International Journal of Civil Engineering and (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF Technology CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

D (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)

ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), pp. 267-277 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.3277 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJCIET
IAEME

RETROFITTING OF DAMAGED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Dr. Suchita Hirde*, Ms. Minakshi Jagtap** * Professor, Dept. of App. Mechanics Govt. College of Engineering Karad 415124 India ** PG student, (Civil- Structure), Govt. College of Engineering, Karad 415124, India

ABSTRACT The cost of civil infrastructure constitutes a major portion of the national wealth. The rapid damage of structure is thus created an urgent need for the development of novel, retrofit & new construction. Retrofitting of existing structures is a difficult task as compared to the construction of a new building as each building poses an unique set of constraints & problems requiring due care in design & detailing. The development of any retrofit scheme involves a thorough study of the performance of the structure subjected to design forces. In this paper an attempt has been made to present case studies of rehabilitation & retrofitting of industrial buildings. Retrofitting of two industrial buildings has been described in this paper. The case studies include retrofitting of industrial steel structures damaged due to faulty design and a structure requiring modification for operational purpose. The best possible retrofitting strategy which is both economical & effective have been worked out and presented in this paper. KEYWORDS: Damaged industrial building, rehabilitation, retrofitting, analysis INTRODUCTION In this paper, analysis of the damaged industrial building for ascertaining the current performance is carried out by using static linear analysis. Retrofitting strategies required for the same building is suggested based upon the current performance of structure, expected performance of structure & type of damage. Strength is ascertained by carrying out the analysis of retrofitted building. Finally best possible retrofitting strategies that will be both economical & effective are determined. During the damage stage of any building, a survey is required to investigate the conditions of such distressed building. Because of the vast variety of the building structures, the development of a general rule for retrofitting measure is rather difficult and to a large extent each structure must be approached as a strengthening problem on its own merits. It is necessary to take a decision whether to demolish a distressed structure or to restore the same for effective load carrying system. Many a times, the level of distress is such that with minimum restoration measure the building structure can be brought back to its normalcy and in such situation, rehabilitation or
267

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME retrofitting is preferred. The process of keeping things in working order is called maintenance. Proper maintenance of structure is required to prevent damages & decay due to natural agencies & wear and tear & to keep them in good appearances and working condition as well as to repair the defects occurred in the structure & strengthen them, if necessary. Maintenance includes servicing, repairing, rectification, replacement, rehabilitation, retrofit, renovation & restore of structure. In the process of rehabilitation the existing strength of the structure is retained while in case of retrofitting it is the structural enhancement for improved performance during hazards. In this paper rehabilitation and retrofitting of two industrial buildings has been described The case studies include retrofitting of industrial steel structure damaged due to faulty design and a structure requiring modification for operational purpose. RETROFIT OF DAMAGED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS Survey of damaged industrial buildings in Pune region have been carried out and based upon the review of industrial site visits, two damaged industrial structures are selected for retrofitting strategy so as to include different type of damages such as steel structures damaged due to faulty design & structure required modification for operational purpose. The name of the industry is purposefully omitted from the paper. Case study 1-Structure damaged due to faulty design An industrial steel building which is structurally failed due to faulty design is presented this section. In this steel building most of the members of steel roof trusses are deflected along one side as well as purlins are also failed due to faulty design. Therefore this structure is required to be redesigned & strengthen. Building description: The details of this industrial structure are given as follows Height of Shed = 5.00 m; Span of truss = 9.00 m; Length of Shed = 25.9 m Figure 1 shows photograph of existing structure. The plan & elevation of existing industrial building is shown in figure 2 & 3 respectively.

