IN NG NG

In ng ng (Gravure printing) v nguyn l n l phng php in lm, tc l trn

khun in, hnh nh hay ch vit (gi l phn t in) c khc lm vo b mt kim
lai.
Khi in s c 2 qu trnh: Mc (dng lng) c cp ln b mt khun in, d nhin
mc cng s trn vo cc ch lm ca phn t in, sau mt thit b gi l dao gt
(Doctor blade) s gt mc tha ra khi b mt khun in, v khi p in mc trong cc
ch lm di p lc in s truyn sang b mt vt liu.
Khun in ng ng c dng trc kim lai, lm bng thp, b mt c m mt lp
ng mng, phn t in s c khc ln b mt lp ng ny nh axt hoc hin
i hn l dng my khc trc. Sau b mt lp ng li c m mt lp crm
mng bo v.
In ng ng c ng dng trong ngnh in bao b mng nha, n c nh bao
ng OMO, Viso, bnh ko Bibica, hay c ph Trung Nguyn... Tt c u
c in bng phng php in ng ng.





Nguyn l in ng ng theo s di y:




Quy trnh in ng ng


Ch to khun in ng ng
Hin nay ngi ta c th ch to cc khun in ng ng bng cc
phng php quang ha hoc phng php khc in t. Phng
php quang ho da trn c s cc qu trnh nh, qu trnh ho l ,
qu trnh c hc v in phn.
V d : hnh nh c truyn sang khun in bng qu trnh chp nh
cn cc phn t in c n su bng qu trnh n mn ha hc. Qu
trnh cng ngh ch to khun in ng ng bng phng php quang
ha gm cc cng on chnh:
a. Ch to phim dng bn v bnh bn
b. Chun b vt liu lm khun in
c. Truyn hnh nh sang khun in
d. n mn v gia cng khun in
1. Ch to phim dng bn v bnh bn
Tu c im ca n phm, ch to khun in ta c th dng cc bi mu
khc nhau ( nh chp, nh v nt) Qu trnh ch to dng bn nt v ch
trn khng khc g so vi qu trnh ch to khun in offset.
Vi dng bn tng th( chp t cc nh..) im khc vi offset l khng
chp qua tram( khng dng tram cng on ny). Trc h, t cc bn
mu tng th nhn c m bn, Sau t m bn ny li cng tc ra dng
bn. Mt im cn lu vic sa cha nhng sai st trc tip trn khun in
ng ng rt phc tp v kh thc hin theo mun, nn tt c nhng nhc
im v tng th v mi khuyt tt khc cn phi c khc phc ngay t
m bn v dng bn . Sau khi c phim dng bn vic tip theo l bnh bn
cng vic ny cng tng t nh lm vi bnh bn offset. Ty cng ngh
ch bn ( mt qu trnh hay hai qu trnh) c th ch ring hay nh ring.
2. Chun b vt liu lm khun
V phng php in ng ng cn p dng dao gt mc nn phn ln khun
in c ch to khng phi bng tm kim loi m l nhng tm thp hnh
tr, trn b mt ng thp ny c ph mt lp ng. Nhng ng thp( cha
ph ng) nh th c gi ti nh in cng vi my in v c th s dng
nhiu ln. Khi ch to khun in ng thp hnh tr c gia cng k trn my
tin v ra sch bi bn. m bng dung dch kim hoc axt, sau ph mt
lp niken mng( 0.005-0.01mm) bng phng php m . Khi ph t yu
cu k thut ca lp niken, ng thp c chuyn sang phn m ng. Lp
ng c ph ln bng qu trnh in phn. Trong khi tin hnh in phn,
ng thp c quay lin tc v dung dch in phn c khuy lin tc.
Trc tin ph lp ng vi dy 0.1- 0.15mm,lp o ng c
dng to nn cc phn t in v cc phn t trng. Mc ch ca lp
ph ng ln b mt thp l a ng knh, ca ng ng ti kch thc
theo nh yu cu cn thit. Trc khi ph lp o ng ngi ta ph ln
ng tr mt lp bc ( Ag) tht mng. Nh lp bc ny, sao khi in xong lp
o ng d dng tch khi ng thp ( tch khi lp ng) B mt lp
o ng phi m bo nhn bng, khng xc, khng rn nt.. Mun t
yu cu ny khng phi ch ch n thnh phn dung dch in phn v
ch in phn c bit, m cn phi mi bng lp o ng bng mt loi
thuc c bit. Nu ng thp dng khi tin hnh chun b phi ty b lp
o ng, lm sch lp ng , m bc lp mng, ph lp o ng mi v
mi bng.

