H thng Vin thng

GV Trn Duy Cng 1

TU0h kI h06 kY Th0kT 60h hhE TF.h6M
8kI Ikh T0M TkT.
(FIIa FoWarpoInI)
ThS Trn Duy Cng
Z011
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 2
1
iu kin:
L thuyt thng tin, Mch in t 3, K thut siu cao
tn.
Mc tiu:
Tm hiu tng quan v h thng truyn s, truyn tng
t, cc mi trng truyn thng.
Tm hiu cc vn v x l truyn thng, iu ch
tng t v s.
TaI IIau.
|1] ha Ihong vIan Ihong.
T. Vu nh Thanh.
hX8. khoa hor ky ThuaI,1997.
|Z] FrInrIpIas oI rommunIraIIon sysIam.
T. h.Taub and .L.8rhIIIIng.
hX8. Mr.raW hIII,19B7.
|8] 8ysIamas da IaIarommunIraIIon.
T. F..FonIoIIIaI.
hX8. unod,19B6.
Mca kcc:
hE Th0h VIEh Th0h 1
60 tict
2
6huong 1. khkI hIEM 60 8kh
1.1 khkI hIEM VE TIh TU6.
Nguon
ch
Mot chieu
Hai chieu
achieu
TV, adIo, o Iu xa, FhonaIInk
hoI ngh} Iu xa
ao Iao Iu xa
Thong IIn don rong (sImpIax). bo dam (kkcag xay ra Jcag lkcl).
8ong rong (IuII dupIax).
8an song rong (haIIdupIax). may Iax.
I khkI hIEM VE hE Th0h VIEh Th0h.
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GV Trn Duy Cng 3
3
TIn Iur Ia rar daI Iuong ma rhung Ia khong bIaI Iruor duor.
Lngtin cuatin thi: H
i
(i nfor mati on content ) cua ti n tc i l a:
)] ( log[
) (
1
log i P
i P
H
i
=
(

=
Trong o: p(i ) - l axac suat cua ti n i tr ong tap hp cac ti n.
anh gi ati n thi xem ti n ocao hay thap. P(i) gi am th H(i) tang.
Entropycuanguon tin (anh gi achung nguon ti n):
_
=
=
N
i
Shannon i P i P H
1
] [ ) ( log ). (
==> h
max
kkl F(l) = F = 1/h=ccasl, vcl mcl l.
Cc khi nim:
Ngun tin s to ra mt tp hu hn cc an tin c th c. My nh ch l mt v
d in hnh v ngun s. C mt s hu hn cc k t (on tin) c to ra t ngun
ny.
Ngun tin tng t to ra cc on tin c xc nh trn mt dy lin tc. Mt
Microphone l mt v d in hnh. in p u ra m t tin tc m thanh v n c
phn b trn mt khong lin tc cc gi tr.
Symbol: l mt k hiu trong ngun tin. V d ngun nh phn BPSK c 2 symbol;
ngun 4-PSK c 4 symbol; ngun m ASCII c 128 symbol chnh l cc k t.
Baud: l tc truyn symbol hay s symbol truyn trong mt n v thi gian (1
giy). V d 100 baud =100 symbol/s
Bit: l n v thng tin, n c th nhn 2 gi tr l 0 hoc 1. L lng tin c mang
bi mt symbol. V d trong ngun tin 4-PSK, mt symbol s mang c 2 bit.
Bit rate: L tc truyn tin (bit/s ; bps) hay chnh l s lng bit truyn trong mt
n v thi gian l s.
Message: l mt chui symbol to nn lng tin c ngha.
Encryption: Gip bo mt thng tin bng cch m ha tin tc truyn vi cc kha m.
Error Control Coding: Gip pha thu pht hin v sa li cc tn tc nhn c.
Line Coding/Pulse Shaping: m bo dng sng tn hiu truyn thch ng vi c
tnh knh truyn.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 4
4
usar
Modulator
1 0 1 1 0
Modulator
1 0 1 1 0
channel
encoder
1 0 1 1 0
polar
on-off
channel
encoder
1 0 1 1 0
polar
on-off
rhannaI
darodar
8ourra anrodar
MuIIIpIaxIng
InIormaIIon
8ourra
rhannaI
anrodar
moduIaIor
damoduIaIor
8ourra darodar
aMuIIIpIaxIng
Source encoder
PCM, DM, DPCM, LPC
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ...
Source encoder
PCM, DM, DPCM, LPC
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ...
rhannaI
1.Z M0 hhh hE Th0h Th0h TIh 60 8kh.
VoIra
kudIo
VIdao
aIa
5
hguca lla: Tin tuc duJc chuyen thanh tin hieu dien va nguJc lai bang cach thung
qua cac cam bien (micrc-|ca, camcra-mai |i|, Jau Jc |c p|ai t|i |ai| ).
Ma kca aguca: Tin hieu cu xac suat cau thi duJc ma hua thanh ky tu ngan, cun tin
hieu cu xac suat tha duJc ma hua thanh ky tu dai, nham de.
hang cau hieu suat ve su dung thung tin.
Bau mat thung tin.
Ma kca keak: La phuong Ihur bIan doI In hIau sao rho ro dang phu hop voI da r
Inh rua kanh Iruyan, do do, ro kha nang rhong nhIau rho In hIau Iran kanh.
hgoaI ra, ma hoa kanh ron ro Iha rho phap Iap bo ma phaI hIan saI va sua saI.
leu cke sc. khI su dung duong Iruyan vo Iuyan, phaI rhu y dan dar Inh rua
anIan. V anIan Ia moI IhIaI b} bang hap, ro krh Ihuor phu Ihuor Ian so hoaI
dong nan da Iruyan In hIau so day nan (hasehaaJ) phaI su dung ky IhuaI dIau
rha so rhuyan Ihanh In hIau day Ihong (haaJass) rho phu hop voI dar Inh rua
kanh Iruyan.
ke keak. Chu he kha nang truyen tin hieu tu nhieu nguun khac nhau tren
cung mut kenh truyen.
Trong Ihur Ia keak lruyea ron rh}u anh huong rua rar Iar nhan sau.
+ Su meu dang, su suy giam cua tin hieu duJc truyen di trung suut chieu dai cua kenh.
+ hhieu cung va nhieu nhan, nhieu xuyen kenh.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 5
6
1.8 6k6 k6 Thh 60 8kh
1.3.1- Nguonamcon ngi:
f 12kHz 0
80Hz 12kHz
Trung thuc te, hu cua am thanh giung nui cun nguJi trai dai tu 8Oh/ den
12kh/, giam nhanh J vung tan su cau.
Trcag ky lkual Jlea lkcal, aguca am cc cac Jac lruag sau:
- Bai hu giJi han trung khuang 300-3400|z, tuy khung hai het dai am
tan nhung dui vJi dien thuai, dai hu nay du chu nhan dang thung tin.
- Bien du tha cua nguun am J cac vung tan su cau se duJc nen dai chu
chung nhieu.
- Su lech ha cua am khung the nhan biet bang tai nguJi.
Trung lien lac dien thuai, nhung luc nguun ngung hat am (cau iat k|i ici
c|uyci), nguJi ta cun cu the xen cac cuuc dam thuai khac vau, nhat la trung
cac kenh thung tin cu ly xa huac chi hi cau.
7
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GV Trn Duy Cng 6
8
1.8.Z 6haI Iuomh kanh Ihong IIn.
Suygiamtren kenhtruyen:
- 6cag sual kal: F
]mw)
Muc ccag sual kal:
] [ 10 ] [
log 10
mw E dBm E
P L =
FhaI kanh Thu
] [dB o
L
E [dBm]
L
R [dBm]
, ) lan dB mw dBm ;
- 6cag sual lku: F
]mw)
Muc ccag sual lku:
] [ 10 ] [
log 10
mw R dBm R
P L =
- c suy kac lrea keak lruyea: ] [
] [
] [
lan
P
P
mw R
mw E
= o
aag kkac:
] [ ] [ ] [ 10 ] [ 10 10
log 10 log 10 log 10
dBm R dBm E mw R mw E lan dB
L L P P = = = o o
Tn hIau
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 7
8uy hao
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 8
Mao dang
hhIau
t A
ms 400 < At
FhaI Thu
Vi thong thoai hai chieu, thi tre co the cam nhan c khi ln hn
150ms cho moi chieu.
Neu thi tre tren mot chieu nao o ln hn 400ms, se gay ra kho chu
cho ngi nghe.
...
) (
3
3
2
2 1 0
0
+ + + + =
|
|
.
|

