency.
By designing for landscape diversity that also re-embeds work, education, trade and recreation into the land,
cultural and economic resiliencies are afforded. These combined resiliencies strengthen the likelihood of
ecological, cultural and economic success across local, regional, and global scales.

capstone project goals

My intention with this capstone project was to craft a design for a functioning ecological system within
a human infrastructural framework. The site in the Netherlands was chosen because of the history of innovation
in Dutch planning and design in dealing with intensive ecological, infrastructure and population pressures.
OostvaardersWold will be the first corridor of its kind to be built. In crafting a master plan for the corridor,
I perceived that ensuring a resilient ecological context necessitated designing for cultural and economic functions
as well. Through re-embedding ecological processes and cultural and economic functions into the landscape,
the resultant design creates a diversity of landscapes, allowing for ecological, cultural and economic success
across scales.

site
The Netherlands is a delta country formed by the outflow of three major continental rivers, glacial succession,
and the continuous influence of the North Sea. The Province of Flevoland consists of lands diked and drained in
three phases from the former Zuiderzee. The corridor site is located in Southern Flevoland, drained during the final
phase in1968. Roughly 10 km by 2 km, the site is currently used for industrial agriculture. The corridor is planned for
the migration of the introduced populations of wild Heck cattle, Konik horses and red deer between Oostvaarder-
splassen, a 15,000-acre habitat of international importance and the Horsterwold, a planted forest of 10,000 acres.
Lying roughly 4 meters below NAP (Normal Amsterdam Water Level), the corridor site has about one meter of
elevation change over its length, with an average subsidence of around one centimeter per year. The corridor is part of
national and European ecological networks, and is planned to eventually extend to the Hogue Veluwe National
Forest and to Germany. The Province of Flevoland plans for realization of the corridor in 2014.

the dutch design the landscape

For well over 1000 years, Dutch landscape design has revolved around safety; from flood and storms, from
foreign invasion, and from food dependency. Landscape designs driven by each of these phenomena have suffered
inelasticity in the face of change. Solutions to protect against continental floods and sea storms need continual
modification to contend with changing climate conditions and sea level rise. The Defense Lines built to flood out
potential invaders, begun in the 1600s and maintained until 1940, were ineffective in the face of modern warfare.
Designs for food security promoted with the building of the Zuiderzee project were inadequate to cope with the
challenges of globalized industrial agriculture.

OostvaardersWold
Cynthia Lapp • Masters of Landscape Architecture • University of Minnesota
typologies
As an element of nature between urban and agricultural contexts, the corridor area encompasses three main
typologies in the Dutch landscape. In examining these typologies, historical and modern versions of urban, agricultural
and nature typologies were explored. Amsterdam was considered urban in the 1500s. Its infrastructure supported an
elite class of international traders, and protected inhabitants from water and external threats. In contrast, the modern
polder city of Almere can be characterized as developing a regional identity, subject to internal threats from social
isolation, with a goal of providing education, work and recreation opportunities for all.

Historical village agriculture depended on internal knowledge and continuity, ordered by the rhythm of human
and animal labor and seasonal cycles. Today, industrial agriculture depends on external knowledge, and the abil-
ity to change and adapt to global rhythms of policy and economy. Animal parks representing nature in the 17th
Century were restricted in access. Ritual hunting of wild grazing animals conferred divine status. Large ecological zones
characterize current Dutch “New Nature”, with robust connections now being implemented. Designed for universal
access to ritual recreation, the wild grazing animals reintroduced into the landscape symbolize ecological health and
confirm the connection between humans and nature. Nature and art are often combined in this typology.

god and the dutch make land

Eons of geomorphic processes and hundreds of years of landscape engineering have created the Dutch landscape.
The inundating North Sea repeatedly opened and closed what became the Zuiderzee, with Pleistocene aquifers of
fresh to salt water encapsulating the history of these changes. Empoldering land, creating land through diking and
draining, has been practiced in the Netherlands since the 1200s. These twin forces are integrated in the corridor site,
where polder soils of the former sea floor are comprised of sand, clay and peat layers echoing the succession of land,
sea and marsh.

Originally planned to control flooding from recurrent North Sea storms and provide agricultural lands for food security,
the Zuiderzee Works planned by Cornelis Lely in 1891 was implemented beginning in 1920. A closure dike across the
mouth of the Zuiderzee in 1932 enabled the water body to become fresh with the off-watering from continental rivers,
and was renamed the IJsselmeer (Ijssel Lake). Four polders were drained between 1930 and 1968, and a second dike
in 1975 split the IJsselmeer and created the Markermeer, bordering Southern Flevoland. Flevoland became a province
in 1986.

