Mc lc Chng 1. M u...................................................................................................3 Chng 2. Th thc trnh by vn bn khoa hc.................................................

3
2.1. M u............................................................................................................ 3 2.2. Phng ch....................................................................................................... 4 2.3. Cc thnh phn trong vn bn........................................................................4 2.4. Kh giy.......................................................................................................... 5 2.5. Kiu trnh by.................................................................................................. 5 2.6. K thut trnh by cc thnh phn trong vn bn............................................6

Chng 3. Quy tc nhp liu................................................................................12

3.1. Ng php v chnh t.................................................................................... 13 3.2. Vit hoa v vit tt........................................................................................ 14 3.3. Thut ng v tn ring ting nc ngoi.......................................................18 3.4. Du cu v k hiu......................................................................................... 23 3.5. Thi gian........................................................................................................ 25 3.6. n v o lng............................................................................................. 28 3.7. Cc cng thc ton hc.................................................................................30

Chng 4. Cc cng c t ng ca trnh son tho.........................................30

4.1. M u........................................................................................................... 30 4.2. Kiu nh dng.............................................................................................. 31 4.3. nh dng trang............................................................................................ 33 4.4. nh dng phn............................................................................................. 36 4.5. nh dng u v chn trang........................................................................37 4.6. Chn mc lc v cc danh mc.....................................................................41

Chng 5. Thit k bi thuyt trnh khoa hc....................................................52

5.1. M u........................................................................................................... 52

5.2. Qu trnh chun b......................................................................................... 53 5.3. Nguyn tc thit k....................................................................................... 56 5.4. Mt s tnh nng thit k c bn...................................................................60 5.5. Thuyt trnh................................................................................................... 64

Chng 1. M u
Ngy nay, cc vn bn, ti liu chnh thc di dng vit tay hay son bng my nh ch ang trn ng bin mt khi chu trnh ph bin, truyn t thng tin. V cc vn bn mi hu nh, nu khng mun ni l tt c, u c son tho trn my vi tnh. Trong nghin cu khoa hc cng vy. Cc vn bn, ti liu khoa hc ngy nay c mt s l thuc gn nh l bt buc vo cng ngh thng tin. Son tho vn bn khoa hc l mt cng vic i hi nhiu kh nng nm bt k thut s dng my tnh ni chung v trnh son tho vn bn ni ring. Nh nghin cu khng ch cn lm ch c cc dng c th nghim v phng php nghin cu m cn cn phi bit cch truyn t thng tin khoa hc mt cch hiu qu. lm c iu , cn phi thch nghi vi mt mi trng thng tin mi, vi nhng cng c mi. Cc cng c ny s h tr c cho nh nghin cu c v nhiu mt, k c tm kim thng tin, x l thng tin, truyn t thng tin. i vi cng tc ti liu, nu nh vit l cch gip nh nghin cu sp xp, t chc thng tin, tng nhm chng minh mt vn v thuyt phc ngi c tin vo iu c chng minh , th:

son tho l cch gip nh nghin cu bin cc tng vit thnh hin thc trong mt bi vit hon chnh, bng cch s dng nhng cng c ph hp vi s pht trin ca thi i; thuyt trnh l cng c hng bin gip nh nghin cu bo v c quan im trong bi vit (thuyt phc mt chiu) v thuyt phc c ngi khc thng qua lng nghe v i thoi (thuyt phc hai chiu).

Do , c qu trnh son tho bi vit v thit k bi thuyt trnh cn phi c u t mt cch thch ng, c nguyn tc, c bi bn v c phng php, nhm tn dng c cc tnh nng u vit ca cng ngh mi ph hp vi cc yu cu khoa hc lm thng hoa gi tr bi vit, gi tr cng trnh nghin cu.

Chng 2. Th thc trnh by vn bn khoa hc 2.1. M u

Hin nay, cc vn bn hng dn hoc quy nh v cch trnh by vn bn khoa hc Vit Nam, cng nh vn quy tc trnh by tham kho khoa hc, vn cha c c s thng nht, cha t c mc tng i hon chnh v chi tit v hp l v k thut (xt trong bi cnh pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin v khoa hc). V vy, trong phn ny chng ti c gng tng hp li tt c cc quy nh cn ri rc kia, v da theo tinh thn ca vn bn hng dn c hiu lc php l cao nht ti Vit Nam v cch trnh by cc loi vn bn hnh chnh dng trong cc c quan, t chc: Thng t lin

tch s 55/2005/TTLT/BNV-VPCP do Vn phng Chnh ph v B Ni v ban hnh ngy 06/05/2005. Phm vi p dng ca cc th thc v k thut trnh by di y ch yu l cc lun vn khoa hc. Cc bi bo co chuyn , bo co k thut hay cc vn bn khoa hc khc c th p dng tng t, vi s iu chnh nhng ni dung, mc c th.

2.2. Phng ch
Phng ch s dng trnh by vn bn khoa hc phi l cc phng ch ting Vit vi kiu ch chn phng, bo m tnh trang trng, nghim tc ca vn bn. B m k t ch Vit c s dng l b phng ch ting Vit Unicode theo Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6909:2001.

Khng dng qu nhiu phng ch v c ch cho tt c cc thnh phn trong cng mt vn bn. Nn dng phng ch khng c chn (sans serif) cho cc chng mc v ch c chn (serif) cho bn vn.

2.3. Cc thnh phn trong vn bn

Trang ba Thng thng, trang ba v trang lt (hay ba ph) c ni dung ging nhau. Theo trnh t t trn xung c cc thnh phn sau:

tn t chc, c quan qun l ti; tn tc gi; tn ti; tn loi, cp v s hiu ti (nu c); tn ngi hng dn khoa hc; a danh v thi gian cng b ti liu.

Cc trang ni dung K t sau trang ba v trang lt, cc trang ni dung s c chia thnh nhiu chng mc tu theo loi ti liu v c th chuyn ngnh. Da theo cy mc tiu p dng i vi ti liu khoa hc, cc trang ni dung ca mt lun vn khoa hc c chia thnh cc cp ch yu sau y:

chng: cp mc ln nht ca lun vn, thng gm cc chng c nh s th t nh m u, tng quan ti liu, vt liu v phng php, kt qu, tho

lun, kt lun v khuyn ngh; ng thi c cc thnh phn tng ng vi chng nhng khng nh s th t chng nh mc lc, cc danh mc bng, hnh, k hiu v ch vit tt, danh mc tham kho, ph lc. mc: cp mc ln nht trong mi chng, th hin cu trc vn trnh by trong chng; tiu mc: cp mc con lin di mc, nhm chia nh cc vn trong mi mc sao cho ph hp vi logic trnh by; ln: nu trong mi tiu mc c nhiu ln th phn chia ra thnh cc mc con lin di tiu mc; nh: nu trong mi ln cn cn phn bit ra nhiu nh th chia thnh cc mc con lin di ln.

Trong mi cp mc, ni dung bn vn ( body text) c trnh by thnh cc on vn bn (paragraph) din t cc vn chi tit. Cc thnh phn khc c s dng kt hp vi cc bn vn l cc yu t chn khng c thuc tnh vn bn (text/texte) (hnh nh, biu ,...), cc bng biu s liu, cc danh sch lit k (nh s th t hoc nh du k hiu), cc biu ghi cc ch v hu ch... Mi trang vn bn c hai thnh phn cung cp thng tin nhn din ti liu l u trang v chn trang.

2.4. Kh giy
Cc lun vn khoa hc, hay cc ti liu khoa hc khng thuc dng n phm t nh in ni chung, c trnh by trn kh giy A4 (210 mm x 297 mm).

2.5. Kiu trnh by

Lun vn khoa hc, hay cc ti liu khoa hc khng thuc dng n phm t nh in ni chung, c trnh by dc theo chiu thng ng (cnh di) ca trang giy kh A4. Trng hp ni dung ti liu c cc bng biu hay hnh nh c chiu ngang ln hn chiu thng ng th cc trang ni dung c th trnh by dc theo chiu ngang (cnh ngn) ca trang giy, vi nh hng v pha gy ti liu (tc bn tri cc trang thng ng). Ti liu ch trnh by ni dung trong mt mt trc ca t giy kh A4, mt sau trng. Khi in, s dng giy c nn mu trng, sch s, khng ng mu hay vng. Ni dung ch o ca ti liu s dng ch vit mu en ch bnh thng (ch thng, ng; khng in nghing, in m hay gch chn). Mt s yu t cn lm ni bt

c th c nh dng khc vi kiu ch ch o: ch in hoa, in nghing, in m, gch chn, c mu,... Tuy nhin cn m bo tnh hi ho v chn phng ph hp vi mt ti liu khoa hc. Cc trang bnh thng ca ti liu khoa hc c canh bin u hai bn, vi cc khong cch l t mp ngoi cng ca ni dung vn bn n mp giy nh sau:

l trn: 3,5 cm; l di: 3,0 cm; l tri: 3,5 cm; l phi: 2,0 cm.

Nhng trang c bit trong ti liu c trnh by theo chiu ngang c cc khong cch l t mp ngoi cng ca ni dung vn bn n mp giy nh sau:

l trn: 3,5 cm; l di: 2,0 cm; l tri: 3,0 cm; l phi: 3,5 cm.

Phn u trang v chn trang cch mp giy 1,5 cm. Phn cc ch cch mp di cng ca ni dung vn bn trong cng trang 1 cm (nu c mt hoc hai dng) hoc 0,5 cm (nu di t ba dng tr ln).

2.6. K thut trnh by cc thnh phn trong vn bn

Vi cc quy nh chung v cc phng ch, cc thnh phn, trong vn bn, kh giy v cc kiu trnh by nh trn, c th nh ra mt s k thut trnh by c th cc thnh phn trong vn bn khoa hc. Trang ba ca ti liu cn c trnh by mt cch cn thn v y l ni gy n tng u tin cho ngi c. M n tng u tin lun l n tng mnh. Kiu trnh by trang ba c l trn cch mp giy 3 cm, cc l cn li ging vi kiu trnh by cp trn. K thut trnh by c quy nh cho cc thnh phn theo th t t trn xung di.

Tn t chc, c quan qun l ti: ton b tn gi c vit bng ch in hoa, ng, c ch 14, canh gia, cch dng 1,5 dng. V tr khong t 1/6 n 1/5 chiu dc trang giy. Tn n v qun l trc tip ti in m, cc cp trn in thng. Bn di tn n v trc tip qun l c ng k ngang, nt lin, c di bng t 1/3 n 1/2 di ca dng ch v t cn i so vi dng ch.

Nhiu nht l ba cp, trong cp thp nht l n v trc tip qun l ti, cc cp lin trn l tn n v ch qun tng ng vi mi cp. i vi lun vn bc i hc, n v ny l cp khoa; vi bc cao hc tr ln, n v ny l cp trng. Tn n v ch qun l cp b hoc cc cp tng ng.

Nu trng i hc trc thuc B Gio dc v o to th y cng l n v ch qun. Nu trng i hc trc thuc mt b khc th ghi hai b cng cp cao nht, cch nhau bng "khong trng, gch ni, khong trng". Nu trng i hc thuc cc i hc quc gia th n v ch qun l i hc quc gia (i din cho B Gio dc v o to). Nu n v ch qun l cc vin nghin cu th ghi tn y ca vin.

Tn tc gi: vit y h v tn tc gi bng ch in hoa, ng, m, c ch 16, canh gia, cch dng 1,5 dng. V tr khong t 1/4 n 1/3 chiu dc trang giy.
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Trng hp c nhiu tc gi, sp xp cc tc gi theo th t gim dn ca mc nh hng quyt nh n ti. Nu cc tc gi c nh hng ngang nhau, sp xp theo th t ch ci. Gia cc tc gi cch nhau bng "du phy, khong trng", khng c du chm ht sau tn tc gi sau cng. Nu nhiu tc gi vit di hn mt dng th ngt dng (khng phn on vn bn) sau du phy m khng c ct ngang h tn ca mt tc gi; cch dng 1,5 dng.

o o

Tn ti: vit tn ti bng ch in hoa, ng (tr nhng ch cn in nghing theo quy nh), m, c ch 20, canh gia, cch dng 1,5 dng. V tr khong t 2/5 n 1/2 chiu dc trang giy.
o o

Khng c du chm ht sau tn ti. Nu tn ti di qu mt dng, ngt dng (khng phn on vn bn) sao cho ton b phn tn ti cn i, thng c dng hnh thp. Khi ngt dng khng lm ct ngang mt t ghp hay tn ring. Khng nn t tn vt qu ba dng theo c ch trn. Nu tn qu di, thu nh ch xung c 18.

o o

Tn loi, cp v s hiu ti (nu c): vit tn loi v cp bng ch in thng (mt s ch ci u t ghp vit hoa theo quy nh), ng, c ch 14, canh gia, cch dng 1,5 dng. V tr khong 3/5 chiu dc trang giy.
o

Nu tn loi v cp di hn mt dng th ngt dng (khng phn on vn bn) v tr ph hp, khng ct ngang mt t ghp hay tn ring. Cch 1,5 dng. Nu c s hiu ti, ghi ng m quy nh mt dng ring, cch 1,5 dng.

Tn ngi hng dn khoa hc: vit tn thnh phn "Ngi hng dn khoa hc:" bng ch in thng, ng, c ch 14; vit danh xng y ca ngi hng dn khoa hc mt dng ring bng ch in hoa, ng, m, c ch 14; canh bin tri khong 1/2 chiu ngang trang giy, cch dng 1,5 dng. V tr khong 2/3 chiu dc trang giy.
o

Danh xng y ca mt ngi hng dn khoa hc bao gm:

chc danh (nu c): gio s hoc ph gio s, vit tt theo quy nh; hc v (nu c): tin s, thc s,... vit tt theo quy nh; h v tn y .

Nu c hai ngi hng dn, vit danh xng mi ngi trong mt dng ring, cch 1,5 dng:

vai tr ngang nhau: xp theo th t ch ci tn mi ngi; vai tr chnh-ph: tn ngi hng dn chnh trc, ngi hng dn ph sau.

a danh v thi gian cng b ti liu: vit bng ch thng (cc ch ci u vit in hoa theo quy nh tn a danh), ng, c ch 14, canh gia, cch dng 1,5 dng. V tr dng k cui trang, hoc khong t 4/5 n 5/6 chiu dc trang giy. Cch gia a danh v thi gian l "du phy, khong trng".
o

a danh l tn n v hnh chnh ni t tr s ca c quan qun l ti. Cc n v hnh chnh c t theo tn ngi hoc bng s phi c vit vi tn gi y . C quan, t chc trung ng: a danh l tn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng. C quan, t chc cp tnh:

thnh ph trc thuc trung ng: a danh l tn thnh ph;

tnh: a danh l tn thnh ph thuc tnh, th x hoc huyn ni c quan, t chc ng tr s.

C quan, t chc cp huyn: a danh l tn qun, huyn, th x, thnh ph thuc tnh. C quan, t chc cp x: a danh l tn phng, x, th trn. Thi gian cng b ti liu: vit thng v nm cng b theo quy tc vit thi gian.

o o

i vi ti liu cn ng ba cng v in ch nh, gy ti liu in h tn tc gi, tn loi ti liu v nm bo co; ch in hoa, ng, canh gia; hng ng sao cho mt ba trc trn, hng ngang sao cho mp trn kh giy bn tay tri.

K thut trnh by cc thnh phn trong vn bn Cc trang ni dung ca ti liu: tu tnh cht th loi, cp v chuyn ngnh ca ti m cc trang ni dung c trnh by khc nhau.

on vn bn: vit bng ch in thng, ng (ring nhng ch cn vit in hoa, in m, in nghing c vit theo quy nh), c ch 13-14; canh bin u hai bn, bin tri st mp bin vn bn; dng u ca on tht bin 1,27 cm (1 tab); cch dng 1,5 dng; cch on v on di u 0,21 cm (6 pt). Chng: vit bng ch in hoa, ng (tr nhng ch cn in nghing vit theo quy nh), m, c ch 18, canh gia; cch on trn 1,5 cm (42,55 pt) v on di 0,105 cm (3 pt).
o

Nu tn chng di hn mt dng, ngt dng (khng phn on vn bn) sao cho t l cc dng cn i, khng ct ngang mt tn ring hay t ghp; cch dng n. Nu c ta ph, vit bng ch in hoa, nghing, c ch 16, in nghing; cch on trn 0,42 cm (12 pt), cch on di 0,11 cm (3 pt). Ch dng km "Chng" cng vi s th t ca chng cho nhng chng t m u hoc sau m u n kt lun v khuyn ngh. Du ngn cch gia s th t chng v tn chng cn thng nht trong c bi cng vi cc mc khc, nn dng "chm, khong trng" cho tt c cc chng mc. Khng c du chm cu sau ta chng; cc du cu bn trong ta s dng bnh thng.

Mc: vit bng ch in thng, ng (tr nhng ch cn in nghing vit theo quy nh), m, c ch 16; canh bin tri st bin vn bn; cch on trn 0,42 cm (12 pt), cch on di 0,105 cm (3 pt).

S th t v du cch vi tn mc cn theo mt quy tc thng nht trong ton vn bn. Cch n gin nht l "du chm, khong trng". Khng c du kt thc cui tn mc (chm ht, hai chm,...); cc du bn trong s dng bnh thng. Nu tn mc di hn mt dng, dng th hai c canh bin tri thng hng vi phn bt u tn mc dng u (sau s th t v du cch), cch dng n. Ba quy tc va k trn cng ng thi p dng cho tt c cc cp mc thp hn trong ton bi.