= =
D D D D
KT
qV
D D
V a V a V a a I
q e I V f I
D
VD
ID
heu
t V t V V
D 2 2 1 1
cos cos c c + =
... ) cos cos ( ) cos cos (
2
2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 0
+ + + + + = t V t V a t V t V a a I
D
c c c c
1.8.8 ThoI gIan Ira.
1.8.4 Mao FhI Tuyan.
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GV Trn Duy Cng 9
1.4 k6 Thh 6h0h T0h kh0h Ikh Th0I Ikh
@ uaa ke glu Ja uag lrcag kkcag glaa laa sc va lkcl glaa.
h(l)
h(I) rua moI duong Iruyan rhIau
daI I phu Ihuor vao hang so
Iruyan song

l
(l)
t t t d t h u t u
i o
) ( . ) ( ) ( =
}
+

0
(l) =
l
(l).h(l)
u
0
(l)=u
l
(l)k(l).
@ 8u gke glua cac keak lruyea
~
U
A
(t) Kenh 1 U
B
(t)
U
C
(t) Kenh 2 U
D
(t)
Near end Far end
8u ghap gIua rar kanh Iruyan xay ra dua Iran ba nhan Io ghap.
Che thung qua dien trJ chung, nhat la vJi cac dien trJ dat dung chung chu nhieu kenh
thung tin.
Che dung tinh du cac tu dien ky sinh giua cac duJng.
Che cam tinh du cac hu cam giua cac duJng.
6ar yau Io Iran dua dan su ghap xuyan kanh. hguoI Ia phan bIaI ra haI IoaI ghap xuyan
kanh o haI dau kanh Ihu dong.
Xuyen kenh gan (icar ciJ crcssta|k) => Ti |icu L
c
(0)
Xuyen kenh xa (far ciJ crcssta|k) => Ti |icu L
c
(l )
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 10
1.6 M0I TU0h T0YEh V0 T0YEh.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 11
a- ay scag kaak Jcl xuag
1.6 M0I TU0h T0YEh hU0 T0YEh.
Ian Iro dar Inh.
0
D
d
: Chat i en moi cua l p vo.
] [
2
log
276
] [
2
ln
120
10 0
O = O =
d
D
d
D
R
r r
c c
r
c
ay song hanh da b} hIau ung xuyan kanh (6rcsslalk)
e glam: Xcaa keak 1 va xcaa keak 2, rcl sau Jc xcaa kal keak lal lkec
ckleu agucc lal va cu lke gke ckc Jucag Jay la kc keak.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 12
h- 6a Jcag lruc
Ian moI
ay dan
LuoI kIm IoaI
(noI mass)
Lop nhua bao ngoaI
d D
] [ log
138
ln
60
10 0
O = |
.
|

=
d
D
d
D
R
r r
c c
Ian Iro dar Inh.
0
o doI pha Iuyan Inh.
c
c

0
C
r
=
Tor do Iruyan Irong rabIa.
r
C
V
c

0
=
o Iarh pha gIua haI dau rabIa. l . = A
h1- hleu uag Ja (8kla ellecl):
MaI do dong dIan
S
I
2 1
2
1
0
0
c c
c
c
c
<
=
] [
] [
2
m
A
DC
S
I
J =
heu ta dat vau day mut dung dien AC vJi tan su cai |ci Jai Jci mat Jc J
k|ci cci Jcu iua ma mat Jc J |ci i|at |a c c|u vi icai cui cci cai
vac trci mat Jc J cai iam. Bui vJi dung BC thi mat du J J mui diem
bang nhau. hieu ung tren gui la hieu ung da.
Vay tan su cau cu the lam day rung (v tai sc cai cac mat Jc Jci Jici
ai tam |ai k|ci).
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GV Trn Duy Cng 13
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 14
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 15
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GV Trn Duy Cng 16
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GV Trn Duy Cng 17
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GV Trn Duy Cng 18
38
Fh0 IEh TU
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 19
1
6kucag 2:
XU LY T0YEh Th0h
Z.1 ar Inh kanh Iruyan so.
6ar kanh Iruyan so IIau (la kleu lruyea Jl lkec ky lkual sc)
duor dar Irung qua rar Ihong so sau.
Tuc du bit cua nguun, tinh bang hll/s hay hs (iuci tii
p|at ra |ac i|icu |it trci mct Jci vi t|ci iai), tuy t|cc
iuci tii k|ac i|au Jai Jci sc |it k|ac i|au.
Su muments m: La su trang thai vat ly duJc su dung cua
tin hieu ban dau (m muc |ici Jc, m tai sc, m p|a )
Tuc du mument cua nguun la M duJc tinh bang 8auJ
(|8auJ, M8auJ) the hien van tuc vat ly truyen qua kenh chu
mui mument cua ma duJc dung.
2
6ar Ihong so Iran IIan quan voI nhau Ihao rong Ihur sau.
m M D
2
log = |bIIls] heu m=? (O, 1) ta cu B=M.
- LIan quan gIua Ior do bII va bang Ihong 8.
] [ ] [
25 . 1
Hz Baud
B M ~
- Thong Iuong kanh. Thung luJng kenh 6 la tuc du bit tui
da ma kenh cua chung ta cu the truyen tai duJc trung dieu
kien cu nhieu.
T so In hIau Iran nhIau (8h) =
N
S
=
;
, ) + = + ~ 1 log 1 log 2
2 2
B B C
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 20
3
Z.Z Iau rha Iuong Iu va so.
Truyan qua bang Ian gor (lruyea Jal aea):
Truyen tin hieu qua bang tan guc (|asc|aiJ traismissici)
nghia la tin hieu duJc truyen truc tie sau khi nu xuat hat
tu nguun (k|ci qua Jicu c|c), J tai bang tan guc cua nu.
FhuJng ha truyen nay dui hui cac mui truJng truyen khac
nhau chu mui luai tin hieu.
+ keak lkcal: B =8OOh/84OOh/ (day sung hanh, ham vi ngan).
+ keak lruyea kak: B = 5Oh/ 5Mh/, (Ca dung truc, ham vi ngan)
+ keak lruyea sc lleu: Chu cac tin hieu ma hua, nui lien cac tcrmiia|s.
f
min
f
max
f
aI Ian gor rua In hIau. 8 = Imax ImIn .
4
` uu diem. dJn gian, dam bau nJi thu thu dung bang thung
(k|ci cc mcc Jai).
* Khuyet diem. Tin hieu de bi nhieu, thung thuJng truyen dai
nen khung the truyen di xa. Truyen dai nen khung the ghe
kenh.
}nh ngha va mur drh rua su dIau rha
Bieu che la chuyen dui dai nen sang mut tin hieu khac sau
chu khung lam thay dui ve nui dung tin tuc.
Iau rha nham rar mur drh sau.
Chu he tin hieu thich nghi vJi dieu kien truyen cua mui
truJng, ngay ca khi mui truJng bi can nhieu ma van dam bau
chat luJng tin hieu muun truyen di.
Chu he trun nhieu kenh thung tin tren cung mut mui
truJng truyen.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 21
5

1
(l)
2
(l) MeJla
22
(l)
11
(l)
hhIau
Iau rha
IaI Iau
rha
BeltaM (Lc|ta McJu|atici)
BFCM (Liffcrcitia| Fu|sc 0cJc
McJu|atici)
FCM (Fu|sc 0cJc McJu|atici) Cude
Cluck signal
(tuc du bit B)
Analug
Bigital
Bieu che
su
FSK (F|asc 5|ift |cy) Fhase
FSK (|rcqucicy 5|ift |cy) Frequency
00K (Ui-Uff |cy)
ASK (Amp|ituJc 5|ift |cy)
Amlitude
Sine
Bigital
. Su lieu
. Van ban
FwM (Fu|sc WiJt| McJu|atici) width
FFM (Fu|sc Fcsitici McJu|atici) Fhase
FFM (Fu|sc |rcqucicy McJu|atici) Frequency
FAM (Fu|sc Amp|ituJc McJu|atici) Amlitude
mulse
FM (F|asc McJu|atici) Fhase
FM (|rcqucicy McJu|atici) Frequency
SSB (5ii|c 5iJc 8aiJ)
AM (Amp|ituJc McJu|atici)
Amlitude
Sine
Analug
. LJi nui
. hhac
. Videu
Bieu che
tuJng tu
Luai dieu che Thung su duJc dieu che Bang sung mang Luai tin tuc
6
Z.Z.1 Iau rha xung.
ModuIaIor
Transmissiun
6hkhhEL
(Limited Bandwidth)
araIvar
ModuIaIad
FuIsa 8IgnaI
araIvad
8IgnaI
aronsIrurIad
Massaga
8IgnaI
knaIog
Massaga
8IgnaI
FuIsa 8IgnaI
hoIsa
Pulse
Width
Period
Peak
Amplitude
a) Oscilloscope
b) Spectrum Analyzer
Frequency
0Hz
harmunics
P
o
w
e
r