3. Truyn hnh nh sang khun in
c th nhn c nhng phn t in c nng su khc nhau trong qu
trnh n mn, nht thit phi to ra c nhng nt hnh nh cao thp khc
nhau. Hnh nh c bit nh vy khng th nhn c bng phng php
truyn trc tip hnh nh t dng bn ( phim) sang b mt ng ng. Nn
ngi ta phi dng giy pigment: Trc ht truyn hnh nh sang giy
pigment mi truyn t giy pigment sang b mt ng thp dng lm
khun in.




Trc in (khun in) ng ng



Hnh m phng b mt khun in ng ng c phng ln, cho thy cc
lm khc trn b mt trc
4. n mn v gia cng khun in
Sau khi hin, phi tin hnh n mn bng dung dch st clorua. Qu trnh n
mn l qu trnh ha l rt phc tp . c im ca qu trnh n mn
khun in lm l : qu trnh n mn kim loi xy ra di lp pigment bt
hnh.
c im ny khc vi in typ gy phc tp cho qu trnh n mn v kh
khn cho vic kim tra. Ngoi ra sau khi n mn th khng th sa khun in
c. Dung dch st clorua, sau khi thm qua lp pigment bt hnh s ho
tan ng cc phn t in, su trong khi n mn ng ph thuc khng
nhng vo dy ca lp bt hnh, m cn ph thuc vo nng v nhit
ca st clorua, thi gian n mn, m v nhit khng kh
V d nu dung dch n mn long s chng thm qua lp pigment bt hnh
v n mn ng su hn. bm m truyn chnh xc tng th ca bi
mu nh thit phi t c su ca cc phn t in b phn tt nht l
55 -60 micromet su hn nhng phn t in b phn sng t 14 n 16 ln.
Sau khi n mn ty b lp bo v axt v lp pigment bt hnh bng xng v
axt clohidiric HCL. Kt qu l ta nhn c khun in ng ng vi
chnh xc v mu sc v tng th. y l phng php ch to khun in ng
ng trong giai on trc khi my khc ng ng in t xut hin.
Khc vi phng php quang ho phng php khc in t da trn c s
vic s dng my khc in t t ng. Cc phn t cn in sau khi hon
thin bn in trn my vi tnh s c truyn thng sang my khc trc ng
ng , my khc in t s s dng mt u khc tia Lase bn thng vo trc
ng ng qua s khc ln trc nhng phn t cn in .
nng su ca vt khc ty thuc vo m nht v tng th ca bi
mu, y l phng php m hin nay hu ht ngnh in ng ng cc nc
pht trin ang s dng. nc ta hin nay hu ht u c to bng
phng php ny do c nhiu u im nh: Bo m chnh xc ca phn
t in , qu trnh thc hin nhanh chng v b qua c nhiu cng on
trong qu trnh ch to khun in ng ng, gim bt s tc ng ca cc yu
t trong cng on ch to khun in so vi phng php ch to khun in
bng phng php quang ho.
Ch :
Phi m bo s chnh xc v kch thc ca hnh nh trong tt c cc cng
on ca qu trnh k thut. Qu trnh phn mu cng tng t nh chp
phn mu trong phng php in offset. Nhng phng php in ng ng
khc vi phng php in Typ v in Offset ch tng th ca bi mu c
truyn sang t in nh dy ca lp mc nn phng php in ng ng ch
cn in 3 mu in phc ch cc bi mu mu, mu th t t khi c s
dng, cng ging nh trong phng php in offset, cc phim m bn v
dng bn ca phng php in ng ng phi c sa cha hon chnh
trc khi phi bn.
V bn in ng ng c ch to cng phu v rt phc tp nn khng th
ch bn in th nh trong in Offset vi pp in ng ng khun in tht v in th
l mt. Giy pigment c cu to bi lp keo gelatine bt sng sau khi
nh sng i qua phim.Ngi ta dng pp dn tip giy pigment ng vai tr
trung gian hp cht cm quang dng cho giy picmng thng l cc mui
Bicromat.