Tiu mc: vit bng ch in thng, m, nghing (ring nhng ch bnh thng cn in nghing th c in ng), c ch 14; canh bin tri st bin vn bn; cch on trn 0,42 cm (12 pt), cch on di 0,105 cm (3 pt). ln: vit bng ch in thng, nghing (ring nhng ch bnh thng cn in nghing th c in ng), c ch 14; canh bin tri cch bin vn bn 0,63 cm (hay 0,5 tab); cch on trn 0,42 cm (12 pt), cch on di 0,21 cm (6 pt). nh: vit bng ch in thng, ng (ring nhng ch cn in nghing c vit theo quy nh), c ch 14; canh bin tri cch bin vn bn 1,27 cm (hay 1tab); cch on trn 0,42 cm (12 pt), cch on di 0,105 cm (3 pt).

Lu : khng c du chm cu sau tn mc; khng gch chn tn mc.

Bng: cc bng c bin cn i so vi on vn bn; ta cc ct, dng vit bng ch in thng (ring cc ch in hoa v in nghing vit theo quy nh), m, c ch 12; cc ni dung vit ch in thng, ng (cc ch in hoa, in nghing vit theo quy nh), c ch 12, nhng yu t quan trng cn lm ni bt c th in m. Cch dng n; cch on trn v di u 0,21 cm (6 pt). o Ta ct canh gia sao cho cn i c theo chiu ngang ln chiu dc. Ta dng canh tri theo chiu ngang v canh gia theo chiu dc.
o

Cc ni dung canh tri, gia hoc phi sao cho cn i v thng nht trong ton bng v ton bi. Tn bng vit trn bng, bng ch in thng (ring cc ch in hoa v in nghing vit theo quy nh), m, c ch 12, canh gia; cch dng n, cch on trn v di u 0,21 cm (6 pt); khng c du kt thc cui tn bng, cc du bn trong vit bnh thng.

Nu tn bng di qu mt dng, ngt dng (khng phn on vn bn) sao cho t l cc dng cn i v khng ct ngang mt t ghp hay tn ring. S th t bng v du cch cn thng nht trong ton bi, tt nht l: km trc bng s th t chng; nh s lin tc trong tng

chng, bt u t 1; du cch sau s th t l "chm, khong trng".

o

Nu bng ly nguyn vn t cc ngun khc phi ch thch r bn di bng "Ngun: " km vi tn ngun theo ng cch trch dn tham kho, c ch 11, ch in thng, ng, canh bin tri st mp tri bng, cch dng n, cch on trn v di 0,21 cm (6 pt). Nu trch hoc c sa i so vi ngun th ghi r thay cho "Ngun: ". Trong bi vit, bng phi c dn ra t nht mt ln vi s th t bng i km (khng vit "theo bng di y", "trong bng sau" hay cc cch vit tng t).

Hnh: cc quy nh k thut trnh by tng t so vi bng. C mt s lu khc bit sau:

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tn hnh vit di hnh; cc c ch s dng trong hnh tu thuc chng trnh thit k; ch thch ngun gc trong ngoc n t sau cng trong tn hnh, thay v mt dng ring nh i vi bng.

Danh sch lit k: k thut trnh by tng t nh on vn bn, vi mt s im lu sau y:

o

nn s dng k hiu lit k n gin (s Arab, ch ci Latin thng; chm trn hoc chm vung y hoc rng); bin tri ca danh sch thng hng, k hiu lit k tht 0,63 cm (0,5 tab) so vi bin tri on vn bn, ni dung tt c cc dng ca mi biu lit k tht 0,63 cm (0,5 tab) so vi k hiu lit k; nu lit k theo mt dn lin trc vi du hai chm: ch ci u mi biu khng vit in hoa (tr tn ring), trong biu khng s dng du chm, kt thc mi biu lit k bng du chm phy, kt thc biu cui cng bng du chm ht; nu c danh sch con trong mt biu lit k th p dng tng t, vi du phy kt thc mi biu lit k con v du chm phy kt thc biu lit k con cui cng; nu lit k theo mt dn trc khng c du hai chm: vit cu v dng du chm cu nh trong on vn bn bnh thng.

u trang v chn trang: cc thnh phn ny gip ngi c nh v trong qu trnh c ti liu, khng nn vit qu nhiu m cn c ng cc thng tin chnh.

u trang: trang chn vit tn tc gi, trang l vit tn ti vn tt; c ch 11, ch thng, ng; canh bin phi; gch chn dng n hoc kp di on vn bn. Chn trang: vit s th t trang (khng ghi km "Trang"), vi du cch thng nht trong ton bi (thng l "gch ngang, khong trng, s th t trang, khong trng, gch ngang"); c ch 11, ch thng, ng; canh gia; gch u dng n hoc kp trn on vn bn.

Cc trang khai tp: kiu s La M, ch thng (i, ii, iii,...), nh s t i. Cc trang bi chnh v ph nh (t phn m u tr i): kiu s Arab (1, 2, 3,...), nh s t 1.

Cc biu ghi cc ch v hu ch: nn s dng cc nh dng mc nh ca trnh son tho.

Chng 3. Quy tc nhp liu

Ngy nay, cng ngh thng tin l cng c khng th thiu x l hu ht mi loi vn bn. Do , vic h thng ho cc quy tc nhp liu rt cn c thng nht trong phm vi c nc. Rt tic l hin nay, trong c s d liu 5544 b Tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN) ca Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng cp nht trong tng s gn 8000 b ban hnh, chng ti vn cha tm thy b tiu chun no dnh cho cc quy tc nhp liu. Tham kho cc sch, bo khc nhau th c mt s quy tc gn nh thng nht, nhng c rt nhiu chi tit m mi ni dng theo mt kiu. Trong thi gian ch i s thng nht "trong m" , chng ti c gng thng k li nhng quy tc c nh gi l ph bin nht v hp l nht vi mi trng ngn ng Vit Nam, c i chiu vi cc tiu chun v quy tc quc t thng dng. Quy tc nhp liu cng ging nh ton b cc vn ng php, chnh t ting Vit, cho n nay vn cn c tranh lun v cha c du hiu ng ng. Vic ny ni chung l nm ngoi phm vi ca gio trnh, v chng ti cng khng c trnh v quyn hn lm bn. Tuy nhin, nh gi gc khch quan, mi nh nghin cu khi s dng ting Vit cn c gng ti a gi c s thng nht v cc quy tc ngn ng cn bn. Trong bi cnh khoa hc, k thut v cng ngh pht trin mnh m nh hin nay, v trong tnh hnh ting Vit cha c c v tr tng xng trong nh trng, li nhiu khi b s dng trn bo ch, trn truyn hnh v trn Mng mt cch tu tin n mc tr nn mo m v d dng, mi ngi Vit Nam, mi nh khoa hc, mi c quan, t chc,... cn c mt thi ng n gip ting Vit gi c linh hn ca n v pht trin ngy cng giu p, hoc t nht l khng lm cho n ln xn v xu i. Gn 50 nm trc, Louis De Broglie t ra nhng vn ca ting Php khoa hc, m tnh hnh hin nay Vit Nam chng ta hu nh l mt bn sao: Chc chn rng trong thi i ca chng ta, hn bt c thi i no khc, ngn ng phi pht trin v phi nhanh chng c lm giu bng cc t mi cho php din t c s tin trin nhanh chng ca tri thc v kh nng hnh ng

ca chng ta: mi thi "trong sng ch ngha" cc oan chng li h qu tt yu ca s tin b vn minh ny ch c th i n ch v nt trc sc mnh ca mt dng chy khng th quay ngc, v s t chi nhng c gng un nn dng chy ch dn n mt kt cc t hi hn l tt p. Theo ng, ngn ng phi " bin i v pht trin hng ngy " "din t nhng khi nim m n du nhp, nhng hin tng m n khm ph, nhng cng c m n pht minh", nhng iu "phi din ra mt cch hp l, gi c tnh t ch cng nh bo lu c ngun gc v linh hn ca ngn ng. " V bi hc na th k trc t mt nc phng Ty cho n nay vn ng c suy ngm cho s pht trin ca tng lai ting Vit ni chung v ting Vit khoa hc ni ring.

3.1. Ng php v chnh t

Vn rn luyn ng php ting Vit nm ngoi phm vi ca gio trnh ny. Xin tm c cc sch hng dn khc phc li ng php do cc chuyn gia bin son. V d:"Cao Xun Ho, L Tng Hiu, Nguyn Kin Trng, V Xun Trang, Trn Th Tuyt Mai. 2005. Li ng php v cch khc phc . n bn th hai. L Tng Hiu hiu nh. TP. H Ch Minh: Khoa hc X hi. 318 tr." V vn li chnh t cng tng t, c th tm c cc sch chuyn v ngn ng. y chng ti gi ra hai vn chnh l cch vit "I" hay "Y" cui t v cch t du thanh ting Vit.

Vit "I" hay "Y"? o Nht lot vit khun vn /-i/ bng I (tr tn ring v t mn ting nc ngoi) trong cc m tit H-, K-, L-, M-, T-:

nht lot vit HI, KI, LI, MI, TI, ging nh vit BI, CHI, DI, v.v.; khng nn vit HY, KY, LY, MY, TY, cng nh khng ai vit BI thnh BY, CHI thnh CHY, v.v.).

Nht lot vit khun vn /-wi/ (u ngn) bng UY:

nht lot vit QUY, ging nh vit HUY, NGUY, TUY, v.v.; khng nn vit QUI, cng nh khng ai vit NGUY thnh NGUI, HUY thnh HUI, v.v.); phn bit vi "-ui" nh HUI - HUY, LUI - LUY, TUI - TUY,...; thng nht vi "-uy-": HUY # HUYNH, LUY # LUYN, QUY # QUYT,...

Khi "I" ng mt mnh lm thnh mt t (hoc mt m tit), th:

nu l t Hn-Vit, nn vit "Y", chng hn vit Y KHOA, TH, KIN, ..., khng vit I KHOA, KIN...;

nu l t thun Vit, nn vit "I", chng hn vit EO, I..., khng vit EO, I...

Du thanh t u?
o

Du ch ghi trn/di nguyn m, khng ghi trn hoc di ph m:

vit ng: k, v, nh,...; vit sai: ki, vi, inh,...

Du ch ghi trn/di m chnh, khng ghi trn hoc di m m:

vit ng: ho, thu, qu, kho,...; vit sai: ha, thy, qy, khe,...

Du khng ghi trn m cui:

vit ng: nu, bo, ci, dy,...; vit sai: ni, ba, cu, da,...

Nguyn m i: du vit trn/di nguyn m th nht nu nguyn m i cui t, trn/di nguyn m th hai nu gia t:

vit ng: ka, ta, la,...; chiu, tut, thc,...; vit sai: ki, tu, l,...; chu, tt, thc,....

V vn ny, ch cn chn thit lp ph hp trn b g ting Vit Unikeyl c th khc phc c hu ht cc li.

3.2. Vit hoa v vit tt

Tn ngi

Tn ca ngi Vit Nam hay tn ngi nc ngoi phin theo m Hn Vit (k c danh hiu, bt danh): vit hoa tt c cc ch ci u m tit, khng c du gch ni gia cc m tit. o V d: Nguyn Du, T Hu, Hunh Thc Khng, Hm Nghi, Tng Lai, L ng Doanh,... Cc danh t ring (a danh, hiu danh, nhn danh) kt hp vi nhn danh: vit hoa tt c cc ch ci u m tit.
o

V d: Nguyn Vina Cap, Chinh Olympia, Dng Phan (Rang), Dng (Nguyn Trng) Gip,...

Cc danh t ch quan h, danh t xng h, danh t chung kt hp vi nhn danh:

vit hoa ch ci u danh t quan h hay danh t xng h khi t tn knh: B Triu, Thnh Ging, Bc H, C Phan,...; vit hoa yu t u khi danh t v nhn danh kt hp cht ch tr thnh tn gi thng tc hay bit hiu: Chiu, T Xng, Th khoa Hun, Thm, Bch Vn C s, H Ch tch, Mi Cc, By Vin,... khng vit hoa cc danh t ch quan h, danh t xng h hay bit danh bnh thng: ng Phan Thanh Gin, b Tn N Th Ninh, thy Ba Cu Bng, c Ba ch k, Sn "cng cha", Thnh "g tre",...

Tn ngi nc ngoi khng phin theo m Hn Vit: xem phn thut ng v tn ring ting nc ngoi.

a danh Tn t Vit Nam hoc tn t nc ngoi phin theo m Hn Vit: vit hoa tt c cc ch ci u m tit, khng c du gch ni. o V d: Nam B, Trng Sn, Nha Trang, Bc Kinh, Ba Lan, a Trung Hi,...

Cc danh t chung ch i tng a hnh (danh php):

o

bnh thng khng vit hoa danh php: sng Cu Long, vng Ty Bc, khu vc ng Nam , chu u, phng Nam, tnh Bnh Thun, qun Ba nh, thnh ph Lt,...; ch vit hoa nu danh php kt hp cht ch, tr thnh yu t khng tch ri c ca a danh: Vm C ng, Bn Keo, Ca L, Vng Tu, Bin H, Trng Giang, Hng H, Hc Hi, Thi Bnh Dng...

Cc t ch phng hng: ng, ty, nam, bc, thng, h, ni, ngoi, trung, cn, vin,...
o

vit hoa ch ci u m tit khi l mt a danh hay yu t khng tch ri ca a danh: thn ng, xm oi, min Trung, Ty u, Vin Ty, Trung ng, x Xun Thi Thng,... khng vit hoa khi t ch phng hng khng c vai tr a danh: gi ma ng bc, gi ma ty nam, hng chnh nam, mn bc,...

Hiu danh, vt danh

Cc thng hiu, nhn hiu, php nhn: vit hoa tt c cc ch ci u m tit tn ring, nhng khng vit hoa danh t chung ch loi hiu danh, vt danh. o V d: hng Ba Son, cng ti Unilever, bo Tui Tr, nh th c B, cha X Li, xe p Phng Hong, my tnh HP,...

Vit hoa tt c cc ch ci u m tit:

o o

tn cc nm m lch: Gip T, t Su, Bnh Dn, inh Mo,... tn ring cc gio phi, tn gio vit bng ting Vit hoc Hn Vit (khng bao gm cc danh t chung nh "o", "gio"): o Cao i, o Ho Ho, Thin Cha gio, Tin Lnh, C c gio, B La Mn, Tiu Tha, Thin Tng,...

Vit hoa v mc ch tu t: vit hoa ch ci u ca thnh t u v cc t, cm t cu to c trng (nu c) ca:

cc danh t ch s cao qu, thing ling: T quc, T do - Bnh ng - Bc i,...; tn cc c quan, t chc, on th: Nh nc, Mt trn T quc, ng Cng sn, Hi Lin hip Thanh nin, Trng i hc S phm, nc Cng ho Hi gio Pakixtan, Lin hp quc, Hi Ch thp Quc t, T chc Thy thuc khng bin gii, T chc Gio dc, Khoa hc v Vn ho Lin hp quc,...; cc danh hiu ring: Hun chng Lao ng hng nht, Nh gio u t, Thy thuc nhn dn,...; cc thi k, s kin lch s quan trng: i C sinh, k t, Cch mng thng Tm, Cch mng X hi ch ngha thng Mi, Cng x Paris, thi k Phc hng, thi Trung c, Chin tranh th gii I, phong tro Cn vng,...; tn cc ngnh, lp, b, h, ging (chi) trong phn loi sinh vt: h Kim giao, b Mi chn, lp Thn mm, chi Tm he, lp Nhn, cy h u, h Du tm,... Khng vit hoa cc chc v, chc danh, hc v, tr mt s chc v hoc chc danh cao cp c gn lin vi tn ring, hoc t tn knh: tng thng, ch tch, tng b th, i s, thi th, tng c, tin s, c nhn, vin s,...

Vit hoa v vit tt Vit tt Trong ti liu khoa hc, tr trng hp cc n v o lng, cc ch vit tt, k hiu v tn tt ch nn s dng khi thc s cn thit v khi khi nim xut hin nhiu ln trong vn bn. Ch vit tt y ch dng cho: cc khi nim c th; mt s danh t chung ph bin trong cc ti liu; danh t xng h ch cc chc danh; tn tt ca cc c quan, t chc. Ln u tin xut hin trong vn bn, khi nim phi c vit y v ch vit tt c nh ngha trong ngoc n (d lit k trong danh mc k hiu v ch vit tt). T ln xut hin th hai tr i, khi nim ch cn s dng ch vit tt. Quy tc ny cng c p dng ring r cho bi tm tt (nu c). Khng s dng ch vit tt trong tn ti liu hay tn cc chng mc. Hn ch s dng ch vit tt trong tn bng v tn hnh.

Vit tt bng cch vit hoa cc ch ci u m tit, khng c du chm sau mi ch vit tt: o cc khi nim c th: KHTN (khoa hc t nhin), KHXH (khoa hc x hi), XHCN (x hi ch ngha), CH (cng ho), KHKT (khoa hc k thut), VHNT (vn hc ngh thut), VHXH (vn ho x hi), AIDS ( Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrom), PGR (Plant Growth Regulator), AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ),...;
o

cc danh t chung ch c quan, t chc: QH (quc hi), CP (chnh ph), VP (vn phng), UB (u ban), H (i hc), HV (hc vin), C (cao ng), THCN (trung hc chuyn nghip), VNC (vin nghin cu), HTX (hp tc x), NXB (nh xut bn), XN (x nghip), NM (nh my), TT (trung tm),...; cc tn tt ca c quan, t chc: B GTVT (Giao thng Vn ti), S GD&T (Gio dc v o to), XUNHASABA (Cng ti xut nhp khu sch bo Vit Nam), AUF ( Agence universitaire de la Francophonie ), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ),...; cc danh t chung ch chc danh, chc v, hc v: TS (tin s), VS (vin s), TT (tng thng), CT (ch tch), PCT (ph ch tch), GS (gio s), PGS (ph gio s), KS (k s), KTS (kin trc s), BS (bc s), BT (b th), G (gim c), HT (hiu trng), TTK (tng th k),...