L
e
v
e
l
(Fouries Analysis)
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 22
7
FuIsakmpIIIuda ModuIaIIon (FkM)
VJi FAM, cac mau cua tin hieu thung die thi thuJng duJc dieu che
thanh bien du xung khac nhau theu tin hieu thung die, cu du rung
xung la hang su, vi tri xung hang su.
FuIsaWIdIh ModuIaIIon (FuraIIonM) (FLangIhM)
0 day, cac mau cua tin hieu thung die (tuci tu) cu du rung xung
(p|ai tc| cuc cua c|u ky) la ty le vJi bien du cua tin hieu thung
die.
FuIsaFosIIIon ModuIaIIon (FFM)
VJi FFM, cac mau cua tin hieu thung die thi thuJng duJc dieu che
thanh vi tri xung khac nhau. Cu du rung xung la hang su, bien du
xung cung la hang su.
FuIsa6oda ModuIaIIon (F6M)
Cac mau cua tin hieu thung die FAM duJc chuyen dui thanh day su
nhi han nui tie cu chieu dai cu dinh.
8
Z.Z.Z ang song dIau rha xung.
a)
b)
c)
T
d)
e)
Tn hIau Ihong dIap
Tn hIau Iay mau
Tn hIau FkM
Tn hIau FWM
Tn hIau FFM
Y tuJng
Su sanh
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 23
9
FuIsa 6oda ModuIaIIon (F6M) FuIsa 6oda ModuIaIIon (F6M)
k6
F6M sIgnaI
8ampIa
uanIIta
knaIog
InpuI
8IgnaI
Enroda
LIna
6oda
X
X

X
k
100111010
14
aIIa moduIaIIon (M)
0 dIau rha daIIa (su Juag ma F6M Jca hll) Ihay v Iruyan
rar dar Irung duor ma hoa rua mau, o day rh Iruyan bII
don ma bII do rh ro Ia mau ro gIa Ir} Ion hon hay ba hon
mau Iruor do.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 24
15
8o phaI dIau rha aIIa (M)
8o rhuyan doI
solTuong Iu
(k6)
Lay mau
8o dam
LanlXuong
0l
Xung nhi
Analog
Xung
lay
mau
Tn hIau FkM
+
_
8o sanh
F6M.
100110111
1=Ian
0=xuong
17
8o Ihu dIau rha aIIa (M)
8o rhuyan doI
solTuong Iu
(k6)
8o Ior
Ihong Ihap
8o dam
LanlXuong
0l
Xung nhi
Analog
Tn hIau FkM
F6M. 100110111
Tn hIau vao
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 25
19
A
ua TaI o or. Tn hIau Iuong Iu dau vao nhanh hon
so voI kha nang rua bo k6 ro Iha duy Ir (bam).
Tap am haI. 8o In hIau phur hoI voI In hIau nguyan Ihuy. khI ma
bIan do rua In hIau dau vao ro bIan do Iuong doI hang so Ih In
hIau phur hoI ro nhung bIan doI khong daI dIan rho In hIau nguyan
Ihuy.
20
Iau rha aIIa Ihrh nghI. La dang dIau rha aIIa Irong
do krh Ihuor buor rua bo k6 duor bIan doI moI rarh Iu
dong phu Ihuor vao dar Inh rua In hIau Iuong Iu dau
vao.
0 dIau rha aIIa Ihrh nghI Ih sau khI day IIan IIap rar
so 1 hoar so 0 duor xar d}nh, krh Ihuor buor (buor
rhuyan IIap Irang IhaI) sa duor gIam moI rarh Iu dong.
21
Z.8. LkY Mk0 Vk T0h kEhh
I
s
I
s
0
2f
max
X(l)
f
max
-f
max f
f
f
T
S
2T
S
t
0
x(t)
x
rr
(t)
t
t
I
s
I
s
2f
max
f
I
s
I
s
max
2f f
s
>
max
2f f
s
<
Khung bi aIIasIng (k|ci |i c|ci c|ap vc p|c)
Bi aIIasIng (|i c|ci c|ap vc p|c)
* hho Iay mau.
Cung suat hat giam.
Trun kenh theu thJi gian.
Su hua tin hieu.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 26
22
f
S
-f
S
0
X(f)
f
max
-f
max
f
Y
PAM
(f)
f
0
f
S
-f
S
2f
0max
f
0
0 T 2T 3T
x(t)
y
PAM
(t)
t
t
t 0
0
y(t)
t
j
(

