CivilFEM Bridges

ANSYS CivilFEM Bridge Webinar
P t R B tt M S C E P E Peter R. Barrett, M.S.C.E., P.E.

2009 CAE Associates
ANSYS + CivilFEM
Challenges of Bridge Engineers today:
Increase Construction efficiency
Design and Build to Save Material Costs
Extend the life of existing bridges g g
Better Empower a shrinking engineering workforce
Solution Solution
Develop more accurate representation of the structural response:
Nonlinear analysis and incremental construction are ANSYS/CivilFEMstrengths
D l t t d l t d i ti Develop automated analyses to save design time
Perform what if and design optimization tasks to create more effective
use of construction materials
2
CAE Associates CivilFEM / ANSYS Partner
The worlds biggest and most sophisticated users of engineering
simulation choose CAE Associates for consulting services, training and
software. e.g. ABB, AREVA, Bechtel-Houston, GE (Nuclear, Energy, Aviation, GRC),
Seimens, UTC (Pratt & Whitney, Otis, Sikorsky), AECOM, Westinghouse, Parsons.
Si th i ti i 1981 h i li d i idi Since the companys inception in 1981, we have specialized in providing
solutions to engineering problems using FEA and CFD technology.
3
What is CivilFEM?
CivilFEMis an integrated Pre Solu and Post processor add on to CivilFEMis an integrated Pre- , Solu - and Post-processor add-on to
traditional ANSYS developed by ANSYSs Spain distributor
INGECIBER
100 110 120 130
AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Desi gn Speci fi cations
N /Civil SYS FEM
5
5
2.5
40
5
15
15
5
80
60
50
60
5
5
5
2.5
5
2.5
60
CANADA
100 110 120 130
50
40
30
Bridge Desi gn Speci fi cations
(Western USA)
Tropic of Cancer
5
2.5
2.5
MXICO
A
Acceleration Coefficient
Seismic
Zone
1
2
3
4 > 0.29
> 0.19 and < 0.29
_ > 0.09 and < 0.19
_
< 0.09
_
4
INGECIBER- CivilFEM Developer / ANSYS Partner
Ingeciber S.A. is a CAE company and ANSYS Channel Partner
with more than 20 years of experience using and developing with more than 20 years of experience using and developing
CAE Software
Ingecibers Quality Assurance System is ISO 9001 certified. g Q y y
ANSYS, Inc. and Ingeciber, S.A. have a long standing OEM
Agreement and established a strategic alliance for FEA solutions
i h i i d S ld id C in the construction industry. Some worldwide Customers:
5
ANSYS Today
Worlds Largest Simulation Community World s Largest Simulation Community
>10,000TotalCustomers
>125 000 Commercial Seats
>60 000 Commercial Seats
>10 000 Commercial Seats >125,000CommercialSeats
>140,000UniversitySeats
>200ChannelPartners
>75IndustryPartners
>60,000CommercialSeats
>70,000UniversitySeats
>20ChannelPartners
>80IndustryPartners
>10,000CommercialSeats
6
ANSYS + CivilFEM
ANSYS +CivilFEMcombines the world leading general ANSYS + CivilFEMcombines the world leading general
purpose structural analysis features of ANSYS (ISO-9001)
with high-end civil engineering-specific structural analysis
capabilities of CivilFEM(ISO-9001).
7
Current CivilFEM Distributors
8
CAE Associates, Inc.
One of first 4 ANSYS
Channel Partners
Since 1985
Engineering Co
9
Engineering Co.
Since 1981
CAE Associates CivilFEM / ANSYS Partner
25 years Structural Thermal and Fluid engineering consulting 25 years Structural, Thermal and Fluid engineering consulting
One of the original ANSYS Channel partners
The US leader in ANSYS Finite Element Training The US leader in ANSYS Finite Element Training
Custom Training of ANSYS and CivilFEM
10
Sampling of CAE Consulting Services
NIST Structural Fire Response and Probable
Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center
Towers Investigation
Steam Generator Replacement in Nuclear
C t i t B ildi Containment Buildings
Pre-stressed Concrete Pipe Simulation
Concrete Dam simulation to meet
FERC /C f E i li i FERC /Corps of Engineers licensing
11
CAE Associates Senior Technical Staff
Nicholas M. Veikos, Ph.D., President
Peter R. Barrett, M.S.C.E., P.E., Vice President
Michael Bak, Ph.D., Project Manager
P t i k C i h MS ME P j t M Patrick Cunningham, M.S.M.E., Project Manager
Steven Hale, M.S.M.E., Project Manager
J ames Kosloski, M.S.M.E., Project Manager , , j g
Hsin-Hua Tsuei, Ph.D., CFDManager
J onathan Masters, Ph.D., Project Manager
George Bauer, M.S.M.E., Project Manager
Eric Stamper, M.S.M.E., Project Manager