Careful control of water levels is practiced throughout the Netherlands, and is especially important as one-third
of the country lies below sea level. In Flevoland, this is expressed through the system of drainage pipes and
ephemeral ditches, leading into secondary drains (tochts) and primary drains (vaarts). Excess water in the vaarts from
precipitation and seepage is pumped outside the dikes into bordering lakes. The corridor site is located between the
two main drainage canals, or vaarts, of the polder. To the southeast, the Hoge Vaart (high canal) lies one meter higher
than the Lage Vaart (low canal) on the northwest end of the corridor.

research process
Various forms of research were undertaken for this project. Two research trips were completed, including site visits,
site mapping and photography, as well as formal interviews and informal conversations with active and retired
professionals and the public. To understand the history of Dutch culture, design and the site’s context, many books,
reports and policy documents were consulted. A literature review of current road ecology was conducted. While most
people I interviewed spoke fluent English, I learned Dutch to be comfortable in the country, understand linguistic

OostvaardersWold
Cynthia Lapp • Masters of Landscape Architecture • University of Minnesota
connections to the landscape, and read various books and reports. GIS mapping was used to understand the
site and intricacies of the polder water system. People in the Netherlands were tremendously supportive of my
interest in the corridor. They encouraged me to design from a perspective independent of provincial, municipal, or
ministerial viewpoints.

stakeholders + timelines
OostvaardersWold Corridor is a project of the Province of Flevoland. Official partners include the municipalities of
Almere, Lelystad and Zeewolde, Waterschap Zuiderzeeland, the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality,
and the National Forest Service. The first Provincial study of alternatives for the corridor was published in April,
2008, and the first Structural Vision in January, 2009. The urban design office of Enno Zuidema Stedebouw was
contracted for this work. I had the opportunity to interview Enno Zuidema about his experience and views about
designing for the Provincial agenda. Funding for the corridor, including the relocation of current site inhabitants, is
assured through the national Natura 2000 program. The corridor is scheduled to be realized in 2014.

Historically, planning in the Netherlands has been centralized, with little public input elicited. This process
is changing, and there were opportunities to learn of public opinions through published findings from public
workshops on the corridor and at various corridor informational events. Different ministries I spoke with held
diverse, and occasionally conflicting agendas for the corridor. The Municipality of Almere, pursuing the extension
of Almere Oost adjacent to the corridor, finished a second draft of its 2030 plan in February, 2009. Almere Oost is
slated to be built and contain 20,000 houses in an urban agriculture context. The whole of Almere is expected to add
60,000 houses and 100,000 jobs by 2030. Almere awaits implementation approval from the national government in
October 2009. Development will be guided by the Almere Principles, written in conjunction William McDonough +
Partners in 2008, to assist in creating a livable, polycentric city intertwined with a healthy environment.

issues + solutions
Three elements shape the design of the OostvaardersWold corridor: water, wildlife and people. Through ecological
and infrastructure requirements, water is the main driver of the design. The corridor water system both controls
the ecological character of the corridor and evacuates water from the polder through the polder infrastructure.
Wild Heck cattle, Konik horses and red deer, the wild grazers who will use the corridor, have their own requirements
for habitat and safe passage through the landscape. Programming for human users within the corridor focuses
on providing opportunities to experience natural systems while separating people from core habitat areas. This
is facilitated by various designs for recreation, education and research opportunities. To illustrate how human use
of the corridor will integrate with its surrounding context, a master plan for the future Almere Oost was also
generated. These issues and attendant design solutions are summarized below.