= =
_

=
) ( 2 * ) (
2
1
) ( * ) (
2
1
) (
0
c c o
tt t
t c
t
c c
t
c n
T
n
Sa
T
A
X Y X Y
n
PAM
23
0 1Z Z6 6Z 7B 100 f{kHz}
8Ian do
t / 1
Tkuc le, vcl mcl keak lkcal, laa sc lay mau Jucc ckca quy ucc la
l
8
=8khz, Jleu aay ku kc vcl haag laa lkcal vcl laa sc l
max
=3,4 khz
va l
8
- l
max
= 4,5khz Jc Jc, lac mcl kkcaag cack 1,2 khz Ju lca ckc
ke lkuc klea mack lcc ka lkcag.
24
Lay mau va glu akam kal muc Jck sau:
Ciu muc tin hieu cu dinh trung thJi gian xu ly cua mut mau, chang han
tau ma F6M chu tung mau.
Tang ti su den muc tui da ( k|i cc mac| iu) de tang bien
du tin hieu ra sau khi luc ha thung (v t|ai| p|ai p|c tai cc |ai sau k|i
|ay mau t| |c vci ).
s
T / t 1 / =
s
T t
s
T / t
0 f
max
f
s
f{kHz}
8Ian do
t
1 1
= =
s
s
T
f
x(I)
t
t
0
0
t
y(I)
O T 2T 8T 4T
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 27
28
Ia Ihanhl1 kanh
FhaI Ira so IIan
Iruor IIan
0 l
mla
> dung kanh rIang ra IIan hon Iron kanh l
6hIau daI duong dI IIan Iar
6
1k
<6
1r
6
1k
>6
1r
(re kca)
6
1k
=6.l
6
1c
=
6
mux
6.l
h h
------ + -----
khong Iron kanh
Tron kanh
Ia Ihanh IIan Iar moI kanh
Iran moI don v} rhIau daI
Ia ruor rho 1
nguoI IIan Iar
2.4 ke keak - Mullllexlag
6
mux
. Thiet bi ghetach kenh J hai dau duJng truyen.
26
ke keak - Mullllexlag
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 28
27
FDM FDM (FREQUENCY (FREQUENCY IVI8I0h M0LTIFLEXIh) IVI8I0h M0LTIFLEXIh)
28
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 29
29
31
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 30
33
Bandwidth division
34
Coaxial cable bands
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 31
39
TDM TDM (TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING) (TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)
40
Z.Z.1 FkM (Fulse AmllluJe McJulallca)
- Bieu che FkM la ky thuat dieu che tin hieu tuJng tu, nhung luc nay khung
truyen tuan bu nang luJng cua tin bieu ma chi truyen di cac xung sau khi
duJc lay mau. tac ca cac xung cua cac kenh khac nhau duJc lay mau J
nhung thJi diem khac nhau, cac mau nay duJc ghe lai va truyen chung
tren mut kenh.
s(t)
b)
c)
d)
CT
T
OUT
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 32
41
Ung dung FkM Irong hap kanh (TM).
s(t)
CH1
CH2
CH2
CH1
CH3
CH3
s(t)
s(t)
CT1
CS
S
Y
N
S
Y
N
C
H
1
C
H
1
C
H
2
C
H
2
C
H
3
C
H
3
CT2
CT3
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT MULTIPLEXER
T
T
T
T
T
s
43
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 33
52
58
Power
Frequency
Time
FDMA
Frequency
Power Time
TDMA
Frequency
CDMA
Power
Time
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 34
1
6kucag 3:
Th0h TIh 80
2
usar
Modulator
1 0 1 1 0
Modulator
1 0 1 1 0
channel
encoder
1 0 1 1 0
polar
on-off
channel
encoder
1 0 1 1 0
polar
on-off
rhannaI
darodar
8ourra anrodar
MuIIIpIaxIng
InIormaIIon
8ourra
rhannaI
anrodar
moduIaIor
damoduIaIor
8ourra darodar
aMuIIIpIaxIng
Source encoder
PCM, DM, DPCM, LPC
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ...
Source encoder
PCM, DM, DPCM, LPC
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ...
rhannaI
I. khaI nIam.
VoIra
kudIo
VIdao
aIa
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 35
2
Analog ADC
Line coding
Digital
transmission
Sampling
Quantization
Coding
RZ, NRZ, AMI
ASK, FSK, PSK
Block diagram for digital transmission system
II- iu Ch S (Digital Modulation)
3
6ac ky lkual Jleu cke sc cc haa :
ky IhuaI dIau rha so ro nhIau dang khar nhau, nhung Iap
Irung vao ba dang ro ban.
ang dIau bIan. k8k, kM, Mary kM.
ang dIau Ian. F8k, Mary F8k, M8k.
ang dIau pha. F8k, Mary F8k.
leu cke sc. khI su dung duong Iruyan vo Iuyan, phaI rhu y
dan dar Inh rua anIan. V anIan Ia moI IhIaI b} bang hap,
ro krh Ihuor phu Ihuor Ian so hoaI dong nan da Iruyan In
hIau so day nan (hasehaaJ) phaI su dung ky IhuaI dIau rha
so rhuyan Ihanh In hIau day Ihong (haaJass) rho phu hop
voI dar Inh rua kanh Iruyan.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 36
4
Iau 6ha Tuong Tu Thanh Tuong Tu
(knaIogIoanaIog ModuIaIIon)
5
Iau 6ha kM & FM
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 37
6
Iau 6ha u LIau 8o Thanh Tn
hIau Tuong Tu
(IgIIaIIoanaIog ModuIaIIon)
7
6ar LoaI Iau 6ha u LIau 8o
Analog ADC
Line coding
Digital
transmission
Sampling
Quantization
Coding
RZ, NRZ, AMI
ASK, FSK, PSK
Block diagram for digital transmission system
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 38
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 39
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 40
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 41
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 42
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 43
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 44
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 45
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 46
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 47
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 48
24
QAM
25
kM
kaI hop gIua k8k va F8k
8ang Ihong Irong kM = h
baud
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 49
26
Tn hIau BkM
27
6hom sao 16kM
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 50
29
8o sanh gIua Ior do 8II & 8aud
Bh
7h
6h
6h
4h
8h
Zh
h
To To r r d do o
8II 8II
h 6 FanIabII 8Z 8Z kM kM
h 6 haxabII 64 64 kM kM
h 7 8apIabII 1ZB 1ZB kM kM
h B 0rIabII Z66 Z66 kM kM
h 4 uadbII 16 16 kM kM
TrIbII
IbII
8II
on on v} v}
h 8 B B F8k, B F8k, B kM kM
h Z 4 4 F8k, 4 F8k, 4 kM kM
h 1 k8k, F8k, Z k8k, F8k, Z F8k F8k
To To r r d do o
8aud 8aud
8IIsl8aud 8IIsl8aud Ia Ia u u rha rha
III- K THUT M HO TN HIU
InIormaIIon
sourra
InIormaIIon
sInk
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 51
Home
- M ha ngun
Analog:
Min thi gian: PCM, DPCM, ADPCM, DM, ADM
Min tn s: SBC (Sub- Band Coding)
M hnh ngun: LPC (Linear Predictive Coding)
Text: Shannon, Fano, Huffman
Digital: LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch)
- M ha Knh
Khi c sai n: m khi tuyn tnh, m hamming, m vng,
Khi c sai chm: m tch chp, m trellis, m tubor,
- iu ch s
Machong nhi eu
Khi truyen ti n neu sdung cac mabnh thng
th khocothephat hi en cac l oi bi t do moi trng
hoac do thi et b.Cac l oi nay cothel am cho bi t 1
chuyen thanh bi t 0 hoac ngc l ai .Ngi ta dung
machong nhieuephat hi en vasa sai cac
l oi bi t.
Co2 phng phap:
- Sdung mal ng cc.
- Sdung maphat hi en l oi vasa sai .
1- M Ha Knh
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 52
Malng cc
Bi t
Manh
phan
Ma
l ng
cc
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
* Lu y:
Vi manhphan, comot xung nhieu lam cho 1
bit 1 chuyen ve0 hoac ngc lai th thiet bkhong the
phat hien ra.
Nguyen t ac t hanh lap Malng cc
ao dau l uan phi en :
- Bi t 0 : van c mahoal a0 ( 0 V)
- Bi t 1: c mahoal uan phi en l a+1 va1
( +V vaV )
Khi comot xung nhi eu tac ong vao xung +V hoac V l am cho
chung ve0V hoac 0V chuyen ve+V, -V th qui l uat ao dau
l uon phi en bmat. Thi et bthu sephat hi en ra i eu nay vase
phat tn hi eu canh bao.
* ac i em : manay khong phat hi en vtr sai ( Bi t sai ) nen
khong thesa sai c.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 53
Maphat hien loi vasa sai
Maphat hi en l oi :
V du:
a1 a2 a3 a4 Khong phat
00 01 10 11 hi en l oi
0001 0101 1110 1111
=> con tha 12 tohp (4 bi t co2
4
) ->
phat hi en c l oi .
Cac maphat hi en l oi vasa sai thng l a
maeu.
etao c mahi eu cotnh phat hi en l oi , ta phai chon
bomahi eu masotohp cothecoc l n hn soti n
cua nguon ti n can c mahoa.
Trong omot sotohp c dung l am tmatng ng vi
cac ti n can mahoa.
Cac tohp con l ai goi l acac tohp cam.
Neu khi thu ti n thi et bthu c tohp camtc l aphat hi en
c l oi .
Tr ong v dut r en cac t ohp con lai:
0000, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0110, 0111
1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101
l acac tohp cam.
Neu thuc mot trong cac tohp nay tc laacoloi xay ra.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 54
Tuy nhi en neu nhi eu tac ong l am cho 1 tmabi en thanh 1 t
makhac khong phai l atohp cam th thi et bkhong nhan ra.
Thong thng sobi t sai trong moi tmatang l en th xac suat
xuat hi en ssai ogi am xuong.
Nh vay cac tmacosobi t khac nhau cang nhi eu th thi et b
cang dephat hi en l oi . Hay noi cach khac bomacoskhac
nhau gi a tmacang l n cang dephat hi en l oi .
eanh gi amc okhac nhau gi a 2 tmangi ta
a ra khai ni em khoang cach gi a 2 tma, kyhi eu
l ad
V du: khoang cach gi a 2 tma1001 va1111
d = 1001 + 1111 = 0110 = 2
2 manay khac nhau 2 bi t vtr thhai vathba.
Bomacodcang l n th khanang phat hi en l oi cang l n.
Masa sai
i eu ki en emot bomacotnh sa sai c trc
ti en phai l abomacokhanang phat hi en l oi . Tc
l acac tmakhi bl oi phai ri vao tohp cam.
Ngoai ra, esa sai c phai nhan bi et c tohp
cam nay l ado tmanao sai machuyen thanh.
Thong thng tmabsai t bi t coxac suat xuat hi en
nhi eu hn tmasai nhi eu bi t.
V vay khi sa sai , thi et bcoxu hng chuyen tohp
cam sai thanh tmanao cokhoang cach so vi tohp
cam l anhonhat.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 55
Xet v du: a1 a2 a3 a4
0001 0111 1110 1001
Neu thu c tohp 1010
Xet cac khoang cach :
d1= 0001 + 1010 = 1011 = 3
d2= 0111 + 1010 = 1101 = 3
d3= 1110 + 1010 = 0100 = 1
d4= 1001 + 1010 = 0011 = 2
Nh vay tohp manay sesa sai thanh 1110 v d3 lanhonhat.
Neu t a t hu c t ohp 1111 t h ay lat ohp cam.
d1= 0001 + 1111 = 1110 = 3
d2= 0111 + 1111 = 1000 = 1
d3= 1110 + 1111 = 0001 = 1
d4= 1001 + 1111 = 0110 = 2
Nh vay khoang cach ttohp 1111 vi 2 tma1110 va0111 labang
nhau nen thiet bkhong thesa sai c.
Vay muon thi et bcokhanang sa sai cang tot th odai cac t
macang l n. Luc okhoang cach gi a cac tmavi cac tohp
cam cang l n => khanang sa sai chnh xac.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
I EU KI EN
CUA MA PHAT HIEN VA MA SA SAI
- Xet t r ng hp loi 1 bit :
Neu t r ong bomakhoang cach gia 2 t mala1 bit nose
chuyen sang t ohp cam hoac t makhac.
Neu t r ng hp t h2 xay r a t h t hiet bkhong t hephat hien
c loi.
=>Vay khoang cach toi thieu gia hai tmatrong trng hp
nay la2
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 56
-Tng t neu loi 2 bit :
Khoang cach gi a cac tmatrong bomaphai l a
2 + 1 = 3.
Tong quat:
ebomacothephat hi en c t bit l oi trong mot t
math khoang cach gi a cac tmathoai eu ki en:
d>= t +1
ieu kien masa sai:
Xet trng hp sa sai mot bit:
Mot tohp masai 1 bit so vi tmagoc tc l acokhoang
cach so vi tmaol a1 bit .
ecothesa sai chnh xac , tohp manay phai cokhoang
cach ti cac tmacon l ai t2 tr l en.
Khoang cach gia t magoc ti cac t macon lai phai t
3 t r len.
Tong quat :
esa sai c t bit trong tma, khoang cach gi a cac bo
matrong tmasel a:
d>= 2t + 1
Ghi chu: Tat cacac bomahi eu dung ephat hi en hoac sa
sai eu l amaeu.
Ngi ta con goi l amatuyen tnh.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 57
M Chp Vng
Information
source
Rate 1/n
Conv. encoder
Modulator
Information
sink
Rate 1/n
Conv. decoder
Demodulator

sequence Input
2 1
,...) ,..., , (
i
m m m = m


bits) coded ( rd Branch wo
1
sequence Codeword
3 2 1
,...) ,..., , , (
n
ni ji i i
i
,...,u ,...,u u U
U U U U
=
=
= G(m) U
,...) ,..., , (
2 1 i
m m m = m