Michael Kuron MS ME Project Engineer Michael Kuron, M.S.M.E., Project Engineer
Lawrence L. Durocher, Ph.D., Director
12
ANSYS Strengths
Nonlinear Stress Analysis
Contact
Plasticity
Creep
L D fl i P D l Eff Large Deflection P-Delta Effects
Element Birth and Death
Full Element Library (over 200)
B Pi &Sh ll Beams, Pipes & Shells
2D and 3D Solids
Springs, Contact, etc
Dynamic Analysis
Response Spectrum
Nonlinear Transient Dynamics
Thermal-Stress Analysis
Indirect and direct coupled field simulations
Large Model Simulations
13
Large Model Simulations
Solvers, meshing, Postprocessing, Graphics
CivilFEM Strengths
CivilFEMCapabilities CivilFEMCapabilities
Entire suite of ANSYS capabilities including nonlinear analysis
and dynamics
B ilt i M t i l M d l d C d Ch ki Built-in Material Models and Code Checking
Industry Specific CivilFEMModules
Nonlinear Bridge Simulation
Pre-stressed Concrete
Geotechnical Applications including tunnelling
14
Geotechnical Applications including tunnelling
Nuclear Applications
CivilFEM & ANSYS
15
CivilFEM Help
Interactive Online Help Interactive Online Help
Examples Manuals
Advanced Workshops
Training Courses
16
Bridges and
N li iti Nonlinearities
Overview
Quote from Bridge Designer
"ANSYS has always been a powerful tool in the resolution of advanced
structural problems such as arch buckling evolutive process etc Now structural problems, such as arch buckling, evolutive process, etc. Now,
with the addition of CivilFEM, it has become a decisive instrument in the
entire design and project of bridges such as our "Viaducto del Sil, en
Ponferrada (Len, Spain)".
In the analysis of large bridges you must take into account a lot of
structural features; different materials, types of section, construction
process,... CivilFEM Preprocessor is a definitive help to give ANSYS all the
i f ti it d information it needs.
Later, CivilFEM Postprocessor allows you to check your model under several
International Codes and, both quickly and safely, confirming that the
solution proposed for the bridge is valid.
This whole process eventually concludes in a highly accurate answer to our
clients' requests, with considerable savings in the amount of time spent in
developing the whole project and with a decisive saving of costs in the
constructed bridge.
Kind regards,
Jorge Prez Armio
18
A.T.P. Ingeniera, S.L.
www.atp-ingenieria.es
Bridge Module Main Features
Utilities for generating common bridge sections and
layout design
Bridge layout modelling (in plan and elevation view)
Geometric and finite element model generation with g
either Beams or Shells or 3d Solid elements
including wizards for
Suspension bridges
Arch bridges
Cable-Stayed bridges
Load Generation
Overloads
Moving loads (vehicles editor)
Utility for Automated Prestressed force input
User loads
Automatic Load combinations
Simulation of construction process
19
p
Concrete Creep and Shrinkage
Section Definition
Using the Bridge Section explorer (Slab or Box) Using the Bridge Section explorer (Slab or Box)
20
Slab Section Definition
Slab section types
RS
BTOP
BM
TTOP
Slab section types
Rectangular section
Trapezoidal section with flanges
B
DEPTH
DEPTH
BBOT
TBOT
TF
BTOP
BBOT
DEPTH
TTOP
TS
TBOT
BBOT
BM2
BM1
BTOP
DEPTH
TTOP
TM
PS
BBOT
Trapezoidal section
Polygonal section with two bends
BM2R
BTOPR BTOPL
BM2L
TTOPR
axis
BBOT
Polygonal Asymmetric with two bends
Note: The upper line (deck) is always
BBOTR
BM1R
BM1L
BBOTL
DEPTHL
TBOTL
TML
TBOTR
TMR
DEPTHR
PA
21
Bridge Section Types
horizontal. The slope must be later
defined with the sections bank.
Slab section definition window General Shape: Slab section definition window General Shape:
S ti Sections are
defined by
dimensions
22
Holes are defined
Global size Cell dimensions
Holes are defined
Mesh divisions are defined
Supports are defined (3d Model)
Holes
Flange
23
Box Section Definition
Box Section definition window:
Main dimensions
are entered here.
After the initial After the initial
shape has
been created,
the geometry g y
will be refined
using step-by-
step
modification.
24
Modify Box Section dimensions:
Cell Symmetry
Modify Box Section dimensions:
Web
Flange
25
Modify Box Section dimensions: Modify Box Section dimensions:
Crown
26
Box Section window:
Global
Size
Top div
o Secto do
Edit Mesh Divisions
Size
Top div
Bottom
