Sol 2008 Issue 1

ngz;zpaj;jpd; kfj;Jtk;
Kjyhk; fhyhz;L - 2008

ISSN 1391-958X
,iz Mrphi p afs; rpj;uNyfh nksdFU Njtnfsup kfhypq;frptk; nkhop ngaHg;G nghd;idah rhe;jFkhu; ruit ghHj;jtH Ffepjp FfNerd; ml;il kw;Wk; gf;fq;fs; tbtikg;G NtyhAjk; n[ar;rpju ;h ml;ilg; glk; J~;ae;jpdp fdfrghgjpg;gps;is
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stock.xchng
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ghypdj; jPl;ilAk;> rhjpaj; jPl;ilAk;> jPz;lhikf; fUj;jpaiyAk; mbj;jskhff; nfhz;l ,e;Jkjk; 'rf;jpAk; rptDk; rupghjp"> 'ngz;Zk; MZk; rupghjp" vdj; jj;Jtk; NgrpdhYk; eilKiwapy; Nfhtpypd; fUtiw - %y];jhdj;Js; ngz;fs; Eiotij jilnra;fpwJ. Nfhtpy; G+rfu;fshf> klhjpgjpfshf ngz;fs; tUtij jilnra;Js;sJ. rq;fu klj;jpd; tuyhW ,ij tuyhw;W ep&gzkhf;fk; nra;fpwJ.
ajhh;j;jj;jpy; vy;yh kdpjh;fSk;> ngz;zpd; tapw; w py; ,Ue; J gilf; f g; g Lfpwhh; f s; vd; g ijf; $ l Nkw; f z; l kjf; fUj; j pay; %b kiwf;fpd;wJ. gpwg;Gf; Fwpj;J %l ek;gpf;ifia tpijf; f pwJ. MZf; F mtd; gpwe; j Neuj; i j nfhz;L tpjpg;gad; 'rhjfk;" cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ngz;Zf;F mts; gUtkilAk; Neuj;ijf; nfhz;L 'tpjpg;gad;" vOjg;gLfpwJ. gpwg;gpd; gpd; N[hrpauhy; vOjg;gLk; rhjfk; (Fwpg;G) tho;tpd; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; cw;WNehf;fg;gl;L fpuf mD\; l hdk; nra; a g; g LfpwJ. ngz; f spd; tho; f ; i f 'Fwpg; G fs; " topahfkl; L Nk mZfg;gLfpwJ. FLk;g tho;Tf;fhd NjHtpd; NghJ FFju; f ; f khd thjq; f s; > KbTfs; FLk;gj;jhy; vLf;fg;gLtjw;F ,J cjTfpwJ. nja;tq;fspd; G+irf;Fupa nkhopahf rk];fpUj nkhopia mq; f P f upj; J > mij gpuhkzh; f s; kl;Lk;jhd; fw;f KbAk; vd;gJ}lhf kw;iwa rhjpfs; nkhopia fw;fj; jiltpjpj;jJld;> Vida nkhopfis G+irf; F upa nkhopahf Vw; f Tk; kWj;jdh;. gpuhkzg; ngz;fs; $l fw;;fKbahj epiyAk;> fw;whYk; G+irnra;a jFjpaspf;fg;glhj gz; g hLk; cUthf; f g; g l; l L ,Wjpapy; eilKiwapy; Nfhtpypd; fUtiw %y]; j hdj; J s; ngz; f s; Eiotij jilnra; f pwJ. Nfhtpy; G+rfu; f shf> klhjpgjpfshf ngz; f s; tUtij jilnra;Js;sJ. rq;fu klj;jpd; tuyhW ,ij tuyhw;W ep&gzkhf;fk; nra;fpwJ. gUtkilAk;NghJ> %iyf;Fs; js;sg;gl;L md; d pakhf; f g; g Lk; ngz; > mtspd; tho; t py; khjtplha; epw;Fk; tiu khjk; xU jlit Rj;jk; fhj; j y; vd; w ngaupy; > mtsJ elkhl; l Nk fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. rpy mRj;jkhd Ntiyfs; tP l ; b y; > fpuhkq; f spy; > Nrupfspy; > mtSf;F xg;gilf;fg;gLfpwJ. vy;yh tifahd ciog;igAk; Ruz;bf; nfhs;Sk; Kjyhspj;Jtr; rpe;jid CLUtpAs;s ,r;#o;e ; piyapy;> ngz;iz khjtplha; f ; fhyj; j py; mYtyfj; j pd; > njhopw;rhiyapd; vy;yh ,lq;fSf;Fk; nry;yTk;> ciog;gpy; <LglTk; mDkjpf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,t;thwhd ,lq;fspy; Nfhtpy;mike;jpUf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;F kl;Lk; nry;y mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. nghJ ,lq;fspy; epWtdq;fspy;> ,lk;ngWk; flTs; topghLfspy; $l neUq;ftpLtjpy;iy. me; j sTf; F ngz; f splk; Gwf; f l; L g; g hLk; -
uVD zw>D mff;fl;Lg;ghLk; kjf; fUj;jpay; Clhf Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ. Mdhy; Mfk Kiwg;gb mikf;fg;glhj mk;kd;> fhlhid> khlhid> ituth; Nghd;w topghl;L ,lq;fspYk; njUNthuj; nja;tq;fs; FbapUf;Fk; ,lq;fspYk; ngz;fs; G+rfh;fshf ,Ug;gijf; ftdpf;fyhk;. khjtplha; clw;jFjp cs; s > ngz; f s; $ l ,j; j ifa topghl; b l guhkhpg;ghsu;fshfTk; G+rfu;fshfTk; ,Ug;gJ xU gbNkyhd kdpj tpOkpak; ,q;F ghy; epiy mrkj;Jtk; tYf;Fd;wp epw;gij fhzKbfpwJ. ,j;jifa topghL xLf;fg;gl;l rhjp - ciof;Fk; kf;fspd; rpy gpd;Gyq;fspNyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. Nkw; f z; l ,e; J kj murpay; milahsq;fSf;Fs; tUk; ngz; nja;tq;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;whh;fs;. topghLfSk; ,Uf;fpwJ. fy;tp> nry;tk;> tPuk; vd;gtw;wpw;f;F KiwNa ru];tjp> ,yl; R kp> Jh; f ; i f vd; w nja; t q; f isAk; ehad; k hh; f spYk; ngz; ehad; k hh; f isAk; ,e; J kjk; $Wfpd; w J. ,g; n gz; f is vg; g b ,e; J kjk; topghl; L f; F upatu; f shf Vw; W f; nfhz;lJ? ,g;ngz; nja;tq;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhWfspy; > ,th; f s; jP z ; l hikj; jP l ; i lj; jhz; b aJ vg; g b? Nghd; w Nfs; t p vOfpwJ. jpuhtplf; f lTs; > Mupaf; f lTs; rq; f kpg; G k; mjd;gpd; NtWgl;l kjg;Nghf;Ffspd; kPJ Vw;gl;l Mupakj Mjpf;fKk;> fUj;jpaYk; Nru;ej ; Nj ,e;Jkjk; vd; w thjj; i j jh; f ; f G+u; t khf rpe; j pf; f Ntz;bAs;sJ. kw;iwa kjq;fis tpl ,e;Jkj milahsf; fUj; j pay; f s; > topghLfSf; F s; Kuz;ghlhd gy fUj;jpay;fs; cs;sd. $lNt ghy;epiyg; gpur;rpid flTs;fs; kl;lj;jpyhd gpur; r pidahfTk; cs; s ij Mo; e ; J ftdpf; f Ntz;bAs;sJ. mLj; J cyfstpy; gpurpj; j khdJk; vy; y h ehLfspd; kf;fs; kj;jpapYk; VNjh xU mstpy; gutpAs; s Jkhd fpwp]; j t kjj; i j vLj; J f; nfhz; l hy; iggpspd; vy; y h (gioa - Gjpa) Vw;ghLfspYk; ngz;zhy;jhd; khdpl ,dNk rhgKw;wJ vdTk; kdpjh;fs; midtUk; ,e;j rhgj; j hy; jhd; gpwe; J s; s dh; vd; W k; Mz; clk;gpypUe;Jjhd;> ngz; gilf;fg;gLfpwhs; vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ. ngz;fis mth;fspd; elj;ijfis> gz;Gfis mstpLtjw;fhd xNu msTNfhyhf mtsJ ghypay; xOf;fk; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ngz; - Mz; Gzu;r;rp ghtk; vd;W $Wk; mNj Ntis ngupa nts; s pf; F Kjy; tUfpd; w jtf;fhykhd 47 ehl;fSk;" ghypay; czu;it cwitj; jLf;f kQ;rj;ij tpl;L ntspNaw;W" vd;fpwJ Nghjid. ngz; - Mz; Gzu;r;rp ghtk; vd; W k; > ,jw; F j; jz; l idahfNt ngz; typnaLj;Jg; gpurtpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ iggps; fUj;jpaypd; rpy gFjpfs;. fpwp];jt kjk; jdf;Fs;NsNa gy Kuz;gl;l fUj; j pay; tpsf; f q; f s; > topghl; L Kiw NtWghLfshy; gpsTgl;Ls;sJ. gy rpYitg; Nghh;fisj; jkf;Fs;NsNa elj;jpAs;sJ. tpLjiy ,iwapay; vd; w sTf; F gpsTfs; > fUj; j pay; khw;wq;fis cz;L gz;zpAs;sJ. mNj Ntis ngz; epiy gw;wpAk;> ghy; epiyr; rkj;Jtk; Fwpj;Jk; fLikahd jh;f;fq;fs; elf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; ghupa khw;wq;fs; - kj Mtz uPjpahf Vw;gltpy;iy. kjg; gof; f tof; f q; f spy; > Njthyag; guhkhpg; g py; > kjepWtdq; f spYk; ,tw; w pd; fP o ; ,aq; F k; epWtdq;fspYk; Mz;fs; msTf;F ngz;fspd; tfpgq;F ,y;iy. nghWg; G f; f s; mjpfhuq; f s; Neubahf ngupastpy; toq; f g; g ltpy; i y. fP i oj; N ja ehLfspd; Njthyaq; f spy; ngz; f s; kP j hd ghugl; r q; f s; > rhjpag; Gwf; f zpg; G xOq; F Kiwfis Njthyaq; f s; ghJfhj; J tUfpd; w d. ,e; j pahtpy; jypj; fpwp]; j th; f s; > ngz;fs; jq;fspd; kdpj rkj;Jtk; ghy; epiy rkj;Jtk; Nfhup fUj;jpay; khw;wk;> eilKiw cupik Ntz; b njUtpy; NghuhLksTf; F fUj; j pay; Mjpf; f k; > cau; r hjp Mzhjpf; f k; Njthyaj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,d;wsTk; fpwp];jtkjj;jpy; ntspg;gLk; rhjpg;gpsTfs; - jPzl ; hikfs; xd;Nw NghJk;. ,e;Jkjj;jpypUe;J kjk;khwpatu;fNs ,e;jpa cgfz;l fpwp];jth;fs;. ,e;Jkj tu;zf; fUj; j pay; fpwp]; j t kjf; f Uj; j paYs; jd; i d ePlr ; pg;gLj;jpAs;sJ vd;Nw $wyhk;. fpwp]; j t kjj; j pd; cyfj; jiyikafkhd Nuhkpd;> tj;jpf;fhdpd; Nghg;guru; ,d;Wtiu xU Mzhfj;jhd; ,Uf;f KbfpwJ. md;id njNurh Nghd; w kpfg; n gupa ngz; kjj; J wtpfs; ,Ue;jNghJk; - ,we;jhYk;> me;j kj cau;gl P j;Jf;F - mjpfhu ikaj;Jf;F ngz;fshy; tuKbatpy;iy. fpwp];jtkj epWtdf; fl;likg;gpy; ghy;epiy rkj;Jtk; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; ,y;iy vd;gjw;F kpfg; ngupa FwpaPL ,JthFk;. xg;gPl;lstpy; fpwp];jt kjj;jpd; mjpcau; rdehaf - rkj;Jt tpOkpaq;fs; gw;wp ngUikg;gLk; fpwp];jth;fSk; - mwpthspfSk; ,Jgw;wpg; Ngr Ntz;bAs;sJ. khjtpyf;Fk;> gpurtKk; ngz;Zf;F Mz;ltd; mspj;j jz;lid vd;fpd;w msTf;F ngz;izf; fP o ; e piyg; g Lj; j p> mtspd; kd - cly; Jd;gq;fisg; ghtj;jpd; tpisTfshf epahak; $Wtij mwpTs; s > Rakhdk; gilj; j ve; j kjj;jth;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ. ,k;kjf;
uVD zw>D fUj;jpay;fspYs;s ,t; mbg;gilahd ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;Jf;F vjpuhd fUj;Jfis> gy;epiyr; rkj; J t vjph; g hh; g ; g py; 'iggps; " 'my; - FHMd; " vd; g tw; i w kWthrpg; G nra; A k; NghJ> kjepWtdf;fl;likg;gpy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;ig tho;tpay; chpikfis ghHf;Fk;NghJ NkYk; NkYk; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. fUj;jpay;fis> Njrpa tpLjiyf; fUj;jpay;fSld; ,izj;J ,dk;fz;l KiwapYk;> Kd;itj;j ghq; F fspYk; > ngz; f s; mj; N jrpag; Nghuhl; l q; f spy; gq; F tfpj; j msTfspYk; > jiyik jhq; f pa epiyfSk; gyjug; g l; l it ahfTs;sd. ,k; % d; W Njrpa tifapdq; f spYk; > Nghuhl;lq;fspYk; ngz;fs; gq;F ,Ue;Js;sij tuyhW kWg; g jw; f py; i y. ,e; j j; Njrpaf; fUj; j pay; f s; %d; W tpjkhd ,yl; r paq; f is Kd;itj;J fl;likf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. 1. Kw;Nghf;F Njrpak; 2. mbg;gilthjj; Njrpak; 3. Gul;rpfu Njrpak; ,e;j NtWgl;l ,yl;rpaq;fisf; Fwpitj;J fl;lg;gLk; Njrpaq;fs;mtw;wpd; fUj;jpay;fs; jq;fspd; Njrpaj;Js; tUfpd;w kf;fspd; gphpT Fwpj; J k; mtHfspd; chpikf; F k; > tho; e piyikfSf; F k; Njrpa ,yl; r pa ,yf;fpw;fF ; k; ,ilapyhd cwTfs; gw;wpAk; njhpe;J nfhz;L> El;gkhd Kiwapy; ,izf;fg;gl;l 'Njrpaf; fUj;jpay;fis" Nghuhl;lj; jiyikfs; cUthf;fp ntspg;gLj;jp eilKiwg;gLj;jpAs;sd: eilKiwg; g Lj; j g; g Lfpd; w d. xU tifapd; Njrpag; Nghf;fpy>; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; %d;Wtpjkhd ,yl;rpag; Nghf;Ffs; ,aq;FtJk; cz;L.
ghy;epiy rkj;Jtf;fUj;jpaYld; Kuz;gLk; Njrpaf;fUj;jpay; Nghf;Ffis ,dq;fhz;gJ.