Vi cc chc danh gy nhm ln vi chc danh khc cng loi th vit thm mt ch thng km theo phn bit: ThS (thc s), TTg (th tng),...

Vit hoa cc ch ci u m tit, c du chm sau ch tt cui cng: o cc danh t chung ch n v hnh chnh: P. (phng), X. (x), TT. (th trn), Q. (qun), H. (huyn), TX. (th x), TP. (thnh ph), T. (tnh),...;
o

cc khi nim th hin mc thm quyn: Q. (quyn), TM. (thay mt), KT. (k thay), TL. (tha lnh), TUQ. (tha u quyn),...; tn khoa hc ca chi sinh vt sau khi dn ra trc : Dinophysis caudata, D. acuminata, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, P. pungens, P. pseudodelicatissima, P. multiseries,...

Khi trong khi nim y c cc yu t lin h:

o

lin t "v": thay lin t bng k hiu "&" (B GD&T, Lin hip cc Hi KH&KT, Trng i hc KHXH&NV,...); du gch ni: gi nguyn du, khng c khong trng, p dng cho c tn ring ngi nc ngoi (h tng KT-XH, cc vn AN-CT&TTATXH, Dubois J-MM, Rouveyran J-C,...).

Vit tt cc khi nim thng thng bng cch vit thng mt hoc hai ch ci u m tit, c du chm sau mi m tit vit tt hoc sau cng: tr. (trang), x. (xem), cs. (cng s), ctv. (cng tc vin), nnk. (nhng ngi khc), tr. CN (trc Cng nguyn),... Vit tt bng cch s dng cc ch vit tt gc Latin (in nghing, c du chm sau t vit tt) trong ti liu khoa hc:
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

a.C.n. (ante Christum natum: trc k nguyn Jesus-Christ); d (dito: ging nh vy); et al. (et allii: vi nhng ngi khc); id. (idem: cng tc gi); ibid. (ibidem: ch ch ra trong mu trch dn trc); loc. cit. (loco citato: ch ch ra trc ); N.B. (nota bene: ghi ch); s.d. (sine dato: khng c nm xut bn); s.l. (sine loco: khng c ni xut bn); op. cit. (opere citato hay opus citatum: ti liu dn); p.C.n. (post Christum natum: sau k nguyn Jesus-Christ); P.S. (post scriptum: ti bt); sic (th y, dng sau mt mu trch dn c vn cn bn thm); v.g. (verbi gratia: v d).

3.3. Thut ng v tn ring ting nc ngoi

Tnh hnh thc t Trong cc vn ni cm m cc nh nghin cu ngn ng ting Vit hin nay cng nh cc c quan cc cp qun l, t chc x hi - ngh nghip ln cc nh khoa hc cha tm c ting ni chung, c l quan trng nht l vic chun ho cch s dng tn ring v thut ng mn t ting nc ngoi. Nguyn Vn Khang (2003) lit k mt s xu hng thc t sau y:

T ng gc Hn (ch yu l t Hn Vit) chim khong 60-70 % vn t ting Vit hin nay. C ba khuynh hng s dng t ng Hn Vit ch yu:

va s dng va mun chnh xc ho: phn bit tip thu v tip th, dng thp nhp thay cho st nhp, ni gip ngi ngho thay cho h tr ngi ngho,...; Vit ho trit : loi b hon ton t ng Hn Vit m dng hon ton t ng thun Vit, nh n b hoc gi thay cho ph n, ngi bn thay cho x th, ln thng thay cho trc thng,...; dung ho c hai yu t phm vi tc dng ca t ng Hn Vit v bo v s trong sng ca ting Vit: khng truy ngun gc Hn Vit chnh xc(thp nhp, thng k, chng c ,...) ca cc t ng quen dng ( st nhp, thng k, chung c,...).

T ng gc u-M: khc vi t ng Hn Vit, t ng gc u-M khng tham gia hot ng rng ri trong mi lnh vc i sng ngn ng ting Vit cng nh khng tham gia to t ting Vit, m ch yu c tnh cht thut ng, khoa hc. C cc khuynh hng s dng ch yu sau:
o

Vit ho trit theo hng m tit ho ting Vit: ch yu cc t ng gc ting Php v mt t ting Anh nh sm, lp, xch, lp, ga, k ninh, cao bi, c ph,... cng nh cc tn ring,

cch ny gp phi nhng vn v cch pht m a phng ca ngi phin chuyn, dn n nhiu bin th, thm ch c nhng ngha tc tu, ng ngh (World Cup = vn cp, un cp, un cp, vn cp, on cp, on cp, qu cp, qun cp,...; Ohm = m; Joules = Giun/Run; Coulomb = Culng; Adis = A-t; Beaumont = B-mng;...), hoc nhm ln tn gc (Mc = Mac, Mach, March, Mars, Marc, Max, Marsch, Makh, Macht,...);

quc t ho t vng ting Vit: nhp ni hon ton nguyn vn cc thut ng ting nc ngoi, c cch ghi ln cch c, d hon ton c th c t vng ting Vit ph hp ( computer thay cho my tnh,almanach thay cho nin lch, website thay cho trm mng, email thay cho th in t hay in th, WTO c l "p liu ti u" thay v "v kp t ", DNA c l "i en y" thay v " en a",...),

cch ny hp l i vi tn ring, vi cc thut ng th d "hi nhp quc t" nhng cng d "mt bn sc ting Vit" v nguy c b lai cn, tp nhim rt cao;

phin chuyn t vng ting nc ngoi thnh ting Vit: y l gii php quen thuc nhng vn c nhng xu hng khc nhau:

phin chuyn theo m c, c gch ni v du ph (b-r, mort, x-cng-an, c-ph, mt-tinh,...): ging nh xu hng "Vit ho trit ",

phin chuyn theo m c, khng gch ni ( t, c ph, mt tinh, cao su,...): s lng hn ch, phin chuyn theo m c, vit lin (caosu, la, canxi, xchl, smbanh,...): hnh thc cn nhiu im cha thng nht.

Thi ca ngi s dng ting Vit: nhiu ngi khng quan tm n vn ngn ng, ch suy ngh n gin theo kiu "bit th no th dng th y", hoc "theo sch bo, theo truyn hnh". V khi cc nh xut bn, bo ch, truyn hnh dng sai ting Vit (vit sai, c sai, ni sai, dng ting nc ngoi trn lan khng cn nhc,...) th cng lm cho vn chun ho ngn ng cng kh khn, v ci sai hoc bt hp l li tr thnh thi quen ph bin.

Nhn nh Chun ho ting Vit ni chung v chun ho cch dng ting nc ngoi trong ting Vit ni ring l vn ln mang tm quc gia, phi cn nhc nhiu yu t li ch c v x hi ln v khoa hc v ngn ng. Xt ring cc nh nghin cu khoa hc, i din ca nhng thnh phn u t nht trong x hi, c tip xc thng xuyn vi con ngi v thng tin khoa hc trn khp th gii:

quan im "Vit ho trit " tn ring v thut ng ting nc ngoi (khc ting Hn) bng cch phin theo m c l khng ph hp vi trnh pht trin ca khoa hc cng nh i sng x hi; quan im "quc t ho t vng ting Vit" bng cch nhp ni nguyn vn cch ghi v cch c nhiu t vng ting nc ngoi cng khng ph hp cho s pht trin ca ting Vit v gi c linh hn ting Vit; cc quan im sau y cng khng ph hp vi s pht trin ca ting Vit khoa hc:
o

cng nhc (truy nguyn ngun gc mt s t quen dng d khng hon ton chnh xc; khng chp nhn t ghp gia cc t thun Vithay t mn ting u-M vi t Hn Vit ;...), thi "bo v s trong sng ca ting Vit" mt cch cc oan (khng chp nhn cc ph m hay t hp ph m khng c trong ting Vit nh f, z, j, w, bl, cr, str,...), lm rm r v k thut (dng du gch ni gia cc t ghp Hn Vit nhtrit-, nhp-ni, nguyn-vn,...), d di chp nhn tnh trng t mu thun v quy tc s dng ngn ng(thng l trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng) hay cch tn, bin i thi qu theo nhng quan im thiu c s khoa hc v ngn

ng (nh ngh vit lin cc tghp hay thutng phnbit vi cc tn). Thut ng v tn ring ting nc ngoi Vit tn ring Trn c s cc quan im ni trn, vic vit tn ring trong ti liu khoa hc cn tn trng ti a tn gi nguyn ng.

Tn ring Vit ho t lu, tr thnh thi quen: chp nhn nh tn gi ting Vit bnh thng, nhng nhng tn gi khng ph bin th khng dng na. o V d: vn dng Php, Anh, Lun n, Hoa K, Ba Lan, ...; nhng khng dng Hoa Thnh n (Washington), Mc T Khoa (Moskova), Gia N i (Canada), Cn nh (Argentina), Phi Lut Tn (Philippines)... Tn ring gc Hn: phin m theo cch c Hn Vit.
o

V d: Chu Dung C, Bc Kinh, Thng Hi, T Chu, Nht Bn, i Bc... (khng vit Zhu Rongji, Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou, Japan, Taipei,...)

Tn ring ng h Latin: gi nguyn cch vit nguyn ng trong kh nng trnh by ca bng ch ci Vit (bao gm 26 ch ci Latin t A n Z v cc ch ci c du ting Vit). Cch c cng gi c cng gn nguyn ng cng tt.
o

V d: Alexandre de Rhodes, Leonard da Vinci, Napolon, Paris, Berlin, Santiago, Antoine de Saint-Exupry ,... (khng vit A-l-xan- Rt, L--na a Vanh-xi, Na-p-l-ng, Pa-ri, Bc-lanh, Xantiag, ngtoan Xanh - xuypry,...)

Tn ring khng thuc ng h Latin: gi nguyn cch vit Latin ho theo quy cch quc t, nn dng tn v danh php bng nguyn ng, cch c T chc a danh ca Lin hp quc (UNGEGN) khuyn khch (k c i vi tn ring dn tc thiu s trong nc) .
o

V d: Dhaka, Dakar, Praha, Wien, Lisboa, Moskva,... (khng vit aca haya-Ka, P-ra-ha, Vin, Li-xbn, Mt-xc-va ,...; vit tn c trong ngoc n v hng ti loi b hn khi vn bn: Prague, Vienna, Lisbon, Moscow,)

Vit thut ng ting nc ngoi Vi cc thut ng ting nc ngoi, cn linh ng s dng cc quy tc phin chuyn sao cho cng gn vi nguyn ng cng tt, khng gy xo trn nghim trng cu trc ting Vit ng thi c mt s linh ng nht nh gip ting Vit c kh nng pht trin ph hp vi s pht trin ca khoa hc, cng ngh v i sng x hi.

Thut ng Vit ho t lu, tr thnh thi quen thng dng: chp nhn nh t ng nhp ni vo ting Vit. o V d: mt, lt, c ph,... (khng vit met, lit, caf,...). Thut ng gc Hn: phin m theo cch c Hn Vit. Thut ng ting nc ngoi (khc ting Hn):
o

chp nhn cc ph m hay t hp ph m u khng c trong ting Vit nh bl, chr, cl, cr, f, j, str, w, z,... (v d: blu, chrom, clinker, cravat, festival, formol, jazz, javel, joule, watt, wolfram, zero, ziczac ,...); chp nhn cc ph m hay t hp ph m cui khng c trong ting Vit nh b, d, f, g, j, l, r, s, v, w, z,... (v d: amib, protid, sulfur, glycogen, glucoz,...); tn trng tnh h thng gia cc thut ng (v d: fluor, fluorur; sulfur, sulfuric, sulfat; chlor, chlorat, chlorur; phosphat, phosphor, phosphorit;... ); khng phin cc m tit ting nc ngoi thnh cc m tit ting Vit c cch pht m gn ging: c- thnh x-, -c thnh -t, d thnh -, g- thnh gi-, s- thnh x-, f- thnh ph-, -l thnh -n, -s thnh -t, -ur thnh -ua, -y- thnh -i-, thm cc du thanh,... (vit acid carbonic, centimet, decalit, decibel, gen, sigma, virus, chlorur, oxygen, carbonic,...; khng vit axt ccbnt, xentimt, calt, xiben, gien, xchma, virt, clorua,xigien, ...); cc thut ng vit tt c tnh ph bin quc t th chp nhn nh nguyn ng, u tin theo loi ngn ng no s dng thut ng ph bin hn, nhng pht m theo ting Vit:

vit DNA, c / en a/; vit PCR, c /p x e(r)/; vit Internet, c /in te(r) nt/; vit Linux, c /li nt(x)/; vit WTO, c /v kp t /; vit AIDS, c /t(x)/; vit USB, c /u t(x) b/;... khng vit ADN (ting Php), khng c /i en y/; khng c /pi xi a(r)/; khng vit Intnet; khng vit Lint, khng c /lai nt(x)/; khng vit OMC (ting Php), khng c /p liu ti u/; khng vit SIDA (ting Php); khng c /diu t(x) bi/;...

Cc thut ng ting nc ngoi nhp ni sau khi phin chuyn mt cch ph hp (d c khi ging hon ton vi nguyn ng) th vit bnh thng trong bn vn. Ring cc thut ng ting Latin, thut ng (khng phi tn ring hay ch vit tt) nguyn gc ting nc ngoi cha qua phin chuyn th phi vit in nghing (trong trng hp bn vn ang in nghing th thut ng ny c vit ng).

Ting Latin: et al., op. cit., P.S., sic,... Tn khoa hc cc chi v loi sinh vt: Skeletonema costatum, Phaseolus polystachios (L.) Britton et al., Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica (L.) Verdc.,Pseudo-nitzschia spp., Thalassiosira sp.,...

Tn cc gen (nhng tn protein tng ng vit thng): protein HSP ( heat shock protein) - gen hsp18; sc t phytochrom - cc gen PHYA, PHYB, PHYC, PHYD v PHYE;... Ting nc ngoi cha qua phin chuyn (khng p dng vi tn ring hay ch vit tt): vit e-mail, website, e-learning,... nhng khng vit DNA, SARS, PCR, PGR,...

Vi cc thut ng v khi nim mi, cha c bit hoc tha nhn rng ri, hoc c th gy kh hiu cho ngi c, th ln u tin xut hin trong bn vn cn ch thch nguyn ng trong ngoc n, bng ch in nghing theo quy nh. Lu : trong lun vn khng ch thch qu nhiu khi nim, thut ng ph bin trong chuyn ngnh.

V d: "Din ng (paraphrase) l cch din t li cc tng ca mt tc gi khc bng ngn ng ring ca mnh. Bng din ng, nh nghin cu c th trnh by mt vn , mt kin khoa hc ca tc gi khc m khng cn phi trch dn nguyn vn, khng dng li tng cu tng ch nh chnh tc gi gc dng, nhng vn m bo trung thnh vi ni dung nguyn bn."

3.4. Du cu v k hiu
i vi du cu v cc k hiu, vn quan trng nht trong k thut nhp liu l c hay khng c khong trng trc v sau du hay k hiu c dng. Hin nay cha c vn bn no quy nh thng nht v c h thng trong c nc v vic ny. Bng di y c m t da trn vic tham kho v tng hp nhng quy tc s dng ph bin trong nhiu loi ti liu khc nhau trong nc, c i chiu vi cc b tiu chun hoc quy tc ph bin trn th gii. C hai loi khong trng trong mt vn bn ni chung:

Khong trng (bnh thng): k t rng, to ra mt khong trng trn vn bn khi in ra giy. Khong trng dnh: l khong trng nhng khng b tch ri khi t hoc s lin trc khi xung hng cui cu. Cn dng khong trng ny khi mun ko k hiu cui dng trn xung dng di cng vi k t hay k s lin trc, thay v dng lnh/phm ngt dng (trn my tnh: nhn Shift + Enter) hay xung dng (nhn phm Enter).

Bng m t k thut nhp liu dnh cho cc du cu v k hiu trong vn bn Du, k hiu , , Tn gi Phy vn bn Phy phn s thp Cch trc Khng Khng Cch sau Khong trng Khng

. . ; : ! ? / ... [...] ( ) [ ] { } ' * & + x = < > ~ ... % g, cm, h, s, l,...

Chm vn bn Chm n v s Chm phy Hai chm Chm than Chm hi Gch ni (ngn)

Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng

Khong trng Khng Khong trng Khong trng Khong trng Khong trng Khng

Gch ngang (di) Khong trng dnh Khong trng dnh Gch cho Ba chm Chm lng Ngoc n m Ngoc n ng Ngoc ng vung Khng Khng Khong trng Khong trng Khng Khng Khong trng Khong trng Khng Khong trng Khng Khong trng Khng Khong trng Khng Khong trng Khng Khong trng Khng Khong trng

Ngoc vung m Khong trng Khng Khong trng

Ngoc mc m

Ngoc mc ng Khng Ngoc kp m Ngoc kp ng Nhy m Nhy ng Phy trn Sao (hoa th) V K hiu ton hc (nhit ) (gc) Phn trm n v o lng Khong trng Khng Khong trng Khng Khng Khng

Khong trng dnh Khong trng dnh Khong trng dnh Khong trng dnh Khong trng dnh Khng Khng Khong trng dnh Khong trng dnh Khong trng Khong trng dnh Khong trng

$, , , ,...

n v tin t

Khong trng dnh Khong trng

Mt s k hiu phi sinh t cc n v k trn c th p dng tng t i vi k hiu gc. Ring vi n v o (), khi i km vi cc k hiu khc th khng c khong trng pha sau: vit C, F, K,...; khng vit C, F, K,... Cn phn bit cc du gch ni (-) v gch ngang ():
o

du gch ni (ngn) c chc nng ni lin hai t ng cnh nhau thnh mt t ghp, mt chui khi nim khng tch ri, hoc mt chui gi tr lin tc: nhn thc-pht ngn, h thng tc gi-nm, nhng nm 19911996,... du gch ngang (di) c chc nng tch ri mt thnh phn ra khi mt tng th, thnh mt n v tng i c lp, thng l cu ch thch trong mt cu khc: "c bit l vn bo him trch nhim dn s i vi vn ti hng ho bin php c th b p mt phn s c cho ch tu..."