d Branch wor per outputs
1
d Branch wor for
outputs r Demodulato
sequence received
3 2 1
,...) ,..., , , (
n
ni ji i
i
i
i
,...,z ,...,z z Z
Z Z Z Z
=
= Z
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
148
A Rate Convolutional encoder
Input data bits Output coded bits
m
1
u
2
u
First coded bit
Second coded bit
2 1
, u u
(Branch word)
149
k s thanh ghi dch
u s b cng modulo
m s bit vo
S bit ng ra n = (m+k-1).u
= (3+3-1).2 = 10
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 58
A Rate Convolutional encoder
1 0 0 1
t
1
u
2
u
1 1
2 1
u u
0 1 0 2
t
1
u
2
u
0 1
2 1
u u
1 0 1 3
t
1
u
2
u
0 0
2 1
u u
0 1 0 4
t
1
u
2
u
0 1
2 1
u u
) 101 ( = m
Time Output Output Time
Message sequence:
(Branch word) (Branch word)
150
A Rate Convolutional encoder
Encoder ) 101 ( = m ) 11 10 00 10 11 ( = U
0 0 1 5
t
1
u
2
u
1 1
2 1
u u
0 0 0 6
t
1
u
2
u
0 0
2 1
u u
Time Output Time Output
(Branch word) (Branch word)
151
data Encoder codeword tail
zero-bits
Khi nhn tng c xoay u
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 59
Encoder
m
1
u
2
u
2 1
u u
) 101 (
) 111 (
2
1
=
=
g
g
152
2 2 ) 2 (
2
) 2 (
1
) 2 (
0 2
2 2 ) 1 (
2
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
0 1
1 . . ) (
1 . . ) (
X X g X g g X
X X X g X g g X
+ = + + =
+ + = + + =
g
g
) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) (
2 1
X X X X X g m g m U =
11 10 00 10 11
) 1 , 1 ( ) 0 , 1 ( ) 0 , 0 ( ) 0 , 1 ( ) 1 , 1 ( ) (
. 0 . 0 . 0 1 ) ( ) (
. 0 1 ) ( ) (
1 ) 1 )( 1 ( ) ( ) (
1 ) 1 )( 1 ( ) ( ) (
4 3 2
4 3 2
2
4 3 2
1
4 2 2
2
4 3 2 2
1
=
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ = + + =
+ + + = + + + =
U
U
g m
g m
g m
g m
X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
State diagram
10 01
00
11
0
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
1/11
1/00
1/01
1/10
0/11
0/00
0/01
0/10
Input
Output
(Branch word)
155
output input
Trng thi
hin ti
10 1
01 0
11
01 1
10 0
10
00 1
11 0
01
11 1
00 0
00
0
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
0
S
2
S
0
S
2
S
1
S
3
S
3
S
1
S
Trng
thi k
tip
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 60
Trellis
156
10 01
00
11
0
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
1/11
1/00
1/01
1/10
0/11
0/00
0/01
0/10
Input
Output
(Branch word)
Time
i
t
1 + i
t
State
00
0
= S
01
1
= S
10
2
= S
11
3
= S
0/00
1/10
0/11
0/10
0/01
1/11
1/01
1/00
00
0
= S
01
1
= S
10
2
= S
11
3
= S
Trellis
0/11
0/10
0/01
1/11
1/01
1/00
0/00
0/11
0/10
0/01
1/11
1/01
1/00
0/00
0/11
0/10
0/01
1/11
1/01
1/00
0/00
0/11
0/10
0/01
1/11
1/01
1/00
0/00
0/11
0/10
0/01
1/11
1/01
1/00
0/00
6
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
1 0 1 0 0
11 10 00 10 11
Input bits
Output bits
Tail bits
157
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 61
0/11
0/10
0/01
1/11
1/01
1/00
0/00
0/11
0/10
0/01
1/11
1/01
1/00
0/00
0/11
0/10
0/01
1/11
1/01
1/00
0/00
0/11
0/10
0/01
1/11
1/01
1/00
0/00
0/11
0/10
0/01
1/11
1/01
1/00
0/00
6
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
1 0 1 0 0
11 10 00 10 11
Input bits
Output bits
Tail bits
157
) 101 ( : = m Tin
) 11 10 00 10 11 ( : = U Phat
) 11 10 00 10 11 ( : = R Thu
hard darIsIon VIIarbI darodIng
Soft-decision Viterbi decoding
) 1 ,
3
2
, 1 ,
3
2
, 1 ,
3
2
,
3
2
,
3
2
,
3
2
, 1 (

= R
5/3
-5/3
4/3
0
0
1/3
-1/3
-1/3
-1/3
5/3
-5/3
1/3
1/3
-1/3
6
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
-5/3
0 -5/3 -5/3 10/3 11/3 14/3
2
8/3
0
13/3 3
1/3
-5/3 5/3
, )
i i
t t S ), ( I
Branch metric
Partial metric
1/3
-4/3
5/3
5/3
-5/3
) 101 ( = m
) 11 10 00 10 11 ( = U
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 62
1
6kucag 4:
hE Th0h T0YEh 80
1. k6 Thh 60k U0h T0YEh 80
FhaI kanh so Thu
aI nan (so ) m. mur gIa Ir}
m M D
2
log . =
- Bua vau m muc nguJi ta han ra lam 2 luai (nen). dJn cuc va luJng cuc.
8
Z
1
0
0 1 Z 8
don rur
Z
1
0
1
Z
Iuong rur
- on rur. 0, 1, , (m1). - Luong rur. 0, 1, 2, , 1/2(m-1)
2
(a) Data
A
-A
0 (c) Polar NRZ
A
0
(d) Unipolar RZ
A
-A
0
(e) Bipolar RZ
8IhkY kTk 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
A
-A
0
(f) Manchester NRZ
Binary signaling formats
Vults
A
Time
0
(b) Unipolar NRZ
T
b
LIna rodas
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 63
3
on rur phaI.
* O thi hat tha.
* 1 thi hat tu 1 xuung O.
Tan su cau hJn truyen binh thuJng nham (xay ra xui 1 xuci 0).
hJi thu cu xung cluck nham nJi thu cu su dung bu vJi nJi hat.
BJn cuc cu nhuJc diem. tai f=0 cu hu O
Tieu tan nang luJng lJn (p|u t|ucc muc L0).
Suy hau ve cung suat tin hieu lJn (muc L0 suy |ac t|cc kci|).
Tum lai cu muc BC cua tin hieu.
Luong rur phaI.
* O giu nguyen.
* 1 dau J duJng, 1 sau J am.
hu giai quyet nhuJc diem cua mude dJn cuc.
hguun hat hai hat duJc muc am va duJng.
Khung the su dung duJc chu hat bang quang.
4
Bien du
requency
Bien du
requency
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 64
5
LUk 6h0h M0E T0YEh 80.
vlec lua ckca mcJe lruyea sc akam cac muc Jck sau Jay:
Tranh viec truyen va tai tau thanh han mut chieu (de chu
he ghe tin hieu va dJn gian hua cac bu tai tau tin hieu).
Tranh hu tai vung tan su tha de giam meu hi tuyen rat
nhieu tai vung nay.
han che hu tai vung tan su cau de tranh du suy hau tang
va ghe ky sinh.
Bau dam kha nang tai tau xung dung hu cu tuc du mument
du de dung bu nJi thu va bu tai tau tin.
Bau dam su giai ma duy nhat, nghia la vJi bat ky tu hJ ma
hua nau, chi chu mut chuui tin tuJng ung duy nhat.
6
FhaI kanh so Thu
Ira pha + suy hao mao dang IaI Iap
Z. TkI LkF TIh TU6
8o ran
bang
khuarh
daI
Lay
mau
uyaI
d}nh
nguong
6huan
dang
xung
Lor xung
rIork
Tao rIork
noI
Tn
hIau
Ihu
duor
Tn
hIau
IaI
Iap
0
1
(I) h(I)
8o ran
bang
E(I)
0
Z
(I)
E(I)=1lh(I) . ngo ra ran bang
8o ran bang
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 65
7
8. hhIE0 L0kh 0 TU0h Tk6 IUk 6k6 M0MEhT8
6ac mcmeals kkl cc su ckcag ckal lea akau. Ta gcl Jc la Jc
lk] Jaag mal.
hhieu luan tuJng tac giua cac muments cang nhieu thi cac duJng
net tren man hinh cang chung chat, du thi dang mat cang dung
lai.
Bu thi dang mat bieu dien du mJ cua mat, danh gia ham chat
cua du can bang. Su han biet m muc gia tri cua mui mument tai
thJi diem iT
m
(8c |ay mau |cat Jci tai t|ci Jicm iT
m
) cang
chinh xac thi du mJ cua mat cang lJn. Bieu nay cu gia tri thuc
nghiem lJn. tren dau dung ky khi du tin hieu thu, ta dieu chinh bu
can bang sau chu cu du mJ cua mat la lJn nhat, luc du, su nhieu
luan du tuJng tac giua cac mument se cuc tieu.
8
hormaI Eya opan
hoIsa Eya rIosa
I mao duong ra Ihua hon (mc mal) va nguor IaI.
6hnh rho maI mo Io nhaI Ia IoI uu nhaI.
a rho In hIau I mao nho khoI rhnh ran bang (quallsallca).
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 66
9
FhaI kanh so Thu
Ira pha + suy hao mao dang
EquaIIsaIIon
4 Xk6 80kT TkI Tk0 TIh 8kI hhkM
TaI noI phaI Iay mau.
+ LuJng tu hua (c|uyci mct sc mau t|ai| muc cc Jii|) > su hua > hat di.
TaI noI Ihu.
LuJng tu hua > chuyen ve tuJng tu > bu luc . . .
heu tin hieu tai tau theu quy tac tren thi nJi thu tai tau muc chinh xac.
Trong Ihur Ia.
Bu cu nhieu (ici icu ta Jui p|uci p|ap trci t| ti |icu sc sai Ji sc vci
muc i |ai Jau) dan den nJi thu tai tau tin sai nham.
10
m-1
m-2
m-3
m-4
m-5
.
.
.
1
0
0
8
BR
U
2
1
hau nhIau xay ra. xac suat bi sai la xac suat vuJt qua
va duJi
BR
U
2
1