Njrp a f; fUj; j p a y; f sp y ; (Nation ideology) ntspg; g Lk; ghy; e piyr; rkj; J tj; j pw; F Kuz;ghlhd vz;zf;fUf;fisf; ftdpg;gjw;F Kd;> Njrpak; mjd;Njhw;wk;> mtw;wpd; Nghf;Ffs; gw; w pa rpW NkNyhl; l khd Fwpg; G mtrpakhfpd; w J. Vnddpy; jkpo; j ; Njrpag; Nghuhl;lk; ele;Jnfhz;bUf;fpwJ. cyf Gwepiy ajhh;jj ; q;fis ehk; cs;thq;fTk;> mjpy; jPuf ; f ; khd ,ilaPL nra;Ak; rf;jpfshf jkpo;g; ngz;fSk; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; vd;w cz;ikiag; Gwf;fzpf;f KbahJ. Njrk; vjpH nfhz;Ls;s rthy;fis ngz;fspd; mwpTG+Htkhd rk gq;fspg;G ,d;wp ntw;wp nfhs;sKbahJ. Njrpa Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; ghy; e piy gq; f spg; g pid jpl; l kpl; L Cf; F tpf; f g; g l Ntz; b As; s J. ngz; f s; Njrpaf; f Uj; j paypYk; Cd; w p epw; g J epuhfupf;fg;glKbahj tplak;. tuyhw; w py; > epykhdpag; nghUshjhu r%f mikg; g pd; mLj; j fl; l khf md; d pa Njr ,ilaPlw;w ,ay;ghd r%f tuyhw;W tsh;rr ; papd; njhlh;r;rpapy;> Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijg; nghUshjhu Kiwapd; Njhw;wj;Jld;> Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspy; Njrpak;" cUthfpaJ xU tifapdk;. nfhydpa Mf; f pukpg; G f; F k; Ml; r pf; F k; cs; s hfpapUe; j ehLfspy; ntspg;gl;l nfhydpa vjph;gG ; Njrpak;" ,uz; l htJ tifapdk; . ,uz; l hk; cyf Aj; j j; J f; F g; gpd; cyf ty; y uRfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l cyf kakhf;fy; Kiwapd; fPo; cyfehLfspy; Fwpg;ghf %d;whk; cyf ehLfspy; ntspg;gLk; GJf; nfhydpa vjpu;g;G Njrpak; my;yJ cl; nfhydpa vjpHg;G Njrpak;" %d;whtJ tifapdk;. ,e; j %d; W tifapdj; NjrpaKk; xNu epiyapyhd Njrpaf; fUj; j pay; f isf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ kpf kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. xt;nthU tifapyhd NjrpaKk; ngz;fspd; gpur; r pidfis Njrpa mstpYk; > ru; t Njr mstpYk; Gupe; J nfhz; l Kiwfspy; NtWghLz; L . ngz; f spd; tpLjiyf;
,q;F ehk; Fwpg;ghf Mokhf ftdpf; f Ntz; b ait.

1. Nkw; f j; j pa ehLfspy; njhopw; G ul; r pAld; cUthd Njrpaf; fUj;jpay;> ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtf; fUj; j paYld; vt; t ifapy; Kuz; g l; l J. Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPHf;ff; ifahz;l Kiwfs;: 2. nfhydpa Mf; f pukpg; G vjpHg; G j; Njrpaf; fUj;jpay;> ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jt fUj;jpaYld; ve; j ve; j tifapy; Kuz; g l; l J vd; W k; ,k;Kuz;ghLfis ifahs;if nra;j rf;jpfs;> topfs; kw;Wk; Kuz;ghLfspd; njhlHr;rpapy; rkfhy ntspg;ghLfs; vg;gbAs;sJ. 3. GJf; nfhydpa vjpHg;G Njrpaf; fUj;jpay;fs;> cl; n fhydpa vjpHg; G Njrpaf; f Uj; j pay; f s; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtf; fUj;jpaYld; vj;jifa epiyfspy; Kuz; g LfpwJ cld; g LfpwJ vd; g ijAk; > Kuz; g hLfis ifahSk; rf;jpfisAk; topfisAk; Gjpa NjitfisAk; mtjhdpj;jy;.
c.Fkud;
(mwptfk;)
uVD zw>D
fhty; GupAk; xNuxU mjpfhuNk filrptiu MZf;fhd r%f mq;ff P huj;ij toq;fptpLfpwJ
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'ek; je; i jaiuf; nfhy; t J vg; g b ? " vd; w jiyg;gpy; khyjp ikj;hp vOjpa fl;Liuapy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;l rpy gFjpfs;.
U Mz; je;ij> fztd; vd;w ,ul;il cupiknfhz;L kfs;> jha; vd;w ,uz;L mbikfSf;F v[khddhf ,Uf;fpwhd;. r%f xOf;f tiuaiwfSk; tpjpfSk; kPwg;gl;lhy; jz; l id tpjpf; F k; eP j pgjpahfTk; mij nray;gg ; Lj;JgtuhfTk; ,Uf;fpwhd;. xU je;ijf;F jd; kfSld; ,uj;j rk;ge;jg;gl;l cwT kl;Lk; NghJtjpy;iy. mtis r%fj;jpw;fF ; ey;y mbikahf cUkhw;wpj; jUk; ey;y Nka;gg ; hd; vd; w mq; f P f huKk; Njitg; g LfpwJ mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.... ,f;FLk;gj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU FLk;gj;Jf;Fg; NghFk; ngz; mts; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l my;yJ mts; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;l MZf;F mts; cly; ntspiaAk; Goq;FntspiaAk; clikahff; nfhLf; f pwhs; . ,e; j clikg; n ghUs; ,dp ,d;ndhUtdpd; MAs; fhtypy; ePbf;Fk;. ,e;j MAs; jz;lidia Vw;Wf;nfhz;L njhz;ôpak; nra;tjw;f;F xU ngz;izg; gof;fg;gLj;jNt mjpfsT rpuj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu; xU je;ij. FLk; g k; vd; g J vd; d ? ,dj; n jhlu; r ; r p mWglhky; njhlUtjw;fhd xU mikg;Gj;jhNd vd;W kpf vspikahfj; Njhd;wyhk;. mJ kl;LNk mjd; flik ,y;iy vd;gJjhd; ajhu;j;jk;. jd; ,uj; j k; > jd; rhjp> jd; kjk; > jd; ,dk; vd; g tw; W f; F s; NtW kw; W k; gpw vd; g it Eioahky; fhty; GupAk; xU Raey mikg;G... ,e; j r; r%f mtyj; J f; F k; nfhLikf; F k; fhuzkhf miktJ FLk;gj;jpdhy; r%f xOq;F vd;w ngaupy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l kdpj Neakw;w kd mikg;G. ,J r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfis cUthf;FtJld; epahag;gLj;jTk; nra;fpwJ. ,e;j mikg;gpy; ve;j khw; w Kk; nefpo; T k; epfotplhky; ftdkhfg;
stock.xchng
uVD zw>D ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ FLk;gk;. xU FLk;gj;jpd; flik jdJ rhjpf; F s; mlq; f p elf; F k; mbikfis cUthf; F tJk; jkf; F f; fP o ; cs; s tu; f is mbikg; g Lj; J k; Mjpf; f FzKilatu;fis cUthf;FtJnkd ,uz;L tifapy; elf; f pwJ. rhjpf; fyg; N gh rhjp mlf;FKiwiaf; fiyf;Fk; efu;Nth xU ngz; %yk; epfo KbAk; vd;w epiyapy; ngz;Zila clk; G k; kdKk; kpff; fLikahff; fz; f hzpf; f g; g l; L rhjpj; J}a; i k ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,ij kPWk; rhj;jpak; Vw;glhj tifapy; xU ngz;zpd; kPJ vy;yh tpjkhd td;KiwiaAk; nrYj;jp mlf;fp xLf;Ftjd; %yk; r%fk; xU ngz; n zhLf; F jy; r%fkhf cUthfpwJ. ,ijr; nray;g;gLj;Jk; gpujpepjpahf je; i j epakpf; f g; g LtJk; me; j g; gzpf; F rd; k hdkhf gy cupikfs; rYiffs; toq;fg;gLtJk; ele;JtUfpwJ. FLk; g j; j py; cs; s tu; f spd; mbg; g ilj; Njitfis toq;f Kbahjtdhf ,Ue;jhYk;> r%f xOq;Ffspd; fhty;fhud; vd;w cupikia xU Mz; tpl;Lf; nfhLg;gjpy;iy. ,e;jf; fhty; GupAk; xNu xU mjpfhuNk filrptiu MZf;fhd r%f mq; f P f huj; i j toq; f ptpLfpwJ. ,e; j f; fhty; fz;fhzpg;G cupik r%f> FLk;g epfo;Tfspd; xt; n thU fl; l j; j pYk; $Ljy; rYifiaAk; $Ljy; gq;F msitAk; MZf;F epue;jukhfg; ngw;Wj;je;J tpLfpwJ. ,t;thwhd $Ljy; gq;F ngz;iztpl vy;yhtw;wpYk; MZf;Ff; $Ljy; ,d; g j; i jAk; typikiaAk; nfhLg; g ij epahag; g Lj; J fpwJ. jd; i dj; j hNd jw; f hj; J f; nfhs; s Kbahj msTf; F gykw; w tshfg; ngz; i z khw; w ptpl; L > gpw ,dk; kw; W k; r%fj;jplkpUe;J mtisg; ghJfhf;Fk; ngupa gzpia Mzplk; toq;fpajd; %yk; muR> murpay; midj; j pYk; Miz ikakhf; f p tpLtJld; Ngujpfhuk; cilatdhfTk; cUthf;fptpLfpwJ. mr; r k; vd; w xd; w hy; gP b f; f g; g l; l ngz; vg;nghOJk; jdJ mbikj;jdj;ijg; ghJfhg;G vd; W ek; g p ,ul; i l mbikj; j dj; i j Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba r%f cstpay; tuyhw;W mbg;gilapy; njhlu;eJ ; tUfpwJ. vdNt xU Mzpd; r%f cupikfs; flikfs; vd;git ve;j epiyapYk; ngz;Zf;F rkkhfNth fP o hfNth ,Ue; J tpl Neu; t jw; F mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. fw;G> jdpkdpj xOf;fk; Nghd;w r%f tpjpfis Mz; kPWk;NghJ mJ mtd; Rje; j puj; j pd; milahskhfTk; Mzpd; rhfrkhfTk; ngUikg; g Lj; j g; g LtJz; L . ngz; i ztpl vy; y h tpjj; j pYk; Nkyhdtd; cau;e;jtd; vd;w kd mikg;gpy; xU Jzpr;riy ,r;r%fk; toq;FfpwJ. rkj;Jtk;> rkePjp vd;git Kjypy; ngz; Z f; F k; MZf; F k; ,ilapy; mikaNtz;baJ vd;gijg; gw;wp nghJthd r%f murpay; ,af; f q; f s; mf; f iw nfhs; t jpy; i y. ,jw; F j; jdpahd fUj; j paYk; ,af; f Kk; Nghuhl;lKk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. rhjp> tu;ff ; k;> ,dk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ,ilapy; rkj;Jk;> rkePjp vd;git ikag;gLj;jg;gLk; msTf;F ghypd xLf;FKiw vd; g J xU kpfKf; f pakhd gpur; r pidahf vLj; J f; n fhs; s g; g Ltjpy; i y. r%fk; vd; w mikg; G kl; L kd; w p r%f khw; w k; gw; w pa Nfhl; g hLfSk; xU fl; l k; tiu Miz ikakhff; n fhz; N l ,Ue; J te; J s; s J. ngz;zpak;> ngz; tpLjiy vd;w kpfj; jdpj;j murpay; cUthFk; tiu tuyhw;wpd; kpfg;ngupa Gul;rpfu fUj;jpay;fs;$l ngz;zpd; ,lk;gw;wp rupahd fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. khyjp ikj;hp
vdNt xU Mzpd; r%f cupikfs; flikfs; vd;git ve;j epiyapYk; ngz;Zf;F rkkhfNth fPohfNth ,Ue;Jtpl Neu;tjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. fw;G> jdpkdpj xOf;fk; Nghd;w r%f tpjpfis Mz; kPWk;NghJ mJ mtd; Rje;jpuj;jpd; milahskhfTk; Mzpd; rhfrkhfTk; ngUikg;gLj;jg;gLtJz;L.
10
stock.xchng
uVD zw>D
nfhOk;gpd; cau;kl;lj; jkpo;f; FLk;gnkhd;wpy; gpwe;j mu;[_d; (mu;[p) vDk; rpWtdpd; ghu;itapy; 70 kw;Wk; 80 fspy; nfhOk;gpd; murpay; kw;Wk; r%f epiyikfis - mtw;wpd; mgj;jq;fis xUtpj fpz;ly; njhdpAld; tpku;rpj;jpUf;fpwhu; \;ahk; nry;tJiu. Funny Boy vd Fwpg;gplg;gLk; mu; [ p jdJ Homosexuality AlDk; > ,dq;fSf;fpilNa fLk; KWfy; epiy fhzg;gLk; r%fj;jpy; jdJ ,Ug;gpid epiyehl;lTkhd Nghuhl;lq;fis vt;thW vjpu;nfhs;fpwhndd ePsf ; pwJ fij.