IN OFFSET

In offset l hnh thc in n cng nghip ph bin nht hin nay. In offset l
qu trnh truyn cc thng tin t khun in ln b mt vt liu in bng mc
mt mu hoc nhiu mu di mt p lc trn thit b gi l my in.
Lch s
My in dng k thut offset v thch bn u tin ra i Anh khong
nm 1875 v c thit k in ln kim loi. Trng offset lm bng giy
cc tng truyn hnh nh cn in t bn in thch bn sang b mt kim loi.
Khong 5 nm sau, giy cc tng c thay bng cao su.
Ngi u tin p dng k thut in offset cho in n trn giy c th l Ira
Washington Rubel nm 1903. ng tnh c nhn thy mi khi mt t giy
khng c a vo my in thch bn ca ng mt cch ng nhp, bn in
thch bn in ln trng in c bc bng cao su, v t giy cho vo tip theo
b dnh 2 hnh: bn in thch bn mt trn v bn in do dnh t trng in
mt di. Rubel cng nhn thy hnh nh in t trng in cao su nt v sch
hn v ming cao su mm p u ln giy hn l bn in bng cng. ng
quyt nh in thng qua cc tm bng cao su. c lp vi Rubel, hai anh
em Charles Harris v Albert Harris cng pht hin ra iu ny v ch to
my in offset cho Cng ty In n T ng Harris.
Cc thit k ca Harris, pht trin t my in gm cc trng quay, rt ging
hnh v trong bi. N gm mt trng bn in tip xc cht vi cc cun mc
in v nc. Mt trng cao su tip xc ngay bn di trng xp ch. Trng in
bn di c nhim v n cht t giy vo trng cao su truyn hnh nh.
Ngy nay, c ch c bn ny vn c dng, nhng nhiu ci tin c
thc hin, nh thm in hai mt hay np giy bng cun giy (thay v cc
ming giy).
Trong nhng nm 1950, in offset tr thnh k thut in ph bin nht cho in
n thng mi, sau khi nhiu ci tin c thc hin cho bn xp
ch, mc in v giy, ti u ha tc in v tui th cc bn xp ch. Ngy
nay, a s in n, gm c in bo ch, s dng k thut ny.




Quy trnh in n trong Offset
1. Cc u im ca k thut in offset:
- Cht lng hnh nh cao nt v sch hn in trc tip t bn in ln
giy v ming cao su p u ln b mt cn in.
- Kh nng ng dng in n ln nhiu b mt, k c b mt khng phng
(nh g, vi, kim loi, da, giy th nhm).
- Vic ch to cc bn in d dng hn.
- Cc bn in c tui th lu hn v khng phi trc tip tip xc vi
b mt cn in.
In offset ngy nay tr thnh k thut in ph bin nht trong in n thng
mi. Tuy vy trong cc in n dnh cho th vui c nhn, ngi ta vn c th
to ra mt s t sch vi cht lng cao, s dng cch in trc tip. Mt s
ngi vn thch cc ng nt chm ni li trn giy t vic in trc tip.
Thm ch mt s sch kiu ny cn c in bng cc bn in c xp t cc
con ch ch, y l cng ngh in typo, mt cng ngh kh c.