water issues water design solutions

Hoge Vaart and Lage Vaart water should not mix due to water
quality issues
Rainfall estimated to provide enough water for 10-day optimal
turnover in corridor
50-80 cm optimal water levels for submerged water-cleaning
vegetation
While submerged vegetation is necessary for water quality,
deeper water variations enrich ecological variety
Drain pipes for agricultural groundwater keep levels too deep to
generate rich ecological quality
Current high levels of nutrient loading in Oostvaardersplassen
Using corridor for “general” polder water storage judged to be
inefficient
Corridor site of current drainage tocht; separating corridor water
system necessitates tocht replacement
Cynthia Lapp • future
Separate corridor water system from polder water system
Hedge by supplementing corridor water by starting the corridor
tocht in southern Almere Oost
Central water depth of 50 cm and additional seasonal water at
30 cm optimal for submerged vegetation
Pools with varying depths are located adjacent to the central
and seasonal water
Break drain pipes within specified corridor areas to raise
groundwater levels.
Use nutrients in corridor water outflow to fertilize vegetation in
greenhouse living machines
Operate water systems separately; connect infrastructure for
OostvaardersWold
unforeseen Mastersneeds
of Landscape Architecture • University of Minnesota
Install side tochts that parallel the corridor for urban and large-
scale agricultural irrigation
 deeper water variations enrich ecological variety
Drain pipes for agricultural groundwater keep levels too deep to
generate rich ecological quality
Current high levels of nutrient loading in Oostvaardersplassen
Using corridor for “general” polder water storage judged to be
inefficient
Corridor site of current drainage tocht; separating corridor water
system necessitates tocht replacement
people + corridor issues
Create opportunities for all to connect with the landscape and
natural systems
Separate humans from wildlife within corridor
Relocation of people farming corridor site
Current facilities in corridor anchor sites insufficient
Tracking of disease vectors between wildlife and humans
people + almere oost issues
Almere 2030 goal of feeding 30% of Almere's projected
population of 350,000
Almere 2030 plan for urban agriculture, practicing biodynamic +
organic farming
Reinstate productive forestry
Connect to existing polder sculpture + land art; Paviljones
Museum, Flevoland Collection, Almere Collection
Almere 2030 plan to provide economic opportunities
Almere 2030 plan for industry along A6, A27, rail + water
corridors
Expand educational opportunities
Integrate new landscape into cultural stories
Almere 2030 “rural density” plan for 20,000 new houses
Extend existing structure of green connections throughout
Almere Oost
wildlife issues
Safe crossings of transportation infrastructure: Hoge Vaart, A6,
Volgelweg, Lage Vaart, N305
Habitat disturbance through transportation noise + pollution and
visual disturbance from context outside corridor
Degradation of habitat by successful grazing populations
Public perception of suffering in winter die-off of grazers
Reintegrate wild grazers with cultural practices
Separate wild and domestic animal populations
OostvaardersWold
Cynthia Lapp • Masters of Landscape Architecture • University of Minnesota
and seasonal water
Break drain pipes within specified corridor areas to raise
groundwater levels.
Use nutrients in corridor water outflow to fertilize vegetation in
greenhouse living machines
Operate water systems separately; connect infrastructure for
unforeseen future needs
Install side tochts that parallel the corridor for urban and large-
scale agricultural irrigation
corridor design solutions
Extensive system of bike/pedestrian paths, causeway prospects,
visitor centers
Continue current successful practice of humans not deviating
from pathways within nature areas
Remove fewer farmsteads than current provincial plan; rescale
farms and weave into urban agricultural context
Design appropriate visitor and research facilities
Utilize research facilities to monitor situation
almere oost design solutions
Utilize polder fertility for vegetable, orchard, apiary, dairy, meat,
grain + greenhouse agriculture
Produce nutrient-rich food, sustain fertility, enhance ecological
quality of land and water
Reintroduce cultural practices of coppicing, lumber + specialty
wood forestry
Sculpture Center for public, working artists, connection to
specialty forestry
Land-based industries: basketry + wattling, furniture, artisan,
millwork, food packaging, greenhouses, farm retail, farm stays,
marketing, artist colonies, sculpture center
Position intensive greenhouses and land-based industries near
national + EU infrastructure
Land-based education: farm schools, folk schools, social
programs, research; connect to polder history Nieuw Land
Museum, Lelystad
Opportunities for all ages to practice creativity + responsibility
connected to the landscape
Replace currently planned rural sprawl with "Wijkdorp"
neighborhood-villages of 1000 - 2500 houses woven into urban
agriculture context
Connect existing green structure with corridor, weaving through
urban agriculture and Wijkdorp contexts
wildlife design solutions
Separate from traffic with over- and under-passes that allow for
comfortable migration
Line transportation corridors with sound/light barriers to protect
habitat; forested buffers and viewing dikes protect visual habitat
Create rotational pastures for migrating wildlife
Set population parameters and cull healthy animals to reduce
possible suffering
Culling of healthy animals possibly marketed and consumed as
wild game
Continue current practice of fences, dikes and water to separate
corridor wildlife from domestic animal populations
people and the corridor
The corridor offers distinct experiences of separation and connection. Bike and pedestrian pathways will
wend through the enclosure of forest borders, opening into vistas across outlying pools and along the central
habitat areas in the corridor, and along dikes and tochts outside the corridor. Dikes will visually divide the corridor
and surrounding agricultural context, while providing panoramic views of the urban agriculture and Wijkdorps
of Almere Oost, the breadth of habitat conditions inside the corridor, and the expansive landscape of large-scale
polder agriculture to the east. Pedestrian and bike causeways will link corridor edges while providing prospects of
the core habitat and an undulating horizon line of forest bordering the length of the corridor.