Web div
Bottom
div
27
It is important to note that all the cross sections defined must have the p
same number of divisions (the same number of sub-elements). If not, the
program will not be able to generate a swept mesh of the bridge
automatically.
The program will not be able
1
2
1
2
3
The program will not be able
to mesh the bridge because
the two cross section defined
do not have the same number
3
4
5
4
of divisions
5
28
Box Section Definition - Script
! Defines a cross section in a box cross-section bridge.
! Main Menu >CIVIL Preprocessor >Bridges Prep >Bridge Sections >Box
!~BRSBOX, NSEC, MAT, NCEL, DEPTH, WDTCEL, THTOP, THBOT, THWEB, LFL
~BRSBOX, 1, 1, 1, 2.5, 6.00, 0.25, 0.2, 0.5, 2.5
~BRSMDF,1,NAME,,,Section 3
! Main Menu >CIVIL Preprocessor >Bridges Prep >Bridge Sections >Modify
!~BRSMDF,ICSEC, Lab1, Lab2, Lab3, VALUE, IDX1, IDX2, IDX3
~BRSMDF, 1, BOX, KSYM, , -1
!
A=0.75/SQRT(2.50**2+0.75**2)
~BRSMDF,1,BOX,WEB,SLOPE,-A,0,0,0
~BRSMDF,1,BOX,WEB,RATS,0.25,0,1,0
~BRSMDF 1 BOX WEB SLPS 0 1 0 1 0 BRSMDF,1,BOX,WEB,SLPS,0.1,0,1,0
~BRSMDF,1,BOX,WEB,RATB,0.12,0,1,0
~BRSMDF,1,BOX,WEB,SLPB,0.75,0,1,0
~BRSMDF,1,BOX,WEB,RATB,0.2,0,3,0
BRSMDF 1 BOX WEB SLPB 0 49 0 3 0 ~BRSMDF,1,BOX,WEB,SLPB,0.49,0,3,0
~BRSMDF,1,BOX,FLANGE,THICK,0.15,0,0,0
~BRSMDF,1,BOX,WEB,RATS,1 ,1,1,0
~BRSMDF,1,BOX,WEB,SLPS,0.1,1,1,0
29
Layout Definition
Bridge layout is performed as follows: Bridge layout is performed as follows:
Define Angle units (only for the layout)
Definition of the mileage points that represent the structure
axis axis
Typically read from a file
~BRINIP,1,0,0,0,0,0 ! Defines the MP and Ansys direction
! from which the bridge model is generated
~BRADDPL,99.5,153.5 ! bridge layout in plan view
~BRADDEL,99.5,153.5 ! bridge layout in elevation view
~BRSKTCH,5 ! Plots the bridge axis (MPs path)
! Example
~BRINIP,1,
~BRADDPL, 90,120, 0, 0
~BRADDPL, ,170, 0,-200
~BRADDEL, 90,170, 0, 0
Definition of plan and elevation layout
30
~BRADDPL MP1 MP2 Ri Rf ang
Layout in Plan View
~BRADDPL, MP1, MP2, Ri, Rf, ang
MP: initial and final mileage point
R: initial and final curvature radius R: initial and final curvature radius
ANG: angle with respect to previous
section section.
31
Layout in Plan View
Plan view parameter definition
Case 1: Straight stretch, If a radio is infinite the field is not introduced, or
the value zero is introduced.
Case 2: Circumference, If Ri = Rf = Null:0
Case 3: Clothoid (double
32
Case 3: Clothoid (double
spiral spline ), If Ri = Rf
BRADDEL MP1 MP2 ii if
Layout in Elevation View
~BRADDEL, MP1, MP2, ii, if
MP: initial and final mileage
point point
II, IF: Slopes in % of the
initial initial
And final MP of the stretch
ANG: angle respect to the
previous stretch
33
Layout in Elevation View
Elevation view parameter definition
If II = IF the stretch, in elevation view, is a
straight line then CivilFEM will fit a parabola
34
straight line then CivilFEM will fit a parabola.
Plot Sketch
35
~BRDEF, MP, Nsec, Yoffs, Zoffs, Bank, Trans, Skew, Solid
Solid Model
For the correct generation of the solid model and the finite element model
of the structure, it is necessary to define a series of attributes. These
attributes are: attributes are:
Cross section number that will be assigned to the different mileage points
(MPs) forming the bridge.
Offsets: Definition of the position of the intersection of the line of mileage Offsets: Definition of the position of the intersection of the line of mileage
points with the cross section plain (Yoffs, Zoffs), referred to the cross section
coordinate system
Bank: Possibility of defining the banks along the bridge.
y
MP,s line
y g g g
z
Zoffs
Yoffs
Bank (Rotation's center P)
P
36
Bridge definition
Solid Model
Skew: This capability allows the definition of an offset angle of the cross Skew: This capability allows the definition of an offset angle of the cross
section with respect to the road axis.
H ll lid i Thi bili ll h d fi h ll Hollow or solid section: This capability allows the user to define hollow or
solid sections for a particular mileage point. Therefore, the user may
consider hollow sections or solid section at particular points of the
structure (at supports for example) (Only valid for slab cross section) structure (at supports, for example).(Only valid for slab cross-section)

