5.

The Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density

Define: The Magnetic Flux Density The permeability o = 4 10 7 H/m
Magnetic Flux = B dS Wb
S

B = o H (free space only)

(cf, = D dS = Q )
S

B dS = 0
S

B = 0

Maxwells equations(static electric field & steady magnetic field)

D = E = 0 H = J B = 0 D = oE B = o H E = V

D dS = Q = dv E dL = 0 H dL = I = J dS B dS = 0
S vol v S S

8-11

H =

I 2

(a < < b )

B = o H =

o I a 2
d 0

= B dS =
S

o I Id b a ddza = o ln 2 2 a

6.

The Scalar and Vector Magnetic Potentials

Define H = Vm H = J = ( Vm ) The curl of the gradient of any scalr is identically zero.
If H is to be defined as the gradient of a scalar megnetic potential, then current density must be zero throughout the region in which the scalar megnetic potential is so defined.

H = Vm

( J = 0)
8-12

The scalar magnetic potential also satisfies Laplaces equation.

B = o H = 0

o ( Vm ) = 0

2Vm = 0 (J = 0)

J = 0 in the region a < < b H= I I 2 a

2 Vm I = 2
At P, =

= Vm

1 Vm I 2
7 15 23 ,,,K 4 4 4

Vm =

9 17
4 , 4 , 4

, K, or -

The electric potential V is single valued once a zero reference is assigned. Vm is not a single - valued function of position.

8-13

The reason for this multivaluedness

E dL = 0, therefore V = H = 0 (wherever J = 0) but H dL = I

E = 0 and
ab
b a

E dL (independent of path)

Vm,ab = H dL (specified path)

Vector Magnetic Potential(A), useful in studying radiation from antennas, from apertures, and radiation leakage from transmission lines, waveguides, and microwave ovens
B = 0
H= 1

B = A
1 A

A H = J =

A=

o IdL 4R

dA =

o IdL 4R

8-14

Vector magnetic potential field about a differential filament

IdL = KdS = Jdv

A=

o IdL 4R

A=
dL = dza z dA =

o KdS S 4R

dA z = dH =

o IdL o Idza z = 4R 4 2 + z 2 o Idz

4 + z 1 dA =
2 2

A=

o Jdv vol 4R

, dA = 0, dA = 0 Idz a = 4 2 + z 2 a

1 dAz o

3/ 2

8-15

7.

Derivation of the SteadySteady-MagneticMagnetic-Field Laws

H=

o Jdv IdL a R (3) (32) (46) (51) B = H B = A A = o 2 vol ? 4R 4R Eq. (51) is correct and agrees with the three definitions (3), (32), and (46).
A ( A ) 2 A

Prove Amperes circuital law in point form

2A 2 Axax + 2 Aya y + 2 Azaz (The Laplacian of a vector)

v dv 2V = v vol 4 R o o o J x dv Ax = 2 Ax = o J x , 2 Ay = o J y , 2 Az = o J z vol 4R
V =

2 A = o J
1

A = 0 (p. 264 - 265)

H =

A =

[( A) 2 A] =

( o J ) = J
8-16

Between conductors, J = 0 2 A = o J = 0 Cartesian coordinates : 2 A = 2 Ax a x + 2 Ay a y + 2 Az a z Cylindrical coordinates : 2 A 2 A a + 2 A a + 2 Az a z However, 2 A = 2 Az

z

1 Az Therefore, Az =
2

1 2 Az 2 Az + 2 2 + z 2 = 0 1 Az Az is a function only of : =0 Az = C1 ln + C 2

Assume a zero reference at = b, Az = C1 ln

A =

Az C C a = 1 a = B H = 1 a o
2

H dL = I =
0

C1

a da =

2C1

C1 =

o I 2

Az =

I o I b ln and H = 2 2
8-17