3.5. Thi gian

biu din thi gian trong vn bn, c cc trng hp sau: ngy-thng-nm; gipht-giy; cc khong thi gian theo cy nin i; cc th trong tun. Mi loi thi gian c mt s cch ghi khc nhau. Hin nay do cha c vn bn chnh thc quy nh bt buc vn ny nn cn t la chn mt cch vit thng nht v hp l trong c bi. Cch ghi ngy-thng-nm

Ngy-thng-nm y : c hai la chn: o vit y bng ch thng; ngy, thng v nm vit bng s Arab, cc ngy di 10 v cc thng di 3 phi c s 0 trc: ngy 11 thng 6 nm 2007, ngy 19 thng 11 nm 938, ngy 01 thng 02 nm 34 ,...;
o

vit nh trn, nhng s ca thng vit bng ch thng, vi cc thng 01 thay bng "ging": ngy 17 thng ging nm 1989, ngy 31 thng ba nm 2000, ngy 09 thng mi hai nm 2005,...

Nu c thnh phn no cn b i th cc phn cn li vn gi nguyn cu trc: thng 4 nm 1984, ngy 07 thng ging,...

Vit ngy thng nm vn tt: ch dng cc con s v cc k hiu lm du ngn cch: o th t: khng c o ln th t ngy-thng-nm trong bn vn vit bng ting Vit;
o

s ca nm: ch vit hai s cui (dng gii hn v d gy nhm ln), vit y cc con s (ngy cng ph bin);

s ca thng: c ba kh nng:

ch vit ng con s ca thng: thng 1, 2, 3,... 10, 11, 12, cc thng di 3 c s 0 lin trc phn bit vi cc thng trn 10: thng 01, 02, 3, 4,... (p dng chnh thc trong cc vn bn hnh chnh nh nc), cc thng u vit vi hai con s: thng 01, 02, 03,... (n gin, ph hp vi cch trnh by ca a s cc trnh x l trn my tnh)

s ca ngy: c hai kh nng:

ch vit ng con s ca ngy: ngy 1, 2, 3,... 20, 21, 22,... cc ngy di 10 vit bng hai con s: ngy 01, 02, 03, 4,... (p dng chnh thc trong cc vn bn hnh chnh nh nc, n gin, ph hp vi cch trnh by ca a s cc trnh x l trn my tnh).

du cch: thng c hai kiu du cch:

du gch ni (-): ngy 01-3-2003, ngy 15-01-1997,... du gch cho (/): ngy 27/7/1969, ngy 08/01/1978,...

Nu c thnh phn no cn b i th cc phn cn li vn gi nguyn cu trc: thng 61985, ngy 23/07, thng 08/2006,... Ni chung, cch ghi tt c cc thng v ngy bng hai con s, dng du gch cho lm du ngn cch l cch ph hp nht, xt v cch s dng du v k hiu cng nh v quan h s dng cc chng trnh my tnh. Cch ghi gi-pht-giy

Gi-pht-giy y : o vit y bng s Arab, n v vit bng ch thng: 7 gi 30 pht 45 giy, 8 gi 45 pht, 4 pht 11 giy , 10 giy 35 sao,...;
o

nu l con s ch thi gian trong ngy, thm yu t ch bui (khong 12 gi) hoc dng y con s ca h 24 gi: 9 gi 30 pht sng, 5 gi chiu, 7 gi ti, 11 gi khuya , 9 gi 45 pht, 13 gi 30 pht, 0 gi 15 pht 30 giy,...

Gi-pht-giy vn tt: ch dng cc con s v cc n v o hoc k hiu thi gian:

o o

th t: theo ng th t gi, pht, giy, sao; n v o thi gian: h (gi), min (pht), s (giy);

o o

k hiu n v o thi gian: ' (pht), " (giy); du cch:

nu dng n v o thi gian, du cch l khong trng dnh trc v sau n v (tr n v cui cng), n v sao trng: 12 h 15 min, 8 min 16 s 25,... nu dng k hiu n v, du cch l khong trng dnh sau k hiu, n v sao trng: 8' 15" 30,... dng du hai chm, khng c khong trng cch c trc ln sau: 08:14:59 (gi-pht giy), 15:06 (gi-pht), 45:30 (pht-giy).

Cch ghi cc khong thi gian theo cy nin i Cc khong thi gian theo cy nin i c vit bng ch thng (ch vit hoa ch ci u ca m tit u khi c mc ch tu t): thin nin k (1.000 nm), th k (100 nm), thp k (10 nm). Cc con s theo sau c vit bng s La M, ch in: th k XIX, thin nin k II,... Ring thp nin c vit bng y bn s (lm trn di n 10) ca nm: thp k 1900, thp k 1980,...

Khi nim "thp nin" dng ch khong thi gian 10 nm bt k, i km bng s ca hai nm u v cui, cch nhau bng mt du gch ni (khng c khong trng): thp nin 1976-1985, thp nin 2007-2016,...

Nm bt u mi khong thi gian ny bt u t 1: thin nin k I gm cc nm 11000, thin nin k II gm cc nm 1001-2000; th k XI gm cc nm 1001-1100, th k XIX gm cc nm 1801-1900; thp k 1900 gm cc nm 1901-1910, thp k 1990 gm cc nm 1991-2000;... Nm bt u Cng nguyn l nm 1. Khng c nm 0. Cc nm trc Cng nguyn c tnh ngc t nm 1, vi hai cch ghi (la chn mt cch ghi thng nht):

ghi con s ca nm, theo sau l k hiu "tr. CN" (trc Cng nguyn): nm 217 tr. CN, nm 514 tr. CN,...; ghi con s ca nm, km trc bng du tr (khng c khong trng): nm -138, nm -475,...

Cch ghi cc th trong tun Vit y bng ch thng: th hai, th ba, th t, th nm, th su, th by, ch nht. Vit tt: T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, CN. Ch vit hoa ch ci u ca th khi t ny ng u cu: vit "Th hai l ngy u tun", nhng "Ngy cui tun l ch nht".

3.6. n v o lng
Cc ti liu khoa hc ting Vit bt buc phi s dng H thng n v o lng Quc t (SI). Ngoi ra, cn c mt s im quan trng khc cn lu trong vic trnh by cc con s v n v o lng, trc khi tm hiu h SI mt cch chi tit.

Du thp phn: bt buc l du phy. Nu trong mt s chng trnh my tnh khng thay i c du thp phn, c th chp nhn du thp phn ca h o lng Anh (du chm) trong hnh hay chui s liu do chng trnh xut ra, nhng khng chp nhn trong bn vn. Du n v s: i vi cc s t hng nghn tr ln (tr s ca nm lch), c hai la chn l dng du chm hoc khong trng dnh chia tng nhm ba s hai bn du thp phn . V d: vit 1.000 hoc 1 000, khng vit 1000; vit 15.693 hoc 15 693, khng vit 15693; vit 987.654.321 hoc 987 654 321, khng vit 987654321; vit 12.345,67 hoc 12 345,67, khng vit 12345,67 hoc 12345.67; vit 10.234,567.89 hoc 10 234,567 89, khng vit 10.234,56789 hay 10 234,56789;... S nh hn 10: vit bng ch m khng vit s, tr trng hp l thnh phn nh s hay c mt n v o lng theo sau:
o

vit: iu th hai, mt s trng hp, nh c ba ngi, bao go nng nm kilogram, bao go nng 5 kg, chic xe di 7,5 m , em b cao mt mt hai,... khng vit: iu th 2, 1 s trng hp, nh c 3 ngi, bao go nng nm kg, bao go nng 5 kilogram, chic xe di 7,5 mt , em b cao 1 mt 2,...

Cc chui s: nu cc chui s hay gi tr thuc mt khong c biu din bng s u v s cui lin kt nhau bng du gch ni (ngn):
o

khng dng khong trng trc v sau du gch ni. V d: "cc trang 1820", khng vit "cc trang 18 - 20"; vit "t l t khong 50-75 phn trm", khng vit "t l t khong 50 - 75 phn trm"; khng dng ln ln "t" v "k hiu" biu th khong gi tr. V d: vit "cc em hc sinh khong t 14 n 16 tui" hoc "cc em hc sinh khong 1416 tui", khng vit "cc em hc sinh khong t 14-16 tui",...

Cc quy tc c bn ca h SI

Quy tc chung: ch s dng n v o lng c chp nhn ca h SI biu din cc gi tr v s lng; cc n v tng ng khc h c t trong ngoc n sau n v SI v ch s dng khi thc s cn thit cho i tng c.

Di y l trch on mt s quy tc trnh by cc n v o lng theo h SI.

Quy tc Gii thch

V d ng

V d sai

Ch s dng ch vit tt tiu chun ca n v o lng, cc tin t, hu t v 10 3 tn gi chnh thc s hoc giy; m /s hoc 75 175 mps Khng c du chm sau mt khi trn giy Vit tt -6 ch vit tt ca n v 2,0 L/L; 2,0 x 10 V; 1,6 Khng dng cc cch vit 4.3 nm/m; 4,3 x 10-9 l 2,3 ppm, ppb, ppt hay "phn 0,45 ppt triu", "phn t",... nh lng S nhiu n v o lng khng thay l = 75 cm i theo s nhiu hay s t l = 75 cms

sec; cc; ppm; ppb;

Nhn hoc chia nhiu n v

Du chm gia () hoc mt khong trng biu th php nhn gia hai n v lin k(trong trnh x l vn bn, du ny c nhp tt Tc m thanh khong Tc m thanh -1 bng cch nhn gi phm 344 ms khong 344 ms-1 Alt v g cc s 0183 t Tc phn r ca 113Cs Tc phn r bn phm s) l vo khong 21 ms-1 ca113Cs l vo Php chia gia hai n v m/s, m s-2, khong 21 ms-1 lin k c biu din m kg/(s3 A), m s, bng: mkgs-3A-1 m/s/s, * du gch ngang (vi hai m/s, m s-2, mkg/s3/A 3 -3 -1 n v trn di), m kg/(s A), m kg s A * hoc du gch cho (nu t hai du tr ln phi dng km vi cc du ngoc), * hoc du lu tha m.

C khong trng ngn cch 25 km khi Khong gia n v v con s gi 3 m cch tr, tr trng hp n v o Gc rng 15 10' 30" gc phng

25km khi 3m Gc rng 15 10 ' 30 "

kg/m3, kgm-3, hay kilogram/m3, kg/mt khi Tn gi, Khng s dng ln ln cc kilogram trn mt khi n v, tn gi, s gi tr v k hiu m = 5 kg, dng in c m = nm kg, s gi n v mt cch ln ln cng 15 A cng dng tr nhau trong cng biu thc Th tch nc l in l 15 ampe 20 mL/kg 20 mL nc/ kg Hnh Cc bin s v k hiu s C y ni: "Con ch [...] "Con ch

ch

nng 10 kg!" nng 10 kg!" lng c vit in nghing t = 3 s, trong t l thi t = 3 s, trong t (ring trong cu hay on gian v s l giy l [...] vn bn in nghing th T = 22 K, trong T l T = 22 K, trong c vit ng) nhit tuyt i v K l T l [...] nhit Kelvin

35 cm x 48 cm 35 x 48 cm 1 MHz n 10 MHz hoc 1 n 10 MHz (1 n 10) MHz hoc Cn biu din r rng k 20 C n 30 C hoc 1 MHz-10 MHz Ghi ch hiu n v i km vi mt (20 n 30) C 20 C-30 C ton s gi tr cng nh php 123 g 2 g hoc hoc hc ton p dng cho mt gi tr 20 n 30 C (123 2) g s lng 70 % 5 % hoc 123 2 g (70 5) % 70 5 % 240 x (1 10 %) V 240 V 10 %

3.7. Cc cng thc ton hc

Nu bi vit c s dng cc cng thc ton hc, cn nh s cc cng thc bng s Arab, t trong ngoc n st l phi sau mi cng thc v dn s th t cng thc t nht mt ln trong bi vit. V d: H = h(Ts Ta) (1)

C hai cch trnh by cc cng thc ton hc, ngi vit la chn mt cch thng nht trong ton b bi vit:

trnh by theo dng ngang nh trong bn vn: cch s dng cc k hiu ging nh quy nh s dng k hiu ton hc v cc n v o lng; trnh by theo dng cng thc ton trn nhiu dng: s dng cc chc nng chuyn v trnh by phng trnh ton hc ca trnh son tho (nh Microsoft Equation cho Microsoft Word, Formule cho OpenOffice,...), hoc cc chng trnh ring chuyn v cng thc ton hc (nh Math Type, G4,...).

D trnh by theo cch no, cc cng thc cng cn thng nht v c nh s th t y ngi c d theo di.

Chng 4. Cc cng c t ng ca trnh son tho 4.1. M u

Son tho vn bn bng my tnh l cng vic kh n gin khi ch nhn b ngoi. Th nhng, khng phi ai cng bit khai thc tht hiu qu cc tnh nng ca cng c ny

nhm gip cng vic son tho c nh nhng, bi bn v cho ra mt sn phm tht tt. Gio trnh ny khng c mc ch cp su v k thut s dng phn mm x l vn bn. y, chng ti ch gii thiu s lc nhng cng c t ng cn bn nht gip son tho ti liu khoa hc mt cch thun tin, gim bt nhiu thi gian v sai st so vi vic thc hin mi thao tc mt cch th cng. iu quan trng nht trc khi bt tay vo son tho mt ti liu (nh lun vn khoa hc) l phi c sn mt dn v cc tng pht trin. V qu trnh son tho c tt, ngi vit phi bit s dng trnh son tho vn bn mc c bn, nm vng cc quy tc nhp liu v quy tc trnh by ti liu. Khi d liu th sn sng, c hai phng php tu ngi son tho la chn:

nhp ton b d liu th trc, sau chn cc nh dng ph hp cho tng phn trong vn bn; thit lp cc nh dng cn c trc theo dn , sau nhp tng phn d liu th vo nhng phn tng ng.

4.2. Kiu nh dng

Kiu nh dng (format style) l mt b thng tin nh dng (kiu ch, c ch, hnh ch, canh bin, cch dng,...) c thit lp trc cho mt yu t hoc nhm yu t trong vn bn. S dng cc kiu nh dng s gip ngi son tho trnh by cc thnh phn trong vn bn (ch vit, on vn bn, ta mc, nh s,...) mt cch d dng, nhanh chng v ng nht. Cc trnh x l vn bn lun c nhng kiu nh dng thit k sn. Ngi son tho c th s dng cc kiu nh dng ny nu ph hp, hoc chnh sa cc thng s, hay to cc kiu nh dng mi p ng nhu cu c th. Cc hng dn sau y l dnh cho ngi dng phn mm Microsoft Word, phin bn Microsoft Office XP ting Anh, chy di h iu hnh Windows XP. Nhn ln cc siu lin kt xem thm thng tin chi tit hoc hnh mnh ho. C hai loi kiu nh dng c bn thng dng l kiu nh dng k t v kiu nh dng on vn bn. Kiu nh dng k t c th thc hin nhanh bng cch bi chn cc k t cn nh dng, sau chn kiu ph hp trn thanh cng c thit k sn trong trnh x l, hoc bng cch m trnh n Format. Fonts v thay i cc thng s v c ch, kiu ch, hnh ch,...

Ch m: dng cho cc t ng cn nhn mnh trong bn vn, nhng cu hay on ch in m qu di s lm cho vn bn nng n v kh c.

Ch nghing: c th gy ch do hnh ch c s khc bit r rng, dng cho mt s t ng hoc cn ngi c lu tm, cc on trch dn nguyn vn trong ngoc kp, t nguyn ng ting nc ngoi (khng phi tn ring) trong vn bn ting Vit hay cc quy nh vit ch in nghing khc. Ch gch chn: tc dng tng t kiu ch in nghing, thng dng thay th khi khng th in nghing do vn k thut, tuy nhin nn hn ch dng kiu ch ny trong vn bn khoa hc, c bit l khng bao gi gch chn tn cc mc. Ch nghing m: cng nhm nhn mnh mt s quan trng, nhng ni chung l kiu ch ny nn hn ch (ch dng trong tn mt s cp mc) v tng i kh c.

Trong trnh x l vn bn, cc kiu nh dng thng dng nht cho on vn bn (mt dng hoc nhiu dng c kt thc bng mt phm Enter duy nht). Cc b kiu nh dng thit k sn thng c t tn theo nhm: Title hoc Heading cho tn cc chng mc, Body text cho thn bi, List cho cc danh sch lit k,... Dng mt kiu nh dng c sn:

cho con tr ng mt im bt k trong on vn bn (vi cc kiu dnh cho chng mc), hoc bi chn trn vn cc on vn bn lin tc (i vi cc kiu dnh cho bn vn); vo trnh n (menu) Format. Styles and formatting; nhn p chut tri ln mt kiu nh dng c sn trong danh sch; kiu nh dng va chn s c p cho on vn bn c con tr.