Hollow section
(Solid=0 or blank
Solid section
According to original contour (Solid=0)
37
Cross sections at supports
Solid Model
38
Model Generation
This utility generates the complete geometrical model of
the structure as well as the finite element model from the
cross sections definition (location, offsets, banks, etc)
It is generated from the defined sections
It utilizes the previously defined layout
It generates the finite element model of either beams, shells
3 d b i k t ti ll or 3-d bricks automatically
39
Bridge Wizards
Supported Bridges Supported Bridges
Concrete (with a CivilFEMbridge section)
Steel (with a CivilFEMsteel 3D pattern)
Generic (with a CivilFEMgeneric cross section) Generic (with a CivilFEMgeneric cross section)
Cable Stayed Bridges
( ith Ci ilFEM b id ti ) (with a CivilFEMbridge section)
Arch Bridges
(with a CivilFEMbridge section)
Beam model
Shell model
40
Bridge Wizards
Bridge Generators windows can generate 3D models for: Bridge Generators windows can generate 3D models for:
Concrete Suspension Bridges
( ith Ci ilFEMb id ti ) (with a CivilFEMbridge section)
Steel Suspension Bridges Steel Suspension Bridges
(with a CivilFEMsteel 3D pattern)
G i S i B id Generic Suspension Bridges
(with a CivilFEMgeneric cross section)
Mixed section, two types of section:
Concrete slab over I-section steel beams
Concrete slab over a steel box
41
Concrete slab over a steel box
Suspension Bridge Generators
Concrete Suspension Bridges p g
42
Supported Bridge Example
Supported Bridges :
Same parameters as suspension bridges are used, but only bridge deck will be
generated.
Concrete
Steel
43
Loads Definition
In the bridge analysis process a great number of load steps In the bridge analysis process, a great number of load steps
are automatically generated such that can easily be
incorporated into load combinations
Load types :
Mobile (vehicles, pedestrian, etc.)
Surface loads (structural, traffic, snow, etc.) ( )
Prestressing, in any direction.
Self weight
The loads generate LoadStates (LS) that are grouped in families and
LS 1
e oads ge e ate oadStates ( S) t at a e g ouped a es a d
later become combinations.
S
LS 2
LS 71
Vehicle
Load
Family 19 Combination 19
44
LS 71
Loads Definition: Families
A family is a group of load states usually of the same A family is a group of load states, usually of the same
topology.
All the load steps belonging to a family are combined
into one unique load step according to their nature into one unique load step according to their nature
The combined family can be later introduced as a
starting point in load combinations.
Load factor coefficients will be the same for each Load factor coefficients will be the same for each
family
45
Loads Generation (Traffic Loads)
Vehicles: Rigid (truck) or flexible (train, adaptable to the path) g ( ) ( p p )
User friendly path definition: road surface and road axis are automatically
detected by the program
46
Loads Definition: Vehicles
Start
End
Bridge deck First
h l
Last
vehicle
vehicle
position
vehicle
position
It is possible to define when the vehicle movement starts and ends,
relative to the bridge geometry.
47
Loads Generation (Prestressing Cables)
Definition of points along the cables path (automatic adjustment of the Definition of points along the cables path (automatic adjustment of the
points using splines)
Introduce the tensile force at specific locations in the tendons path
A tomatic transfer of the cable action to the str ct re Automatic transfer of the cable action to the structure