2. Cc dng cng ngh dung trong ch bn:
Cng ngh CTF
Cng ngh CTF l cng ngh ch bn s trong d liu s (Digital)
t my tnh c chuyn thnh d liu tng t (Anolog) trn phim
thng qua cc my ghi phim, phim c em bnh trc khi phi
truyn hnh nh ln bn in. Quy trnh tng qut ca cng ngh CTF
c m t theo s sau:
Cng ngh CTF c s dng giy scan
Cng ngh CTF ghi phim theo tng trang
Cng ngh CTF ghi phim kh bn in
Computer to plate "Computer to plate" l cm t m t cng ngh
ch bn, trong d liu s t my tnh c ghi trc tip ln bn in
m khng qua khu trung gian l phim. Bn in sau khi c ghi hnh
c th c hin ngay trn h thng my ghi bn hoc c a ti
hin my hin bn chuyn dng. Sau , bn in c lp ln my in
theo cch thng thng tin hnh cng vic in.
Cng ngh Computer to Press (CTPress)
Cng ngh Computer to press/direct imaging
Cng ngh Computer to Print



3. Nguyn l in Offset:
In offset l phng php in phng, cc thng tin hnh nh c th hin
trn bn in c tnh quang ho to ra cc phn t in bt mc v phn t
khng in th bt nc. Ngoi ra hnh nh trn khun in phi l hnh nh
thun, tc l cng phng vi t in s c in ra


Cu to my in offset
Mt my in offset t ri gm c cc b phn ch yu nh: mt b phn
cung cp giy, mt hay nhiu n v in, cc thit b trung chuyn a
giy qua my in, mt b phn ra giy v cc b phn b tr thm nh bn
iu khin my in.
Thng thng mt n v in trong my in offset t ri c ba trc chnh
cng h thng lm m v h thng ch mc ln khun in:
ng bn: l mt trc ng bng kim loi, trn khun in phn t in
bt mc cn phn t khng in bt nc.
ng cao su: l mt trc ng mang tm cao su offset, c cu to
gm mt lp vi bc vi cao su tng hp truyn hnh nh t
khun in ln b mt vt liu in.
ng p: l mt trc khi quay lun tip xc vi ng cao su, lm
nhim v chuyn giy v cc vt liu in khc.
H thng cp m: l h thng cc l lm m bng dung dch lm
m c cha cc cht ph gia nh: axit, gm arabic, cn isopropyl
hay cc tc nhn lm m khc.
H thng cp mc: l h thng cc l ch mc cho bn in. Cc
thnh phn quan trng khc. Ngoi cc n v in ra, trong my in
offset mt mu hay nhiu mu cn bao gm cc b phn sau:
B phn np giy: lm nhim v ht giy v cc vt liu in
khc t bn cung cp giy ln v a xung n v in u
tin.
Cc b phn trung chuyn: (thng thng l cc trc ng c
nhp kp giy) c kh nng vn chuyn giy i qua my in.
B phn ra giy: l b phn nhn giy ra v v giy u
thnh cy giy trn bn ra giy
H thng lm m
H thng lm m trong in offset t ri cung cp dung dch lm m gc nc, hoc
dung dch mng nc ln b mt khun in trc khi n c ch mc. Dung dch
lm m gi cho phn t khng in trn khun c m t do n khng bt mc.
N c ch ln ton b bn in.
Tuy nhin, cc phn t khng in bt nc v y mc trn khun, chng c to
ra theo cch ht bm mt lp mng gm arabic trong qu trnh ch to khun in,
l hydrophilic, hay cht a nc, trong khi cc phn t in l hydrophobic, hay
cht c khuynh hng y nc. Thc ra nc bn thn n c th c s dng
lm m bn. Mt vi my in offset t ri c th chn s dng mt mnh nc in
cc n phm s lng t. Tuy nhin, lp y mc ny dn dn lt ra khi khi khun
in tip tc s dng trn my. Cc ho cht trong dung dch lm m b sung thm
y mc cho lp ny.
H thng truyn mc
H thng cung cp mc in trong my in offset t ri c 4 chc nng c bn sau:
Dn mc t l mng mc n khung in. Tch lp mc dy ra thnh lp
mc mng ng u trn cc l truyn. Ch mc ln cc phn t in trn bn.
Loi b mc in ti lp trn l ch t cc cng vic in trc .