Sa mt kiu nh dng c sn:

cho con tr ng mt im bt k trong on vn bn (vi cc kiu dnh cho chng mc), hoc bi chn trn vn cc on vn bn lin tc (i vi cc kiu dnh cho bn vn); vo trnh n Format. Styles and formatting; nhn chut phi ln kiu nh dng cn sa trong danh sch; chn Modify, hp thoi Modify Style s c m ra; chn trong nt Format ln lt thay i cc thit lp ca cc mc:Font cho nh dng ch (kiu, c, in nghing, in m,...), Paragraph cho on vn bn (canh bin, tht u dng, cch dng,...),...; nu mun cp nht t ng th nh du vo Automatically Update; xong nhn nt OK.

To mt kiu nh dng mi: t con tr vo mt on vn bn trng; vo trnh n Format. Styles and formatting;

nhn nt New Style; trong hp thoi hin ra, t tn mt cch ngn gn, d nh (v d: "Ta" cho tn chng, "Ta 1" cho tn mc, "Ta 2" cho tn tiu mc,...); trong Style type, chn Paragraph (nh dng cho on vn bn); trong Style based on, chn kiu nh dng c sn no gn nht vi kiu ang thit lp (thng l Title tng ng vi Ta, Heading 1 tng ng vi Ta 1, Heading 2 vi Ta 2,...); trong Style for following paragraphe, chn kiu nh dng t ng p cho on vn bn k tip sau khi nhn phm Enter: nn p kiu dnh cho bn vn (Normal hay Body text); ln lt nhn nt Format. Font v Format. Paragraph thit lp cc thng s nh dng cho Font v Paragraph; nh du chn vo Automatically Update; xong nhn nt OK.

4.3. nh dng trang

nh dng trang l cc thit lp dnh cho trang in: kh giy, chiu giy (dc, ngang), khong cch l trang, cch nh s trang, phn bit trang u vi cc trang khc, phn bit cc trang chn l,... Trong Microsoft Office, cch thit lp nh dng trang khng c cng logic vi cch nh dng cc thnh phn khc: nu cc thnh phn khc chc nng nh dng c tp trung ht trong trnh n Format, th cng c nh dng trang li c t trong trnh n File. Page Setup. lm tt vic nh dng trang in cho lun vn khoa hc, ngi son tho cn nm vng th thc trnh by vn bn ng thi bit r cc yu cu k thut trnh by trang in. Thng thng, phin bn ting Anh ca Windows v c b ng dng vn phng Microsoft Office (c trnh x l vn bn Microsoft Word) c ci t mc nh theo ch ngy gi v h thng o lng Anh. thun tin cho vic p dng cc yu cu k thut, c bit l v khong cch cc thnh phn trong vn bn, ngi son tho nn i li n v theo h thng o lng SI. Cch lm nh sau:

vo trnh n Tools. Options;

trong th General, Measurement units, chn n v o l Centimeters; xong nhn nt OK.

Thi quen ph bin ca nhiu ngi khi son tho nhng ti liu di (nh lun vn khoa hc) l son ring trang ba v ring tng phn (thnh cc tp tin khc nhau), sau in ring r v ghp li. Cch ny d lm v... th cng (!), nhng s d mc sai st dn n cc thng s nh dng khng ng nht, khng n khp gia cc phn ring r. Trong khi , bn thn trnh son tho vn bn c trang b nhng cng c hu hiu gip son tt c cc thnh phn v ni dung ch trong mt tp tin duy nht. Gi nh l c mt tp tin vn bn lun vn khoa hc vi mt s trang ni dung son trc, cn lp trang u tin thnh trang ba v cc trang sau thnh trang ni dung, s dng cc cng c t ng ca trnh son tho vn bn nh dng trang in cho tt c cc thnh phn theo ng cc yu cu trnh by c bn, ch trong mt tp tin duy nht, lm cc bc nh sau:

nh dng trang ba: o cho con tr vo mt v tr bt k trong trang u tin ( bin trang ny thnh kiu trang ba),
o o

vo trnh n File. Page Setup (thit lp trang in), trong th Margins (l trang), nhp cc thng s nh dng l giy theo ng yu cu cho trang ba: Top (l trn) 3 cm, Bottom (l di) 3 cm,Left (l tri) 3,5 cm, Right (l phi) 2 cm, cc thng s khc trong cng th ny: Orientation (hng giy) chnPortrait (chiu dc), Apply to (p dng cho), chn Whole document(ton b ti liu), cc thng s cn li nn gi nguyn nh mc nh, chuyn qua th tip theo: Paper, chn cc thng s sau: Paper size (kh giy) chn A4 (21 x 29,7 cm), chuyn qua th tip theo: Layout (cch b tr trang in), trong Headers and footers, chn cc thng s sau: Different first page(phn bit trang u vi cc trang khc), sa li thnh 1,5 cm cho cHeader v Footer trong From edge (khong cch u trang v chn trang so vi mp giy), trong Page, mc Vertical alignment (canh giy in theo chiu dc), chnTop (t u t giy), xong nhn nt OK,

o o o o

(kt qu: tt c cc trang ca ti liu u c nh dng trang in nh cc thit lp cho trang ba);

chuyn ton b phn ni dung ra khi trang u tin : thao tc ny s gip ch gi cc thng tin ca trang ba ti liu li trong trang u tin ca tp tin (ng vi thit lp nh dng), cc ni dung khc s bt u t mt trang mi (s chn cc thit lp nh dng ph hp), o nu c nhn phm Enter nhiu ln cho qua trang, hoc nhn t hp phm Control + Enter ngt trang bnh thng th xo ht cc dng trng ny (v gia trang ba v cc trang ni dung cn ngt trang theo cch khc),
o o o

cho con tr vo v tr u tin ca phn ni dung sau trang ba, vo trnh n Insert. Break (xem thm nh dng phn), trong mc Section break types, chn Next page (v tr con tr s c chuyn qua bt u mt trang mi, km vi ton b ni dung sau ),

(kt qu: tt c cc trang ni dung ca ti liu c chuyn ra khi trang u tin vn dnh ring cho trang ba);

thit lp nh dng mi cho cc trang ni dung : cc trang ni dung khc vi trang ba l trn (3,5 cm thay v 3 cm) v cch nh dng u trang v chn trang (c u trang v chn trang, phn chia trang chn l), do : o t con tr v tr u tin ca phn ni dung sau trang ba (va mi tch xong nh trn),
o o

vo trnh n File. Page Setup, trong th Margins:

sa li thng s nh dng l trn theo ng yu cu cho trang ni dung (Top: 3,5 cm), cc thng s khc gi nguyn so vi trang ba (do ging nhau), Apply to, chn This point forward (t v tr ny tr i n ht ti liu),

trong th Layout, Headers and footers: chn Different odd and even(phn bit trang chn v trang l), b Different first page ( thit lp trang u ri), cc thng s khc khng thay i so vi trang ba, xong nhn nt OK,

o o

(kt qu: tt c cc trang ni dung ca ti liu c thit lp cc thng s k thut trnh by trang in ph hp vi yu cu, khc bit vi trang ba).

Lu Ni dung trang ba, thng thng ch c di 15 dng v cn trnh by dn u trong c chiu di kh giy. Thi quen ph bin l nhn phm Enter to cc dng trng (theo chiu dc) hoc phm khong trng to khong trng (theo chiu ngang) cho n khi con tr nm ngang mt v tr mun nhp chui vn bn. y l cch lm rt n gin, d dng, song khng to c s ng nht trong vn bn, thm ch dn n lm dch chuyn v tr cc thnh phn vn bn pha sau (c bit l khi lun p dng cch to dng trng/khong trng trong bt k v tr no cn c khong cch trng trong vn bn). Trong cc trnh son tho vn bn:

ngt trang (chuyn qua trang mi khi ni dung cha n im cui cng ca trang trc) bng cch dng t hp phm Control + Enter, hoc vo trnh nInsert. Break > Break type. Page break (kiu ngt trang bnh thng); chc nng to khong trng theo chiu dc hay chiu ngang nm trong chc nng nh dng on vn bn.

Trong phm vi gio trnh ny, trang ba ( phn trc gii thiu cc thng s k thut trnh by v mu trang ba) s c ly lm v d thc hnh cch nh dng cc on vn bn.

4.4. nh dng phn

Trong lun vn khoa hc, c th c nhng bng hoc hnh kh rng, chiu ngang ln hn chiu dc, khng th trnh by bnh thng theo chiu dc kh giy. Trong trng hp , cn trnh by cc thnh phn ny theo chiu ngang. m bo tnh thng nht trong trnh by ti liu, cc trang ny c mt s iu chnh so vi cc quy nh chung. Trong trnh x l vn bn Microsoft Word, cc trang ny c th c thit lp mt cch c bit c th trnh by lin tc vi cc thnh phn khc m vn m bo cc yu cu v k thut. chnh l chc nng chia phn vn bn ( Section). Khi chia mt phn no ca vn bn thnh mt Section, phn c th c thit lp nh dng ring bit m khng nh hng n cc phn khc nm ngoi Sectionny. Trng hp c th y l cn chia phn cho mt trang c cc yu t trnh by theo chiu ngang kh giy. Vic ny bao gm hai bc:

chia phn: nh ngha im u v im cui ca phn cn thit lp nh dng ring (nm ngang), v my tnh s hiu gia im u v im cui l mtSection; thit lp nh dng c th cho phn nh ngha.

Cc thao tc chia phn cho trang cn nh dng nm ngang (trong mt vn bn trnh by theo chiu dc) nh sau:

t con tr u on vn bn (paragraph) cn bt u cho trang nm ngang; vo trnh n Insert. Break; trong mc Section break types, chn Next page (chia phn vn bn theo kiu t im bt u ca phn s nm trong mt trang mi); nhn nt OK (thao tc ny kt thc vic nh ngha im bt u ca phn); t con tr u on vn bn bt u cho trang nm dc lin sau trang nm ngang; tip tc vo trnh n Insert. Break; tip tc chn mc Section break types. Next page; nhn nt OK (thao tc ny kt thc vic nh ngha im bt u ca phn mi, tc kt thc phn lin trc cn trnh by theo phng ngang);

Sau khi chia phn xong, cc thao tc thit lp nh dng cho phn nh ngha c thc hin nh sau:

t con tr vo mt v tr bt k trn trang cn trnh by nm ngang (gia hai im chia phn thc hin nh trn); vo trnh n File. Page setup; trong th Margins, sa li cc thng s nh dng l giy theo ng yu cu ca trang trnh by theo chiu ngang: Top = l trn (3,5 cm), Bottom = l di (2 cm), Left = l tri (3 cm), Right = l phi (3,5 cm); trong Orientation, chn Landscape (chiu ngang); trong Apply to, chn This section (ch ring phn ny); cc thng s khc nn gi nguyn nh thit lp ban u cho trang in; xong nhn nt OK.

Lu : nu vic nh ngha ch c thc hin cho im u m khng cho im cui ca trang cn trnh by nm ngang, khi thit lp nh dng nh trn, ton b cc trang v sau s u nm ngang.

4.5. nh dng u v chn trang

Trong mt ti liu khoa hc, trnh by u trang v chn trang cng l mt cch th hin tnh chuyn nghip ca ngi son tho. Thng tin trong u trang v chn trang l nhng cng c gip ngi c nh v tt trong qu trnh c, nht l i vi nhng

ti liu di. Cc thng tin ny cng c hiu qu gy n tng v thng xuyn xut hin trong cc trang c c. C nhiu la chn khc nhau trong cch trnh by u trang v chn trang, nhng nhng iu cn trnh l:

trnh by qu di v dy c: c hai bn tri, phi ca c u v chn trang u c thng tin s lm cho ngi c ri mt, phn tn; trnh by nhng thng tin khng c th: khng nn a cc thng tin nh "lun vn cao hc", "bo co chuyn ", "kho lun tt nghip",... vo u trang v chn trang, v hu nh khng c tc dng truyn thng; c ch bng vi c ch trong bn vn: iu ny l khng nn, tr trng hp s trang, v s lm gim tp trung ca ngi c vo bn vn mt cch khng cn thit;

i vi mt lun vn khoa hc, trong phn "K thut trnh by cc thnh phn trong vn bn" c ngh chi tit v cch trnh by u v chn trang. Nhn chung, mt ti liu khoa hc c ba phn cn nh dng u v chn trang khc nhau:

trang ba: khng c thng tin u v chn trang; cc trang khai tp: u trang chn v l c hai loi thng tin khc nhau (tc gi v tn ti), chn trang nh s th t kiu s La M, ch thng, bt u t i. cc trang bi chnh v ph nh: u trang tng t nh phn khai tp, chn trang nh s th t kiu s Arab, bt u t 1.

Vi cc thng s k thut nh trn, vic trnh by u trang v chn trang phi tri qua nhiu bc khc nhau (hng dn cho phn mm Microsoft Word XP bn ting Anh chy di h iu hnh Windows XP). Chia phn: cho con tr ln lt ng im bt u cc phn khai tp v bi chnh, dng chc nng chia phn (Insert. Break > Section break types. Next page) chia bi vit thnh ba phn (Section 1, Section 2 v Section 3). Lp cc thuc tnh trang khc nhau:

cho con tr vo trang ba (trc phn khai tp, tc thuc Section 1), vo trnh n File. Page Setup, trong th Layout, chn Different first page (khng chnDifferent odd and even) v Apply to this section;

(kt qu thu c: trang ba, cng l trang u tin v duy nht ca Section 1, c kiu nh dng u v chn trang khc vi cc trang cn li); cho con tr vo trang u tin ca phn khai tp (tc thuc Section 2), vo trnh n File. Page Setup, trong th Layout, chn Different odd and even(khng chn Different first page) v Apply to this section;

(kt qu thu c: mi thit lp kiu nh dng u trang v chn trang ca cc trang chn s khng p dng cho cc trang l v ngc li);

cho con tr vo trang u tin ca phn bi chnh (tc thuc Section 3) v lm tng t nh vi Section 2;

(kt qu thu c: cc thuc tnh p dng cho Section 2 cng p dng choSection 3). Trang u (ba): ton b u trang v chn trang trng nh dng u trang: vo trnh n View. Header and Footer, bn vn s c t m, cc khung son tho u trang v chn trang xut hin vi cc ch thch v tr trong tng trang, ng thi c mt thanh cng c nh dng u v chn trang. Sau :

nh dng u cc trang l:
o

di chuyn thanh trt n mt trang l bt k (tr trang u), t con tr vo khung son tho u trang, chn kiu ch ng, c ch 11, canh bin phi, nu tn ti di khng qu 2/3 dng th nhp y , nu di hn th vit tn vn tt (th hin c ni dung trng tm), vn con tr trn dng tn ti, vo trnh n Format. Borders and Shading, trong Style, ko thanh trt chn dng k n hoc kp (nt lin, c 1/2 pt), trong Apply to, chn Paragraph (p dng cho on vn bn), trong Preview, nhp chut tri ln tng bin trn, tri, phi b cc ng k ny, ch gi li bin di, xong nhn nt OK;

o o

o o

nh dng u cc trang chn:

o

di chuyn con tr n mt trang chn bt k, v lm tng t nh i vi trang l, ch khc ni dung (nhp h tn y ca tc gi).

nh dng chn trang: tip tc m ch son tho u trang v chn trang:

nh dng chn cc trang: o di chuyn thanh trt n mt trang l bt k (tr trang u), t con tr vo khung son tho chn trang,
o

chn kiu ch ng, c ch 11, canh gia,

trn thanh cng c nh dng u v chn trang, r con tr ln biu tngtrang giy c k hiu # (s xut hin nhn " Insert Page Number") v nhn nt ny, kt qu l tt c cc trang l ca hai phn Section 2 v Section 3 u c nh s trang lin tc bng s Arab, vn con tr trn dng chn trang, thc hin thao tc k bin cho on vn bn, ch khc l k bin trn on thay v di on nh u trang, di chuyn con tr qua mt trang chn bt k v lm tng t;

nh dng kiu nh s trang phn khai tp:

o o

cho con tr vo mt v tr chn trang bt k ca phn khai tp, trn thanh cng c nh dng, r con tr ln biu tng trang giy c hnh bn tay v k hiu # (s xut hin nhn " Format Page Number") v nhn nt ny, hp thoi Page Number Format hin ra, trong mc Number format, chn kiu s i, ii, iii, ..., trong mc Page numbering, chn Start at v sa con s bn cnh thnh i; xong nhn nt OK;

o o o

(kt qu: tt c cc trang khai tp c nh s th t bng kiu s La M, ch thng, bt u t i);

nh dng kiu nh s trang phn bi chnh v ph nh: o cho con tr vo v tr chn trang ca trang u phn bi chnh,
o o o o

m hp thoi Page Number Format nh trn, trong mc Number format, chn kiu s - 1 -, - 2 -, - 3 -, ..., trong mc Page numbering, chn Start at v cho bt u t 1; xong nhn nt OK;

(kt qu: tt c cc trang sau phn khai tp c nh s th t bng kiu s Arab, ch thng, bt u t 1). Lu : nu mt s trang trong phn bi chnh v ph nh c p dng k thut chia phn trnh by theo chiu ngang trc khi p dng cch nh s chn trang nh trn, ti liu s c nhiu hn ba Section v c kh nng cc s trang trong mt sSection pha sau b nh sai th t. Nu c vn ny, trnh t gii quyt nh sau:

cho con tr vo v tr chn trang ca phn b nh sai s th t (khc viSection u tin sau phn khai tp);

m hp thoi Page Number Format nh trn, trong mc Page numbering, chn Continue from previous section; xong nhn nt OK; lp li trnh t nh trn cho tt c cc Section b sai s th t trang (khc viSection u tin sau phn khai tp);

(kt qu: ton b cc Section k t sau phn khai tp tr i u c nh s lin tc vi cng mt kiu s Arab). S c k thut ny thng khng xy ra nu chia Section trong bi chnh hoc ph nh sau khi p dng k thut nh dng u v chn trang nh trn.