P'
1
P'
N
P
P
P
P
P
1
2
k+2
k+1
N
P
k
O
P
R
z
MR
z
MR
K
fz
T
1
1
3D spline generation
x
R
MR
y
x
c.d.g.
R
y
K
fx
K
fy
T
2
2
48
Transmision of the cable actions to the model
3D Tendon Geometry Editor
It allows the definition and edition of the geometric and strength properties It allows the definition and edition of the geometric and strength properties
of all tendons of a structure. The geometry may be shown and edited
either graphically or by coordinates.
Tool Bar
Elevation
Object
Tree
Elevation
View
Info/Edit
Window
49
Plan View
Prestressed Forces, Moments & Stresses
Stresses in the support and in the middle of span.
50
Combinations with Variable Coefficients
Where should the two engines be located for the stress to be maximumat Where should the two engines be located for the stress to be maximum at
point P?
? ? ? ? ? ?
P
51
Mobile loads Mobile loads
Combinations with variable coefficients (favorable/unfavorable)
Actions in different directions (wind, earthquakes, )
Combinations according to codes logic
52
m
o
s
t

e

m
o
s
t

e

1
n
e
2
Permanent actions (G
k
)
e
d

i
n

t
h
e

m
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
t
e
d

i
n

t
h
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
V
i
r
t
u
a
l

l
a
n
e
V
i
r
t
u
a
l

l
a
n
B
o
r
d
e
r
B
o
r
d
e
r
B
o
r
d
e
r
(
k
)
Self weight
Dead load of 20 kN/m
Road traffic actions (Q
k
)
0
k
N