Cu to ca b phn cung cp mc
Mng mc cha mc in cn cung cp trong qu trnh in
L chm l mt l chuyn lun phin tip xc gia l mng mc v l u
tin ca h thng cp mc, thng thng l l tn trong h thng cp
mc. L tn v l sn: l cc l chuyn ng n khp bng bnh rng v dy
sn khng ch quay trn c m cn chuyn ng qua li theo phng
ngang vi trc ng t tri qua phi Mng mc, hai thnh bn hng mng
mc, dao gt v l mng mc v lm nhim v ch dn mng lp mc in ln
cc l v xo cc lp mc in trc trn l ch. [[ Cc l trung gian:]] l
cc l chuyn ng c da vo s tip xc vi cc l chuyn ng khc
c ni kt vi b phn truyn chuyn ng, cc l trung gian nm gia l
chuyn v l ch, lm nhim v v nh lng mc cp cho qu trnh in;
thng c gi l l nh lng khi chng tip xc vi hai l khc hoc
c gi l l dn khi chng ch tip xc vi mt l khc; v d: nh l
tn. Cc l ch bn in: gm 3-4 l ch bn thng c ng knh khc nhau,
tip xc v ch mc ln bn in.





IN FLEXO
In flexo (flexography) l k thut in ni, cc phn t in (hnh nh, ch vit..)
trn khun in nm cao hn cc phn t khng in. Hnh nh trn khun in
ngc chiu, c cp mc bng trc anilox, sau truyn mc trc tip ln
vt liu in qua qu trnh p in.
In flexo c s dng in cc sn phm nh: thng carton, cc loi decal
nhn hng ha, cc loi mng...








Nguyn l in flexo:


Hnh m t nguyn l in Flexo
1. Nguyn l cp mc in - Trc anilox:
Trong in flexo, mc in c cp cho khun in nh trc anilox. Trc anilox
l mt trc kim loi, b mt c khc lm nhiu nh (cell). Trong qu
trnh in, trc c nhng mt phn trong mng mc, mc s lt vo cc
trn b mt trc, phn mc nm trn b mt s c dao gt mc gt i. Sau
khun in s tip xc vi trc v nhn mc t trong cc cell trn b mt
trc in.

Hnh m t cell trn trc anilox
2. Khun in Flexo:
Khun in flexo c lm bng nha photopolymer. Khun in c th c
ch to bng phng php quang ha, CTP hoc khc laser, sau c gn
ln trc in nh bng keo 2 mt hoc t trng. Vic la chn khun in (
dy, cng, s lp) ph thuc vo vt liu in (giy, carton hay mng).
Trong ch bn in flexo cn mt vn cn ch l la chn gc tram cho
ph hp trnh hin tng moire' do tng tc vi gc tram v tn s ca
trc anilox.
3. Cc phng php nh lng mc, c 2 h thng chnh:
A - h thng 1 l nm trong mng mc : y ngi ta li chia lm 2 dng:
H thng dng 1 l ch (Quetschwalze) : l ch c li bng kim
loi hoc vt liu nhn to, lp v bc c tnh n hi, mm ch p
vo b mt trc anilox, lng mc trn b mt trc anilox s c
gt li, tr mc nm trong cc l nh (npfchen) mc ny s c
tryn ln bn in v sau l vt liu in.


Hnh m t h thng 1 l ch mc
- u im : nh c lp bc n hi nn c kh nng s dng trc anilox
t metal, khng cn dng trc anilox t Keramik (gm) vn rt t
tin.
- Nhc im : tc chm, l ch s ht bt phn mc t cc l nh
cha mc v do s thiu mc ln bn in. tc cao l ch chu
mt moment un cong v do lng mc cc l cha trn trc
anilox s khng ng nht --> s gia tng tng th rt ln.
H thng dao gt : phn loi da trn gc dao gt. gi l dng bn
khi gc dao < 90 v ngc li.