4.6. Chn mc lc v cc danh mc

Mi lun vn khoa hc u cn c mc lc v cc danh mc kh chi tit, lit k hu ht cc chng mc, cc bng v cng vi hnh s trang ca tng yu t. Mt thi quen rt ph bin khi son tho cc mc lc v danh mc l: son hon chnh tt c cc phn khc; ly li s trang ca tng chng mc, tng bng v hnh; son ln lt cc mc lc v danh mc mt cch th cng. Cch ny va chm, va mt nhiu thi gian, li va d mc sai st, nht l khi cn iu chnh mt ni dung no dn n s thay i v s trang. Trong khi , chnh bn thn cc chng trnh x l vn bn c nhng cng c chuyn bit lm vic ny mt cch ng nht v nhanh chng, n gin. Ngi son tho ch cn nm vng cc nguyn tc v rn luyn s dng mt thi gian l c th s dng cc cng c ny mt cch hiu qu. Nguyn tc chnh lp mc lc v danh mc t ng l:

p dng cho mi yu t cn lit k trong mc lc v danh mc mt kiu nh dng ring; cc kiu nh dng ny c phn chia theo cp tng ng vi cp ca cc yu t lin quan; dng cng c t ng ca trnh x l vn bn m t cc kiu nh dng ( s dng trong vn bn) cn lit k v phn cp trong mc lc hay danh mc; cng c t ng s thng k tt c cc yu t (trong vn bn) c s dng cc kiu nh dng m t v sp xp theo cp bc thit lp trong mc lc v danh mc, nu c thay i s t cp nht.

Bc 1. Lp cc kiu nh dng ring

Da vo cc yu cu k thut nh dng cc thnh phn trong vn bn khoa hc v cc bc to mt kiu nh dng mi, ln lt to cc kiu nh dng tng ng vi cc thnh phn, t tn nh sau:

"Bn vn" (da trn kiu Normal) tng ng vi on vn bn; "Ta" (da trn kiu Title) tng ng vi Chng (khng nh s, nh cc phn: li cm n, mc lc, danh mc bng, danh mc hnh, k hiu v ch vit tt, danh mc tham kho, ph lc); "Chng" (da trn kiu Ta) tng ng vi Chng (c nh s, nh cc phn: m u, tng quan ti liu, vt liu v phng php nghin cu, kt qu, tho lun, kt lun v khuyn ngh); "Ta 1" (da trn kiu Heading 1) tng ng vi Mc; "Ta 2" (da trn kiu Heading 2) tng ng vi Tiu mc; "Ta 3" (da trn kiu Heading 3) tng ng vi ln; "Ta 4" (da trn kiu Heading 4) tng ng vi nh; "Bng" (da trn kiu Caption) tng ng vi Tn bng; "Hnh" (da trn kiu Caption) tng ng vi Tn hnh.

Thc hnh to kiu nh dng "Bn vn":

t con tr vo mt on vn bn trng; vo trnh n Format. Styles and formatting; trong danh sch hin ra, nhn nt New Style; trong Name g Bn vn (mun g du phi dng bng m Unicode trong b g) v trong Style type chn Paragraph (p dng cho c on vn bn); trong Style based on (da vo mu c sn), chn Normal; trong Style for following paragraphe , nguyn Bn vn (di bn vn s l mt bn vn k tip); nhn nt Format. Font v chn trong th Font cc thng s sau:
o o o

Latin text font: Times New Roman, Font style: Regular, Size: 13 (g trc tip vo ),

cc thng s khc nguyn, nhn nt OK;

nhn nt Format. Paragraph v chn trong th Indents and Spacing cc thng s sau:
o

mc General: chn Alignment: Justified (canh bin u) v Outline level: Bodytext (cp thn bi), mc Indentation (tht bin): chn Special: First line > By: 1,27 cm (tht bin dng u ca on vo 1,27 cm), cc thng s khc mc nh; mc Spacing (cch on): chn Before: 6 pt (cch trn on 0,21 cm) vAfter: 6 pt (cch di on 0,21 cm) v Line spacing: 1,5 lines (cch dng 1,5 dng), cc thng s khc mc nh, nhn nt OK;

nh du chn vo Add to template (thm vo b mu ca trnh x l s dng c cho tt c cc ti liu khc) v Automatically Update (t ng cp nht khi c thay i); xong nhn nt OK, trong danh sch bn phi xut hin kiu nh dng Bn vn.

Thc hnh to kiu nh dng "Ta":

m trnh n Format. Styles and formatting > New Style; trong Name g Ta v trong Style type chn Paragraph; trong Style based on, chn Title; trong Style for following paragraphe, chn Bn vn; nhn nt chn Format. Font v chn trong th Font cc thng s sau:
o o o o

Latin text font: Times New Roman, Font style: Bold, Size: 18, cc thng s khc nguyn, nhn OK;

nhn nt chn Format. Paragraph v chn trong th Indents and Spacing cc thng s sau:
o

mc General: chn Alignment: Centered (canh gia) v Outline level: Level 1 (cp mc 1), mc Indentation: mc nh (khng tht bin), mc Spacing:

o o

g trc tip c s v n v 1,5 cm vo Before (v l trn cch mp giy 3,5 cm, tng cng 5 cm), lm tng t cho After: 0,21 cm (hoc 6 pt), chn Line spacing: Single (cch dng n), cc thng s khc mc nh,

cc th khc mc nh, nht nt OK;

nh du chn vo Add to template v Automatically Update; xong nhn nt OK, trong danh sch bn phi xut hin kiu nh dng Ta.

Thc hnh tng t ln lt t Chng, Ta 1 n Ta 4, lu nhng thay i sau:

cc thng s k thut m t cho Mc, Tiu mc, ln, nh; kiu mu da vo: Chng - Ta, Ta 1 - Heading 1, Ta 2 - Heading 2, Ta 3 -Heading 3, Ta 4 - Heading 4; cp mc: Chng - Level 1 (cp 1), Ta 1 - Level 2 (cp 2), Ta 2 - Level 3(cp 3), Ta 3 - Level 4 (cp 4), Ta 4 - Level 5 (cp 5); canh bin: ton b cc ta canh bin tri (Alignment: Left), Ta 1 v Ta 2 st bin vn bn, Ta 3 tht bin (Indentation. Before text: ) 0,63 cm v Ta 4 tht bin 1,27 cm.

Thc hnh to kiu nh dng "Bng":

m trnh n Format. Styles and formatting > New Style; trong Name g Bng v trong Style type chn Paragraph; trong Style based on, chn Caption; trong Style for following paragraphe, chn Body text (v sau tn bng l mt bng, khng nn chn kiu Bn vn c tht bin dng u, trnh by d liu khng p mt); nhn nt chn Format. Font v chn trong th Font cc thng s sau:
o o o o

Latin text font: Times New Roman, Font style: Bold, Size: 12, cc thng s khc nguyn, nhn OK;

nhn nt chn Format. Paragraph v chn trong th Indents and Spacing cc thng s sau:
o

mc General: chn Alignment: Centered (canh gia) v Outline level: Body text (khng phn cp theo mc), mc Indentation: mc nh (khng tht bin), mc Spacing: chn c Before: v After: 0,21 cm (hoc 6 pt), chn Line spacing: Single (cch dng n), cc thng s khc mc nh, cc th khc mc nh, nht nt OK;

o o o o o

nh du chn vo Add to template v Automatically Update; xong nhn nt OK, trong danh sch bn phi xut hin kiu nh dng Bng.

Thc hnh tng t to kiu nh dng "Hnh", ch khc tn gi v kiu nh dng theo sau: Bn vn thay v Body text (v tn hnh nm di hnh, nn sau tn hnh l mt on vn bn chun). Chn mc lc v cc danh mc Bc 2. p dng cc kiu nh dng cho cc thnh phn trong vn bn Sau khi c mt b kiu nh dng p ng cc yu cu trnh by vn bn khoa hc, cn p dng cc kiu nh dng ny cho cc thnh phn tng ng trong vn bn. Vi cc tn bng v hnh, c th s dng cng c t ng nh s v lp danh mc, nhng i hi lm ch nhiu tnh nng chuyn su ca trnh x l vn bn nn s khng cp y. Do , s th t ca bng v hnh, xt ra cng khng qu nhiu trong vn bn, s c nh s th t th cng v ngi son tho s nhp trc tip vo dng tn bng/hnh. Trong v d trn, ch cn p dng kiu Bng cho tn bng v kiu Hnh cho tn hnh l . Vi ta ca cc phn tng ng chng nhng khng c nh s th t (li cm n, mc lc, danh mc bng, danh mc hnh, k hiu v ch vit tt, danh mc tham kho, ph lc): ch cn p dng kiu nh dng tng ng (kiu Ta trong v d trn) l . Vi ta ca cc chng cn nh s (m u, tng quan, vt liu v phng php, kt qu, tho lun, kt lun): trong v d trn, p dng kiu Chng sau ny thit lp cch nh s th t. Nu xt thy hai phn m u v kt lun khng cn nh s th t th p dng kiu nh dng Ta.

Vi cc mc trong mi chng: ln lt p dng cc kiu tng ng cho mi cp mc (trong v d trn l Ta 1 cho Mc, Ta 2 cho Tiu mc, Ta 3 cho ln, Ta 4 cho nh). Vi cc on ni dung trong thn bi (tr cc bng, hnh v cng thc ton hc): trong v d trn, p dng kiu Bn vn. Bc 3. nh s th t mc cho cc thnh phn trong vn bn Tip tc v d trn, cc chng mc cn nh s th t ch gii hn t phn m u n phn kt lun (v khuyn ngh), vi cc kiu nh dng phn cp gim dn theo th t nh sau: Chng, Ta 1, Ta 2, Ta 3, Ta 4. Theo v d trn, ch nhp phn ni dung ca ta chng mc m khng nhp phn s th t mt cch th cng. Phn nh s th t t ng (k c cc chui "Chng 1.", "Chng 2.",...) c hai dng thit lp chnh:

Chng: t ng chn chui "Chng " theo sau l s th t chng t 1 (m u) n 5 (kt lun) v kt thc bng "du chm, khong trng"; t Mc n nh: t ng chn s th th theo kiu ma trn, c km trc bng s th t ca cp mc lin trn, v d:
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Chng 1. M u Chng 2. Tng quan ti liu

2.1. Lch s nghin cu vn 2.2. Cc vn cha sng t

Chng 3. Vt liu v phng php nghin cu

3.1. a im nghin cu 3.2. Vt liu nghin cu 3.3. Phng php nghin cu [...]

[...]

S cp mc theo v d ny l nm (t Chng n nh), chui s th t di nht l nm s. Nu xt thy cn to thm cp mi nh hn th p dng tng t, nhng tt nht l khng nn chia qu nh nh vy! bt u nh s t ng cho cc chng mc, lm nh sau:

t con tr vo mt v tr trng, tt nht l mt hng trng cui vn bn ( trnh p dng nhm cc kiu nh dng trong qu trnh thao tc);

vo trnh n Format. Bullets and Numbering (nh dng kiu nh s); chn th Outline Numbered (nh s chng mc); chn kiu nh s ph hp (s th t theo ma trn km trc cc Heading); nhn nt Customize (thay i chi tit so vi cc thit lp mc nh ca phn mm).

Ti y, bt u thit lp cho cp mc th nht (tc cp Chng - kiu nh dngChng):

trong hp thoi Customize Outline Numbered List, nhn ln s 1 trong ct Level; xo ht thng tin trong Number format, nhp vo chui "Chng" v mt khong trng ( chn chui "Chng " vo trc ta tt c cc chng c nh s); trong Number style, chn kiu 1, 2, 3, ... ( in s th t ca tng chng sau chui "Chng "); lc ny trong Number format xut hin s th t c nn xm (tc s thay i cc th t chng khc nhau) cho con tr vo li Number format, sao cho ng ring nhp nhy v tr cui cng sau s th t; g tip du chm ( chn du chm vo sau tt c cc s th t chng); Start at mc nh t 1 (th t bt u mi cp mc con l 1); nhn nt More bn tay phi, di nt Cancel ( m rng cc tu chn); xung Link level to style, chn Chng ( p dng kiu nh s ny cho cc yu t c nh dng bng kiu Chng); ln Number position chn Left > Align at: 0 cm v Text position chn Indent at: 0 cm (nhm khng lm thay i v tr s so vi thit lp ca kiu nh dng p dng trc); trong Follow number with, chn Space ( chn mt khong trng gia s th t chng v ta ca chng); cc thng s khc mc nh.

Kt qu 1: cc thao tc cho ti y cho php chn vo trc tt c cc ta Chng ( nh dng bng kiu Chng) mt chui "Chng #. ", trong # l s th t thay i theo v tr trc sau ca cc chng loi ny, v cc phn cn li (chui "Chng", du chm v khong trng) ging nhau tt c cc chng.

Bc tip theo, cha nhn nt OK m tip tc thit lp cho cp mc th hai (cp Mc - kiu nh dng Ta 1):

chn ct Level. 2; vi cp mc ny hi khc mt cht: sau xo ht ni dung c trong Number format, nhn ln nt Level 1 trong Previous number level ( chn s th t t ng ca cp mc lin trn, tc Chng, cho cp mc ang x l); s th t Level 1 s c in vo Number format; tip theo, g vo mt du chm sau s th t Level 1 ( ngn cch s th tca hai cp mc lin nhau); trong Number style, chn kiu 1, 2, 3, ... ( in s th t ca tng Mc trong mi Chng); lc ny s th t ca Level 2 c in vo Number format: g tip du chm vo sau s th t ca Level 2; Start at vn mc nh t 1 chn Link to level style: Ta 1 ( p dng kiu nh s ny cho cc yu t c nh dng bng kiu Ta 1) v Follow number with: Space; ln Number position:
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chn Left (s th t c canh bin tri) Align at: 0 cm (v tr ca s th t st bin vn bn);

trong Text position chn Indent at: 1 cm (nu ta di qu mt dng, dng bn di s tht vo so vi bin vn bn 1cm, phn ta khng chn vo phn s th t); thng s mc nh trong cc cc Restart numbering after: Level 1 (bt u vng s th t mi t cp mc lin trn l Level 1 - Chng) v Apply changes to: Whole list (p dng cc thay i cho ton b cc mc c nh s th t trong ti liu).

Kt qu 2: cc thao tc t sau kt qu 1 cho ti y cho php chn vo trc tt c cc ta Mc ( nh dng bng kiu Ta 1) mt chui s th t theo kiu ma trn, th hin c mc l mc th my trong chng th my. Bc tip theo, vn cha nhn nt OK m tip tc thit lp cho cp mc cn li (t Level 3 - Ta 2 n Level 5 - Ta 4):

khi chn ln lt cc Level 3 cho n Level 5, cc cch in s th t trc c "t ng ho"; cc thay i cho tng cp mc l nh sau:

Level 3 - Ta 2: Link to level style: Ta 2, Follow number with: Space,Align at: 0 cm, Indent at: 1,27 cm, Restart numbering after: Level 2; Level 4 - Ta 3: Link to level style: Ta 3, Follow number with: Space,Align at: 0,63 cm, Indent at: 2,24 cm, Restart numbering after: Level 3; Level 5 - Ta 4: Link to level style: Ta 4, Follow number with: Space,Align at: 1,27 cm, Indent at: 3,24 cm, Restart numbering after: Level 4;

cc /mc khc cng vi mt s thay i k trn c "t ng ho" t cc thit lp lin trc, ch cn kim tra xem c chnh xc tng ng vi mi cp mc hay khng.

n lc ny, vic nh s th t t ng cho tt c cc mc cn nh s (t chng m u n chng kt lun) trong vn bn u thit lp xong. Nhn ntOK v tr v vn bn chnh xem xt kt qu. Nu c s sai s th t th c hai kh nng:

lm khng ng quy trnh k trn (hoc c sai st mt im no ): cn xo ht cc thit lp cho tng Level lm li t u; p dng kiu nh dng cha ng cho yu t trong vn bn: ch cn p dng li kiu nh dng ph hp th s th t s c t ng iu chnh v t ng cp nht.

Chn mc lc v cc danh mc Bc 4. To v tr ring cho mc lc v cc danh mc Sau khi phn bit trang ba vi cc trang ni dung, nh dng u trang v chn trang, nh s trang y , p dng cc kiu nh dng v nh s t ng thnh cng cho tt c cc thnh phn tng ng trong vn bn, mi n lc chun b cho phn mc lc v cc danh mc phn khai tp (khi lm ch c k thut ny th thc hin vic g trc vic g sau cng khng cn l vn !). Trc tin, cn dnh mt trang trng cho mi thnh phn trong khai tp: mt trang cho Li cm n, mt trang cho Mc lc, mt trang cho Danh mc bng, mt trang cho Danh mc hnh, Mt trang cho Danh mc k hiu v ch vit tt. Gi nh rng trong ti liu son sn cha c ch dnh sn cho cc thnh phn ny, cch lm nh sau:

cho con tr v v tr u tin sau trang ba; nhp ln lt ta ca cc thnh phn k trn (vn bn th) bng ch in hoa (theo ng quy nh cho chng v thnh phn tng ng), kt thc mi thnh phn bng cch nhn phm Enter; cho con tr vo trc yu t th hai (trong v d trn l Mc lc);

vo trnh n Insert. Break, chn Break type. Page break (ngt trang bnh thng), hoc dng t hp phm Ctrl + Enter cng c tc dng tng ng; yu t th nht (Li cm n) c gi li, v t yu t th hai (Mc lc) tr i c chuyn qua bt u mt trang mi; p dng tng t cho n khi a c phn bi chnh qua c trang mi, v mi thnh phn trong khai tp u c mt trang ring; sau , quay li p dng kiu nh dng Ta (tng ng vi kiu Chngnhng khng c nh s) cho tt c cc thnh phn ny (hai phn Danh mc tham kho v Ph lc cng p dng tng t t sau chng Kt lun v khuyn ngh).