l
o
c
a
t
e
v
o
r
a
b
l
e

p
o
s
2
0
0
k
N

l
o
c
a
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
l
e

p
V
V
Vehicles (Double-axis)
2x300 kN in virtual lane 1
2x200 kN in virtual lane 2
U if l di t ib t d l d
2
x
3
0
u
n
f
a
v
2
x
u
n
f
Uniformly distributed loads
9.0 kN/m
2
in virtual lane 1
2.5 kN/m
2
in virtual lane 2
2 5 kN/m
2
in the other areas
Target:
MaximumMZ
2.5 kN/m in the other areas
53
Maximum MZ
Minimum MZ
Eurocode No 1: Permanent and transient situations (simplified) Eurocode No.1: Permanent and transient situations (simplified)
Permanent actions Variable actions
The programwill select
k Q k G
Q G +
The program will select
the coefficients to apply for
each target and element.
Safety factor Safety factor y
for variable actions:
Q
= 0 if it is favorable
y
for permanent actions:
G
= 1.00 if it is favorable
Q
= 1.00 if it is unfavorable
G
= 1.35 if it is unfavorable
54
Combination Rules are logic relations between Start States Combination Rules are logic relations between Start States.
Each combination rule has its own Start States
A combination rule may have any number of Start States (up to a
ma im mof 1 000 000) maximum of 1,000,000)
The result of the combination is called a combined result
Combination rules can be nested
That means that the combined result of the combination i can be a start
state for the combinations i+1, i+2, , n, and combined results of
combination i+1 may be a start state for combinations i+2, i+3, , n
... Q Q G G E
Wind k, Wind 0, Wind Q, Live k, Live Q, Dead k, Dead G, Gravity k, Gravity G,
+ + + + =
55
Combination Rule
Combined result Start State
56
Define the type of combination and the number of Start States Define the type of combination and the number of Start States
Before starting with calculations, you must define all the combination rules and
targets.
Combination name
Combination number
Combination name
Type of combination
Number of Start States included in
this combination rule
57
this combination rule
Maximum coefficient
Minimum coefficient
If a default value is introduced, it will be
applied to the rest of Start States.
58
applied to the rest of Start States.
Code Checking Results
.011637
.039639
.067641
.095642
.123644
.151646
.179647
207649
PHASE 1:
AXIAL +BENDING CHECKING
.207649
.235651
.263652
X
Y
Z
59
CivilFEM Creep and Shrinkage
Shrinkage Shrinkage
Time dependent deformation without external loads, due to the concrete
hardening.
Creep Creep
Time dependent deformation under the influence of stress
Can cause displacement and deformations that can affect the distribution Can cause displacement and deformations that can affect the distribution
of stresses, the reaction forces and the pre-stressing forces that act on the
structure.
60
) ( ) ( ) ( t t t
sh cr el t
c c c c + + =
c t (t, )
o
Strain due to creep only appears
after loading the structure
c t (t, ) CREEP
o CR
Strain due to shrinkage
appears at the initial time
Elastic strain is produced, instantanously,
at the moment the load is applied
c (t)
e
c (t)
SH
ELASTIC
SHRINKAGE
t, t
t
o
t
t
2
F(t)
0
0
61
St rain component s
t, t
t
o
0
Assumption: Assumption:
Linearity: the creep deformation is proportional to the stresses
c t (t, )
c (t,0)
c t (t, )
1
CR
CR
CR
c (0)
CR
c t ( )
1 CR
*
*
) ( o t
c t (t, )
2
1 CR
CR
c t ( )
2
CR
*
) , (
) (
) , (
28 ,
0
t
o
t c t
E
t
t
c
c
cr
=
t, t
t t
1 2
Creep variat ion wit h time and wit h the load applicat ion age
The validity of this assumption is experimentally confirmed for initial
stresses below 40% of the strength of concrete.
62
Assumption:
c t (t, )
CR
c = c t (t, )
1 CR
I
c = c t (t, )
2 CR
II
CR
c t (t, )
CR
CR
Assumption:
Principle of superposition: the
deformation due to creep at
time t caused by a stress
t, t
t
t 1
2
t, t
t t
t
t t
t
o
o
o
o
y
increment applied at time t is
independent from any stress
increment that takes place
before or after time t
t, t
t
1
t, t
t
2
c = + c c
T I II
c t (t, )
CR
c t (t, )
CR
before or after time t
Therefore, the deformations
due to creep are addable
t
1 t, t
c = c
F F
T I
c + c c
CR CR CR
t
1 t, t
c = c
CR CR
T I
c = c c
CR CR
T I
CR
II
due to creep are addable
t, t
t
1
t