Xac suat tai tao sai nham = xac suat bi en onhi eu >
BR
U
2
1
Muc cang nhieu > xac suat bien du nhieu cang tang.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 67
11
6. hE Th0h 80
ha Ihong so Ia Iap hop IaI ra rar IhIaI b} rho phap
Iruyan dI duoI dang so Iu moI dIam nay dan moI dIam
khar.
6ar In hIau Irong ha Ihong Ia dang so Iu nhIan (sc lleu)
hoar xuaI phaI Iu moI nguon Iuong Iu da duor so hoa qua
phap bIan doI Iuong Iu so.
Trong ha Ihong so, vIar Iruyan so duor Ihur hIan duoI
dang ghap kanh Ihao IhoI gIan.
12
6ac Jac lruag cc haa cua ke lkcag sc la
Tor do bII phaI dI.
8o kanh duor Iruyan dong IhoI .
6ar momanI IIan IIap rua rar kanh khar nhau, rung voI
rar momanI phu da bao hIau va dong bo khung, sa Iao
Ihanh rar khung.
6ar Ihong so dIau rha so. Ian so Iay mau, quy Iar Iuong
Iu hoa.
6ar hIong so Iruyan so. moI Iruong Iruyan, moda Iruyan,
Ior do momanI, xar suaI IaI Iao IIn saI nham . . .
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 68
13
MoI ha Ihong so bao gom rar khoI ro ban sau.
Thiet bi dau cuui (Tcrmiia| cquipmcit). Bat J hai dau cua
kenh ket nui. hhiem vu chinh.
Che kenh va han kenh thJi gian cua h kenh su hay
tuJng tu.
Chuyen dui tuJng tu su .
Tau tin hieu bau hieu, dung bu, theu dui xac dinh muc luan
ly va hui hJ trJ khang . . .
Thiet bi duJng truyen (Liic cquipmcits)
Bau gum cac bu tai tau tin va xu ly (k|ucc| Jai, cai
|ai) duJc han bu duc theu chieu dai va khuang cach deu.
VJi truyen sung sieu cau tan, cac bu tai tau tin bau gum
ca cac bu dieu che va giai dieu che.
Cac he thung truyen su, du dac tinh ghe kenh thJi gian,
nen la he thung 4wire (Juci Ji va vc rici |ict).
14
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 69
5.1 IU XUNG M (PCM)
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 70
19
8Z IIma sIoIs, BbII moI khung,
80 kanh IhoaI, 1 kanh dong bo,
1 kanh bao hIau
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 71
16
khung F6M ro so
Thiet bi dau cuui FCM cu nhiem vu ghe 8O kenh thuai tuJng tu hai chieu
tai bang tan cJ ban (8OO h/. . .8,4 Kh/) trJ thanh hai duJng su di va ve.
khung E1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
8Z IIma sIoIs, BbII moI khung,
80 kanh IhoaI, 1 kanh dong bo,
1 kanh bao hIau
1 time slot
bit: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ong bo khung
8ao hIau
125 s hay 1/8000 second
3.9 s/slot
8000 khung/s
256 bits/khung
2.048 Mbit/s
0.488 s/bit
21
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 72
17
cag hc kkuag
0ua trinh dung bu khung (framii) trung cac he thung su nham tau dung bu
giua cac thiet bi nJi hat va thiet bi dau cuui J nJi thu, ve tan su va ve ha,
vJi cac chu ky mument cua tin nhan duJc. Viec dung bu khung duJc thuc hien
khi vua khJi dung may thu, sau du chung thuJng xuyen duJc kiem suat nhJ
cac khe dung bu xuat hien tuan huan tren luung thung tin truyen di, nham
nhan biet su sai lech ha neu cu.
Cac khe dung bu duJc tau thanh bJi nhieu bits dac biet, xuat hien tuan huan
tren mui khung, cu dang sau.
Bung bu theu khung. khe dung bu xuat hien J mui dau mui khung, tau
bJi b bits lien tie nhau.
Bung bu han bu. Xuat hien tung bit mui lan, cach khuang deu nhau
trung mui khung, huac tren nhieu khung, vJi mui bit chu mui khung.
Khi dau thu bi mat tuan bu, nu se tim cac tin hieu dung bu khung theu thJi
gian ngan nhat (vai k|ui).
18
8ac kleu (slgaallsallca)
Bau hieu trung cac he thung truyen su, giua cac trung tam vJi nhau, de quan
ly mang va truyen cac lenh dieu khien cu nhieu kieu bau hieu .
Bau hieu trung mut byte (cun duJc gui la bau hieu duan bit. bit stealing
sgnalling). dung bit cu trung su tha nhat trung 8 bits dac trung chu mui mau
thuai, cu sau mut su khung nhat dinh (c|ai |ai sau 6 k|ui ) lai thuc hien
bau hieu mut lan.
Bau hieu nguai byte, tung kenh mut. mui kenh dung mut hay nhieu bit bau
hieu, nguai cac byte thung thuJng mang tin. Cac bit bau hieu cua h kenh trung
mut khung cu the J dang han bu (|cp t|cm mct |it p|u vac |ytc cua
kci|, Jc Jc tcc Jc |ac |icu tci Ja |a 8k|it/ mci kci|).
Bau hieu chung (cummun chanel signalling ). danh rieng chu khuang thJi gian
cua mui khung chu tin hieu bau hieu, tuy theu yeu cau cua kenh nay ma tin
hieu bau hieu duJc gan chu kenh du. Tin hieu bau hieu duJi dang cac ta tin
cu nhan, chi thuuc ve kenh nau tuJng ung vJi nhan (tcc Jc |ac |icu tci Ja 64
k|it/s). Kieu bau hieu nay duJc dung chu viec trau dui thung tin hu trJ giua
hai trung tam, dieu khien bJi vi xu ly .
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 73
21
4032 4032 274.176 274.176 T T- -4 4 DS DS- -4 4
T T- -3 3
T T- -2 2
T T- -1 1
Line
672 672 44.736 44.736 DS DS- -3 3
96 96 6.312 6.312 DS DS- -2 2
24 24 1.544 1.544 DS DS- -1 1
Voice
Channels
Rate
(Mbps)
Service
DS and T lines rates DS and T lines rates
1920 1920 139.264 139.264 E E- -4 4
34.368 34.368
8.448 8.448
2.048 2.048
Rate
(Mbps)
480 480 E E- -3 3
120 120 E E- -2 2
30 30 E E- -1 1
Voice
Channels
E Line
E line rates E line rates
5.2 PHN CP S CN NG B PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)
Ghp knh s PDH da trn k thut ghp xen bit. Hin nay ang tn ti ba cp ghp
knh khc nhau trn th gii, l:
- H thng Chu u (CEPT)
- H thng Bc M (ANSI)
- H thng Nht Bn (JAPAN)
Cp ghp u tin ca h thng Chu u s dng 30 knh thoi, mi knh c tc 64
Kbps cng vi 128 Kbps bo hiu v ng b to thnh lung s cp c tc 2048
Kbps.
H thng Bc M v Nht Bn khc nhau s lung cp thp khi ghp vo cp cao,
nhng u ly tc c s l 1544 Kbps tng ng 24 knh thoi 64 Kbps v 8 Kbps
bo hiu v ng b.
H thng c s ch dng cho cc tuyn thng tin ngn. Vi cc tuyn thng tin xa, cn
mt dung lng knh ln, vic ghp mt s lng ln knh PCM vo mt ng truyn
chung l cn thit. Qu trnh ghp cc knh PCM c s to thnh h thng PCM cp
cao hn gi l ghp knh s.
Trn c s tng hp cc h thng tiu chun ghp knh s PDH ca Chu u, Bc M v
Nht Bn, ITU-T a ra khuyn ngh G.703 cho cc tiu chun sau:
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 74
4
4
4
4
E4
1
139,264Mbps
1920
Chau Au
E2
1
8,448Mbps
120
E3
1
34,368Mbps
480
E5
1
564,992Mbps
7680
30K
E1
1
30
2,048Mbps
6
4
7
2
T4
1
274,176Mbps
4023
24
T1
1
24
1,544Mbps
T2
1
6,312Mbps
96
T3
1
44,736Mbps
672
T5
1
560,160Mbps
8064
3
4
4
M4
1
97,728Mbps
1440
M5
1
400,352Mbps
5760
24
M1
1
24
1,544Mbps
M3
1
32,046Mbps
480
M2
1
6,312Mbps
96
5
Bac My
Nhat Ban
4
4
4
4
E4
1
139,264Mbps
1920
Chau Au
E2
1
8,448Mbps
120
E3
1
34,368Mbps
480
E5
1
564,992Mbps
7680
30K
E1
1
30
2,048Mbps
6
4
7
2
T4
1
274,176Mbps
4023
24
T1
1
24
1,544Mbps
T2
1
6,312Mbps
96
T3
1
44,736Mbps
672
T5
1
560,160Mbps
8064
3
4
4
M4
1
97,728Mbp s
1440
M5
1
400,352Mbps
5760
24
M1
1
24
1,544Mbps
M3
1
32,046Mbps
480
M2
1
6,312Mbps
96
5
Bac My
Nhat Ban
5.2.1 Cu trc khung PDH.
Mi tn hiu theo h thng phn cp CEPT c cu trc khung xc nh, c bn gm cc
khi sau:
JB CB FAS D+N TB
FAS (Frame Alignment Signal): Tn hiu ng b cho pha thu.
D + N: Cc bit dch v ch ra trng thi ca hng truyn ngc li.
TB: Cc bit thnh phn, cc bit ca cc knh 1-4.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 75
CB: Cc bit iu khin s hiu chnh, ch ra khi JB cha cc bit tn hiu hay cc
bit hiu chnh.
JB: Khi bit tn hiu hoc hiu chnh.
5.2.2 Ghp knh v phn knh trong PDH:
Tn hiu tng c to ra t cc tn hiu thnh phn bng cch chn bit, phng php ny
gi l ghp knh bit-by-bit
hnh trn, vic chn byte ng b FAS v cc bit hiu chnh vo tn hiu hiu ghp knh
cha c xem xt.
Cc bit trong khung FAS tng ng ca cc tn hiu vo cng c chn bit-by-bit vo
cc tn hiu tng. Do vy cc khung FAS s khng cn nguyn dng v tng ng s
khng cn chc nng ng b. Tn hiu tng cn mt frame FAS cho chnh mnh. Frame
FAS ny ny do b ghp knh to ra.
Khng c mi quan h v pha gia frame FAS ca tn hiu tng v cc tn hiu thnh
phn.
5.2.3 u v nhc im ca h thng PDH:
u im:
- Cu trc h thng n gin.
- Nguyn tc ghp knh theo cp bc cho php cc lung s cht ch.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 76
- Cht lng tt, dung lng ln.
- Cng ngh ch to hon chnh, gi thnh sn phm thp.
Nhc im:
- PDH da trn ghp knh cn ng b hiu chnh dng to cp s tc cao.
Mi quan h v pha gia khung truyn dn v ti khng c ghi li do vy ch c th
truy cp tng knh khi tch tng bc tn hiu tng xung cp tng ng, sau khi nh
hng c th cc tn hiu nhnh li c ghp tng bc ln cp s ban u. Nh vy
tnh mm do trong lin kt vin thng b hn ch.
- V mt kinh t, k thut ghp knh s l mt gii php kh t tin v cng knh
v nh hng lung s gn lin vi qu trnh ghp, tch knh kh phc tp v cng knh.
- Mt khc, thnh phn mng PDH, a s chc nng h tr thnh phn mng c
cu hnh trong phn cng. Do , i vi mng PDH, qu trnh vn hnh v bo dng
mng rt hn ch v khng c kh nng tng thm (v d: o th mng ch yu da trn
vic o lng BER). Nh vy khng th p ng nhu cu ci tin v tch hp chc nng
qun l v bo dng mng trong tng lai.
- Mt khuyt im kh quan trng ca PDH l thiu cc tiu chun cho cc h
thng ng truyn tc cao c bit tn hiu quang. Do vy cc thit b ca nh sn
xut khc nhau s mang nhng c th khc nhau v khng lm vic tng thch vi
nhau; vi tng h ng truyn c hai thit b u cui phi t mua t mt cng ty.
Ngoi ra s khc bit gia ba h thng v lut m ha, phng thc bo hiu, cu trc cc
cp s gy kh khn v ph tn trong vic giao tip gia cc quc gia theo cc chun khc
nhau.
- PDH thit k ch yu cho tn hiu thoi, nhng dch v mi nh hnh nh, truyn
s liu tc cao nhng dch v bng rng ny th k thut PDH khng p ng c.
Hng pht trin:
pht trin cng nh khc phc nhng nhc im ca mng PDH. c bit l c
nh hng chung cho cc h thng ng truyn tc cao. Vic giao tip cc loi lung
s c tc khc nhau ca h thng Chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn l vn rt cn
c gii quyt. V th vo nhng nng 80, da vo k thut SONET (Synchronous
Optical Network) m k thut SDH c ra i.
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) ngha l s phn cp s ng b. Trong thit b
truyn dn SDH s cho php giao tip cc lung s c tc khc nhau.
K thut SDH l k thut truyn dn u tin ang c s dng ngy cng ph bin trn
phm vi ton th gii nh cc tnh nng u vit hn hn th h PDH. V hin nay ang
c a vo s dung cho mng Bc Nam nc ta
6. GII THIU SDH
Nguyn l ghp knh SDH cho php ghp cc lung s PDH ca cc chun Chu u,
Nam M v Nht Bn vi cc tc khc nhau nh: 1,544 Mbit/s; 2,048 Mbit/s; 6,322
Mbit/s; 34,368 Mbit/s; 44,736 Mbit/s v 139,264 Mbit/s hnh thnh lung s ng b
155,52 Mbit/s a vo khung STM-1 truyn i.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 77
Cc lung PDH c a vo STM-1 bng cch ghp xen k tng byte d liu PDH vo
trong cc Container (C), sau gn cc t mo u POH trong Container o VC v cc
byte con tr Pointer, v thng tin t mo SOH to thnh khung STM-1. Lung STM-1 c
tc 155,52 Mbit/s gi l lung c s trong SDH.
S
T
M
-
1
E / O
E / O
155,52 M bi t / s
Op t i cal Fi ber
155,52 M bi t / s
Op t i cal Fi ber
Tx
RX
2 M bi t / s
1,5 M bi t / s
6 M bi t / s
34/ 45
M bi t / s
140 M bi t / s
Cu trc khung STM-1:
Khung STM-1 gm 2430 byte c xp thnh mt ma trn 9 hng, mi hng cha 270
byte. Thi gian cho mi khung STM-1 l 125 s (tng ng vi tn s lp li l 8000 Hz)
Mi byte trong khung gm 8 bit thng tin c truyn 8000 ln trong 1 giy. Nh vy tc
ca mt knh l 64 Kbit/s.
Khung STM-1 gm ba khi:
- Khi t mo vng SOH (Section Overhead).
- Khi con tr PTR (Pointer).
- Khi ti d liu Payload.
Payload
SOH
AU - PTR
SOH
3
1
5
2 70 By t e
261 Byte 9 byte
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 78
Trnh t truyn cc byte trong khung l t tri qua phi v t trn xung di. Trnh t
truyn cc bit trong mt byte l bit c trng s ln nht truyn u tin v bit c trng s
b nht truyn cui cng. Nguyn tc trn c p dng cho tt c cc loi khung tn hiu
trong SDH.
a) T mo vng SOH:
Khi SOH gm (8 x 9) bytes dnh cho vic ng b khung, gim st, bo dng v iu
khin.
SOH c chia thnh hai phn:
+ on t mo chuyn tip RSOH ( Regenerator SOH).
+ on t mo ghp knh MSOH (Multiplexing SOH).
b) Vng ti d liu Payload:
Cc lung s t 2 Mbit/s n 140 Mbit/s c chuyn vo vng ti d liu c kch thc
(9 x 261) bytes. Nhng lung ny c xen vo khi STM-1 theo cc qui nh c
nh ngha trc.
c) Khi con tr PTR:
Mi quan h v pha gia vng ti d liu v khung STM-1 c ghi li trong con tr. V
tr ca cc lung s khi chuyn vo khung STM-1 s c con tr ghi nhn chnh xc. V
vy, sau khi c c ni dung ca con tr, ta c th truy xut n cc lung ring l m
khng cn phi phn knh hon ton tn hiu STM-1 .
Khi con tr PTR gm 3 con tr, mi con tr c kch thc 3 byte, c v tr c nh trong
khung STM-1. Khi con tr ny c t trong 9 byte u tin ca hng th t ca khung
STM-1.
Cu trc khung STM-N:
Tn hiu SDH vi tc cao hn tc c bn thu c thng qua ghp byte xen byte tn
hiu STM-1, v tc ca tn hiu STM- N l Nx155,52 Mbit/s (N l s nguyn dng).
Cu trc khung ca STM-N cng tng t nh STM-1, nhng tn hiu STM-N vn
chuyn Nx9x270 byte cng vi chu k l 125s. Khung STM-N c cc byte SOH, PTR
v vng ti d liu Payload bng cch ghp xen k tng byte cc SOH, PTR v vng ti
d liu ca khung cp thp hn.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 79
P a y l o a d
S O H
A U - P T R
S O H
3
1
5
N x 2 70 B y t e
N x 2 6 1 B y t e N x 9 b y t e
Nguyn l ghp knh trong khung STM-N:
+ Trong qu trnh ghp knh, cc byte trong vng ti d liu ca cc STM cp thp
hn c ghp xen k tng byte v ti trc tip vo vng ti d liu ca khung STM-N
m khng cn b m.
+ Cc byte t mo u SOH ca khung STM-N c to thnh t cc byte t mo
u SOH ca NxSTM-1 ring l.
+ Cc byte con tr ca NxSTM-1 ring l c ghp vo khung STM-N ti v tr
thch hp. Trong qu trnh ghp ny, v tr ca tn hiu hu ch ca tng STM-1 ring l
c th thay i so vi v tr ban u ca n thch hp vi s khc nhau v pha gia
STM-1 v STM-N. Mi gi tr con tr ca cc lung STM-1 ring l phi c iu chnh
cho ph hp theo s khc nhau v pha ny ghp vo.
Theo nguyn l ghp knh l NxSTM-1 s cho khung STM-N. Nh vy, nu ghp
MxSTM-N vo khung ln hn s c STM-NxM. Nguyn tc ny c p dng
trong thc t:
+ 4 x STM-1 1 x STM-4.
+ 16 x STM-1 1 x STM-16.
+ 4 x STM-4 1 x STM-16.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 80
M U X
1 / 4
d c b a d c b a . . .
S T M - 4
b b b b . . .
d d d d . . .
c c c c . . .
a a a a . . .
S T M - 1 # 1
S T M - 1 # 2
S T M - 1 # 3
S T M - 1 # 4
M U X
4 / 1 6
d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a . . .
S T M - 1 6
S T M - 4 # 1
S T M - 4 # 2
S T M - 4 # 3
S T M - 4 # 4
a a a a . . .
b b b b . . .
c c c c . . .
d d d d . . .
45 Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
1,544 Mbi t/s
6,322 Mbit/s
SDH
2 Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
1,544 Mbi t/s
45 Mbit/s
6,322 Mbit/s
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 81
1
6kucag 5:
hE Th0h T0YEh TU0h TU
1. k6 Thh 60k U0h TU0h TU
Fhat Kenh tuJng tu Thu
suy hau dB/km
Trung duJng truyen tuJng tu, tin hieu tuJng tu duJc the hien
thung qua nhung thay dui lien tuc cua mut thung su nau du
cua tin hieu truyen di. Truyen tuJng tu cung cu the duJc cui la
truJng hJ dac biet cua truyen su, khi muc trang thai m cua
mui mument tang len den .
2
FhaI kanh Iuong Iu l
km
Thu
nhIau
suy hao
Mur rong suaI In
hIau phaI
L
8E
|d8m]
Mur rong suaI
nhIau phaI
L
hE
|d8m]
Mur rong
suaI In hIau
Ihu L
8
|d8m]
Mur rong
suaI nhIau
Ihu L
h
|d8m]
nhIau Iram kanh
do ro sInh ra nguon nhIau moI
8uy hao
Thua bao > Iong daI phaI Ihanh phaI hnh
6ap dong Irur, song hanh moI Iruong khong gIan
mw dBm km lan km dB
mw thu
mw phat
km lan
P L
P
P
10 / 10 /
] [
] [
/
log 10 ; log 10 ; = = = o o o
] [ ] [ ] [
.
dB dBm SE dBm SR
l L L o =
T so 8lh (8h: 8lgaal lc aclse rallc):
] [ 10 ] [ 10
] [
] [
10 10
] [
] [
log 10 log 10 log 10 log 10 ;
mw N mw S
mw N
mw S
lan dB
mw N
mw S
lan
P P
P
P
P
P
= = = =
] [ ] [ dBm N dBm S dB
L L =
] [ ] [ dB R dB E
>
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 82
3
Z. 80 kh0E6h kI U0h T0YEh
La cac bu khuech dai tin hieu duJc dat duc theu kenh truyen, muc dich
tranh chu bien du tin hieu suy hau qua tha (k|i |ici Jc tuci Juci muc
i|icu Jai Jci ta k|ci t|u Jucc ti |icu). Vay duJng truyen cang dai
hai cu nhieu bu khuech dai.
Mach khuech dai nham bu lai su mat mat va su suy giam cua tin hieu
tren mui truJng truyen, de dat muc tin hieu thu LSR du lJn.
Be bu lai meu tuyen tinh (vc |ici Jc va p|a) cua duJng truyen thi he su
khuech dai S(f) hai cu quy luat nguJc lai vJi du suy giam cua mui truJng.
(l) Khui khuech dai can bang (quallser).