Bc 5. Chn Danh mc bng Theo v d trn, cc iu kin lp c Danh mc bng t ng l:

phn ny c mt trang ring nh lm trn; ta c nh dng theo kiu Ta; cc tn hnh trong bi c nh dng theo kiu Hnh (trong v d trn); cc tn hnh c nh s th t (th cng) chnh xc theo chng mc tng ng.

Cc bc thc hin l:

to mt dng trng sau ta "Danh mc bng" bng cch nhn phm Enter (nu c sn th t con tr vo dng trng ); vo trnh n Insert. Reference (chn cc thng tin tham chiu), chn Index and Tables (cc ch mc, mc lc v danh mc); chn th Table of Figures (danh mc cc hnh); nguyn cc gi tr mc nh t ng chn trong cc Show page numbers (hin th s trang), Right align page number (s trang canh bin thng hng bn phi), Use hyperlink instead of page numbers (c siu lin kt n trang tng ng); trong Tab leader, c th la chn cc ng k tu thch; trong Formats c th chn cc mu trnh by danh mc khc nhau, sao cho ph hp vi ton b ti liu; nhn nt Options, mt hp thoi mi hin ra; trong Build table of figures from (to danh mc t cc thnh phn khc), chn Style: Bng ( to danh mc t cc yu t c nh dng theo kiuBng);

nhn nt OK, v li hp thoi ban u, nhn nt OK ln na, Danh mc bng s c in vo theo cc thng s la chn.

Bc 6. Chn Danh mc hnh chn Danh mc hnh, iu kin v cch lm cng tng t nh vi Danh mc bng. im khc bit l kiu nh dng c s dng y l kiu Hnh. Lu :

trnh x l vn bn ch c mt kiu Table of Figures p dng cho c hai loi danh mc bng v hnh; khi c mt danh mc u tin c to ra theo kiu ny, ln p dng tng t cho danh mc th hai:
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danh mc trc s c bi chn, chng trnh s hi: "Do you want to replace the selected table of figures?" ("Bn c mun thay th danh mc chn hay khng? ");

nu chn Yes ("ng !"), danh mc va thit lp xong s c chp ln danh mc to ra trc ; nu chn Cancel ("Hu lnh") th s v li trang vn bn m khng c g thay i: khng mt danh mc c, cng khng c danh mc mi; cch tt nht l chn No ("Khng ng !"), chng trnh s khng chp ln danh mc c, m to ra danh mc mi theo ng cc thit lp chn.

Khi lm nh trn, cho d c iu chnh g v ni dung trong ta ca cc bng v hnh, hoc thm/bt tn bng/hnh, hoc thay i s trang ca tn bng/hnh,... ni chung l i vi mi thay i bn trong ni dung vn bn sau thi im chn cc danh mc (cng nh mc lc sau ny), vic cp nht vn rt n gin bng vi ng tc:

nhn chut phi ln danh mc/mc lc; chn Update Field (cp nht cc trng thng tin); trong hp thoi hin ra, chn Update entire table (cp nht ton b danh mc/mc lc) v nhn nt OK.

Bc 7. Chn Mc lc Nu cha hon ton lm ch c k thut nh dng t ng, cch tt nht l chn mc lc sau cng, sau khi hon tt ht cc phn khc trong ti liu.

Tip tc gi nh nh trn, n lc ny ti liu c cc phn, c p cc kiu nh dng ph hp v nh s th t y , cc danh mc bng v hnh chn vo xong, vic cui cng l chn mc lc. Cch lm nh sau:

to mt dng trng sau ta "Mc lc" bng cch nhn phm Enter (nu c sn th t con tr vo dng trng ); vo trnh n Insert. Reference > Index and Tables; chn th Table of Contents (mc lc ni dung); nguyn cc gi tr mc nh t ng chn trong cc Show page numbers (hin th s trang), Right align page number (s trang canh bin thng hng bn phi), Use hyperlink instead of page numbers (c siu lin kt n trang tng ng); trong Tab leader, c th la chn cc ng k tu thch; trong Formats c th chn cc mu trnh by danh mc khc nhau, sao cho ph hp vi ton b ti liu; trong Show levels, chn s cp mc cn hin th trong mc lc: mc nh l ba cp, c th chn nhiu hn nhng lu l mc lc u trang qu chi tit i khi lm ngi c kh thy r dn bi chnh; vi s cp chn, nhn nt Options; trong ct TOC level (cc cp hin th trong mc lc), xo cc thng s cho cc kiu nh dng chun ca trnh x l vn bn ( Title, Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3, Heading 4); sa cp hin th trong mc lc ca cc kiu nh dng ring lp: Chng TOC level 1, Ta - TOC level 1, Ta 1 - TOC level 2, Ta 2 - TOC level 3 (nu chn nhiu cp hn th: Ta 3 - TOC level 4, Ta 4 - TOC level 5); khng nn thay i g cc khc; nhn nt OK, v li hp thoi ban u, nhn nt OK ln na, Mc lc s c in vo theo cc thng s la chn.

Chng 5. Thit k bi thuyt trnh khoa hc 5.1. M u

Thuyt trnh l mt trong nhng phng thc hiu qu gip truyn t thng tin mt cch thuyt phc n mt nhm i tng nghe nht nh. Tu mi lnh vc v nhm i tng nghe m c nhng phng php chun b, thit k v thuyt trnh khc nhau. Trong nh trng v cc n v nghin cu, vi cc mc tiu c th c nh hng gio dc v khoa hc, vic thit k v thc hin mt bi thuyt trnh rt cn c nhng lu ring.

Kh nng ni v thuyt trnh trc m ng i hi mt qu trnh rn luyn lu di, c v tm l ln kh nng kim sot ngn ng. C mt iu hi ng tic l trong rt nhiu nm, nn gio dc Vit Nam cha khuyn khch mt cch i tr trong ton h thng cc phng php v hnh thc dy hc gip hc sinh rn luyn v pht trin kh nng thuyt trnh v i thoi trc m ng, dn n vic thi quen hc thuc lng - nh c li tr thnh ph bin trong i b phn hc sinh. May mn l nhng nm gn y c nhng du hiu chuyn bin tch cc, hc sinh - sinh vin c khuyn khch pht biu - i thoi nhiu hn trong lp hc, cc hnh thc dy hc c t chc thuyt trnh c khuyn khch, thm ch bt buc, ngy cng nhiu hn, c bit l cc trng i hc. Tuy nhin, cho ti nay, mt phn khng nh cc bi thuyt trnh khoa hc - gio dc trong nh trng vn cn mang m tnh k thut nhiu hn l phng php. C ngha l, nhiu tnh nng (hnh nh, mu sc, hiu ng trnh din, t l trnh by cc thnh phn,...) ca cc cng c thit k bi thuyt trnh (Microsoft PowerPoint, OpenOffice Impress,...) b khai thc mt cch khng c chn lc, khng ph hp vi c th v mc ch khoa hc v gio dc. Bn cnh , cn c vn v phng php xy dng ni dung cho bi thuyt trnh sao cho cht ch, c tnh thuyt phc cao, v cch thc thuyt trnh, m khng t ngi ch lm mt vic cc k n gin v... nhm chn (!): chiu bn phim (slide/diapositive), quay lng li c to v... c. Phn cui cng ca gio trnh ny s trnh by mt s nguyn tc c bn nht, mong em li i iu "c ngi mi ta" v mt phng php thuyt trnh trong khoa hc v gio dc.

5.2. Qu trnh chun b

c mt bi thuyt trnh khoa hc tt, tri vi cch lm n gin l sao chp li nhng g c trong bi vit, ngi thuyt trnh cn phi:

chun b tinh thn; chun b thng ip; v chun b phng tin cho bui thuyt trnh ca mnh.

Chun b tinh thn l vic u tin ngi thuyt trnh cn lm trc khi trnh by mt vn khoa hc, nhm to ra s t tin, loi b nhng cm gic s st, lo lng trc bui thuyt trnh. C ba cch chnh chun b tinh thn, c tc dng b sung ln nhau:

lm ch ni dung trnh by, khng st nhng yu t mp m: ngi nghe thng d dng pht hin ra im yu ca ngi ni nu vn c cp mt cch ln xn, hay khi nhng ni dung ct li b kho lp, b qua; t tin vo bn thn, v ngi thuyt trnh phi l ngi hiu r vn c trnh by hn so vi ngi nghe; d kin nhng cu hi m c to c th t ra sau phn trnh by ca mnh.

V mt tm l, ni chung ngay c cc gio s gii hay chuyn gia din thuyt i khi cng khng th loi b ht cm gic lo lng trc mt bui thuyt trnh no , nn i vi sinh vin chuyn thiu t tin trc bui thuyt trnh khoa hc cng l bnh thng. Ch cn c gng lm c tt ba bc chun b nh trn l gp phn quan trng dn n thnh cng. Chun b thng ip l vic quan trng quyt nh s cht ch v tnh thuyt phc ca bi thuyt trnh. Thng thng, bi thuyt trnh khoa hc c thit k da trn mt bi vit c sn. iu ny va c im thun tin, li va c im bt tin:

thun tin l mi ni dung chi tit v c h thng sn c trong bi vit; bt tin l chnh iu c xu hng dn ngi thuyt trnh n ch trnh by li qu nhiu cc chi tit ca bi vit, i khi khng cn thit n lm kho lp c ni dung trng tm; v thng thng cc yu t minh ho trong bi vit c a nguyn vn vo mt bi thuyt trnh s khng ph hp v mt th gic.

hn ch cc im bt tin nh trn, cn dnh s lu tm thch ng cho vic chun b thng ip ca bui thuyt trnh, vi cc cng vic nh sau:

lp mt dn chnh xc cho thng ip cn truyn i qua bi thuyt trnh; ch nhn mnh cc im ct li v cc quan trng nht trong thng ip; sp xp thm nhng ph quanh cc chnh ny, sao cho c c mt trnh t lp lun cht ch, d khng nht thit phi hon ton y ,
o

trong thc t ngi thuyt trnh khng nn trnh by ht nhng g mnh bit, m nn dnh mt s vn nh, ph cho c to hi v trao i;

dng cc phiu ghi ch ghi li nhng chnh v ph ny sao cho d dng c c khi lt mt qua,
o

ch nn dng mt phiu cho mi nhm tng/ni dung v sp xp theo th t trnh by;

trc bui thuyt trnh chnh thc, nn luyn tp nh tht vi ngi thn, bn b, ng nghip, nhm rt trc mt s kinh nghim, khc phc trc mt s li m t thn khng nhn thy c.

Chun b phng tin thuyt trnh l bc chun b sau cng cho mt bi thuyt trnh tt, nhng ngc li rt thng xuyn c nhiu ngi a ln thnh vic u tin trong qu trnh chun b. Cch lm ngc ny l mt kiu l thuc vo phng tin v cng ngh. Nu khng c mt thng ip tt v mt tinh thn chun b sn sng th mt bi trnh chiu p n my cng khng th dn n thnh cng ng ngha cho bui thuyt trnh. Ngc li, khi chun b tt thng ip cng nh v mt tinh thn, ngi thuyt trnh c th t c thnh cng vi nhiu loi phng tin trnh din khc nhau.

Cc phim trong (transparent) c th c xem l phng tin chun b d dng, nhanh chng v t tn km nht, song vn cn chun b cn thn, nht l trnh vic ch photocopy mt cch n gin cc bng biu v hnh nh trong bi vit. o Vi cc hnh nh hay bng biu, ch nn gi li cc thng tin ct linht, hoc phn tch ra nhiu phn.
o

C ch khng c qu nh, t nht l 14 pt; mi bn phim nn c chiu trn trong mn hnh, ni dung khng nn dn st cc bin. Vi cc bn phim cn trnh by mt tng bng ch vit, khng nn son qu 12 dng; nn sp xp cc bn phim theo th t trnh by, c nh s; v ngay c cc bn phim cn s dng nhiu ln th cng nn sao ra nhiu bn xp theo th t, khng quay li tm bn phim dng.

Mt s bi thuyt trnh c th s dng cc hnh kch thc ln. Ni chung, loi hnh ny (bn , biu , nh...) thng c tc dng thng tin mc c th nhiu hn l tp th (trc m ng). Trong trng hp nht thit phi dng chng cho bi thuyt trnh, cn t bn v tr d quan st c th gii thch nhng nt i th trn bn , v vi mt s phn quan trng cn gii thch chi tit, nn chp trch li phng ln bng phng tin trnh by chnh ca bui thuyt trnh. Bi trnh chiu in t (electronic presentation/prsentation lectronique) l cng c c s dng ngy cng ph bin cho cc bui thuyt trnh, c bit l vi s pht trin su v rng ca cc ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo mi lnh vc i sng. Khi thit k bi trnh chiu vi mc ch khoa hc - gio dc, cn c nhng lu nh sau:
o

bn phim (slide/diapositive) phi d c i vi ton b c to, hoc t nht l i vi nhng ngi nghe quan trng; khng dng cc yu t ph ho lm phn tn s ch ca c to (nh cc yu t ng; cc hnh nh, biu tng vui,...); s dng cng c thit k ph hp vi cng c thuyt trnh s s dng, nhm trnh nhng s c khng tng thch v phn mm, thi gian hin th, mu sc,...; kim sot c din tin bui thuyt trnh, c th dng li, tip tc hoc quay lui mt cch nhp nhng bt c thi im no, sau bt c cu hi no c t ra; nh v nhanh chng bt c im no trong cc bn phim lin quan n mi cu hi t ra.

Lm quen trc vi a im v cng c thuyt trnh cng l mt bc chun b quan trng, c th m bo mi tng thit k c th thc hin c mt cch tri chy, thun li.

5.3. Nguyn tc thit k

Sau khi chun b c thng ip vi cc tng chnh cn trnh by, thit k l cch bin nhng tng thnh hin thc. Cn nhc li mt lu c bn khi thit k bi thuyt trnh khoa hc l: ch bt tay vo thit k sau khi c mt thng ip c chun b tng i cht ch. Khi bt u thit k, li cn nh thm mt nguyn tc: khng s dng mt yu t k thut v c tnh k thut ca n, m s dng cc yu t k thut tu theo mc ch cn t c. Vic cc c tnh k thut trnh chiu b s dng sai mc ch s lm gim hiu qu truyn t thng ip chnh ca bi thuyt trnh, c bit l khi ngi thit k khng kim sot c mc khai thc cc yu t ng trong bn phim. Mt c gio dy ph thng k rng trong trng ca c c phong tro thit k "gio n in t" bng PowerPoint, v bi ca c b t b mn nh gi "Trung bnh", v khng lm nhc nn to s hng th cho hc sinh ( sic!). Khi em cc "gio n in t" c nhc nn ra dy th, hc sinh rt hng th v chm ch... nghe nhc m khng quan tm g n ni dung bi ging (?!). Nhng nguyn tc vng ca mt bi thuyt trnh khoa hc l:

sng sa; mch lc; d c; n gin; ph hp vi c to.

thit k c bi thuyt trnh p ng c cc nguyn tc trn, ngoi mt thng ip tt cn cn phi lm ch c cc quy trnh v k thut sau: s dng mu thit k; s dng mu sc; s dng phng ch; trnh by ch vit; s dng hnh nh; s dng cc bng v hnh; s dng cc s ; s dng cc kiu chuyn bn phim (transition); s dng cc hiu ng ng (animation). S dng mu thit k Thng phn mm thit k trnh chiu c nhiu b mu thit k khc nhau v phng nn v cch sp t cch thnh phn trong bn phim. Nhng ngi dng chuyn su c th t to cho mnh nhng b mu thit k ring, tu theo tng mc ch thuyt trnh. Khi s dng cc mu thit k cn quan tm n mt s vn sau:

ch dng mt mu duy nht cho mt bi thuyt trnh; mu s dng phi ph hp vi ni dung trnh by, hoc c th u tin cho mt mu "trung tnh"; lu mt s li thit k c th c trong cc b mu c gii thiu; hn ch thay i phng nn bn phim; thng khng c cc thnh phn gy phn tn s ch ca c to.

S dng mu sc u tin s dng cc nn c mu ng nht hn l nn c mu phn tn hoc c nhiu thnh phn khc chn vo (hnh nh, biu tng,...). Mu ch v mu nn cn c tng phn tt c th c r ch vit v thy r hnh nh. D kin trc mt s khc bit nh (thm ch nhiu nu thit b chiu khng tt) v mu sc trn bn thit k so vi thc t qua my chiu. Thng thng mu trn my chiu nht hn so vi bn thit k. S dng phng ch S dng b phng ch ting Vit Unicode theo Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6909:2001. Nn dng cc kiu ch c in tiu chun, vi cc k t c tch ri r rng vi nhau (Arial, Courrier, Tahoma, Times New Roman, Verdana,...).