resilience + applicability
This design establishes a diversity of landscapes and land uses that support resiliency not only for Oostvaarders-
Wold ecological corridor, but the cultural and economic contexts within which the corridor resides. It is recognized
that diversity affords ecological resiliency. By creating landscape diversity through re-embedding work, education,
trade and recreation into the land, cultural and economic resiliencies are also afforded. These combined resiliencies
strengthen the likelihood of ecological, cultural and economic success across local, regional, and global scales.

This corridor, and the extensive landscape and environmental planning that engendered it and other robust
ecological projects in the Netherlands, can serve to guide other regions and countries in ecological planning. The
lessons learned in dealing with intensive ecological, infrastructure and population pressures can be adapted to
other ecological and political frameworks.

The inclusion of cultural and economic issues in ecological and landscape planning can be adapted to any
landscape and any culture. By extending the site analysis and constraints/opportunities evaluation expertise of
landscape architects into cultural and economic arenas, landscape architects are poised to be at the vanguard
of solving complex ecological and economic issues. Landscape architects have both the overview and detail
knowledge necessary to work across disciplines, to embed site- and culture-specific solutions into diverse
landscapes, and forge creative and fitting solutions to the pressing economic and ecological issues today and in
the future.

OostvaardersWold
Cynthia Lapp • Masters of Landscape Architecture • University of Minnesota
1 the dutch design the landscape Centuries of Dutch landscape design focused on safety from flood, invasion, and food
dependency. Each of these solutions was inelastic in the face of change. The urban, agricultural and nature typologies of the corridor
site have historical and modern precedents.
2 existing conditions Existing urban,
agriculture and nature land uses within the cor-
ridor context. Horizontality in the polder landscape
is paramount; the power of the vanishing point is
utilized in Dutch road, trail and canal design.
3 god and the dutch make land Geomorphic processes and human engineering are twin forces forming the Dutch landscape.
The long history of empoldering land is expressed in the corridor site, the most recently drained polder (1968) of the Zuiderzee Works.
Extensive infrastructure keeps the polder dry.
4 designing the site Water, wildlife and people shape the corridor design. The main driver is water. The corridor water system both
controls the ecological character of the corridor and evacuates water from the polder through the polder infrastructure.
5 master plan + human experience A fluctuating water system, safe passage for wildlife, and recreation, education and research
opportunities for people are expressed. To illustrate how human use of the corridor integrates with surrounding context, a master plan for
the future Almere Oost was generated. Prospect and enclosure experiences afforded by the corridor trail system are illustrated.
6 program axon Corridor design elements for water, wildlife and people are diagrammed. A conceptual vision how the site will
transmute from agriculture land to robust ecological connection is illustrated.
7 corridor model flythrough A sampling of frames from a 3-D SketchUp model. Flying through the corridor, one experiences the
scale of the site, and how the corridor will be embedded in the current agricultural context.
8 wildlife crossings Major transportation infrastructure crosses the corridor at five points; two primary drainage canals, a European highway (A6) with planned high-speed rail,
and local and a national highway. Sections illustrate the two types of overpass and the A6 underpass. Passages will range from 100-150m wide, ensuring quality habitat.
9 corridor sections These sections illustrate the scale of the corridor, and how corridor and farmland will spatially interweave. Wind turbines on the polder are
roughly 200’ – 205’ tall.
10 designing for resilience Ecological, cultural and economic resiliencies are afforded by landscape diversity. Relationships
between program elements and Almere Principles are illustrated. A model for rotational wildlife pastures is illustrated, as is the resiliency
of the water design in high and low water situations. The proposed corridor plan removes fewer farmsteads than the Provincial plan.
11 ecology perspectives These illustrations show the ecological quality and complexity of the corridor in different seasons,
and how people will experience and connect to these natural systems on the bike / pedestrian path system.
12 culture perspectives Causeways across the northern and southern sections of the corridor will afford prospects of the
corridor’s core habitat, and extended views across the flat polder landscape. The sculpture center allows the public to view artists to
work on sculpture. It serves as a connection point to Almere’s Paviljones Museum and the extensive collection of sculpture in the polder.
13 economy perspectives Where a Wijkdorp (“neighborhood village”) edge meets the urban agricultural context of Almere Oost,
and a view of coppice forestry workers.
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OostvaardersWold
Cynthia Lapp • Masters of Landscape Architecture • University of Minnesota
image credits 2 existing conditions
Basemap City of Almere