H thng dao gt

Gc dao dng bn c nhc im l s gia tng tng th tc
my cao ( nhng nh hn dng l ch). tri li h thng gc
dao ln hn 90 (m bn) khng xut hin s gia tng tng th.
ngoi ra y l h thng dao "l thin", do nhc im khc ca
n l dung mi mc in bay hi nhanh.
B - H thng dao kn : khng c l mng mc, mc c cha trong mt h
thng khp kn t bnh cha c h thng o v iu chnh nht, h thng
bm s y mc v h thng dao gt, ngoi ra c 2 l thot cho mc tr v
bnh cha iu chnh nht, nhit ..ca mc in.


H thng dao kn

H thng dao gt c 2 li, li dao lm vic (arbeitsrakel) bao gi cng
ch m bn (gc > 90) khng ph thuc vo hng quay ca trc anilox,
li dao cn li ng vai tr khp kn khng cho mc thot ra. do dao lm
vic l dng m bn nn c tnh c li ca loi dao ny tng t nh h
thng dao m c gc > 90 : khng c hin tng gia tng tng th v lng
mc khng ph thuc vo tc my in.
H thng dao gt ni chung phi dng trc anilox gm (Keramik) v sc
chu ng mi mn v bn ca Keramik hn hn metal.


S th hin lng mc cp ln trc anilox ph thuc vo tc my in

Trc Anilox
Anilox c th xem l thnh phn ct li trong h thng truyn mc,
ngi ta xem n nh l 1 "trc in ng ng khng c motive (ngha l
khng c phn t in). trn b mt trc anilox l cc l nh (Npfchen)
cha mc, th tch mc in s c tnh theo n v [cm/m] hoc
[ml/m].
B mt trc anilox c th lm t kim loi (thp, ng m crm (him
gp)) hoc Keramik (gm).


Trc anilox

C 6 i lng chnh m t 1 trc anilox :
- ng knh, b di trc
- Cch khc trc ( dng ng hoc dng theo nhp)
- Trt t cc Npfchen : dng Orthogonal (trc giao tip xc 4 cnh)
hay dng Hexagonal (tip xc 6 cnh)
- Gc tram ( y cc l nh xem nh ht tram v da vo trt t sp
xp m ngi ta c c gc khc nhau, tu trung l 3 gc 45 cho
Orthogonal, 30/60 cho Hexagonal)
- Mt Npfchen/tram [Linie/cm]
- Th tch cha mc ca Npchen : dy vch ngn Npfchen, m
ca Npfchen..
Cch khc trc anilox cng rt khc nhau, ngi ta c th dng
phng php khc bng 1 thit b g theo nhp ln trc th, hoc dng
mt l (Molette) ln u ln b mt trc. c im chung ca 2
phng php ny l phn t c khc trn trc anilox s l phn m
bn ca thit b khc.




Dng molette khc trc

Ngoi ra c th dng phng php c in vi giy Pigment ca phn
in ng ng to chi tit trn b mt trc anilox.
1./ Cu to:
Trc anilox Keramik cu to t 3 lp , trong lp Keramik phi
dy Npfchen c th to trc tip trn .


Cu to trc aniloc Keramik

2./ Phng php gia cng:
a - Phun ct ln b mt trc th to nhm
b - Ph lp chng r st bng phng php Plasma
c - Ph lp Keramik cng bng phng php Plasma






Hnh m t ph lp Keramik trn trc anilox


d - Phay, tin, mi mn .. to dng hnh tr trn, to lng b mt trc
e - Lp t h thng Laser nhit v bt u khc
L do s dng Laser c nu trn : cng v tnh cht vt liu lm cho
phng php khc c v ha hc khng th thc hin c.
Ngun Laser c 2 loi : Tia Laser YAG hoc tia Laser CO2
f - sau khi khc xong trc s qua cng on hon tt cui cng (Finishing)
To lng mt ln na cho b mt trc do trong qu trnh khc s ny sinh
mt s vn lm cc vch ngn cc Npchen khng ng nht v cao.