Nn dng ch yu cc kiu ch khng chn ( sans serif) nh Arial, Tahoma, Verdana cho cc bi trnh chiu, v kiu ch c chn ( serif) d b mt nt khi phng ln, rt kh c. Ring vi cc on ch vit tng i di, nn dng kiu ch c chn (nh Times New Roman).

Hnh ch (ng, m, nghing, gch chn,...) v loi ch (in thng, in hoa) nn dng c cn nhc:

ch in m: dng cho cc cn nhn mnh, nhng khng in m qu nhiu; ch in nghing: dng cho cc on trch dn nguyn vn v cc v d; CH IN HOA: trnh vit in hoa ton b cu, ch vit in hoa ch ci u m tit theo ng quy nh bnh thng; ch gch chn: hn ch, ni chung l khng nn dng.

Trnh by ch vit C ch s dng trong bi trnh chiu phi tng ng t bn phim ny qua bn phim khc, trnh thay i kch c mt cch tu , c bit l cc phn ta ca mi bn phim hay mi mc ni dung.

Ta ca bn phim: c ch khong 38-44 pt. Ta ca mi mc v ch vit: c ch khong 24-32 pt. Khng nn dng c ch qu nh cho thng tin chnh (bi thuyt trnh), v c to s khng nhn thy c t xa, ng thi lm mt cn i bn phim; cng khng s dng c ch qu to cho cc thng tin ph (u v chn bn phim) v lm phn tn s ch ca c to. Tn cc tc gi c trch dn c th thu nh hn c ch ang dng trong cng . Tuyt i khng ct ngang on vn bn t bn phim trc tip tc trnh by trong bn phim sau.

V tr trnh by ca ch vit cn c nhng lu sau:

t ta ngn gn, c o; s dng bnh qun su dng vn bn trong mi bn phim; ni dung mi dng cn c ng nhng c bn nht ca cn trnh by, khng nht thit phi vit cu hon chnh v ng php m c th rt gn thnh mt ng hay t hp ng danh/ng t, v do cng nn trnh ng tc chpdn nguyn vn bn vn t bi vit qua bi thuyt trnh; s dng du chm trn (thng dng cho danh sch lit k) u mi dng d phn bit; khng dng du chm cu mi cui dng; nn gi ng cch dn trang lp sn trong cc b mu thit k; canh bin ch vit t tri qua phi; sp xp cc vi mt khong cch rng v thong; khng ch vit ln st ra cc bin trn, di, tri, phi ca bn phim; hn ch trnh by ch theo chiu ng, ch s dng khi thc s cn thit.

Nguyn tc thit k S dng hnh nh Hnh nh l nhng yu t thng tin c gi tr minh ho cao khi s dng ng cch v ng ch trong bi thuyt trnh. Theo cc nghin cu v khoa hc th gic, khi chiu mt bn phim, vng vn bn thng c ch trc vng hnh nh. c l mt phn x t nhin, khin cho khi ch vit xut hin cng vi cc yu t khc th xu hng ca "ngi xem" lun l c phn ch vit ri mi xem cc yu t hnh nh. Do :

ch a hnh nh vo bi khi cn thit;

ch a hnh nh c ngha minh ho hoc lm r hn tng ang trnh by; nhng hnh nh cn lp li trong c bi nn c trnh by trong nn bn phim; trnh a bt c hnh nh g vo bt c ch no trong bi thuyt trnh, hoc ch a hnh nh vi mc ch lm vui mt; c gng chn lc ch mt hnh nh minh ho cho mt ; cn thn vi phn gii ca hnh nh: phn gii qu thp phng ln ln s b v nt;

S dng cc bng v biu Vi cc bng biu v biu v t mt chng trnh my tnh, ngi thuyt trnh c hai la chn: chp t bi vit vo trong bi trnh chiu; hoc son mi trong trnh thit k. Cn lu :

t ta ngn gn, r rng, ng quy cch; phn bit r rng cc ct ca bng v cc trc ca biu ; nh dng cc yu t trong bng/biu sao cho c c r; thay i mu sc hoc hnh ch to s ch cho nhng im c bit; u tin son mi trong trnh thit k; khi chp t cc phn mm khc qua, cn kim tra li tnh chnh xc ca d liu v cc cch trnh by (kch thc, ng k, c ch,...).

S dng cc s Vi cc s , cc im cn lu cng tng t nh i vi bng v biu :

t ta ngn gn, r rng, ng quy cch; nh dng cc yu t trong s sao cho c c r; thay i mu sc hoc hnh ch to s ch cho nhng im c bit; cho xut hin ln lt tng thnh phn ca s (s dng hiu ng ng) ngi nghe d hiu; s dng cc cng c v ( Draw/Dessin) ca trnh thit k v cc yu t dng hnh hc v chn khung ch vit.

S dng cc cch chuyn bn phim Cch chuyn bn phim l hiu ng ng mc bn phim, tc cch thc ng mt bn phim v m bn phim tip theo theo cc chiu hng, tc v kiu chuyn ng khc

nhau, nh cun t gc phi qua gc tri, m rng t trung tm ra ngoi vi, t m, khp/m bng cc khe ti dc/ngang,... Trong mt bi thuyt trnh khoa hc, v tnh cht nghim tc, chnh xc v n gin, thng thng nn hn ch p dng cc cch chuyn bn phim cu k, phc tp. Cch thun tin nht l khng dng. Cnnu dng k thut ny, nn lu :

ch nn chn t mt n ba kiu chuyn s dng ng nht cho cc cp bn phim (v d: mt kiu chuyn sang bn phim mi trong cng mc, mt kiu chuyn sang bn phim thuc mc mi, mt kiu chuyn sang bn phim thuc phn mi); cc kiu chuyn nn n gin v nhanh, trnh cc cch rm r, ko di, chm hay lm ri mt; kim tra kiu chuyn ch chiu ch khng ch ch xem th ( preview).

S dng cc hiu ng ng Hiu ng ng l cc cch thc lm mt hay nhiu thnh phn ca bn phim xut hin trn mn hnh, theo cc chiu hng, tc v kiu chuyn ng khc nhau (nh cch chuyn bn phim, nhng c nhiu kiu hiu ng hn). Hiu ng ng ch p dng cho cc thnh phn ca tng bn phim. Cng tng t nh vi cch chuyn bn phim, khi s dng hiu ng ng trong bi thuyt trnh khoa hc cn lu :

s dng iu cc hiu ng ng; chn cc hiu ng n gin, nhanh, khng lm ri mt ngi quan st; tu trng hp m thit k cho hiu ng hot ng sau mi ln nhp chut hay t ng sau mt khong thi gian; kim tra hiu ng ch chiu.

5.4. Mt s tnh nng thit k c bn

S dng phn mm thit k trnh chiu khng phi l mc ch ca gio trnh ny. y ch gii thiu mt s tnh nng c bn nht c th khai thc nhm mc ch thit k bi thuyt trnh khoa hc. theo hc phn ny d dng, ngi hc cn bit s dng mc cn bn mt phn mm thit k trnh chiu. Cc hng dn sau y l dnh cho phn mm Microsoft PowerPoint XP, bn ting Anh, chy di h iu hnh Windows XP. Nhn ln siu lin kt xem hnh minh ho. To hnh nn Hnh nn l mt yu t c th to ra n tng lu di cho ngi nghe, nu s dng ng cch trong thit k. Thng hnh nn l mt hnh nh c lin quan cht ch n

ni dung trng tm hoc ch ca bi thuyt trnh. Hnh nn nn c ng u v mu sc khng nh hng n r nt ca cc thnh phn ni dung khi thuyt trnh. Nn cn nhc v mu sc gia ch vit v cc thnh phn khc i vi hnh nn sao cho ph hp. Cc bc to hnh nn nh sau:

vo trnh n View. Master, chn Slide Master (qun l bn phim), nn bn phim s c hin ra cng vi cc thng s nh dng cc thnh phn; khng thay i g cc thng s , vo trnh n Insert. Picture, chn From File(chn hnh nh t th mc c nhn); chn ng dn v th mc lu hnh nh cn ly lm nn, chn ng tn tp tin v nhn nt Insert (chn hnh vo bn phim mu); thay i kch thc hnh nh bng cch dng chut nhn v ko cc bin, hoc di chuyn hnh nh n ng v tr cn xut hin trong mi bn phim; thng hnh nn c nh dng m lm ni bt ni dung, do nhn chut phi ln hnh v chn Format Picture (nh dng hnh); chn th Picture, mc Color, chn Washout (ch bng); xong nhn nt OK v chn Close Master View ng ca s qun l bn phim li; tt c cc bn phim s u c chn hnh nn nh thit lp, nu cha va th c th vo li View. Master > Slide. Master chnh sa.

nh dng u v chn bn phim Chc nng thng tin ca bn phim trnh chiu khng ging nh ca trang bi vit, do khng nn qu lm dng cc nh dng u v chn bn phim. Thng thng, trong bi thuyt trnh khoa hc ch nn ti a mt s thng tin c bn chn trang gip ngi nghe nh v tt, hoc vi thng tin nhn din na nu cn phn pht bn in. Cch nh dng u v chn bn phim nh sau:

vo trnh n View. Header and Footer (hin th cng c nh dng u v chn bn phim); trong th Slide, nh du chn mc Date and time nu mun cho hin th ngy gi trn bn phim,
o

chn Update automatically nu mun ngy gi t ng thay i theo ngy m tp tin ra, vi cc la chn kiu ngy gi v ngn ng khc nhau, chn Fixed nu mun hin th mt ngy gi c nh, v phi nhp trc tip chui ngy gi vo trng bn cnh;

chn Slide number nu mun cho hin th s th t bn phim; chn Footer cho hin th thng tin chn bn phim, v g chui vn bn trc tip vo trng bn cnh; nu chn Don't show on title slide th phn thit lp u v chn nh trn s khng p dng cho bn phim u tin (dnh cho tn bi thuyt trnh); nhn nt Apply ch p dng cho bn phim ang xem xt, hoc nt Apply to All p dng cho tt c cc bn phim.

nh dng phng nn Nu khng s dng hnh nn, vic nh dng phng nn c vai tr quan trng gip trnh by ni dung thuyt trnh c r rng, d theo di. Cc bc chn hnh nn nh sau:

vo trnh n Format. Background (nh dng phng nn); nhn ln danh sch cun, chn:
o o o

mt mu (ng nht) trong danh sch cc mu va s dng, More Colors chn c nhiu mu khc (ng nht) Fill Effects chn cc kiu phng nn khng c mu ng nht (nn k , nn chm, nn hoa vn,...);

nhn nt Apply ch p dng cho bn phim ang xem xt, hoc nt Apply to All p dng cho tt c cc bn phim.

Sp xp cc yu t trong bn phim Cc yu t sau khi c chn vo bn phim c th c sp xp theo nhng cch khc nhau, phc v cho cc tng trnh by c th: nm lp trn hay di, gom thnh mt nhm hay tch ri mt nhm,...

Ging nh trong vn bn, mt bn phim c nhiu lp song song vi mt phng mn hnh. Cc yu t t trn cng lp s c hin th ngang hng nhau. Hoc nu yu t A nm lp trn v yu t B lp di, phn no ca B nm trong tm che ph ca A th s b che lp, khng thy c trn vn bn.

thay i cch sp xp ca mt yu t, nhn chut phi ln bin ca yu t , thay i mt nhm yu t, nhn gi phm Shift v ln lt chn tng yu t, sau :

chn Grouping nu mun gom hay tch nhm: o chn Group gom li thnh mt nhm,
o

chn Ungroup tch cc thnh phn trong nhm ra,

chn Regroup nu mun cc thnh phn va tch c gom tr li thnh nhm;

chn Order nu mun thay i v tr lp hin th:

o o o o

chn Bring to Front cho hin th lp trn cng, chn Send to Back cho hin th lp di cng, chn Bring Forward a ln lp lin trn, chn Send Backward a xung lp lin di.

Chn cc yu t trnh by bn phim, mi yu t ni dung u phi c chn vo thng qua trnh n Insert. Cc loi yu t c th chn vo bn phim u c b tr thnh mt mc trong trnh n ny: Picture (hnh nh), Diagram (s ), Text Box (khung ch),Movies and Sounds (cc tp tin m thanh v phim), Table (bng), Chart (biu ),Object. Microsoft Equation 3.0 (cng thc ton hc), Hyperlink (siu lin kt n mt tp tin khc, bn phim khc trong cng bi, mt a ch th in t hay mt a ch mng),... Chn cc nt hnh ng Khi ang trnh by, bi thuyt trnh c chiu ln my chiu ch chiu, ch c cc hiu ng thit lp hot ng theo lnh t chut hoc bn phm. Nu cn di chuyn n mt v tr khc trong bi, hoc nu cn thm mt s hnh ng khc m khng phi ch trnh din ht cc yu t trong bn phim ang chiu, cng khng ct ngang ch chiu, th cng c hu hiu nht l chn cc nt hnh ng. Cc nt hnh ng c thit k sn trong phn mm, ch cn chn vo bng cch vo trnh n Slide Show, chn Action Buttons. Sau s c mt danh sch m ra la chn, ch cn r chut ln cc nt xem nhn v chn nt no ph hp vi nhu cu: Home (v trang tip n); Back or Previous (v bn phim trc); Forward or Next (qua bn phim sau); Beginning (v bn phim u); End (v bn phim cui);Return (quay tr li v tr ang trnh din); Sound (m mt tp tin m thanh); Movie(m mt tp tin phim),... p dng hiu ng ng cho cc yu t Nu cn dng hiu ng ng m cha lm ch c cng c thit k, tt nht l ch lm vic ny sau khi trnh by xong tt c cc yu t trong tt c cc bn phim trong bi. Lm nh vy s gip vic p dng cc loi hiu ng c ng nht hn, phc v tt cho din tin thuyt trnh. lp hiu ng cho yu t no, nhp chn yu t ri vo trnh n Slide Show. Custom Animation, danh sch hiu ng s xut hin ct bn phi mn hnh.

ChnAdd Effect cng vi mt kiu hiu ng no mong mun (cn th nhiu ln tm c hiu ng ng ). Khi mun iu chnh hiu ng p dng cho mt hay nhiu yu t trong bn phim, nhp chn hoc cho con tr vo bn trong yu t , ct hiu ng bn tay phi:

chn Remove b hn hiu ng; nu mun iu chnh, trong Modify chn:

o

Start: On Click cho hiu ng trnh din khi nhp chut (hoc chn kiu khc nu mun), Direction. In hay Out cho hiu ng hng vo tm hay hng ra ba ca bn phim, kiu tc trnh din trong Speed, nt mi tn ln hoc xung trong Re-Order cui ct danh sch thay i th t xut hin ca cc yu t trn mn hnh khi thuyt trnh.

o o

p dng cch chuyn tip bn phim Nu cn dng hiu ng ng chuyn tip gia cc bn phim, vo trnh n Slide Show. Slide Transition, chn mt kiu chuyn tip ph hp trong danh sch, thay i tc trong Speed, nh du chn Advance slide: On mouse click chuyn bn phim bng cch nhn chut. Cc thit lp khc ch nn th khi lm ch c phn mm. Nu mun thit lp cng kiu cho tt c cc bn phim, nhn nt Apply to All Slides, nu khng th ch p dng cho ring bn phim ang x l.

5.5. Thuyt trnh

Thi gian thng thng dnh cho mt bi thuyt trnh khoa hc l khong t 15 n 25 pht. Khong thi gian khng trnh by y mi th trong bi vit. Do , khi thit k thng ip cn lm sao lm ni bt cc ni dung chnh yu v quan trng nht. Trong bui thuyt trnh hay bo v lun vn, cn ghi nh cc nguyn tc sau:

khng xin li trc v s thiu chun b hay v cc khim khuyt ca bi thuyt trnh, v iu ch gy s ch ca ngi nghe vo cc khim khuyt m thi; khng c bn phim chiu t u n cui, v s nhanh chng mt kim sot s ch ca c to (h n nghe ni, cn nu c th h s t c m khng cn n din gi); ng mt v tr sao cho khng che tm nhn ca c to ln mn hnh;

gii thiu tm tt ni dung gip ngi nghe nh hng c cc vn s trnh by; cp nhanh chng vo ch thuyt trnh, trnh gii thiu dn dt di dng; s dng tt cc cu dn , v nh c th gy c n tng su sc cho ngi nghe; nhn thng vo c to, thng l nhn tng ngi v lt qua khp phng thuyt trnh, trnh cc cch:
o o

ng quay lng li c to v ni vi... mn hnh (!), ci u xung cc phiu ghi ch v ni vi... mt bn (!);

c gng ni ln, r ting, nhng khng ni qu nhanh, nut ch hay gn ging, gip ngi nghe kp "tiu ho" thng tin; trnh lm cc ng tc khng t nhin , bt thng hay nhng ng tc qu mnh (c bit l thi quen vung tay khi ni); dng kim ch bng hoc n ch bng gii thch cc chi tit trn mn hnh, khng r chut ch cc yu t cn gii thch trn bn phim ang trnh chiu; khng trnh din qu nhiu thng tin ho (hnh nh, phim) v d lm ko di thi gian thuyt trnh, ng thi cng khng c trnh din hnh nh m khng gii thch (v khi din gi khng gii thch, mi ngi nghe s t din gii theo cch hiu ring ca mnh); nu dng phim trong, trnh ko bn phim c tng dng; ghi ch r cc cu hi, v phi m bo hiu ng cu hi trc khi tr li; nn chun b trc cc bn phim khc dnh ring cho nhng vn khng trnh by trong bi thuyt trnh, nhng c th c hi n.