1 the dutch design the landscape 3 god and the dutch make land
safety diagram geohydrology
1755 Storm Base info Geohydrologische Atlas IJsselmeergebied, Rijkswaterstaat
from Bespiegeling over Neêrlandsch Waternood, tusschen den 14den en zuiderzee works
15den Nov. 1775 www.forumrarebooks.com/messages/item/124.html Basemap Algemeene Kaart van Holland, 1810; Topografische Dienst
1953 Flood polder drainage diagram
www.safecoast.org/canon/beschrijving.php?b=40 after van de Ven’s Manmade Lowlands
NOAA Sea Ice Model polder water system
www.noaa.gov Zuiderzeeland Water System map, Waterschap
NOAA Sea Level Rise wogmeer polder
www.noaa.gov Gerrit Dirksz, 1608; Investors map, G. Dirksz, 1607-12; State Topographic
Waterline map map, 1895; Photo Paul Paris; all (Reh, et. al. 2007)
Inundation, 1800s lely + zuiderzee works
US WWII bomber Lely; 1930 Closure Dike construction; Closure Dike today; wikipedia.org
www.world-war-2-planes.com/american-world-war-2-planes.html flevoland
German WWII fighter Archived photos, Gemeente Almere Plannenatlas Almere
www.world-war-2-planes.com/american-world-war-2-planes.htmlGerman holocene deposits
Milking After Structuurvisie OostvaardersWold Ontwerp, Provincie Flevoland
Nationaal Archief www.flickr.com/photos/nationaalarchief/3118474906/ pleistocene structures
Alkamaar cheese market After Geohydrologische Atlas IJsselmeergebied, Rijkswaterstaat
Nationaal Archief www.flickr.com/photos/nationaalarchief/3118474906/ groundwater flow
Industrial grain harvest After Geohydrologische Atlas IJsselmeergebied, Rijkswaterstaat
weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2008/11/26/29695_grain-and-hay.html polder drainage + reclamation
Grain pile After Manmade Lowlands
www.grainpilecover.com/images/grainpilecoverinstall3.jpg
typologies 4 designing the site
Amsterdam, 1597, Ons Amsterdam, 1932 almere
Google Maps almere plannenatlas (Gemeente Almere, 2008)
Google Maps 2030 almere plan
Dirk Maas, “Willem III op hertenjacht” (van Ool, Marcel. 2008) Almere 2.0 (Stuurgroep Almere 2030)
Photo www.mcww.nl horsterwold images
Photo wiepoes, www.panoramio.com (Arnoldussen+ Nip, 1996)
Google Earth image ooostvaardersplassen, horsterwold
site maps both google maps
Google Basemap
Basemap City of Almere 6 program axon
Basemap Michelin 1:400,000 corridor conversion concept
Basemap City of Almere almere birds-eye base image courtesy Ria van Dijk, Gemeente Almere

thanks
Gert Breugem, Jan Wouter Bruggenkamp, Jan Frans de Hartog, Ivonne de Nood,
More thanks than I can say to all the folks in the U.S. and the Netherlands Hans Hogenhout, Desire Karelse, Hester Kersten, Rosa Piljes, Coen Van der Wal,
who encouraged me to proceed and gave many hours to my project. Ria van Dijk, Mennobart van Eerden, Iris Wijn

not pictured: Elmar Benjamin, Els de Hartog, Martijn Hokken, Jan-Eelco Jansma,
A extra big thanks to my committee, Lance Neckar, David Pitt and Vince
de Britto, and our capstone studio advisors, Dean Abbott and Joe Favour. Rob Jongman, Jan Kruijshoop, Rogier Pouwels, Janin van den Bos, Tieneke Van
And Mike Tincher. der Wal, Enno Zuidema

OostvaardersWold
Cynthia Lapp • Masters of Landscape Architecture • University of Minnesota