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$l;Ljy;> Jitj;jy;> gps;isfisg; guhkupj;jyhfpa ,d; d gpw Ntiyfs; ngz; f Sf; f hdit.. Ntiyf;Fg; Nghjy;> rk;ghjpj;jy;> fhYf;F Nky; fhy; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;L gj;jpupif thrpj;jy; Nghd;w Ntiyfs; Mz;fSf;fhditnad;gJ tiuahd midj; J k; ghypd NtWghl; L f; F s; cs; s lq; F git. ,jdbg; g ilapy; jhd; > ngz; z pankd; g J ngz; gw; w paNjh> ngz; zplk; NgRtNjh> ngz; fshy; Ngrg; g LtNjh my; y . ngz; z pak; ghypd mbg;gilapy; njhopw;gLk; xl;Lnkhj;jr; r%fk; gw; w panjd m.kq; i f vLj; J f; $ Wfpwhu; . me;jtifapy; \;ahk; nry;tJiuapd; mu;[p> ,e;jg;
ghy;/ ghypdk; Mfpa fUj;jhf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghd Nghjpa tpsf; f k; fijAld; njhlu; t jw; F mtrpakhfpd;wJ. ghy; NtWghlhdJ capupay; uPjpahfTk;> ghypd NtWghlhdJ r%f uPjpahfTk; ngz;fisAk; Mz;fisAk; NtWgLj;JtJ ,q;F ftdpf; f j; j f; f J. ghy; NtWghnldg; g LtJ capupay; uP j pahf> ,dg; n gUf; f cWg; G f; f spd; NtWghLfspdbg; g ilapy; > gpwg; g pd; %yk; jPuk ; hdpf;fg;gLtJ. ,q;F cWg;Gf;fNs ngz;/ Mz; Mfpa milahsq; f isj; Njhw; W tpg; g dthf ,Ug; g Jld; > ,it ntWk; cly; r hu; NtWghLfshf kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wdNt jtpu> ,f; f Uj; j hf; f j; j py; Vw; w j; j ho; T fSf; F ,lkpUg;gjpy;iy. Mdhy;> eilKiw tho;tpy; Mz; cau; e ; j tdhfTk; > ngz; mtid tplj; jho;e;jtshfTk; fhzg;gLtjhd kdepiyiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ghypdk; vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;jpd; gq;F msg;gupaJ. ,J r%fj;jpy; ngz;/ Mzpd; epiyapidj; jP u ; k hdpg; g jhf mikfpwJ. ngz;gps;is fhiy mfl;b cl;fhuf; $lhJ> rj;jk; Nghl;Lr; rpupf;ff; $lhJ.. Mz;gps;is mof;$lhJ.. vd; g tw; w py; njhlq; f p> ngz; Foe; i jf; F ,sQ; r ptg; G epwj; j pYk; > Mz; Foe; i jf; F ePyepwj;jpYk; cLg;G ijg;gJ Kjy;.. rikj;jy;> nrhy; Kjyhk; fhyhz;L 2008
ghypd mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLk; xl;Lnkhj;jr; r%fj; j pid Nfs; t pf; F s; s hf; F nkhU fjhghj;jpukhf tpsq;Ffpwhd;. Mo;eJ ; rpe;jpf;ifapy;> vkJ r%fj; j pd; capu; e hbahd ,e; j g; ghypd xLf; F Kiw rhu; kdg; g hd; i kia NtNuhL fistjw;fhd khw;W topahf (An alternative way) Homosexuality apid Kd; i tf; f yhnkdTk; vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ. rpWtajpNyNa mu; [ pf; F ngz; f spd; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LghL mjpfk;. mz;zd;khu; tpisahLk; fpupf; f l; i l tplTk; > ngz;gps;isfspd; tpisahl;Lf;fs; mjpfsT Gjpjhf; F k; Mw; w Yilajhff; (creative) fhzg; g LtJ mtid <u; f ; f pwJ. mtu; f s; tpisahLk; bride - bride (kzg;ngz;) tpisahl;by; fw; g idf; F ,lk; mjpfk; . xU jpUkz tP L vg;gbapUf;Fnkd fw;gid nra;J> mNjNghy myq;fupg;gJk;> ntspf;fpLtJk;> mij mg;gbNa xt; n thU KiwAk; xt; n thU tpjkhf nra; J ghu; g ; g Jk; vd; W k; Rthurpakhdit. Njq; f ha; rpul; i lfisAk; > fhypahd jfu bd; f isAk; nfhz; L jpUkz Nff; xd; i w myq;fupf;Fk; tpjj;ij mu;[p fz;Lgpbg;gNjhL> 11
uVD zw>D jdJ fz;Lgpbg;G Fwpj;J ngUikAk; milfpwhd;. mz;zd;khupd; fpupf;fl; mtidg; nghWj;jtiu ntWk; twz;LNghd tpisahl;Nl> xNu ge;ij khwp khwp mbg; g Jk; > gpbg; g Jnkd.. mjpy; fw;gidf;F ,lkpy;iy.. RthurpaKkpy;iy. rpWtajpy; ehq; f s; tpisahba tpisahl; L f; f s; ,t; t plj; j py; epidTf; F tUfpd; w d. mf; f h> ehd; > ,d; D k; vq; f s; xOq;ifapy; trpj;j ,uz;L %d;W Njhopfs; Nru;eJ ; tpisahLtjpy; vdf;F mjpfk; gpbj;jJ nrj;jtPL nfhz;lhl;lk;. ,g;NghJ Nahrpf;fj;jhd; me;j tajpNyNa ehq;fs; vt;tsT F&ukhdtu;fshf ,Ue; j pUf; f pNwhnkd; g J kdjpy; ciwf; f pwJ. kz;izf; fpz;b vWk;G> GO> G+r;rpnay;yhk; gpbj; J mtw; i wf; nfhd; W jP g ; n gl; b fspy; milg;Nghk;. ,J mf;fhtpdJk;> tajpy; %j;j kw;w NjhopfspdJk; Ntiy. gpwF> vy;yhUkhfr; Nru;eJ ; jPg;ngl;biaj; J}f;fpf;nfhz;L xOq;if KOf;f Cu;tyk; Ngha; Xuplj;jpy; mtw;iwg; Gijj;J> kyu; J}tp> <u;f;Ff; Fr;rpahy; rpYit nra;J itj;J> Rw;wptu epd;W mONthk;. ahu; $ltha; mOtnjd;W vq;fSf;Fs; Nghl;bNa elf;Fk;. ,g;NghJ epidf;f> ,e;j ehl;by; tho;tjw;Fj; jFe;j tpjj;jpy;jhd; rpWtajpNyNa gapw; r p ( training ) vLj;jpUf;fpNwhnkd;gJ GupfpwJ. mJjhd; ,d;Wk;> kuzq; Fwpj; j vr; r ydKkpy; y hky; eP N uh kd;ddha; gpby; thrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f KbfpwJ NghYk;. kzg; n gz; tpisahl; b y; mu; [ p jhd; kzg; n gz; . rhup cLj; J tJk; > ngz; z ha; ntspf;fpLtJk; mtDf;F kpfTk; gpbj;jkhdit. mtu; f sJ tpisahl; b y; kzkfDf; F j; j hd; filrp ,lk;. ahUk; me;jg; ghj;jpuj;ij tfpf;f tpUk; G tjpy; i y.. mtiur; rP z ; L tJkpy; i y. kzkfd; ,y; y hkNyNa ,t; t pisahl; i lf; nfhz; L elj; j mu; [ p tpUk; g pdhYk; > jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahj xUtuhf kzkfd; tpsq;Ftjhy;> mJ jtpu;ff ; KbahjjhtJ> Foe;ijfspd; cyfpy; tsu;ej ; Mz;fspd; ,lj;ij njspthfg; Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. mk;khtpd; eiffNshL tpisahLtJk;> khkpapd; Nkf;fg; rhjdq;fis guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;gJnkd mu;[papd; ngz; j dq; f s; (Vida cwtpdu; f s; Fwpg; g pLtJNghy) FLk; g j; j pdupd; fLk; tprdj; J f; F mtid Mshf; F fpd; w d. ,jd; tpisthf ngz; f Sld; tpisahlf; $lhnjdTk; > mz; z d; k hUld; tpisahLk;gbAk; mtd; epu;gg ; e;jpf;fg;gLfpwhd;. khw; W g; ghu; i tapy; . .> ,t; t plj; N j ntWg; G f; f hshtJk; > Nfypf; F s; s htJk; mu; [ pnaDk; rpWtNdh my; y J mtdJ MSikNah md;wp> ngz; jd;ikNa vdyhk;. ngz;fSf;fhd jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gnjd;gJ - mJ ngz;zhapUf;Fk; gl;rj;jpNyNa Girly Girlish vd fpz;lYf;fhshFk; epiyapy; - xU Miz r%fj; j py; (,d; w sTk; ) kpfTk; fP o ; j ; j ukhd epiyf;F Mshf;fptpLfpwJ. nghz;izad;> ponds.. ,d;dgpw gl;lg;ngau;fs; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;f> ,e; j g; ngz; jd; i kapid epu; z apj; j J ahu; / vJntd; w Nfs; t p - mj; j d; i k rkaq; f spy; Mz;fSf;fhdjhfTk; ,Uf;ifapy; - vOtijj; jtpu;ff ; Kbatpy;iy. mu;[papd; kw;WnkhU rNfhjup kP d h Mz; g ps; i sfSld; fpupf; f l; tpisahLtijf; fz;Lnfhs;shj r%fk; mu;[pia kl;Lk; ngz;gps;isfSld; tpisahLtijf; fz; b j; j J Vd; ? xU ngz; > MZf; F upa jd;ikfisf; nfhz;bUg;gJ (mjhtJ r%fk; epu; z apj; j tP u k; > fk; g P u k; > etc. etc.) nghJthf ngUikf; F upajhfNt - ghujpahuhy; $l fUjg; g l; b Uf; f > xU Mz; > ngz; Z f; F upa jd; i kfisf; nfhz; b Ug; g J Nfypf;Fs;shf;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; ,q;F cz;ikapy; fP o ; j ; j ukhf kjpf; f g; g LtJ me; j MNzh> NtnwJTNkh my;y. khwhf> ngz;fSf;Fupanjd $wg; g l; b Uf; F k; gz; G fNs. ngz; zhf ,Uj; j nyd; g J Nftyk; . . Mzhf ,Uj; j y; ngUik.. vd;wtifapy; KbT ngwg;gLkhdhy;> ,e;j ngz;/ Mz;jdq;fs; ,UghyhUf;FkpilNa tputpf; f hzg; g Lk; gl; r j; j py; ,d; d tpd; d J> ,d;dhUf;fhdnjd ,tw;iw tifg;gLj;JtJ ve; j tpjj; j py; epahankdTk; epidf; f j; Njhd;WfpwJ. md;whl ciuahlypy; ,lk;ngWk;> mtnshU Mk;gpis khjpup.." vd;gJ ghuhl;L/ xU compliment MfTk;> mtdh.. mtndhU nghk;gpis.." vd;gJ mjw;nfjpuhd ef;fy; njhdpiaf; nfhz;bUg;gJk; Vndd; w Nfs; t p kdijf; File; J nfhz;NlapUf;fpwJ. ruhrup kdpju;fis tpLj;Jg; ghu; j ; j hYk; > Mdhdg; g l; l mwpT[P t pfshf> ngz;tpLjiyapy; mf;fiw nfhz;ltu;fshfj; jq;fis ,dq;fhl;bf;nfhs;Sk; gyupd; kj;jpapYk; ,t;thu;ji ; jg; gpuNahfq;fs; ru;trhjhuzkhftpUf;f (c.k;: Mk;gpisfs; khjpup ];khu;l;lhapUf;fpwhs;)> kdpju;fs; vj;Jiz rhku;j;jpakhf jq;fsJ F&u Kfq; f isAk; > mwptP d q; f isAk; mwpntDk; jpiuf; F s; kiwj; J f; n fhz; L tpLfpwhu; f nsd Nahrpf; i fapy; > mwpitNa kWjypf; f Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ.
epNtjh vd;gthpd; tiyg;G+tpy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;if vOj;jhsuhd \;ahk; nry;tJiuapd; Funny Boy ehtypd; tpkh;rdj;jpd; rpy gFjpfs; Mz; ngz; fUj;JUthf;fk; njhlh;gpy; rpe;jpf;fitg;gd
12
uVD zw>D
mnkupff ; ftpiQ
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mtuJ ftpijfSk;
tpijj; Jiwia vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; ngz; ftpiQfs; ,aw;wpa ftpijfs; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; MSik gw;wpAk; jkpopy; kl;Lkd;wp nkhopngau; g ; G f; f spd; ClhfTk; mwpe; J nfhs;syhk;. ngz; vd;w jsj;jpy; epd;W nfhz;L jkJ mDgtk;> Mw;wy;> MSik Nghd;wtw;iwAk; jkJ Rak; > ,Ug; G Mfpa tplaq; f isAk; ftpijapD}lhf ntspg; g Lj; J k; tpjk; ,ay; g hdjhf mike; J tpLfpwJ. ngz; f s; jq; f isg; gw; w pj; jhq; f Ns $Wfpd; w NghJ ntspg;gLfpd;w nrhw;fspy; MoKk; capu;g;Gj; jd;ikAk; czu;T uPjpahd fdj;ijf; nfhLf;fpwJ. me; j tifapy; ntspehLfspy; ,Ue; J ftpij vOjpa ngz;fs; gw;wpAk; mtu;fsJ gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; ghu;f;fpd;w NghJ mnkupf;f ehl;Lg; ngz; ftpiQahd vkpyp bf;fpd;rd; (Emili dickenson) Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;. mnkupf;fg; ngz; ftpiQfs; tupirapy; ,tiu Kd;Ndhbfspy; xUtuhff; nfhs;syhk;. vkpyp bf;fpd;rd; 1830 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; 10 Mk; jpfjp mnkupf;fhtpy; khr#nrl;rpy; cs; s Mk; n ù; ] ; l ; vd; w nry; t hf; F g; ngw; w FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ je;ij Mk;nù;];l; fy;Y}upapd; tof;fwpQuhfTk;> nghUshsuhfTk; ,Ue; j hu; . ,tuJ jha; vkpyp ehu; f ; u h]; mikjpahdtu;. njhlu;eJ ; Neha;tha;gg ; l;bUe;jhu;. ,tUf;F M];bd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l tpy;ypak; nrhy; Kjyhk; fhyhz;L 2008
M];bd; bf;fpd;rd; %j;j rNfhjudhfTk; tpd;dp vd;gtu; ,isa rNfhjupahfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;. mtNu vkpyp ,we; j gpd; d u; mtUila ftpijfisj; njhFj;J ntspaplf; fhuzkhdtu;. vkpypapd; ngUk;ghyhd ftpijfs; mnkupf;f cs; e hl; L g; Nghu; ele; j fhy fl; l j; j py; vOjg;gl;lit. vkpypapd; ftpijapy; fhzg;gl;l gjw;wkhd czu;Tf;F ,e;jg; NghNu fhuzk; vd;gu; rpyu;. vkpyp jdJ ftpijfis ntspapl vz;zp `pf;fpd;rd; vd;gtuplk; mwpTiu Nfl;ljhf mwpa KbfpwJ. mNj Nghy; ke; j ; y papy; (The Atlantic Monthly) vd;gtuJ fl;Liu xd;iwg; gbj;J tpl;L mtuplk; jdJ ftpijfs; njhlu; g hfg; Ngr tpUk; g pa vkpyp vdJ ftpij capu; g ; G ld; ,Uf; f pwjh vd; g ijr; nrhy; y cq; f Sf; F NeukpUf;fpwjh? vd; kdk; mtw;wpw;fF ; neUf;fkhf ,Ug;gjhy; vd;dhy; gFj;Jg; ghu;ff ; Kbatpy;iy. Nfl;gjw;f;F NtW ahUkpy;iy. mJ capu;g;Gld; ,Uf; f pwJ vd; W eP q ; f s; epidj; j hy; mijr; nrhy;Yk; mtfhrKk; cq;fSf;F ,Ue;jhy; ehd; clNd ed;wp $WNtd; vdf; fbjk; vOjpdhu;. (fz;zhbapy; kpjf;Fk; gpk;gk;> gf;-108)MapDk; vkpyp capNuhL ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; mtu; vOjpa 1175 ftpijfspy; VO ftpijfs; kl;LNk gj;jpupifapy; ntspahfp ,Ue; j d. jdJ ftpijapy; gpwu; jpUj; j q; f s; nra; J ntspapl Kide; j ik vkpypf;Fg; gpbf;ftpy;iy. ,JNt gj;jpupiffspy; 13
uVD zw>D ,tuJ ftpijfs; ntsptuhikf;fhd fhuzkhFk; vd rpyu; $Wtu;. vkpypapd; ,wg;Gf;Fg; gpd; ntspte;j mtuJ ftpijj; njhFg;Gf;fspd; %yk; Kjd; Kjypy; gutyhf mtiug; gw; w p mwpag;gl;lNjhL cldbahd thrfu; tl;lKk; cUthfpaJ. 1890 Kjy; 1892 tiu vkpypapd; ftpijfs; gpugykhapd. 1890>1891>1896 Mk; Mz; L fspy; vkpypapd; ftpijfs; %d; W njhFg;Gf;fshf ntspahfpd. mjd; gpd; 20k; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; vkpypapd; kUkfshd khu;j;jh bf;fpd;rd; gpahd;rp (Martha Dickinson Bianchi) NkYk; rpy ftpijfisj; njhFg;Gf;fshf ntspapl;lhu;. 1914 ,y; xw;iw Ntl;il eha; (the Single Hound) 1924 ,y; vkpyp bf;fpd;rdpd; tho;Tk; fbjq;fSk; ( The Life and Letters Of Emily) 1929 ,y; vkpyp bf;fpd;rdpd; NkYk; rpy ftpijfs; vd;gd (Further Poems Of Emily Dickinson) ntspte;jd. vkpyp bf; f pd; r dpd; ftpijfs; gw; w p Nehf;Ffpd;w NghJ mtUila vOj;J> Mw;wy;> fw; g idj; j pwd; > nrhw; j pwd; Nghd; w it Fwpg;gplg;glf; $bait. kpfTk; tprhykhd gue;j Nehf; i fAk; tho; f ; i f> fhjy; > ,aw; i f Nghd; w tw; w pd; kP J Mokhd gw; i wAk; nfhz;bUe;jhu; vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ. vkpypapd; ftpijfspy; Mok; kpFe;j nrhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fSk; Jzpr;rYk; ntspg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. 'Muha;e;J ghu;f;Fk; fz;Zf;F me;jg; gj;J nja;tPfg; nghUd;ikAilaJ kpjkpQ;rpa gpj;Njh mjpfg; nghUd;ikAilaJ ,JNt ngUk;ghz;ik ,e;j mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; midtiuAk; Nghy ,jid Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; ePq;fs; Gj;jpj; njspTs;stu; kWj;jhNy mghakhdtu; clNd rq;fpypahy; gpizf;fg;gLtPu;fs;' fhjypd; Moj;ijf; $Wk; NghJ gpd;tUkhW vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. 'eP ,y;yhky; vd;dhy; tho KbahJ mJ jhd; tho;f;if vd; tho;Nt cd;NdhL jhd; fhjypf;fg;gLNthu; kupg;gjpy;iy fhuzk; fhjy; moptw;wJ md;Nwy; mJ Muhjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fhjypg;NghUk; kupg;gjpy;iy fhuzk; fhjy; capuhw;wiy ,iwak;rkha; cUkhw;WfpwJ"
vkpypapd; ftpijfspy; xU ngz; vg;gbnay;yhk; jd; fhjiy jpahfk; nra;fpwhs; vd;w jd;ik NkNyhq;fpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ',Ue;Jk; ehd; cd;NdhL tho KbahJ Vd; vd;why; cd; Kfk; VRit kiwj;JtpLk;" 'vd; md;Ng ehk; xUtiu xUtu; tzq;FtjpypUe;J vd;idf; fhg;ghw;W. ,y;iy vd;why; mJ ek; ,UtiuANk mopj;JtpLk;"
,aw;ifapy; jd;idg; gwp nfhLj;j vkpypapd; ftpij tupfs; mtu; ,aw;ifia ve;j mstpw;f;F ,urpj; j hu; vd; g ij ntspr; r k; Nghl; L f; fhl;Lfpd;wd. 'gy ];tuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ G+kp nky;ypir ,y;yhj gpuNjrk; ,d;Dk; fz;lwpag;glhj jPg fw;gk; moF vd;gJ ,aw;ifapd; epju;rdk; epyj;jpy; ghu;j;jhYk; ePupy; ghu;j;jhYk; rpy; tz;bd; uPq;fhuNk vdf;F g+kp ,irf;Fk; Mfr; rpwe;j ,uq;fw;gh"
vkpypapd; ftpijfspy; fhjy; czu; T ntF rpwg; g hf vLj; J f; $wg; g l; L s; s J. Fwpg; g hf jpahfk; nra;ag;gl;l fhjYk;> mjd; czu;Tk;> mjd; typAk; mtw;wpD}lhfg; Gyg;gLk;. 'cile;j cs;sj;NjhL ehd; ,Uf;fpNwd; Mdhy; mij cilj;jtu; jhq;fsy;y. me;j Ntjidia ehd; nghWikAld; jhq;fp tUfpNwd;. ePq;fs; fpilj;j gpd; me;j NtjidiaAk; kwe;J tpl;Nld;."
