Class XI I _All I ndia Chemistry_Set-2

1

19. Define the following terms giving an example of each: 3
(i) Associated colloids
(ii) Lyophilic sol
(iii) Adsorption

Ans. i. Associated colloids: There are some substances which at low concentration behave
as normal strong electrolytes but at higher concentrations exhibit colloidal behaviour
due to the formation of aggregates. The aggregated particles thus formed are called
micelles or associated colloids. For e.g. grease droplet surrounded by stearate ions.

ii. Lyophilic sol: Lyophilic means liquid-loving colloidal sols directly formed by
mixing substances like gum, gelatine etc. with a suitable liquid (the dispersion
medium) are called lyophilic sols. If the dispersion medium is separated from
dispersed phase (say by evaporation), the sol can be reconstituted by simply remising
with the dispersion medium that is why these sols are also known as reversible sols.

iii. Adsorption: The accumulation of molecular species at the surface rather than in the
bulk of a solid or liquid is known as adsorption. The molecular species which
accumulates on surface is termed as adsorbate and the material on the surface of
which the adsorption takes place is called adsorbent.
For e.g. aqueous solution of raw sugar, when passed over beds of animal charcoal,
becomes colourless as the colouring substances are adsorbed by the charcoal.

20. Calculate the emf of the following cell at 25C : 3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 1
Ag s Ag 10 M Cu 10 M Cu s
+ +

Given E
cell
= + 0.46 V and log 10
n
= n.

Ans. Ag (s) |Ag
+
(10
3
M) || Cu
2+
(10
1
M)| Cu(s)
cell
E 0.46V

=

T = 298 K
| |
| |
cell cell
Oxidised species
RT
E E ln
nF Reduced species

=

Cell reaction:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
aq aq
2Ag s Cu 2Ag Cu s
+ +
+ +

n = 2
2
3
cell
1
5
10
0.0591
E 0.46 log
2 10
0.0591
0.46 log10
2
0.0591 5
0.46
2

(

=
(

=

= +

cell
E 0.61V =

Class XI I _All I ndia Chemistry_Set-2
2

21. Shanti, a domestic helper of Mrs. Anuradha, fainted while mopping the floor.
Mrs. Anuradha immediately took her to the nearby hospital where she was
diagnosed to be severely anaemic. The doctor prescribed an iron rich diet and
multivitamins supplement to her. Mrs. Anuradha supported her financially to get
the medicines. After a month, Shanti was diagnosed to be normal. 3
(i) What values are displayed by Mrs. Anuradha?
(ii) Name the vitamin whose deficiency causes pernicious anaemia.
(iii) Give an example of a water soluble vitamin.

Ans. (i) Mrs. Anuradha displayed values like concern, care and help by being with her
domestic helper in her unfortunate moments.
(ii) Deficiency of Vitamin B
12
causes Pernicious anaemia.
(iii) B group vitamins and Vitamin C are water soluble vitamins.

22. Write the man products of the following reactions: 3
(i)
3 2 2
6 5 2
H PO H O
C H N Cl ?
+
+

(ii)

(iii)
2
3 2
Br NaOH
CH CNH ?
||
O
+


Ans. (i)
Products are Benzene, Nitrogen gas, Phosphorous acid and Hydrochloric acid.

(ii)

Products is 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline
(iii)

2
Br NaOH
3 2 3 2 2 3 2
CH CNH CH NH Na CO 2NaBr 2H O
||
O
+
+ + +

Products are Methanamine, Sodium carbonate, Sodium bromide and Water.

Class XI I _All I ndia Chemistry_Set-2
3

23. The rate of a reaction becomes four times when the temperature changes from 293
K to 313 K. Calculate the energy of activation (E
a
) of the reaction assuming that it
does not change with temperature.
[R = 8 314 J K
1
mol
1
, log 4 = 0 6021] 3

Ans. Given: T
1
= 293 k; T
2
= 313 k; R = 8.314 J k
1
mol
1
; k
2
= 4k
1
; E
a
=?
The formula used is;
a 2
1 1 2
E k 1 1
log
k 2.303R T T
| |
=
|
\ .

Substituting values, we get
( )
( )
a 1
1 1
1
a
1 1
E 4k 1 1
log
k 293k 313k 2.303 8.314 Jk mol
E 313k 293k
log4
293k 313k 2.303 8.314Jk mol


| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .

1 1
a
0.6021 2.303 8.314Jk mol 293k 313k
E
20k


=

1
a
1
1, 057, 266.674
E 52863.33 Jmol
20
52.86 kJ mol

= =
=


24. For the complex [NiCl
4
]
2
, write 3
(i) the IUPAC name.
(ii) the hybridization type.
(iii) the shape of the complex.
(Atomic no. of Ni = 28)

OR

What is meant by crystal field splitting energy? On the basis of crystal field
theory, write the electronic configuration of d
4
in terms of t
2g
and e
g
in an
octahedral field when
(i)
0
> P
(ii)
0
< P

Ans. [NiCl
4
]
2


(i) IUPAC name = Tetrachloronickelate (II) ion

(ii) Hybridization of Ni in the complex [NiCl
4
]
2
is sp
3
. The hybridisation scheme is
shown in the following diagram.
Class XI I _All I ndia Chemistry_Set-2
4


Hence the hybridisation of Ni
2+
in the complex is sp
3


(iii) As the hybridization of Ni is sp
3
so, shape of the complex is tetrahedral.



OR

Crystal Field Splitting Energy On the basis of crystal field theory, the approaching
asymmetric field of ligands destablises the five degenerate d-orbitals of transition metal
and causes splitting of these orbitals into a triply degenerate, t
2g
orbital and a doubly
degenerate, e
g
orbital. The difference of energy between these two sets of d-orbitals is
called crystal field splitting energy or crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE). For
example, in octahedral complex.

For electric configuration of d
4


(i) When
0
> P
Electronic configuration is
4 0
2g
t eg





Class XI I _All I ndia Chemistry_Set-2
5

(ii) When
o
< P
Electronic configuration is
3 1
2g
t eg



25. Give reasons for the following : 3
(i) Ethyl iodide undergoes S
N
2 reaction faster than ethyl bromide.
(ii) () 2-Butanol is optically inactive.
(iii) C X bond length in halobenzene is smaller than C X bond length in
CH
3
X.

Ans. (i) Ethyl iodide undergoes
2
N
S reaction faster than ethyl bromide because the bond
length of CI in
H H
| |
HCCI
| |
H H
is greater than the bond length of CBr in
H H
| |
HCCBr
| |
H H
as size of I is greater than Br.

As bond length is greater, bond energy required to break the CI bond is lesser
and so it becomes easy to break the CI bond and I
-
(better leaving group) is
released at a faster rate in the presence of incoming nucleophile.

(ii) () 2-Butanol is optically inactive because it is both dextrorotatory i.e. (+) and
laevorotatory i.e. () and hence forms a racemic mixture in which the net rotation
of plane polarized light towards right is cancelled by the left one and so it
becomes optically inactive.

(iii) CX bond length in halobenzene is smaller than CX bond length in CH
3
X
because in halobenzene the CX acquires partial double bond character due to
resonance as shown below where as in CH
3
X there is no such resonance. As the
bond length of double bond is smaller than single bond hence CX bond length
in halobenzene is smaller.


Class XI I _All I ndia Chemistry_Set-2
6




26. (i) What class of drug is Ranitidine?
(ii) If water contains dissolved Ca
2+
ions, out of soaps and synthetic
detergents, which will you use for cleaning clothes?
(iii) Which of the following is an antiseptic? 3
0.2% phenol, 1% phenol

Ans. i. Ranitidine belongs to Antihistamines class of drugs.

ii. If water contains Ca
2+
ions then out of soaps and synthetic detergents, we will use
synthetic detergents. In case of soaps, Ca
2+
ions form insoluble calcium soaps
when sodium or potassium soaps are dissolved in hard water.

( )
17 35 2 17 35
2
Soap
Insoluble calcium sterate (Soap)
2C H COONa CaCl 2NaCl C H COO Ca + +

Where as the synthetic detergents can be used in both soft and hard water.

iii. 0.2% phenol is an antiseptic.

27. Give reasons for the following : 3
(i) Oxygen is a gas but sulphur is a solid.
(ii) O
3
acts as a powerful oxidising agent.
(iii) BiH
3
is the strongest reducing agent amongst all the hydrides of Group 15
elements.

Ans. i. Oxygen forms O
2
which is a gas and sulphur forms S
8
which is solid this can be
explained as:
Due to small size of oxygen, it has less tendency for catenation and high tendency
of p-p multiple bonds, hence forms stable O
2
molecules whereas sulphur
because of its higher tendency for catenation and lesser tendency to form p-p
multiple bonds forms S
8
molecules having 8-membered puckered ring.
ii. Ozone is not a very stable compound under normal conditions and decomposes
readily on heating to give a molecule of oxygen and nascent oxygen. Nascent
oxygen, being a free radical, is very reactive.

| |
3 2
oxygen ozone
Nascent oxygen
O O O
A
+

Therefore, O
3
acts as powerful oxidizing agent.

iii. BiH
3
is the strongest reducing agent amongst all the hydrides of group-15
elements because as we more down the group, the atomic size increases and the
stability of the hydrides of group 15 element decreases. Since the stability of
hydrides decreases on moving from NH
3
to BiH
3
, the reducing character of the
hydrides increases on moving from NH
3
to BiH
3
.