Figure 1- Photograph of existing structure Modeling of existing & retrofitted building The existing & retrofitted building is modeled using STAAD-Pro software. The retrofitting is carried out for an existing industrial building by two ways. In first option additional members are welded to the various existing structural members while second option consists of introduction of
268

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME additional truss at the bottom side of the existing truss. Thus the following models have been studied and presented in the paper. Model I: Modeling of existing industrial building in order to ascertain the current performance of the structure. The existing sizes of various structural members of damaged industrial building are as given in the following table 1 and model is shown in figure 4. Table 1: Sizes of structural members of damaged industrial building Member Bottom chord Top chord Inclined member Vertical member Column Purlin Size of Section ISA 50x50x6 ISA 50x50x6 ISA 50x50x6 ISA 50x50x6 ISMC 100 box 200mm apart Angle 50x50x6

Model II : Modeling of retrofitted industrial building in which retrofitting is carried out by welding unequal angle sections to the existing top & bottom chord members and welding of equal angle sections to existing inclined members. Existing purlins having size of section

Figure 2- Plan of original structure

269

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

Figure 3- Elevation of original structure ISA 50x50x6 are replaced by ISMC 75. The existing purlins ISA 50x50x6 are used for welding to all inclined & vertical members of truss. (Refer figure 5 and figure 6) Retrofitted sizes of various structural members for option I are as given in the table 2 Table 2: Sizes of structural members in retrofitted building (option I) Member Size of Section Bottom chord ISA 50x50x6 welded with ISA 65x65x6 Top chord ISA 50x50x6 welded with ISA 65x65x6 Inclined member ISA 50x50x6 welded with ISA 50x50x6 Vertical member ISA 50x50x6 welded with ISA 50x50x6 Column ISMC 100 box 200mm apart Purlin ISMC 75 Model III : Modeling of retrofitted industrial building in which retrofitting is carried out by introduction of additional truss at the bottom side of the existing truss. (Refer figure 7) Retrofitted sizes of various structural members for option II are as given in the table 3 Table 3: Sizes of structural members in retrofitted building (option II) Member Size of Section Bottom chord Existing ISA 50x50x6 Top chord Existing ISA 50x50x6 Inclined member Existing ISA 50x50x6 Vertical member Existing ISA 50x50x6 Column ISMC 100 box 200mm apart Purlin ISMC 75 Additional bottom member (0.7m below 16mm bar bottom chord) Additional tie members between bottom 16mm chord & additional bottom member

270

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME Analysis of building Equivalent static analysis is performed on the above 3D models. As the existing building is industrial building wind load is predominant load along with the dead load & live load because area of opening is more as compared to other structural buildings. This building is structurally failed immediately after the construction of building due to faulty design.

Figure 4- Model I : Original structure

Figure 5- Model II: Retrofitted structure (option I)

271

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

Figure 6- Welding of different angle sections

Figure 7- Model III: Retrofitted structure (option II) Thus for the gravity model analysis only dead load & live load are considered; while wind load is considered for the analysis of retrofitted model. The building model is then analyzed by the software STAAD-Pro in order to ascertain the performance of retrofitted structure. Number of trials has been carried out to get safe sizes for various members. The final sizes which are safe for the calculated loads have been given in table 2 and 3.
272

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME Comparison of retrofitting Strategy Based on the analysis & design results for damaged industrial building due to faulty design, retrofitting was suggested for failed structural members by the application of two strategies. In first retrofitting strategy additional members are welded to the various existing structural members while second strategy consists of introduction of additional truss at the bottom side of the existing truss. The static analysis of retrofitted structures is also carried out by using STAAD-Pro software. Analyzing strategies i.e. strategy-1, welding of different angle sections to the existing top & bottom chord members and welding of equal angle sections to existing inclined members & strategy-2, introduction of additional truss at the bottom side of the existing truss, it is observed that strategy two is effective and economical. But in strategy-2 clear ceiling height is reduced by 0.7 m, also as per aesthetic point of view strategy-2 is not good as compared to strategy-1. Hence in order to have more headroom, strategy-1 is suggested. Case Study 2- Structure required modification for operational purpose In an industrial building, it is required to remove one column so as to form the large opening for the industry work facilities. Due to creation of large opening the two columns near the opening are subjected to heavy loads & for this load these two columns are required to be redesigned as well as strengthened. Also the footings of same column may require to be redesigning as well as strengthening. Building description The details of this industrial structure are given as follows Height of Shed = 11.00 m; Span of truss = 11.00 m; Length of Shed = 30.9 m The plan of existing industrial building is shown in figure 8. In plan column marked with circle is required to be removed for the industry work facilities. Modeling of building The retrofitting of existing industrial building is carried out by introduction of additional beam having span 10m between two columns which are adjacent to the opening. to support the truss which is supported by removed column. The building is modeled using STAAD-Pro software. Thus the following models have been studied and presented in the paper. Model I Modeling of the existing truss which rest on removed column in order to calculate the reaction of truss. Model II : Modeling of introduced beam to support the truss (Refer figure 9 and 10) The sizes of various structural members of this beam are as given below in table 4 Table 4: Details of beam Member Size of Section Bottom chord Top chord Inclined member Vertical member Model III : ISMC 250 ISMC 250 ISA 50x50x6 ISA 50x50x6 :