vkpyp fhjy; > ,aw; i f Nghd; w tw; i w ve; j mstpw;f;F Nerpj;jhNuh mNj Nghy ek;gpf;if kPjhd Moj;ij> cWjpia mtu; ntspg;gLj;jj; jtwtpy;iy. xt;nthU kdpjdJ tho;tpYk; mtd; ek; g pf; i f kP J nfhs; s Ntz; b a gpbg; i g>
14
uVD zw>D ituhf; f paj; i j ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,tuJ ftpijfs; vd kuzk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w typia jhapd; kuzj; j pD}lhf vLj; J f; fhl; L fpwhu; . vkpyp jd; i d ntsp cyfj; j plk; ,Ue; J jdpikg;gLj;jpdhu; vd;w fUj;Jk; epyTfpwJ. jha;> jd; tPL> jd; tsu;g;G eha; vd jd;id xU FWfpa tl;lj;Js; rpiwg;gLj;jpajhf rpyu; $Wtu;. Mdhy; mt;thW $w Kbahj epfo;TfSk; rpy cs;sd. Vnddpy; jd; cwtpdu;fs;> ez;gu;fs; tP l ; L tpohf; f Sf; F Ritahd Fspu; g jdk; nra; a g; g l; l ,dpg; G nuhl; b Ak; > mofhd Ftisapy; kJ ,urKk; itj;J ,tw;Wld; jd; ftpij xd;iwAk; md;gspg;ghff; nfhLg;gjpy; vkpyp jtwpajpy; i y. jd; d plk; el; G f; nfhz;ltu;fs; gpzpahy; gPbf;Fk; NghJ MWjy; mspf;Fk; tifapy; ftpij eilapy; vkpyp jd; ey;y cs;sj;ij ntspapLths;. mts; Vuhskhd fbjq;fis vOjpajpy; ,Ue;J jhd; thOk; cyif mts; kwe;J tpl;lhs; vd;W vtUk; $w KbahJ. - (ey;ypirg; Gyik nky;ypayhu;> gf;fk; - 29) vkpyp njhlu; g hd jfty; f is nkhop ngau;Gf;fspd; %yNk jkpopy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajhd epiy fhzg; g Ltjhy; mtuJ tho; f ; i fapy; eilngw; w jhff; $wg; g Lk; epfo;Tfs; rpy xd;Wld; xd;W Kuz;gl;ljhf fhzg;gLtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. vkpyp gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiu Mk;nù;];bNyNa tho;e;jhs;. jhk; tho; e ; j fhyj; j py; gpugykilahj xU ftpiQahfNt ,tu; fhzg;gl;lhu;. 1858 - 1862 fhy fl;lj;jpy; mtuJ gilg;ghSik cr;rj;ij vl;baJ. fhjy; Njhy;tpahy; mtu; cyfj;ij tpl;L xJq; f p tho; e ; j tuhfNt Ngrg; g l; l hu; . jdJ ftiyfSf;F tbfhyhfNt ,tu; ftpijfis vOjpdhNuh vdj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ? vt;thwhapDk; 19Mk; E}w;wh-z;bd; rpwe;j ngz; ftpiQfspd; tupirapy; ,d;W tiu midtuhYk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w xUtuhf vkpyp bf;fpd;rd; tpsq;Ffpwhu;. Ffepjp FfNerd;
'xUtupd; ek;gpf;ifia ,og;gJ nry;tj;jpd; ,og;igAk; kpQ;rp tpLk; Vnddpy; ,oe;j nrhj;Jf;fis kPl;Lf; nfhs;syhk; ek;gpf;ifiaNah kPl;f KbahJ tho;f;ifAld; xU Kiw kuGupikaha;g; ngWtJ ek;gpf;if" Mz;ltidg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisAk; ,tuJ ftpijfs; nfhz;Ls;sd. ' rpyu; ey;y ehspy; NfhtpYf;Fr; nry;Yk; gof;fk; nfhz;Ls;sdu; ehd; tPl;by; ,Ue;Nj mijf; fz;L gpbf;fpd;Nwd;" vkpypapd; ,wg; G g; gw; w pa fUj; J f; f isg; ghu;jj ; hy; mtw;wpD}lhd ,wg;gpd; typik> epajp vd;gd njspTgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ',utpy; ,wg;G mLj;j ehl; fhiy tPl;by; gugug;G ,g; Gtpapy; ,aq;fpLk; fk;gPukhd ey;y njhopy;fs;" jdJ ,wg;Gg; gw;wp vkpyp tbj;j ftpijapy; kuzj; j pd; mopahik gw; w p ntFthf tpsf;Ffpwhu;. 'ehd; kuzj;ij tuNtw;W mjpfk; fhj;jpUf;f Kbatpy;iy kuzk; jhd; vd;id Nehf;fp md;NghL te;J jLj;jJ. ekf;fhf fhj;jpUe;j tz;bAk; jL;j;J epWj;jg;gl;lJ. mJNt mopT ,y;iy vd;gjw;f;F Mjhuk;" jd; jhapd; ,wg;igg; gw;wpAk; md;G itj;j xUtu; gpupAk; NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w Jauj;ijg; gw;wpAk; vkpyp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ',jaj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;j md;ig KOikahf ,og;gJ kpfTk; nfhLikahdJ me;j md;Gk>; ,jaKk; kPz;Lk; tUtJ VJ"
15
uVD zw>D k;kh ePqf ; s; mof;$lhJ. ePqf ; s; mOjhy; ehd; mq;f tukhl;ld;. rj;jpakhf tukhl;ld; xd;gJ taJ kfdpd; fz;bg;ghd cj;juT vd; fz;zPUf;Fj; jil Nghl ehd; nrhd;Ndd;: ',y;y kfd; ehd; mokhl;ld;. ePq;f thq;fmg;ghTf;F filrp kz; Nghl NtZk;. ePq;f thq;f> ehd; mokhl;ld;. nrhy;Yk; NghNj vdf;F mOif Kl;bf; nfhz;L te;jJ. vd; kfd; yPd]; vd; fz;fisNa ghu;jJ ; f; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mtid mizj;Jf; nfhz;L vd; fztdpd; ,Wjp ahj;jpiuapy; ,ize;J nfhz;Nld;. fs;spaq;fhL Nrkf;fhiy tof;fj;jpw;F khwhf ,d-kjnjhopy; Ngjkpy;yhky; tpj;jpahrkhd kf;fs; $l;lj;jpdhy; epuk;gpapUe;jJ. ,Wjpr; rlq;Ffs; epiwTw;W mlf;fk; gz;z Maj;jkhd NghJ mOif kPzL ; k; ntbj;jJ. te;jjpypUe;J vd;idNa mtjhdpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j yPd]; rl;nld vd; ifia cjwpf; nfhs;s vd;id ehd; Rjhupj;Jf; nfhz;Nld;. ,Uf;fpd;w vdJ kfDf;fhf vd; czu;rr ; pfis mlf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; vdf;Fg; Gupe;jJ. vd;idNa gyu; vdJ filrp mty ntspg;ghl;il vjpu; ghu;j;jgb ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. vd; mohik mtu;fSf;F Iaj;ijj; jUk;. gy tpku;rdq;fs; vOk;. MapDk; vd;dhy; vdJ kfdJ fl;lisia kPw Kbatpy;iy. ,y;yw tho;f;ifapy; gj;J tUlq;fs; ,dp ... ,J m];jkdkh? vd; tho;f;ifapy; NkYk; xU njhlf;fg; Gs;sp jpUg;G Kidahf... tPL te;jhfp tpl;lJ. cwTfs; tpil ngw;W tpl;ld. ehDk; vdJ kfDk; me;jg; ngupa tPl;by; jdpj;Jg; NghNdhk;. md;W ePzl ; ,ilntspapd; gpd; Ntiyf;Fg; Gwg;gl Maj;jkhNdd;. yPd]; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; thfdj;jpw;fhff; fhj;jpUe;jhd;. mYkhupiaj; jpwe;Njd;. mofofhd rupif Ntiyg;ghLila gl;Lr; Nriyfs; vd;idf; Nfyp nra;jd. 'fz;lwpahj ry;thu; te;jjpypUe;J ,ts; xU ehSk; ey;y rPiy fl;baJ fpilahJ. ey;y ehSf;F kl;Lk; xU gl;Lr; rPiy fl;Lths;.
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16
uVD zw>D kUkfd; thq;fpf; nfhLg;gnjy;yhk; epiwa mLf;fp itj;jpUf;fpwhs;. ehq;fs; tho;eJ ; nfl;ltu;fs;. mts; thog; Nghw Neuj;jpy flTs; fz;izf; Fj;jpg; Nghl;lhu;. mk;kh rh tPl;by; jd; kfspd; Mlk;gu myq;fhuk; ,dpg; Ngha; tpLNk vd;w Mjq;fj;jpy; ahuplNkh NgrpaJ ,g;NghJ vd; fhjpy; miwe;jJ. eLq;Fk; fuq;fshy; Nriyfisj; jltpagb mLj;j jl;by; ,Uf;Fk; ntspu; ePy rhjhuz E}u; Nriyia vLj;Njd;. 'mk;kh ,J Ntz;lhk;. ,J mk;kk;kh cLf;fpw rPiy. me;j rpfg;Gr; rPiyia fl;Lq;f" vd;whd; vd;dUNf te;j yPd];. vdf;F vd;d nra;tnjd;Nw njupatpy;iy. ',y;y kfd; mj ehisf;F fl;Lwd;. mjpl gpsT] fhzy;y. ,g;g Neuk; NghFJ" kdjwpe;J ngha; nrhd;Ndd;. mtd; nksdkhdhd;. cLj;jpa gpd; tPl;ilg; G+l;bf; nfhz;L thrYf;F tu Maj;jkhNdhk;. 'mk;kh nghl;L tf;fy" kPzL ; k; mjpu;eN ; jd;. Kd;ngy;yhk; rpwpjhfg; nghl;L itj;jhy; mk;kh fj;Jths;. 'nguprh Fq;Fkj;ij itNad;b Vd; rpd;djha; itf;fpwha;. cq;fSf;F ehfuPfk; nkj;jpg; Nghr;R. mk;khtpd; er;rupg;ig rpupg;GlNd vjpu; nfhz;l fhyk; rl;nld Qhgfj;jpw;F te;J njhiyj;jJ. yPd]; tPl;bDs; nrd;W Fq;Fkj;NjhL Xbte;jhd;. kfpo;r;rpAk; ngUkpjKk; nghq;f mtd; mij ePlb ; a NghJ vd;dhy; mjw;F Nky; epjhdpf;f Kbatpy;iy. czu;r;rp Nkypl X" vd mOif ntbj;jJ. thrypy; thdpd; xyp Nfl;lJ. kfd; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;ytpy;iy. ehDk; Ntiyf;Fr; nry;ytpy;iy. vd; mohikapdJk; nghl;Lf;Fk; gl;Lf;Fk; gpd;dhyhdJkhd tpku;rdq;fSf;fhf vdJ nrtpfis %l ehd; jPu;khdpj;J tpl;Nld;. tdh
Nghypf; nfsutq;fspd; njhlu;r;rpahf...

New;iwa ehisg; NghyNt ,d;iwa ehSk; tpbe;jJ ntl;l ntspapy; ,uT gfyha; thdj;ij Nehf;fp epkpu;e;J epd;w xw;iw kukha; jpdKk; ngha;NahL Guz;L gofpa ntw;Wg; ghu;itfSk; thu;j;ijfSk; ... fhyj;jpd; tpil ngWjy;fs; epfo;e;J nfhz;l NghJk; Nghypf; nfsutq;fspd; fdTfspy; ,Ue;J ,d;Dk; FiwahkYk; tpLglhkYk;...
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17
uVD zw>D
WA
ePw;wh ,Uf;fpw nghWg;G vy;yhk; njhpaNtZk;... nra;jpw;W thq;Nfhlh" ....*****................................. 'mD.... fhag;Nghl;bUf;fpw cLg;Gfs; vy;yhj;ijAk; vLj;J mtuth; jl;by kbr;R itAq;Nfh... f[d;... tPll ; xUf;fh tbth $l;b tpLq;Nfh...... ehd; hP Cj;Jwd; Fbf;fyhk;..." 'mk;kh... nghk;gps gps;isjhd; tPL $l;l NtZk;. ehd; Vd; nra;NahZk;...." 'mg;gpb xz;Lk; rl;lk; ,y;y... ehq;f ,Uf;fpw ,lj;j mofh $l;b Jg;guth tr;rpUf;fpwJ vy;yhw;w nghWg;Gk;jhd;. Mh; nra;a KbANkh mtas; me;j Neuj;jpy nra;a NtZk;..." ';mg;g..... rikf;fpwJ.....?" 'rikf;fpwJk; mg;gbj;jhd;> ,g;g ,Q;r ehd; rikf;fpwd; ntspehl;by ,Uf;fpw cq;fl mg;gh mq;f rikr;Rj; jhNd rhg;gpLwhh;. MuhUf;F vg;ngg;g Neuk; ,Uf;FNjh mg;gg;g me;j me;j Ntiia nra;a NtZk;. tPL vz;lJ FLk;gj;jpy vy;yhUf;Fkhd nghJ ,lk;. vy;yhUf;Fk; mjpy nghWg;G ,Uf;f NtZk;"
k;kh... mz;zh nrhf;i] fol;b vwpQ;rpUf;fhd;. rg;ghj;ijAk; itf;f Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy itf;f ,y;y..." mD...ePq;f rhpah itr;rpUf;fpwPq;fsh..?" Xk; mk;kh... rg;ghj;ij fol;b mLf;fp itr;rpw;W nrhf;i] fhj;Jg;gl tphpr;Rg; Nghl;bUf;fpwd;...." 'rhp.... Gf;i]Ak; n~y; gpy itr;rpw;W cLg;G khj;jp fhy; Kfk; fOtpf; nfhz;L thq;f rhg;gpl. f[d;.... jq;fr;rp itr;rJ Nghy cq;fl rg;ghj;ijAk; nrhf;i]Ak; itr;rpw;W cLg;G khj;jp fhy; Kfk; fOtpf; nfhz;L thq;Nfh...." 'mJ cq;fl rg;ghj;J> nrhf;];. ePq;f jhd; nra;a NtZk;. cq;fl Ntiynay;yhk; jq;fr;rp nra;a NtZk; vz;lh> cq;fl rhg;ghl;ilAk; Nrh;j;J jq;fr;rpf;F FLf;fl;Nl" 'mk;kh.... vdf;F ,g;g rhpah grpf;FJ... ehd; gpwF itf;fpwd;" ',y;y... me;j me;j Ntya cld Kbr;rpl NtZk;. tNuf;fNa mjnra;jpUf;fyhk;. guthapy;y ,g;g nra;jpw;W thq;Nfh..." ',ts; jq;fr;rpnaz;L ,Uf;fpwts; nra;ayhk; jhNd" 'f[d;.... ,J nghpa Nty ,y;y> Mdh... cq;fSf;F cq;fl Nty> tPl;by Rj;jkh> 18
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A
Photoes V. Jayachithra
'mk;kh.... mz;zh nrhf;] fyl;b vwpQ;rpUf;fpwhd;. rg;ghj;ijAk; itf;fNtz;ba ,lj;jpy itf;f ,y;y" 'Vd;.... mD....... mij eP nra;Jtpld;. mtd; cd;l mz;zd;jhNd?" nrhy; Kjyhk; fhyhz;L 2008
uVD uVD zw>D zw>D
'ehd; Vd; nra;aNtZk;. mtw;w Ntiyia mth; nra;al;Lk;" 'Vdb..... eP nghk;gpsg;gps;is..... mtd;u rg;ghj;j vLj;J itr;rh FiwQ;rh Nghtha;...?" 'mD... fhag;Nghl;bUf;fpw cLg;Gfs vLj;J kbr;Ritr;rpl;L tPl;l $l;btpL" 'mk;kh.... vdf;F xt;nthU Ntisaha; nrhy;Yq;Nfh> mz;zh Rk;kh ,Ue;J b.tp.ghf;fpwhd; mtDf;Fk; xd;l nrhy;Yq;Nfh..." 'mb.......mtd; Mk;gpsg;gps;s ce;e Ntiyfs ePjhd; nra;J gof NtZk; fija tpl;Ll;L Ngha; Ntiyia nra;..." 'Xk;.... mk;kh.... nghk;gpsg; gps;isfs; nra;apw Ntiynay;yhk; vd;d nra;a nrhy;Ywh.... ,ts; vy;Nyh gof NtZk" 'ghj;jpah... mz;zh nrhy;YwJ jhd; rhp...... eP ,q;f gofpdhj;jhd; Nghw ,lj;Jy gpur;rpid tuhJ" 'rP.... Vd;jhd; ehd; nghk;gpsg;gps;isah gpwe;jNdh njhpahJ.... "
nfhiyf;fsf; fhijapy; Ngrg;glhjit..