0
la bu khuech dai cu dinh.
ha so khuarh daI rong suaI.
] [ ] [ 0 ] [ 0 10 ] [ 0
] [
] [
] [ 0
log 10
dBm i dBm lan dB
mw i
mw o
lan
L L G G hay
P
P
G = = =
4
hhIau Irong bo khuarh daI duong Iruyan gom ba IoaI.
hhieu du chuyen dung nhiet cua dien trJ va cua bu khuech dai
hhieu nen trung bu khuech dai, du cac hien tuJng ngau nhien xay ra trung
cac han tu tich cuc, the hien bang he su nhieu (icisc fiurc).
hhieu hai trun tan, du su hi tuyen cua cac han tu tich cuc.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 83
5
hkleu Jc ckuyea Jcag aklel (cku yeu la Jc Jlea lrc)
] [
1
. .
10log 1mW) ... (ref L
10 Nthx
dBm
mW
B T k
a
=
hkleu aea (cku yeu Traaslslcr, FT, lcJe): c va ckam cua
cac kal maag Jlea vcl akau.
Ta dinh nghia he su nhieu (icisc fiurc) F la du sai biet cua lugarithm cua
he su S/h J dau vau va ra.
k=1,88x1O
28
J/
O
K
T
a
=T
O
+
O
C
B. Bang thung (h/)
6
|k] BBB0 Z610 6Z7 170 76
|d8] 16 10 6 Z 1 F
N
T
A
G
1
G
1
G
1
G
1
L
Sx
L
N1
L
N2
L
N3
L
Nn
L
Sy
L
Ny
j B T T k L
N a Nx
) ( log 10
10
A + =
|
|
.
|