Modeling of existing columns which are adjacent to the opening to check for additional load of introduced beam (as shown in figure 11)

273

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME Analysis of building Equivalent static analysis is performed for all 3D models. As the existing building is industrial building wind load is predominant load along with the dead load & live load because area of opening is more as compared to other structural buildings. The building model is analyzed by the software STAAD-Pro in order to ascertain the performance of retrofitted structure. Retrofitting Strategy In this structure, modification of structure is done for operational purpose by removing one column, so as to form large opening. Due to this two columns near the opening are subjected to additional load.

Figure 8 Plan
274

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

Figure 9- Model of trusses and beam

Figure 10- Load on beam

275

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

Figure 11- Model of columns Thus retrofitting of existing structure is carried out by introduction of additional beam having span 10m between two columns which are adjacent to the opening. The static analysis of the beam for given reaction of truss is carried out using STADD-Pro software. From the result of analysis, it is noticed that all members of introduced beams are safe for the applied load. The analysis of column is carried out to support the beam with additional loads due to trusses. Based on the result of analysis, it is noticed that the existing sizes of column i. e. 2 ISMC 300 900 mm apart are sufficient to carry the additional load. This strategy of introducing the beam to support the truss is found to be effective in this case because it is easily feasible on site also it requires less time without any disturbance to the various structural members & daily activities of industry work. CONCLUSION As the number of civil infrastructure systems increases worldwide, the number of damaged buildings & structures also increases. In those cases complete replacement is likely to be an increasing financial burden & might certainly be a waste of natural resources. To overcome this difficulty a viable alternative in the form of upgrading or strengthening is required. The suggested retrofitting strategies or measures have been found to be effective & economical in order to ensure the safety of the life & property of the occupants. REFERENCES 1. Michel Bruneu (2005), Seismic Retrofit of Steel Structure, 1st Canadian Conference on Effective Design of Structure McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada July 10- 13. 2. Yu, Q.S., Uang, C.M. and Gross, J.L., (2000), Seismic Rehabilitation Design of Steel Moment Connection with Welded Haunch, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 126, No. 1, pp. 57-68.
276

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME 3. IS : 875 (Part 1) 1987: Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake)For Buildings And Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi 110002. 4. IS : 875 ( Part 2 ) 1987: Indian Standard Code Of Practice For Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings And Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi 110002. 5. IS : 875 ( Part 3) 1987: Indian Standard Code Of Practice For Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings And Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi 110002. 6. Design of steel structure by N. Subramanian, Oxford University press New Delhi. 7. Design of steel structure by V. L. Shah & Gore, Structural Publication Pune. 8. A.S Jeyabharathy, Dr.S.Robert Ravi and Dr.G.Prince Arulraj, Finite Element Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Beam Column Joints Retrofitted with GFRP Wrapping, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 2, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 35 - 39, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316. 9. Nilendu Krishna Paul and R.P.Nanda, Shape Memory Alloy as Retrofitting Application in Historical Buildings and Monuments A Review in Indian Perspective, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 117 - 125, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316.

277