nfhiyf; fsf;fhijapy; ,yq;ifj; jPtpd; kz;zpd; ike;jh;fs; khwp khwpr; Rl;Lf; nfhz;ldh; Rl;Lf; nfhd;wdh; nra;jpfspy; gf;fk; gf;fkha; ,uj;jk; rpe;jpd gj;jphpiffs; fh;z fûj;ij thrpj;Jf; nfhl;bd thndhypr; Nritfs; gaq;fuq;fisg; glk; gpbj;Jj; njhFj;Jf; fhl;bd njhiyf; fhl;rpfs;. fl;rp murpay; ,dthjk; cl; G+ry; ,tw;iwg; Ngrpa nfhiyf; fsf; fhijapy; vs;ssNtDk; ,y;yhky; NghdJ kz;zpd; ike;ju;fspd; kidtpkhu;fs; - jq;fs; fztd;khu;fis ,oe;jik gw;wpNa.
- Nruyhjd;
nfhw;wit
z;L 2008 2007 nrhy; Kjyhk; fhyhz;
19
uVD zw>D
FLk;gj;jpy; Mz;-ngz;
,ilapyhd md;Gg; gfpuT ;
fhikj; J tk; vd; g J epWtd ,yf;fpid miltjw;fhf tsq;fis xd; W jpul; b > jpl; l kpl; L > xOq; F gLj; j p>jiyikjhq; f p> fl; L g; g Lj; J k; nraw;ghlhFk;. Cf;fg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ kdpj tsq;fis rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; <LgLj;Jtjw;fhf mtw; w pidj; J}z; L k; nraw; g hlhFk; . Cf; f g; g Lj; j y; vd; D k; NghJ kh]; N yhtpd; Njitg;gbKiwjhd; vy;NyhhpdJk; fz;Kd;Nd te;J epw;fpd;wJ. kh]; N yh Njitfisg; gbepiyfspy; tpsf; f pdhh; . mbg; g ilj; N jit (Basic need) > r%fj;Njit(Social need)> ghJfhg;Gj; Njit (Security need) > nfsutj; N jit (Esteem need) > RamilTj;Njit (Self Actualization need) vdj; Njitfis tifg;gLj;jp mtw;wpy; gbKiwfshf> xU Njit G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh; kw;iwa Njitfs; vOfpd;wd vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whh;. xU kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfshd czT> cil> ciwAs;> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w Njitfs; G+h;jj ; p nra;ag;gLk; NghJ mLj;j gbepiyapYs;s r%fj; Njit jiyJ}f;Ffpd;wJ vd;fpwhh;. mjd; gpd;dh; njhopy; ghJfhg;G> gpd;dh; rKjhaj;jpy; ey;y epiyapYs;sik vDk; nfsutk;> jd;id kwe;J njhopypy; <LgLk; RamilTj; Njit my;yJ jd; d ilTj; N jit vd; f pwhh; . ,t; t if RamilTj; Njit my;yJ jd;dilTj;Njit nghJthfj; jk;ikNa njhopypy; ,oe;J Ntiyapy; <LgLgth;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;j RamilTj;Njitapy; jd;id kwe;J nraw;gl;L Gfo;rpapd; cr;rj;jpid mile;jth;fs; gyUs; s dh; . mth; f Ss; tpuy; t pl; L vz;zf;$bath;fs; ngz;fs;. Mdhy; Mz;fs; gyu; cs;sdh;. Vd; ngz;fs; ,j;jifa epiyf;Fr; nry;tJ kpfTk; FiwT vd;W Nehf;fpdhy; ngz;fs; jk; tho;f;ifapy; fl;lhakhfr; nra;a Ntz;bait vd;Wk;> jkJ flik vd;Wk; mjpf ghuj;jpidr;
Rkf; f Ntz; b ath; f shff; fhzg; g Lfpd; w dh; . tP l ; L r; R ik> mYtyfr; R ik vd; W ,U NtW Rikfis xNu Neuj;jpy; Rkf;f Ntz;bath;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,jidNa ,ul;ilr;Rik (Double Burden) vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;. ,e;j ,ul;ilr;Rik ,y;yhJ ,Uf;FNkahapd; ngz;fspy; gyh; jkJ Ntiyapy; mjpf J}uk; gazk; nra; J RaepiwTj; NjitnaDk; gbepiyapy; fhyb itf; f yhk; . ,jw; F g; gpujhdkhfj; Njit Mz;fspd; xj;Jiog;G. Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; NghNj Mz;Foe;ij vdpy; fw;fz;L> ngz;Foe;ij vdpy; rh;f;fiu vd;W ghFgLj; j p cyfpw; F ,dk; fhl; L k; rKjhak; gpd;dh; xt;nthU tplaj;jpYk; ,e;jg; gpuptpidf;Nf J}gk; fhl;b Gifa tpLfpwJ. Foe;ijg;gUtj;jpy; Foe;ij tpisahLk; NghJ Mz;Foe;ijfl;Ff; nfhLg;gJ MAjf;fyhrhuk; Njhd;wpa ehspypUe;J MAjq;fs;> thfdq;fs;> gpuhzpfs;> cUtg;glq;fs; ,d;Dk; gy. ve;jnthU Mz; F oe; i jf; F k; Foe; i j nghk; i k thq; f pf; nfhLj;J tsh;j;jhh;fs; vd;W $wKbahJ. Vd; Mz; F oe; i jfl; F Foe; i j nghk; i k thq; f pf; nfhLg;gjpy;iy? ngz;Foe;ijfs; tsh;eJ ; gpd;dh; xU kfshfj; jhahfj; jhjpahfr; Nrtfk; nra;a Ntz; L k; vd vjph; g hh; ; f ; F k; rKjhak; gpw; f hyj; j pNy mtsJ ebghfk; ,Jjhd; vdj;jPh;khdpj;J mjidg; gof;Fk; KfkhfNt ghtg; g ps; i sapid nfhLf; f pd; w J. Mdhy; Mz;Foe;ijfl;F mtd; tPudhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mQ; r hneQ; N rhdhf ,Uf; f Ntz; L k; vd; W mg; g bg; g l; l vjph; g hh; f ; i ffSld; tsh; f ; f Kaw; r pg; g jdhy; ,t; t hwhd nkd; i kahd nghUl; f s; nfhLf; f g; g Ltjpy; i y. mjdhy; gpd; n dhU fhyj; j py; jhd; xU FLk; g j; j py; mg;ghthf Ntz;Lk;> mg;NghJ vd; gps;isfspdJ Ntiyfis ehd; gfph; e ; J nfhs; s Ntz; L k; vd;gd Nghd;w vt;tpj vz;zq;fSk; ,y;yhky; ntWk; rlkhf cs;s> Nkhl;lhhpy; Ntiy nra;Ak;
20
uVD zw>D thfdq; f s; > MAjq; f s; Nghd; w tw; W ld; Mz; F oe; i j goFfpd; w J> tpisahLfpd; w J. ,jdhy; tsh; e ; J nghpatdhdJk; $l jd; Foe;ijiaj; jhDk; guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; epidg;G mtDf;F Vw;gLtjpy;iy. ,jdhy; jd; Foe;ijf;Fk; jdf;Fk; ,ilapNy ghhpa gpsT Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ mtDf;F tpsq;Ftjpy;iy. jhd; md; i gg; gfph; t jw; f hff; fw; W f; nfhLf;fg;glhjjhy;> gapw;Wtpf;fg;glhjjhy; jd; gps; i sf; F k; jdf; F kpilNa gphpT> gpsT Vw;gLfpd;wNj vd;W mtd; czUk; NghJ mJ fhyq;fle;jnjhd;whfp tpLfpd;wJ. jdJ md;gpid ntspf;fhl;lKbahky; jaq;fp> fyq;fp epw;fpd;whd; ,e;j Mz;kfd;. mNj Nghd; W jhd; ngz; g ps; i sfs; tpl;Lf;nfhLj;J thoNtz;Lk; vd;W rpWtaJ Kjy; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Mz;Foe;ijfl;F ,t;thW nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. rpW tajpNy fw; W f; nfhLf; f hjjhy; jhq; f s; epidj;jtw;iw nra;ayhk;> ngz;fs; khj;jpuNk tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; vz;zk; Muk;g fhyk;Kjy; tpijf;fg;gLtjdhy; mth;fs; tsh;eJ ; nghpath;fshdhYk; $l ,e;j vz;zNk kdjpy; epw;fpd;wJ. FLk;gj;jpYk; rup> Ntiyj;jsj;jpYk; rup vJ vt; t hwpUg; g pDk; > tpl; L f; nfhLj;Jg;NghfNtz;bath;fs; ngz;fshfTk;> me; j re; j h; g ; g j; j pidg; gad; g Lj; J gth; f s; Mz;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; gu];gu ey;YwT fpilf;fhky; Nghjy;> xj;Jioahik> xt; t hik Nghd; w tpisTfs; Vw; g Lfpd; w d. FLk;gj;jpy; ,jd; tpisTfs; jpUkzKwpT tiu ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; NghJ Ntiyj;jsj;jpy; rupahd jPhk ; hdk; vLf;f Kbahik> mYtyfj;jpy; ey;YwT ,d;ik> Kuz;ghL Nghd;w tpisTfspy; ,J epiwTWj;jg;gLk;. ,jdhNyNa Mz;Foe;ijfis tsh;f;Fk; NghJ tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jy; vDk; gz;Gk; mtDld; $l tsh;fpd;wjh vd;W ftdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa gz;Gfshd md;gpidg; gfph;e;J thoy; > tpl; L f; nfhLj; j y; Nghd; w gz; G fs; nfhz; l Mz; k fd; > FLk; g j; j pd; Rikfisj; jhDk; jhq;Fk; Ntisapy; RamilTj; Njitapy; <Lgl ngz; f l; F tha; g ; g pid toq; f yhk; . ,jdhy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;Gk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. Mz;fSk; jkJ tho;f;ifapy; jdpik vd;Dk; ntWikapid mDgtpf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. vdNt Mz; g ps; i sfis tsh; f ; F k; NghJ ,tw; i wnay; y hk; kdjpypUj; j p tsh; j ; j y; Ntz;Lk;. ghujp nfd;db
sBV> ^ sBV>kVk
mu;j;jg;gLj;jg;gl;l Njhw;wg;ghLfSf;F ,ilapNy jpiu Nghl;L kiwf;fg;gl;L rpf;Fz;L jtpf;Fk; rpy kdpjg; gpwtpfspd; czu;nthypfs; Jy;ypak; khwhjitfshf... fhyj;jpd; Ntfj;jpw;F Vw;g Gyk; ngau;f;fg;gl;l fw;gidg; G+f;fs; fhyj;jpd; fUf;fl;lypy; fhag;gl;litfshf tho;e;Jk; mope;Jk; tsu;e;Jk; Nja;e;Jk; tho;tpd; tz;zk; khwhky; milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd... vjpu;g;gLfpd;w vy;yhk; vjpu; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Kbtpy; khw;wk; fhzhj tpbahj ,uTfs; tpbahjitfshfNt
mKjh
21
stock.xchng
uVD zw>D
gytplaq;fs; xU Njrpaj;jpd; fyhrhuj;jpy; nry; t hf; F r; nrYj; J fpd; w d. Vida gy fyhrhuq;fisg; Nghy ,yq;iff; fyhrhuKk; kjj;jpdJk; tuyhw;wpdJk; gykhd nry;thf;fpw;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ. NghHj;Jf;NfaH> xy;yhe;jh; gpw;gl;l gphpj;jhdpaH vd;NghuJ fhyzpj;Jtk; etPd fhy rKjhaj;jpdJ tpOkpaq;fs; newpfs; kPJ $l fLikahd jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. kpfTk; mz; i kf; fhyj; j py; vkJ fyhrhuk; ,d Kuz; g hl; b d; tYthd nry; t hf; f pw; F cl;gl;bUg;gjld; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; td;Kiw mjpfhpj;jpUf;fpwJ.
stock.xchng
VVD [V_ [?
fyhrhuj; j pid tiutpyf; f zk; nra; a Kaw;rpg;gjpYk;> ehl;by; vy;yhg; gpui[fSf;Fk; xNumsT vy; y htw; W f; F k; nghUe; J k; vd; w fyhrhu fUj; J g; ghq; i f gpuNahfpf; f Kaw;rpg;gjpYk; xUtH ftdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. cz; i kapy; NtWgl; l kf; f s; $l;lq;fSf;fpilapYk;> NtWgl;l kj> Gtpapay; gpuhe; j pa kf; f Sf; F k; ,ilapy; ngUksthd fyhrhunewp> tpOkpa NtWghLfs; cs;sd. vkJ nghpa jtW vd;dntdpy;> kf;fs; xt;nthUtUk; mtHfs; rhHe;j FOtpd; Nehf;FfspdJk; Njrpa fyhrhuq; f spdJk; nry; t hf; F f; F cl; g l; b Ue; j hYk; > mtHfis jdpegHfshfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf> mtHfis Fwpg;gpl;l khwhf; fUj;Jg;gbkg; ngl;bfSf;Fs; milj;J tiuaWf;f Kaw;rpg;gjhFk;. fyhrhu fUj; J g; gbtq; f isg; Ghpe; J nfhs;tjw;fhd> kpfTk; Rygkhditfspy; xd;W fP w ; l ; nfht; ] ; N ul; vd; w NghHj; J f; N fa Nguhrphpahp;d; Ma;Tfspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpwJ. 1970 fspd; Muk;gj;jpy;> cyfpd; %d;W gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; cs;s 70 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehLfis cl;gLj;jpa nghpa mstpyhd Ma; T xd; i w> IBM ahy;
yhrhuj; i j tiutpyf; f zk; nra; a Kw;gLk;NghJ> %d;W fw;gpjq;fs; Kf;fpakhf cs; s d. Kjyhtjhf fyhrhuk; vd; g J jdpegHfSf;F chpaJ my;y> ; khwhf mJ xU kf;fs; $l; l j; j pw; F r; nrhe; j khdJ. ,uz; l htjhf fyhrhuk; vd; g J topte; j tpOkpaq; f shYk; newpfspdhYk; MdNjad; w p> Rygkhf GyDzuf;$ba vOjpa rl;lq;fspdhy; MdJ my;y> %d;whtjhf fyhrhuk; fhz KbahjjhfTk; njhl KbahjjhfTk; ,Ug; g Jld; FOrhH eltbf;iffspd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xU Fwpg; g pl; l fyhrhuj; i j cz; i kapy; Ghpe; J nfhs; t jw; f hd xNunahU top vd; d ntdpy; > mijg;gw;wp> mjpy; Gije;J> mij mDgtpg;gJjhd; vd ehd; ek; G fpNwd; . cq; f Sila nrhe; j f; fyhrhuj;ij czHe;J nfhs;tJk;> tpNrlkhf epyTk; tpOkpaq;fisAk; newpfisAk; czHe;J nfhs;tJnkd;gJk>; mitfs; cq;fSlNd xl;bg; Gije; J ,Ug; g jhy; mtw; i w czHe; J nfhs;tnjd;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhdJ. MdhYk; ntspapypUe;J ghHf;Fk;NghJ> rpy fyhrhuq;fs; Fwpj;J Fwpg;ghf cq;fspd; fyhrhuj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl; l fyhrhuq; f s; Fwpj; J tplaq; f is mtjhdpg;gJ RygkhdJ.