2
o
o
2o
o
t, t
t
1
t
2
o
o
Superposi t i on pri nci pl e
63
p p p p
64
Shrinkage in CivilFEMis computed from the shrinkage strain curves
defined in the concrete material properties.
Curves are calculated fromthe available codes in CivilFEM Curves are calculated from the available codes in CivilFEM
Curves can be defined by the user point-by-point.
Sh i k t i ill b t d i ll t i l ith th h i k Shrinkage strains will be computed in all materials with the shrinkage
option activated.
They are introduced in the model by temperature increments and calculated
fromthe thermal strains and the thermal expansion coefficient of the material from the thermal strains and the thermal expansion coefficient of the material.
Since shrinkage strains are related to thermal strains, temperature
increments must not be applied to elements that are associated to materials
with the shrinkage option activated. with the shrinkage option activated.
65
For a correct evaluation of time-dependent properties ANSYS time For a correct evaluation of time-dependent properties, ANSYS time
defined with command TIME, must coincide with active time of CivilFEM
defined with command ~ACTTIME.
All the structural elements of ANSYS support the modeling of concrete
shrinkage with CivilFEM. Exceptions:
All the PIPE elements All the PIPE elements
SHELL91, SHELL181, SOLID191
SHELL99 and SOLID46 elements can only be used with KEYOPT(2) = 0 or 1
66
CivilFEMuses a standard step-by-stepmethod to solve this integral: CivilFEMuses a standard step-by-step method to solve this integral:
I h b h d h i i di id d i i f i l I h In the step by step method the time is divided into a series of intervals. In each
intervals the equilibrium and compatibility conditions of the structure are
satisfied. Strain is computed as follows:
(
}
=
=
(
(
+ = +
t
c c
cr el
d
E
t
E
t t
t
t
t o
t
t
c c
0
28 ,
) (
) , (
) (
1
) ( ) (
The solution procedure of CivilFEMemploys a non linear calculation with
automatic time discretization: the time steps, corresponding to load steps and
substeps, are chosen to follow the evolution of loads and model geometry.
=
A
(
(
+ =
k
i
i
c
i k
i c
k
t
E
t t
t E
t
1
28 ,
) (
) , (
) (
1
) ( o
c
67
Strain increments produced by creep are computed fromthe creep Strain increments produced by creep are computed from the creep
coefficients defined in the material properties and from the stress
increments produced during the steps of time discretization:
o
Ao(t )
i
o
o
Variable act ion discret ization
t
i
t,t
t
o
Variable act ion discret ization
) ( ) (
) , (
) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
A = = A
k cr
k
i
i k
k cr k cr k cr
t t
t t
t t t c o
c c c
68
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
28 ,
1
=
k cr
i
i
c
k cr k cr k cr
E
These creep strains are introduced in the model using ANSYS Creep These creep strains are introduced in the model using ANSYS Creep
(subroutine UserCreep is programmed for this case, which uses an implicit
time integration algorithm).
It is also possible to take into account an aging coefficient. In this case creep
strains are computed as follows:
A + A =
k
i
i
i k
i k
k
k cr
t
E
t t
t t t
E
t t
t
1
1
1
) (
) , (
) , ( ) (
) , (
) ( o
_ o
c
t1 is the time of the application of the first load
If the value of the aging coefficient is not specified, the program uses:
= i
c c
E E
1
28 , 28 ,
5 . 0
5 . 0
1
) , (
i
i
i k
t
t
t t
+
= _
Like in case of shrinkage, for a correct evaluation of time-dependent
properties, ANSYS time defined with command TIME, must coincide with
ti ti f Ci ilFEMd fi d ith d ACTTIME
69
active time of CivilFEMdefined with command ~ACTTIME.
CivilFEM Creep Effective Modulus Method
This method consists using a elasticity modulus called effective modulus which This method consists using a elasticity modulus called effective modulus which
takes into account the additional strain caused by phenomenon of creep
The effective modulus is calculated by the following expression: The effective modulus is calculated by the following expression:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) t
t
t
t
, 1
,
.
t
E
E
t E
x
x
eff cr
+
=
( )
( ) t ,
28
1 t
E
x
