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    The Einstein summation convention allows equations to be written more concisely by implying a summation over repeated indices. It is demonstrated using the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates, which can be written more simply using the convention. As another example, the term u·∇u from the Navier-Stokes equations is written out explicitly with components, and then concisely using the Einstein notation by summing over repeated indices i and j. Evaluating the terms reproduces the explicit component form.

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    The Einstein summation convention allows equations to be written more concisely by implying a summation over repeated indices. It is demonstrated using the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates, which can be written more simply using the convention. As another example, the term u·∇u from the Navier-Stokes equations is written out explicitly with components, and then concisely using the Einstein notation by summing over repeated indices i and j. Evaluating the terms reproduces the explicit component form.

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    60 views2 pages

    Einstein

    Uploaded by

    luisfmfernandes7618
    The Einstein summation convention allows equations to be written more concisely by implying a summation over repeated indices. It is demonstrated using the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates, which can be written more simply using the convention. As another example, the term u·∇u from the Navier-Stokes equations is written out explicitly with components, and then concisely using the Einstein notation by summing over repeated indices i and j. Evaluating the terms reproduces the explicit component form.

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    Einstein summation convention

    The Einstein summation convention allows us to write down equations economically. Consider the continuity equation for an incompressible uid, which in vector form can be written as u = 0. (1) In Cartesian coordinates, we can write this as ux uy uz + + = 0. x y z (2)

    But, this equation can be written as follows using the Einstein summation notation: ui = 0, (3) xi where it is understood that i = x, y, z . The notation in Eq. (3) is understood as follows: ux uy uz ui + + = 0. (4) xi x y z Lets try another example. Consider the term u u which appears on the left-hand-side of the Navier-Stokes equations (see Fundamental Equations of Fluid Mechanics). This term can be written in component form as follows u u = + + ux ux ux + uy + uz ix x y z uy uy uy ux + uy + uz iy x y z uz uz uz ux + uy + uz iz . x y z ux

    (5)

    But, this equation can be written very economically using the Einstein summation convention as follows uj ui , (6) xi with i = x, y, z and j = x, y, z . To see that this equation is the same as Eq. (5), we simply evaluate it by doing the following Fix j = x; Loop i over x, y , and z , and sum up all terms. This gives you the ix component: ux ux ux ux + uy + uz ix ; (7) x y z Fix j = y ; 1

    Loop i over x, y , and z , and sum up all terms. This gives you the iy component: uy uy uy ux + uy + uz iy ; (8) x y z Fix j = z ; Loop i over x, y , and z , and sum up all terms. This gives you the iz component: uz uz uz ux + uy + uz iz ; (9) x y z Sum up Eqs. (7)-(9) to get the full expression for u u, which is the same as Eq. (5). We can use this procedure to evaluate the terms expressed using the Einstein summation convention in lecture 8, pp. 7-10.

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