22
uVD zw>D Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l juTfisf; nfhz;L elhj;jpdhh;. fyhrhu NtWghLfisg; Ghpe; J nfhs; s Kaw; r pg; g jpy; > mtH NtWghLfis ehd; F mstPLfspy; my;yJ ghpkhzq;fspy; mstPL nra; j hh; . ,g; g hpkhzq; f spd; ngaHfs; nghUj; j kw; w jhf ,Ug; g pDk; > cq; f isg; Nghyy;yhj kf;fisg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Kay;tjpy; mitfspd; gpd;dhy; cs;s fUj;Jg;ghq;Ffs; gaDs;sitaha; cs;sd.
mjpfhu ,ilntsp
Njrpa fyhrhuj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ ghpkhzk; mjpfhu ,ilntspahFk;. caHthd jho;thd myFfspdhy; ,J mstplg;gLfpwJ. r%fj;jpy; mjpfhuk; Fiwe;j kf;fs;> mjpfhukhdJ rkj;Jtkw;w Kiwapy; gfpug; g l; L s; s J vd; g ij Vw; W f; nfhs;tJld; vjph;ghHf;fpd;w msT Mfpait njhlHgpy; Fwpg;gpLtNj mjpfhu ,ilntspahFk;. mjhtJ r%fj;jpd; rkj;Jtkw;w kl;lq;fis mjd; jiytHfisg; Nghy;> mjidg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w kf; f Sk; Vw; W f; n fhs; f pd; w dh; . mjpfhuk; > rkj; J tkpd; i kfs; vd; g d ve; j nthU r%fj;jpdJk; mbg;gilg; gz;GfshFk;. Mdhy; rpy r%fq; f istpl rpy r%fq; f spy; ,it mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vkJ ehl;by; mjpfhu ,ilntsp mjpfkhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. MrphpaH xUtH tFg; g iwapy; Eiofpd; w nghOJ ehk; vOe;J epw;fpd;w Kiw> vkJ murpay;thjpfs; tPjpfspy; gpuahzk; nra;fp;d;wnghOJ mq;Fs;s kf;fs; elj;jg;gLfpd;w tpjk; Nghd;wd ,jw;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;. r%fj;jpy; mjpf nry;thf;F gilj;jtHfis> mf;$l;ilr; rhuhjtHfspdhy; mZFtJ fbdkhd tplakhFk;. ghhpa mjpfhu ,ilntspapd; fhuzkhfNt ViofSf; F k; gzf; f huHfSf; F k; ,ilapyhd ,ilntsp mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.
$l;LthjKk; jdpahl; jd;ikAk;

$l;LthjKk; jdpahl; jd;ikAk;> KjyhtJ ghpkhzk; Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ. vt;tsTf;F kf;fs; FOf; f shf my; y J $l; l hf tplaq; f isr; nra;gtHfshf xd;wpizf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs; vd;gij ,J mstpLfpwJ. ,yq;if Nghd;w xU ehL gykhd $l;Lf; fyhrhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ehq; f s; gpwg; g pypUe; J FOf; f Ss; ,izf; f g; g l; L s; N shk; . khkh> khkp> Ngud; > ngw; N whH (,uj; j cwT ,y; y hjtHfshf ,Ue; j hYk; ) $l; L f; FLk; g khf tho; t jw; F gof;fg;gl;bUf;fpNwhk;. ,tHfs; njhlHr;rpahf vk; i kf; ftdpj; J tUfpwhHfs; . vt; t pj epge; j idfSk; ,d; w p ,tHfSf; F ehk; tpRthrkhf ,Uf; f pNwhk; . ehk; fy; t p fw; w ghlrhiyAld; vkf; f pUf; f pd; w neUf; f khd cwTfisAk; ,J njspTgLj; J fpwJ. xUtH jhndhU Nuhayp];l (Royalist) my;yJ Njhkpad; (Thomian) vd;w milahsj;ij jdJ tho;ehs; KOtJk; ngUikahf Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. khztHfs; epuk; g pa XH tFg; g iwapy; MrpahpaH xUtH Nfs;tpnahd;iwf; Nfl;Fk; nghOJ vkf;F tpil njhpe; j pUe; j hYk; $l> ehk; vkJ iffis caHj;Jtjw;F Kd;G> Rw;Wk; Kw;Wk; kw;wtHfis Nehf; f p mtHfSf; F tpil njhpfpwjh vdg; ghHf;fpNwhk;. $l; L thjf; fyhrhuj; j py; tpj; j pahrkhff; fhzg; g Lk; nghOJ mit Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. ,q;F kpf mhpjhfNt kf; f s; jkJ jdpahl; jd; i kia ntspg; g Lj; J fpd; w dh; . kf; f s; $l; l j; i jg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w MHtk; vq;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ePq;fs; Rje;jpu rJf;fk; mike;Js;s gpuNjrj;jpw;F khiyNtis nry;tPHfshapd;> mq;Nf gy;NtW tpjkhd kf;fs; clw;gapw;rpapd; epkpj;jk; ele;J nry;tij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,q;Nf tpNrlj; jd;ik vd;dntd;why;> ,tHfs; midtUk; ngUk;ghYk; xNu jpirapy; ele; J nry; t jhFk; . ,q; F XH vOjg;glhj eilKiw> gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. vkJ $l;Lthj fyhrhu ntspg;ghLfSs; ,JTk; xd;W.
eprr ; akw;w jtpHg;Gfs;

Njrpa fyhrhuj; i j mstpLtjw; F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kw;WnkhU ghpkhzk; epr;rakw;w jtpHg;GfshFk;. epr;rakw;w jd;ikfs; my;yJ njhpahj epiyikfspd; fhuzkhf xU rKjhaj;ijr; NrHe;j cWg;gpdHfs; ve;j mstpw;F mr; R Wj; j g; g l; b Uf; f pwhHfs; vd; g ij ,J Fwpg; g pLfpwJ. kpff; fbdkhd epr; r akw; w jtpHg; G fis cila r%fkhdJ ,lHfis jtpHg;gjw;Nfh> my;yJ mtw;iw jLg;gjw;Nfh fLk; gpuaj; j dk; nra; f pd; w J. NkYk; epr;rakw;witfisj; jtpHg;gjw;F gy;NtW tpjkhd gof; f tof; f q; f Sk; eilKiwfSk; ,q; F fhzg;gLfpd;wd. epr;rakw;witfs; njhlHr;rpahd mr;RWj;jy; vdTk; ,jw;nfjpuhf Nghuhl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; czug; g l; L s; s J. ,J ngUk; g hYk; mjpfsT kd mOj;jj;jp;w;Nf ,l;Lr; nry;fpwJ. kf; f s; ,ay; g hfNt jkJ Mj; j puq; f isAk; > czHTfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. NkYk; tpj; j pahrkhd tplaq; f is mghafukhd tplaq; f shfNt fUJfpd; w dh; . xg; g P l ; l stpy; ,yq; i fiag; nghWj; j tiuapy; tYf; F iwe; j epr; r akw; w jtph; g ; G fNs mjpfkhff;
23
uVD zw>D fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ehk; mbf;fb fye;Jiuahlypd; nghOJ gad; gLj;Jfpd;w %d;W nrhw;fs; ,jid njspthf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. n`l (rpq;fsj;jpy; n`l vd; w hy; ehis) vd; w hy; ehis> ehk; vy; y htw; i wAk; ehis nra; a yhk; vd vjph;ghHf;fpNwhk;. (,q;F ehis vd;gJ ntWkNd mLj; j ehs; kl; L ky; y ) mLj; j J gyK (ghHg; N ghk; ) mjhtJ ghHg; N ghk; mjhtJ jpl; l tl; l khf Mk; vd cWjpAld; ehk; $Wtjpy; i y. Vnddpy; vkJ cWjpnkhopia epiwNtw;w Kbahky; Nghdhy; mtUf;F vt;thW Kfk; nfhLg;gJ vd;w mr;rk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,Wjpahf xN` xN` ,d;dth (mg;gbNa ,Uq;f) mjhtJ vg;NghJk; tuhky; ,Uf;;ff;$ba ehisf;fhf ntWkNd fhj;jpUj;jy;. vkJ $l;Lj; jd;ikf;fhf ehk; kfpo;Twyhk; Mdhy; eyd;> Nfhgk;> czHTfs; njhlHghd mftaj;jd;ik ,q; F xspe; j pUf; f pwJ. ,d; i wa jpdk; ehk; tho; f pNwhk; > ehis elf; f pd; w tplaq; f is mjd;gb elg;gjw;F tpl;L tpLfpNwhk;. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt gy ,yq;ifaHfs; xU nghUspd; jd; i kapYk; ghHf; f mjd; tpiyapy; mjpf mf;fiwAs;stHfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ehis cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUspd; jd;ik ed;whf ,Uf;Fk; vdf; fUjp ntWkNd ,Ug; g ij tpl ,d; W Muk;gpg;gJ rpwg;ghdJ. ngz;fSk; epiwaNt Njhd;wpAs;sdh;. Mdhy; guk;giu hPjpahf ngz;fsJ tfpghfq;fs; mtHfsJ tP l ; i lAk; FLk; g j; i jAk; ikakhff; nfhz; l jhff; fhzg; g l; l nghOjpYk; > ,d; W Ntiyf;F nry;fpd;w ngz;fs; jkJ FLk;gj;ijf; ftdpg; g jpy; gy ,lHghLfis vjpHnfhz; Ls; s dh; . ,yq; i fapy; Mz; ngz; ,UghyhUf;fhd vy;iyfs; njspthf tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ePq;fs; xU tpUe;jpw;F (Party) nrd;why; Mz;fs; jdpahfTk; ngz;fs; jdpahfTk; ,Ug;gij mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. Mz;fisg; Nghy; (kJ mUe; J jy; ) ngz; f s; ,q; F ele; J nfhs;tjpy;iy. xU nghJthd Njrpa fyhrhuj;jpDs; gy cg fyhrhuq; f s; fhzg; g lyhk; . cjhuzkhf> r%fj;jpy; $l;Lthj fyhrhuk; fhzg;glyhk;. Mdhy; eP q ; f s; Ntiy nra; f pd; w ,lj; j py; NtWtpjkhd fyhrhuk; NkNyhq;fp ,Uf;fyhk;. ,NjNghy; FLk;gq;fspYk; NtWgl;l fyhrhuq;fs; fhzg; g lyhk; . Gyk; n gaHe; j FLk; g q; f Sf; F kj;jpapy; ,jid mjpfk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,q;F tP L fspy; xUtpjkhd gof; f tof; f q; f s; > eilKiwfs; fhzg; g lyhk; > Mdhy; ghlrhiyfspNyh my; y J Ntiy nra; f pd; w ,lj; j pNyh Kw; w pYk; khWgl; l epiyikfs; fhzg; g lyhk; > ,jdhy; Kuz; g hLfs; Vw;gLtjw;Fk; tha;gG ; s;sJ. cjhuzkhf> eP q ; f s; epr; r akw; w jtpHg; G mjpfkhf cs; s ehnlhd; w pypUe; J tUif jUfpwPHfs;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;tpd; rpW rpW tplaq;fisAk; jpl;lkpLtjw;F ePq;fs; gofpatH my; y vdpy; > ,t; t pj mZFKiwfis vjph;ghHf;fpd;w XH mikg;gpy; Ntiy nra;tjw;F ePqf ; s; f\;lg;gLtPHfs;. mNjNeuk; ePqf ; s; $l;Lthj fyhrhuj;ij NrHe;jth;> cq;fsJ nray;fSf;Fk;> mjd; ngWNgWfSf;Fk; ePq;fNs nghWg;Gf; $w Ntz; L nkdpy; > eP q ; f s; Fwpg; g pl; l thW mnrsfhpaj;ij vjpHnfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; mjpfkhfNt cs;sd. kf;fSf;Fk; ehLfSf;Fkpilapy; Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F ,t;tpj fyhrhu NtWghLfSk; mbf;fb fhuzpahfpd;wd. gy;NtW tifahd jdpegHfis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l ehL vd;w Kiwapy; vkJ NtWghLfisf; fhl;bYk; vk;kplKs;s nghJthd tplaq;fs; kPNj vkJ mtjhdk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vkJ nghJ fyhrhuNk vkJ NtWghLfSf;F jPHT fhz;fpd;w Kaw;rpfis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd rpwg;ghd ,lk;. Nutjp rt;yh
ed;wp - xg;~d;]; 39.
Mz;epiy thjk; vjpuhf ngz;epiy thjk;

fyhrhuj; i j mstpLtjw; f hd ehd; f htJ ghpkhzk; Mz; e piy thjKk; ngz; z piy thjKkhFk;. ,e;jg; ngaHfs; tpthjj;jpw;Fhpaitfshf fhzg; g l; l nghOjpYk; > Njrpa fyhrhuj; i j mwpe; j pUj; j y; Kf; f pakhdjhFk; . ghy; e piy tfpghfq; f s; njspthf tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;s xU r%fj;ij> n`hg;];lNl (Hosfstede) Mz;ik tha;e;jit (Masculine) vd tiuaiw nra; f pwhh; . mNjNghy; Mz; > ngz; ,UghyhUk; xNu tpjkhd tfpghfq; f isf; nfhz; L s; s > xNu tpjkhd nraw; g hLfis epiwNtw; w f; $ ba rKjhaj; i j ngz; i k tha;e;jit (Femimine) vd ,tH Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mjhtJ ngUk; g hyhd r%fq; f spy; Mz; f s; jd; D Wjp cilatHfshfTk; > fbdkhdtHfshfTk;> nghUs; <l;lf; $batHfshfTk;> fUjg; g Lfpd; w dh; . Mdhy; ngz; f s; nkd;ikahdth;fs;> ghpTkpf;ftHfs;> tho;fi ; fapd; jd; i kapy; mf; f iw cilatHfs; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,it ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epiyapy; ,yq;if fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mz;fSila tfpghfq; f shd ngz; f s; Vw; W f; n fhs; t jw; F vjph;ghh;f;fg;glhj nghOjpYk;> ,yq;ifapy; gy ngz; jiytHfSk;> jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w 24
uVD zw>D Lk;gk; vd;gJ Xh; gy;fiyf;fofk;. ,e;j gy; f iyf; f ofj; j pNy jha; > je; i j> Foe; i jfs; > kw; W k; Vida cwtpdh; f s; fhzg;gLth;. Foe;ijfspy; Mz; Foe;ijfs;> ngz; Foe;ijfs; vd;Nghh; mlq;Fth;. Mz;> ngz; NtWghL Foe;ij tsh;g;G KjNy Muk;gkhtij vk;khy; mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. FLk; g j; j py; Foe; i j tsh; g ; g py; MZf; F k; ngz;Zf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l milahsg;gLj;jy;fis r%f ,irthf;fk; fw;Wf;nfhLf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ ngz; Foe;ijfSf;F nghk;ik> tpisahl;Lr; rl; b ghid vd; g dtw; i wf; nfhLj; J k; > Mz;Foe;ijfSf;F tPuk;> gyk; vd;gdtw;iw milahsg; g Lj; J tjw; f hf Jg; g hf; f pfs; > thfdq;fs; Nghd;w tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fisf; nfhLg; g ijAk; nghJthf ehk; fhzf; $bajhfTs; s J. vdNt Foe; i japd; rpW gUtj;jpNyNa ngz;fis mlf;fkhfTk; Mz;fis tP u khfTk; tsh; f ; f g; ngw; N whh; f s; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wdh;. nghJthf FLk; g q; f spy; cs; s xt; n thU ngw;NwhUk; jdJ gps;isfis xOq;fhf tsh;jJ ; fy;tp fw;W xU lhf;luhfNth> fzf;fhsuhfNth> MrphpauhfNth r%fj;jpy; vy;NyhUk; kjpf;fj;jf;f tpjj;jpy; tho Ntz;Lk; vd epidf;fpd;wdNu jtpu jdJ gps;isfs; nfl;Lr; rPuope;J r%fj;jpdhy; Gwe;js;spf; fijf;Fk; mstpw;F mth;fs; tsu tpUk; g khl; l hh; f s; . mJ Mz; g ps; i sahf ,Ue;jhYk; rup ngz;gps;isahf ,Ue;jhYk; rup mJ r%fj;jpy; ew;ngaiu <l;lf; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;. Mz;gps;isfs; tsh;eJ ; gjpide;J taijj; jhz;baJk; mth;fsJ nray; f s; khw; w kilfpd; w d. ,jw; f hf vy; y h Mz; g ps; i sfisAk; mt; t hW $wKbahJ. mth;fs; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; ez;gh;fisg; nghWj;J mth;fsJ elj;ijfspYk; khw;wk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mth; f s; NrUk; ez; g h; f spy; xUth; $l nfl;ltdhf ,Ue;jhy; mtDld; NrUk; mj;jid NgUk; ehsiltpy; mtdJ gof;ftof;fq;fis gpd; g w; w j; njhlq; F fpd; w dh; . mjhtJ Gifg; g pbj; j y; > kJ mUe; J jy; > ngz; f isf; Nfypgz;zy;> Mrphpah;fis fdk;gz;zhik Nghd;w jPa Fzq;fis xUtuhy; midtUk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba epyik Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jidg; ngw;Nwhh;fsh nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fpd;wdh;? ,y;iy. vdNt nfl;ltd; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij tpl;L efh;tNj ey;ytDf;F rpwe;jJ. tpjptpyf;fhf xU nfl;ltd; ey; y ez; ; g Uld; Nru; e ; J jpUe; j p elf; F k; epyikfSk; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d. vj; j idNah Mz;fs; jhq;fs; $Lk; $l;lj;jhy; fy;tpia ,oe;J nfl; L rP u ope; J tho; f ; i fiaj; njhiyj; J nrhy; Kjyhk; fhyhz;L 2008
V. Jayachtirha
FLk;gj;jpy; r%fj;jpy; Mz; gps;isfs;...