+
The concrete age at the moment of the load application is calculated as the
difference between the load application time, TAppLoad and the material
activation time, Tact.
TAct TAppLoad = t
70
CivilFEM Creep Effective Modulus Method
Thi i lifi d th d d l l d t f h ti t b This simplified method needs only one load step for each time to be
solved, so this method is much faster than the step by step method.
Under this method, the creep strain only depends on the current state of
stresses thats why its independent of the previous load history. This
method provides accurate results for concrete stresses almost constant in
ti time.
This method is based on the substitution of the material elasticity modulus
by an effective modulus so it isnt possible to determine the creep strain
independent to the elastic strain so the final elastic strain will be the
combination of these.
71
Element types that are supported in CivilFEMto model concrete creep: Element types that are supported in CivilFEMto model concrete creep:
Step by step method:
Beam: LINK180, BEAM188, BEAM189
Sh ll SHELL181 Shell: SHELL181
2D Solid: PLANE182, PLANE183
3D Solid: SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187
Eff ti d l th d Effective modules method:
All the ANSYS structural elements.
Element types that are supported in CivilFEMto model concrete
Shrinkage:
All the ANSYS structural elements except:
All pipe elements.
SHELL 91, SHELL 181, SOLID 191.
It can only be used on SHELL 99 and SOLID 46 elements if KEYOPT (2)=0 or 1.
72
Creep and Shrinkage Time Stepping
~CFMP,1,LIB,CONCRETE,EC2,C16/20 ! Concrete
CFMP 1 CONCR KCREEP 1 ! C b St B St M th d ~CFMP,1,CONCR,KCREEP,,1 ! Creep by Step By Step Method
~CFMP,1,CONCR,KEYCT,,0
~CFMP,1,CONCR,KSHRINK,,1 ,0,0,0 ! by temperatures
~CFMP,1,CONCR,AGESRINI,,10 ,0,0,0 ! concrete age when shrinkage
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TIME,10 $ ~ACTTIME,10 ! 10 Days
RATE,ON
NSUBST,1
SOLVE
NSUBST 10 NSUBST,10,
SOLVE
NSUBST,10,
TIME,25 $ ~ACTTIME,25 ! 25 Days , $ , y
SOLVE
SOLVE
SOLVE
SOLVE
SOLVE
73
SOLVE
NON- INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS:
Construction Sequence (Curing) Analysis
S l
Concrete
The beamis built by phases, but the supports will not be taken out
Steel
INCREMENTAL S S
The beam is built by phases, but the supports will not be taken out
until concrete has gained resistance.
Concrete
INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS:
Steel
Concrete
First the steel beam is placed and then the concrete, without resistance, will
b d th t l t t
Steel
74
be poured on the steel structure.
Cable Stayed Bridge Wizard
Nonlinear Construction Process Analysis: Nonlinear Construction Process Analysis:
Y
X
Y
X
Y
Z
X
Z
X
Z
MN
MX
X
Y
Z
75
76
~CPDEF,1,3 ! 3 Phases
! Phase 1
CPSTDEF 1 TIME 0
Geometry
~CPSTDEF,1,TIME,0
~CPSTDEF,1,SS,6,14,,0
~CPSTDEF,1,SS,1,6
~CPSTDEF,1,TENDON,1,10
Phases
40 m 40 m 50 m
~CPSTDEF,1,TENDON,11,30,,0
! Phase 2
~CPSTDEF,2,TIME,12 ! 12 days
~CPSTDEF,2,SS,1,11
Cross Sections
Li i i Li i i Li i i
50 m 30 m 50 m
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Section 1
~CPSTDEF,2,TENDON,21,30,,0
! Phase 3
~CPSTDEF,3,TIME,24 ! 24 days
8 m 8 m 12 m 12 m 8 m 8 m 12 m 12 m 10 m 10 m 15 m 15 m
Secti on 2 Secti on 2 Secti on 2 Secti on 2 Secti on 1
Linear t ransi ti on
Secti on 1
Li near t ransi ti on
Secti on 1
Li near t ransi ti on
Section 2
, , , y
~CPSTDEF,3,SS,1,14
77
Postprocess Results
-.161E+08
-.985E+07
-.361E+07
.263E+07
.887E+07
.151E+08
214E+08
PHASE 1:
BENDING MOMENT MZ
-.228E+08
-.152E+08
756E+07
PHASE 2:
BENDING MOMENT MZ
X
Y
Z
.401E+08
.214E+08
.276E+08
.338E+08
-.756E+07
.765E+07
.152E+08
.229E+08
.305E+08
.381E+08
.457E+08
BENDING MOMENT MZ
X
Y
Z
-.220E+08
-.143E+08
-.665E+07
.101E+07
.867E+07
.163E+08
PHASE 3:
BENDING MOMENT MZ
X
Y
Z
.163E 08
.240E+08
.316E+08
.393E+08
.470E+08
78
X Z
Case Study: Sil River Bridge
79
80
81

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CivilFEM Bridges

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ANSYS CivilFEM Bridge Webinar

P t R B tt M S C E P E Peter R. Barrett, M.S.C.E., P.E.

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