1.

Complex functions differentiation (pp 26 34)

Definition f ( z ) = u ( x; y ) + jv( x; y ) , z = x + jy Re( f ) = u ( x; y ) , Im( f ) = v ( x; y ) Analytic function If the function f(z) has a derivative f '(z) that exists at all points of a region R of the complex plane, then f(z) is analytic in R. Analytic function exists and is differentiable More terminology Conjugate functions: A pair of functions u(x;y) and v(x;y) of real variables x and y that satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations o Different from conjugates of complex numbers Laplace's equation: The second order partial differential equation 2u 2u + =0 x 2 y 2 where u = u(x;y) with x and y real variables Harmonic functions: A function that satisfies Laplace's equation in two dimensions o u(x;y) and v(x;y) are conjugate harmonic functions

Cauchy-Riemann equations Assume z = x + jy and f ( z ) = u ( x; y ) + jv ( x; y ) . If f(z) is analytical in some region R of the z plane, then the Cauchy-Riemann equations u v v u = and = x y x y holds throughout R. Both equations must be satisfied simultaneously! There is more behind these two equations and analytic functions, but for this course we may use the equations to show that a function is analytic. In polar form: u 1 v v 1 u = and = r r r r

Derivatives based on the Cauchy-Riemann equations u v f '( z ) = +j x x or f '( z ) = v u j y y

Other useful formulas e jz = cos z + j sin z (Euler's formula) cos z = e jz + e jz e jz e jz ; sin z = 2 2j e z + e z e z e z = cos jz; sinh z = = j sin jz 2 2

cosh z =

cos z = cos x cosh y j sin x sinh y; sin z = sin x cosh y + j cos x sinh y f ( z ) = e z = e x ( cos y + j sin y )

Differentiation rules (similar to rules for real functions) For all z d ( sin z ) = cos z dz d ( cos z ) = sin z dz d ( sinh z ) = cosh z dz d ( cosh z ) = sinh z dz d n ( z ) = nz n1 dz d z e ) = ez ( dz d 1 ( ln z ) = only for z NOT on the negative real axis dz z d df dg f g ( z) = (chain rule) dz dg dz d [ f ( z ) g ( z )] = f ' g + fg ' (product rule) dz d f ( z ) f ' g fg ' (quotient rule) = dz g2 g ( z)