Mz;gps;isfs; tsh;e;J gjpide;J taijj; jhz;baJk; mth;fsJ nray;fs; khw;wkilfpd;wd. ,jw;fhf vy;yh Mz;gps;isfisAk; mt;thW $wKbahJ. mth;fs; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; ez;gh;fisg; nghWj;J mth;fsJ elj;ijfspYk; khw;wk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
epw; f pd; w dh; . ,e; e piyikapy; vkJ r%fk; gps; i sfisg; gw; w pf; Fiw $Wtjpy; i y. ngw;Nwhh;fs; vd;d tsh;gG ; tsh;jJ ; ,Uf;fpd;wdh; vd;W ngw;Nwhh;fs; kPNj gop Rkj;jp tUfpd;wdh;. cz;ikapy; ,t;thW nfl;l eltbf;ifapy; jdJ gps; i sfs; <LgLfpd; w hu; f s; vd; w tplak; ngw; N whUf; N f njhpahkypUf; f yhk; . vdNt xt; n thU gps; i sAk; jdJ ngw; N whUf; F ew;ngaiug; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kdjpy; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; ,j;jifa epyikfs; Vw;;gl ,lk; cz;lhfhJ. ,d;W gy FLk;gq;fspy; ghh;j;jhy; jha; > je;ij ,UtUNk NtiyGhpgth;fshf ,Ug;gpd; jdJ Foe;ijfs; kPJ mf;fiw nrYj;JtJ FiwT. ,jd; fhuzkhf rpyu; ez; g h; f Sld; Nrh; e ; J nfl; L g; N ghtijAk; mwpfpd; N whk; . tP l ; b y; mth;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; md;G> MjuT vd;gd 25
uVD zw>D Fiwfpd; w gl; r j; j py; ez; g h; f spd; ngw; N whh; mth; f is top elj; J k; Kiwfisf; $l mtjhdpj;J kdKile;J Kiwjtwp elg;gijAk; r%fj;jpy; mtjhdpf;fpd;Nwhk;. vdNt xt;nthU ngw;NwhUk; jkJ FLk;gj;jpy; jkJ gps;isfSld; re; N jhrkhf ,Uf; f Tk; ghlk; nrhy; y pf; nfhLf;fTk; vd xt;nthU ehSk; Neuj;ij xJf;fL P nra;Ak; NghJ gps;is Kiw jtwpr; nry;Yk; epiy Vw;;glhJ. nghJthf Mz;gps;isfs; ,j;jifa epyikapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,ijtpl tPl;by; cs;s ngw;Nwhh;fs; kw;Wk; nghpath;fs; gps;isfSf;F mjpf fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpg;gjd; %yKk; gps;isfs; mlq;fp mlq;fp nrd;W ,dp xU fzj;jpy; mlq;fpaJ NghJk; vd nghq;fpnaOfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa elj;ijf;F $l ez;gh;fs; fhuzkhf mikayhk;. mjhtJ Vida ez;gh;fSld; mth;fspd; ngw;Nwhh; Rje;jpuj;ij toq; f p FLk; g ez; g h; f s; Nghy cy; y hrkhf ,Ug;gijg; ghh;jj ; Jk; gps;isfs; fl;Lg;ghbd;wp elf;fpd;wdh;. ,ijtpl ez;gh;fs; cy;yhrkhf jpupAk; NghJ $l jkf; F mj; j ifa Rje; j puk; ,y; i yNa vdTk; mj; J ld; ez; g h; f s; J}z;btpLk; nrad;KiwapdhYk; mlq;fpapUe;j gps; i s jtwhd topapy; nry; y tha; g ; N gw; g Lfpd; w J. vdNt FLk; g j; j py; fl;Lg;ghLfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; mJ gps;isfspd; kdntOr;rpiaj; J}z;Ltjhf mikaf;$lhJ. nghJthf fl; L g; g hLfis toq; ; F k; FLk; g j; j pYs; s gps; i sfNs ntspapy; nfl;lth;fshf khWk; epyikf;F cs;shtij gy;NtW FLk;gr; #oy;fis itj;J mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. vdNt gps;isfis tsh;f;Fk; NghJ nghJthf Mz;gps;isfis tsh;f;Fk; NghJ XusT fl;Lg;ghl;LlDk; XusT Rje;jpuj;ijAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; NghJjhd; gps;isapd; kd epiyapy; Gj;Jzh;r;rp cUthFk;. ngw;Nwhh; kPJ tpUg; G cUthFk; . ,y; i yNay; ngw; N whUf; F vjpuhf gps; i sfs; khWk; epiyAk; Vw; g l tha;gG ; z;L. NkYk; gps;isfs; jhk; tpUk;gpr; nra;Ak; tplaq;fSf;F jil tpjpf;ff; $lhJ. nghJthf Mz; g ps; i sfis vLj; j hy; VjhtJ xU nghUisf; nfhLj;jhy; mjid me;j epkplk; fow;wp cilj; J tpLfpd; w dh; . ,t; t hwhd epiyapy; ngw;Nwhh;fs; gyh; gps;isfSf;F nghUl;fis thq;fpf; nfhLg;gjpy;iy. ,y;iyNay; mtu;fSf;F fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpg;gij mtjhdpf;fpd;Nwhk;. cz;ikapy; xU gps;is xU nghUis ve;jstpw;F fow;wpg; G+l;b ,Wjpapy; mij cilj;Njh my;yJ ,Ue;jthNwh cUthf;Ffpd;wNjh mjidr; nra;a tpl Ntz;Lk;. gps;isfSf;F gaKWj;jy;fis nghpath; f s; Vw; g Lj; j f; $lhJ. ,t; t hwhd fl; L g; g hLfisAk; gaKWj; j y; f isAk; Vw;gLj;jhjtplj;J gps;is vjph;fhyj;jpy; xU nkf; f hdpf; f y; vQ; r pdpauhfNth> tpQ;QhdpahfNth> fz;Lgpbg;ghsdhfNth VNjh xU epiyia va; j tha; g ; N gw; g ; g Lk; . khwhf gps; i sf; F fl; L g; g hLfisAk; gaKWj;jy;fisAk; tpLf;Fk; NghJ gps;is FWfpa tl; l j; j pw; F s; N sNa fpzw; W j; j tisahf tsUk;epiy cUthFk;. vdNt gps;isfisg; nghWj; j kl; b y; mth; f s; rpW tajpy; nra; A k; ,t;thwhd tplaq;fSf;F jiltpjpf;ff;$lhJ. gps;isfis jhq;fs; tpUk;Gk; Jiwapy; nrd;W fy;tp fw;gjw;F ngw;Nwhh; mDkjp mtrpakhFk;. Vnddpy; nghJthfg; ngw;Nwhh; xU gps;isf;F eP ,ijj; j hd gbf; f Ntz; L k; vd mOj; j k; gpwg;gpf;fpd;wdNu jtpu mth;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy. ,jdhy; $Ljyhfg; ghjpf;fg;gLtJ Mz;fNsjhd;. gps;is tpUk;Gk; Jiwapid Njh;en ; jLf;f tpLk; NghNj mj;Jiwapy; mtdhy; Njh; r ; r p ngw KbAk; . ,y; y htpbd; ngw;Nwhhpd; mOj;jj;jpdhy; mth;fspd; fw;wy; eltbf; i fiaf; $l ,ilepWj; J k; epyik Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw; i wnay; y hk; tpl rpy FLk; g q; f spy; Mz;gps;is gpwe;j clNdNa ,td; gpwe;J tsh;eJ ; nghpatdhfpaJk; rPjdk; thq;fp gzf;fhu ,lj;jpy; fl; b itf; f Ntz; L k; vd rpy ngw; N whh; f s; vz;Zfpd;wdh;. ,jid Foe;ij tsh;eJ ; fy;tpfw;W tUk; Neuj;jpYk; ngw;Nwhh; mg;igadplj;jpy; $Wk; NghJk; mJ mtdJ kdjpy; Mokhfg;; gjpfpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf mtdJ kdjpy; rP j dk; Ntz;bj;jhd; jpUkzk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ed;F gjpfpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzkhff; $l gy ngz; f s; ghjpf; f g; g Lfpd; w dh; . vdNt ngw;Nwhh;fs; Mz;gps;isfis tsh;f;Fk; NghJ mtdJ kdjpy; gjpaf;$ba ,j;jifa czh;Tfis fijf; f Nth nrhy; y pf; nfhLf; f Nth $lhJ. mg;igad; ,jid jtW vd epidj;jhYk; $l jdJ ngw;Nwhh;fSf;fhfNt ,jid miltjpy; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhs;fpd;whd;. vdNt Mz; gps;isfis tsh;f;Fk; NghJ jpzpf;Fk; jd;ikiaf; Fiwj;J mth;fSf;F XusT Rje;jpuj;jid toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf mth;fs; NghFk; Nghf;fpNyNa tplhky; XusT Gj;jpkjpfis toq; F tjd; %yk; mth; f sJ vjph; f hyj; i j rpwg;ghdjhf;f top Vw;gLk;. jtg;gpugh
26
uVD zw>D
V. Jayachithra
rpWtu;fs; jkf;Fs; ve;jnthU NtWghLfSkpd;wp chpikfis mDgtpf;Fk; chpik.

WtHfs; vd; w gjj; i j milahsg; g Lj; J k; tanjy; i y njhlHghf rHtNjr hP j pahd Ma; T fspd; g b gjpdhd;F (14) taJf;F fPo;gl;NlhH 'rpWtHfs; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wdH. ,yq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; eilKiwapy; 18 taJf;F Fiwe;jtHfs; midtUk; 'rpWtHfs; "; vd miof; f g; g Lfpd; w dH. ,yq; i fapy; ntspahFk; gj; j phpiffs; kw; W k; Vida njhlHGrhjdq;fspYk; 1994 ngg;uthpapy; ,yq;if murhq; f j; j hy; gps; i sfspd; chpikfspd; mKyhf;fk; njhlHghd $l;lwpf;ifapYk; cj;Njr murpayikg; G Vw; g hl; b Yk; kw; W k; If; f pa ehLfSf;fhd rpWtH ghJfhg;G epjpaj;jpd; Unicef gy;NtW gpuRuq;fspYk; 18 taJf;Ff;fPo;g;gl;l Mz; > ngz; ,UghyhUk; rpWtHfnsd milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdH. rpWtu;fsJ cupikfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf xt;nthU tUlKk; mf;Nlhgu; khjk; Kjyhk; jpfjp cyfyhtpa uPjpapy; rpWtu; jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. cyfshtpa uPjpapy; rpWtu; cupikfs; njhlu; g py; mwpf; i ffs; fUj; j uq; F fs; khehLfs; tpohf; f s; vd; g d elj;jg;gLtJld; gy;NtW jug;gpduhYk; rpWtu; cupikfs; Ngzg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpak; gw;wp typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd. nrhy; Kjyhk; fhyhz;L 2008
''rp
1924 Mk; Mz;bNyNa Kjd; Kjypy; rpWtu; cupik gw;wpa nfhs;if ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;du; 1959 Mk; Mz;L gy;NtW tplaq;fis cs; s lf; f pajhf If; f pa ehLfs; rigahy; tpupthfTk; njspthfTk; rpWtu; f Sf; F upa cupikfs; njhlu; g hf nfhs; i fg; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. 1959 Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;l nfhs; i fg; gpufldk; 1924 Mk; Mz; L g; gpufldj;ij tpl gym k;rq;fs; cs;slf;fpajhf mike;jJ. ,e;epiyapy; 1979 Mk; Mz;L cyf rpWtu; Mz; l hf If; f pa ehLfs; rigahy; gpufldg; g Lj; j g; g l; L gue; j mstpy; rpWtu; cupikfs; njhlu; g py; tpopg; G zu; T Vw; g Lj; j g; g l; l J. ,Nj Ntis ru; t Njr njhopshsu; rk;Nksdk; 1989 Mk; Mz;bd; rpWtu; cupik njhlu; g hd nfhs; i fg; gpufldj; i j mq;fPfupj;J Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. 1992 Mk; Mz;L Nkw;gb cupikfs; njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfis ,yq; i fAk; eil Kiwg; g Lj; J tjhf Vw; W f; nfhz;lJ. ,jd;gb ru;tNjr rpWtu;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; rfy mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l cupikfisAk; ,yq;ifapy; cs; s rfy rpWtu; f Sk; mDgtpf; F k; cupik rl;luPjpahf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gjpd;dhq;F taJ tiuahd gps; i sfs; rpWtu; f shff; fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,dk;> kjk;> nkhop> ghy; vd;w
27
uVD zw>D ve;jnthU NtWghbd;wp Fwpf;fg;gl;l cupikfis mDgtpf; F k; cupik gjpd; d hq; F tiuahd xt;nthU rpWtu; rpWkpau;fSf;Fk; cs;sd. eil Kiwapy; ,t; t hwhd tplaq; f s; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wdth? vd;W ghu;f;Fk; NghJ mit ngUkstpy; gpd; g w; w g; g Ltjpy; i y vd;gijNa ehshe;j tho;f;if vkf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. ru;tNjr uPjpapy; rpWtu;fSf;Fupa cupikfshf gpd;tUtd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. tho;tjw;Fk; Kd;NdWtjw;Fkhd cupik gpwg; g pd; NghJ nganuhd; i wAk; ,d milahsj;ijAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk c ; upik. ngw;Nwhiuj; njupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ ghJfhg;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd cupik. ngw;NwhuplkpUe;J jk;ik jdpikg;gLj;jg;glhjpUg;gjw;fhd cupik. fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; cupik rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk; kdr;rhl;rpg;gb elg;gjw;Fk; rkankhd;iwg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;Fkhd cupik. r%f cupik> jdpAupik> Rfhjhu trjpfs; ngWk; cupik. Nghjpa fy;tpiag; ngWk; cupik. nghUshjhu Ruz;ly;fspypUe;J ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; cupik. ghypay; ty; Y wTfspypUe; J ghJfhj; J f; nfhs;Sk; cupik. rpj; j putij F&ukhf elj; J jy; Nghd; w jz;lidfspy; ,Ue;J jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; cupik. rhjhuz tof;F tprhuizf;Fs;s cupik. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; ghJfhg;gpw;Fkhd cupik. ,t;thW gy;NtW cupikfs; rpWtu; cupik njhlu; g py; gl; b ayplg; g l; L s; s d. mj; N jhL ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifahf rpWtu;fs; vd;w gjpd;dhd;F taJf;Fl;gl;l rfyUf;Fk; fl;lhaf; fy;tp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Ws;sJ. mNj Nghd; W mt; t aJf; F l; g l; l gps; i sfis Ntiyf; f ku; j ; J tJk; Fw; w nkd; W rl; l tpjp $Wfpd;wJ. Nkw; $ wg; g l; l thW rpWtu; f s; njhlu; g hd cupikfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l NghJk; ,yq;ifapy; kl;Lkd;wp cyf ehLfs; gytw;wpYk; $l tsu;eJ ; tUk; ,se;jiyKiwapdUf;fhf tFf;fg;gl;l cupik njhlu; g hd nfhs; i ffs; ve; j stpy; Ngzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij Muha;e;jhy; kpQ;RtJ Vkhw;wNk. ,yq;ifapy; rfy rpWtu;fSk; jkf;Fupa mbg; g il cupikfis kw; W k; ,yq; i f murhq;fj;jhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l cupikfisAk; mDgtpf;ftpy;iy vd;Nw nfhs;syhk;. ,d> kj> nkhop uP j pahd ghFghLfSk; jdp egu; f shy; Vw;gLfpd;w jPikfs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; Nghd; w d rpWtu; f spd; cupikfisg; ghjpg;gitfshf jw;fhyj;jpy; mikfpd;wd. Aj;jk; fhuzkhf mr;rj;Jld; thOk; rpWtu;fisAk; ngw;Nwhu;fSld; tho KbahJ mfjpfshfTk; ngw;Nwhu;fis ,oe;J mdhijfshfTk; ehshe;jk; tho;fpd;w rpWtu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz; N l tUfpd; w d. tWik fhuzkhf gl; b dpapy; thLk; rpWtu; f Sk; > fy; t p fw; f Kbahjgb ehshe;jk; Ntiyf;F mku;j;jg;gLk; rpWtu; f Sk; > ghypay; ty; Y wTf; F cs; s hFk; rpWtu;fSk>; Rje;jpukhf elkhl KbahjthW fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; milf;fg;gLfpd;w rpWtu;fSk; vkJ ehl;by; ,d;W mjpfstpy; tho;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; njhlu;ghf cau; kl;lj;jpy; cs;stu;fs; vt;tpj mf;fiwAk; nfhs;shjpUg;gJ Ntjidf;Fupa Xu; tplakhFk;. ,J kl; L kd; w p ngw; N whuplkpUe; J gpupe; J tho;tjhy; rpWtu;fs; cs uPjpahf ngUkstpy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;w #o;epiy mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;fpd;wJ. Rdhkp kw;Wk; Aj;jk; fhuzkhf ,lk; ngau; e ; j kw; W k; ghjpg; G f; F s; s hdtu; f s; jtpu flj; j g; g l; L fhzhky; Nghd jdJ jha; je;ijNahiuj; Njbj; jtpf;fpd;w rpWtu;fs; kd uPjpapy; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij vjpu; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. mit klLkd;wp td;Kiw> MAjf; fyhrhuj;Js; mfg;gl;Lk; ngw;Nwhu;fs;> rNfhjuu;fs; mq;ftPdkhdtu;fshf khwpa jd;ik fz; L ghjpf; f g; g l; N lhu; vd cs uP j pahd ghjpg;Gf;fSk; jw;fhyj;jpy; rpWtu;fis mjpfstpy; ghjpf;fpd;wd. Aj; j k; > ,aw; i f mdu; j ; j q; f s; fhuzkhf ,lk; n gau; e ; J nry; f pd; w FLk; g q; f spy; fy; t p fw;fpd;w rpWtu;fspd; epiy vd;gJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;wpy; ek; ehl;by; Aj;jk; fhuzkhf ,lk;ngau;e;J nry;Nthupd; vz;zpf;if ehSf;F ehs; mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wJ. mt;thW ,lk;ngau;e;J nry;Yk; NghJ fy;tp fw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w rpWtu;fs; jkJ fy;tpiaj; njhlu KbahkYk; mNj
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uVD zw>D Ntis guPli ; rfis vjpu; Nehf;fpapUg;Nghu; mit njhlu;ghf Maj;jk; ,d;wp guPli ; r vOJjy;> fy;tp njhlu;ghd Mu;tk; Fd;Wjy; vd;gd ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; epfo;eJ ; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w cz;ikr; rk; g tq; f shFk; . ,lk; n gau; e ; N jhu; jq; f itf;fg;gLk; $lhuq;fspy;> Kfhk;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfs; Gjpa #o;epiy> khWgl;l tho;f;if Kiw> mbg;gil trjpapd;ik> Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpid> FLk;gq;fspy; Vw;gLfpd;w ,og;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpg;Gf;fs;> gak; Nghd;wd fy;tp fw;fpd;w rpWtu;fis cs uPjpapy; ngupJk; ghjpg;gilar; nra;fpd;wd.; rpWtu;fs; vjpu; nfhs;fpd;w kw;nwhU gpur;rpid nghUshjhuk; njhlu;ghdJ. ,d;iwa nghUshjhu neUf;fbahd #oypy; tWikg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspy; ngw;Nwhu;fNs jq;fs; gps;isfis tUthapd; epkpj;jk; Ntiyf;F mDg;gp itf;fpd;wdu;. Ntiy nra; f pd; w ,lq; f spy; Vw; g Lfpd; w cly; cs uP j pahd jhf; f q; f is ,r; r pWtu; f s; vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. mtu;fsJ rf;jpf;F mjpfkhd ciog; i gg; ngWk; Nehf; f j; N jhL mbj; J j; Jd;GWj;jp Ntiy nra;tpf;fpd;whu;fs;. Nghjpa czT> cil Nghd;w mbg;gil trjpfs; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mtu;fsJ tajpw;Fk; cly; ciog;gpw;Fk; Vw;w Ngh\hf;fpd;wpNa Ntiy nra;a Ntz;ba epu;gg ; e;jk; ,tu;fSf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; ,Ue;J mJTk; ngUk;ghYk; kiyafg; gpuNjrj; j py; ,Ue; J rpWtu; f s; efug; G wq; f spy; cs; s tP L fSf; F k; tpahghu ];jyq;fSf;Fk; (czTr; rhiyfs;> gyruf;Ff; filfs; ) tUthia vjpu; g hu; j ; J tUfpd; w du; . kiyafg; gpuNjrj; j py; epyTk; tUkhdg; gw;whf;FiwNa rpWtu;fis Ntiy Njbr; nry;y itf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; rpWtu;fsJ fy;tp> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; tho;tjw;Fk; Kd;NdWtjw;Fkhd cupik vd;gd gwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rpWtu;fs; ngw;Nwhupd; rpy nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf cly; kw;Wk; cs mbg;gilapy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;w jd;ikahdJ jw;fhyj;jpy; mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;. nghUshjhug; gw;whf;Fiw mNjhL njhlu; G gl; l tho; f ; i fr; nryT mjpfupg; G Nghd;wtw;why; Vw;gLfpd;w neUf;fbia rkhspf;f Kbahky; mjd; gpujpgypg;ig gps;isfs; kPJ nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; rpWtu;fs; clypay; uPjpapy; jhf;fg;gLtijAk; Jd;GWj;jg;gLtijAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,y;yq;fspy; je;ijapd; kJg; gof;fk; mtu;fspd; gps;isfis ghjpg;gij gyu; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. mNj Neuk; kJNghijapd; jhf;fj;jhy; epiy jLkhwp gps;isfspd; capUf;F mr; R Wj; j yhf ngw; w tu; ele; J nfhs; S k; re;ju;gg ; Kk; cz;L. jfg;gNd kJNghijapy; jdJ kfis my;yJ NtW rpWkpfis fl;lhag;gLj;jp ghypay; uP j papy; Jd; G Wj; J tijAk; ehshe; j nra;jpfspd; Clhf mwpaf; $bajhf cs;sJ. ,it tPLfspy; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl rpWtu;fs; ngw;Nwhupd; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpd;w rpy re;ju;gg ; q;fshFk;. ,t; t hwhd Aj; j k; > ,lg; n gau; T > ,aw; i f mdu;jj ; q;fs;> tWik> ghypay; Jd;GWj;jy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; rpWtu;fs; cly;> csuPjpaahfg; ghjpf; f g; g LtNjhL ghJfhg; G f; fUjp rpWtu; ,y; y q; f spy; Nru; f ; f g; g Lfpd; w du; . Nkw; $wg;gl;lthW rpWtu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fis ,oe;Njh my;yJ gpupe;Njh rpWtu; ,y;yq;fspy; Nru;ff ; g;gLk; NghJ mtu;fs; csuPjpapy; vjpu; nfhs;fpd;w rthy;fs; gw;wp ftdj;jpy; nfhs;Sjy; mtrpak;. Mdhy; rpy re; j u; g ; g q; f spy; ghjpf; f g; g l; l rpWtu; f s; ,y; y q; f spy; trpg; g jdhy; fy; t p fw; f pd; w tha; g ; i gAk; > rpwe; j gof; f tof; f q; f isAk; > ghJfhg;ghd; #oiyAk;; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. me;j tifapy; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; vUtpy; fpof;F> fSthQ;rpf;Fbapy; mike;Js;s nkjb];l; Mz;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F (Methodist Boys home) nrd;W mq;F trpf;fpd;w rpWtu;fSld; ciuahba NghJ ngwg;gl;l jfty;fs; fPNo jug;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j ,y;yk; 02.09.2002 Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,y;yj;jpd; ghJfhtyh;fshf jpU. gpuG> jpU.Nehgl; MfpNahu; flik Gupfpd;wdu;. ,q;F nkhj;jk; ehw;gj;jp ehd;F gps;isfs; trpf;fpd;wdu;. ,t; ,y;yj;jpw;F Kinder Not Hilfe (KNH), German vd;w epWtdk; epjp toq;Ffpd;wJ. nkjb];l; Mz;fs; ,y; y j; j py; ,e; J > fpwp]; j t kj; j pijr; Nrh; e ; j gps;isfs; trpf;fpd;wdh;. 6k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; cah; j uk; tiu fw; F k; khzth; f is ,q; F fhzyhk;. ,q;Fs;s khzth;fSf;fhd Nkyjpf tFg;Gfs; ,y;yj;jpNyNa ntsp Mrphpah;fisf; nfhz;L elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. $Ljyhd gps;isfs; Aj; j k; > tWik Nghd; w fhuzq; f shy; ,t;,y;yj;ij ehbAs;sdh;. nghJthf ,q;Fs;s gps; i sfs; jhia my; y J je; i jia my; y J ,UtiuANk ,oe;jth;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. vdpDk; rfyijAk; kwe;J ey;y Kiwapy; fy;tp fw;W ew;gof;f tof;fq;fisf; filg;gpbf;ff;$ba Kiwapy; ,q; F s; s ghJfhtyh; f s; top elj; J fpd; w dh; . ,y; y j; j py; jq; f papUf; F k; rpy gps;isfSld; ciuahba NghJ mtu;fsplkpUe;J NkYk; rpy jfty;fisg; ngwf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. vdJ ngau; epyf;]d; vdf;F taJ 12. 7Mk; juk; gbf;fpNwd;. ehd; %z;lhk; juj;jpy; gbf;Fk; NghJ ,q;F te;Njd;. vdf;F mg;gh ,y;iy. mk;kh ,Uf;fpwh. mg;gh ,Ue;Jk; ,y;yhj khjphp. mg;gh
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uVD zw>D gphpe;J NtW jpUkzk; nra;jpl;lhh;. vdf;F 2 rNfhjuh;fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. tPlb ; y; rhpahd f];lk;. vdf;F gbj;J lhf;uuhf Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mir. mjdhy; mk; k h ,q; F nfhz; L te; J Nrh; j ; J tpl;lhh;. ehd; tFg;gpy; 4 Mk; gps;isahf tUNtd;. tP l ; b y; ,Ug; g ijtpl ,q; F ey; y k; . ,q; F gbg;gjw;F kpfTk; trjpahf cs;sJ. vdJ ngah; epNuh[d;. taJ gjpide;J. 10 Mk; juj;jpy; gbf;fpNwd;. vdf;F mk;kh ,y;iy. mg;gh kl;lf;fsg;G n[apypy; ,Uf;fpwhh;. mk;khit mg; g h vhpj; J nfhd; w jhy; mg; g h n[apypy; ,Uf;fpwhh;. vdf;F rNfhjuh;fs; 4 Ngh;. 2 Ngh; NtW ,y;yj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;fpwhh;fs;. xUth; fypahzk; nra;J tpl;lhh;. mk;kh ,we;jjhy; tPlb ; y; ftdpf;f ahUk; ,y;iy. vdf;F gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mir. mjdhy; ehd; 5 Mk; juk; gbf;Fk; NghJ vd;id vdJ khkp nfhz;Lte;J ,q;F Nrhj;J tpl;lhh;. ,q;F vy;yh trjpfSk; fpilg;gjhy; gbg;gjw;F trjpahf. ,Uf;fpwJ. mjdhy; ,q;F ,Ug;gJ vdf;F kd epiwitj; jUfpd;wJ. ehd; xU Mrphpauhf tu Ntz; L k; vd tpUk; G fpNwd; . njhlh; e ; J k; ,t; ,y; y j; j py; ,Uf; f KbahJ. cah;juk; gbf;Fk; tiujhd; ,q;F ,Uf;f KbAk; vd;gjhy; gbj;J Kba mk;kk;kh tPl;bw;F Nghf NtZk;. vdJ ngah; khjtd khjtd;. taJ gjpdhW. 11 Mk; juj; j py; fy; t p fw; f pNwd; . tFg; g py; 7 Mk; gps;isf;Fs; tUNtd;. vdf;F mk;khTk; ,y;iy. mg;ghTk; ,y;iy. rNfhjuu;fs; 2 Ngu; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. mk; k h eQ; R Fbj; J nrj; j hT. mg; g h ,af; f j; j pypUe; J nrj; j pl; l hh; . ,g; g mz; z h mk;kk;kh tPlb ; Yk; jq;fr;rp NtnwhU ,y;yj;jpYk; ,Uf;fpdk;. tPl;by; ahUk; ,y;yhjjhy; mk;kk;kh nfhz;L te;J ,q;f Nrh;j;J tpl;lh. ehd; gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,q;f tutpy;iy. Mdhy; ,q;f te;j gpwFjhd; gbf;f Mh;tk; te;jJ. gbj;J lhf;uuhf tu Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mirg;gLfpNwd;. vdJ ngau; uFuh[ uFuh[;;. vdf;F taJ 12. 7 Mk; Mz;L gbf;fpNwd;. mk;kh ,Uf;fpwhh;. mg;gh ,y; i y. rNfhjuq; f s; 5 Ngh; . mg; g h ,de;njhpahjth;fshy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. rNfhjuh;fspy; xUth; ,y;yj;jpYk; Vidath;fs; mk;khTlDk; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.ehd; tPlb ; y; rhpahd Fog;gb. tPlb ; y; gbf;f khl;Nld;. mjdhy; mk;kh ,q;F Nrh;j;J tpl;lhh;. ,g;NghJ gbg;gnjd;why; rhpahd tpUg;gk;. vdJ ngah; uFtud;. vdf;F taJ 11. 05 Mk; Mz;L gbf;fpNwd;. vdf;F mk;kh ,Uf;fpwhh;. mg;gh gphpe;J nrd;W tpl;lhh;. rNfhjuh;fs; 3 Ngh;. mk;kh ntspehL nrd;W tpl;lhh;. 3 rNfhjuh;fSk; NtW ,y; y j; j py; jq; f papUf; f pwhh; f s; . mk; k h ntspehL nrd; w jhy; tP l ; b y; ftdpf; f ahUk; ,y;yhjjhy; ,q;F te;Njd;. mk;rh gpujPgd;
,Jth cq;fSila kfs;?
,y;iy. mJ vd;Dila kfd;. caukhf ,Ug;gJjhd; vd;Dila kfs;.
30
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34
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36
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ngz;zpaj;jpd; kfj;Jtk;

Kjyhk; fhyhz;L - 2008

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