\
A
+ =
A +
= =
0
0 0
1 lg 10
1
lg 10
1
) (
lg 10
T
T
mW
B kT
mW
B T T k
L L F
N N
Nthx Nx
] [
1
. .
10log 1mW) ... (ref L
10 Nthx
dBm
mW
B T k
a
= hhieu nhiet.
hhieu tuJng duJng.
hhieu hen.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 84
7
hkleu Jc kal lrca laa:
V
D
I
D
...
) (
3
3
2
2 1 0
0
+ + + + =
|
|
.
|

= =
D D D D
KT
qV
D D
V a V a V a a I
q e I V f I
D
t V t V V
D 2 2 1 1
cos cos c c + =
... ) cos cos ( ) cos cos (
2
2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 0
+ + + + + = t V t V a t V t V a a I
D
c c c c
heu
vlec slak ra akleu laa sc la Jc Jac lak kl luyea, gcl akuag lkaak kaa
slak ra la kal lrca laa (lalermcJulallca).
8
8. 80 0 hhIE0
laa Jc ccag sual la kleu va akleu F
8x
]mw):
- Tai nJi hat.
Nx
Sx
x
P
P
=
- Tai nJi thu.
Ny
Sy
y
P
P
=
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 85
9
laa Jc muc ccag sual la kleu va akleu L
8x
]J8m):
] [ 2 ] [ 1 ] [
] [
mw Ny mw Ny mw NR NR
P P P mw P + + =
_
- Tnh Ihao.
] [dBm L
NR _
:
] [ 10 ] [
10 /
] [
log 10 10
] [
mw NR dBm NR
L
mw
P L P
dBm
_ _
= =
] [
] [
mw N
mw S
lan
P
P
=
] [ ] [ ] [ dBm N dBm S dB
L L =
10
4. hEh kh kI 0h
VoI moI In hIau vao ro mur danh d}nh L
8acmlaal
, vIar nan In hIau sa rho
moI In hIau ro bIan do L
86
voI mur danh d}nh L
86acmlaal
khong doI.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 86
11
aI dong (Jyaamlc raage) rua In hIau duor d}nh ngha Ia hIau
so rua haI gIa Ir}.
Muc tin hieu cuc dai ma bu khuech dai cung ca, khung bi meu hi tuyen.
Muc tin hieu cuc tieu duJc truyen di, muc nay tuy thuuc vau chat luJng duJng
truyen.
heu tin hieu truyen tren kenh cu dai dung lJn se gay ra cac van de sau.
` Muc cuc dai cua tin hieu de gay meu hi tuyen, du du tau nhieu hai trun tan.
` Muc cuc tieu cua tin hieu de bi nhieu tac dung.
` VJi muc cuc dai va cuc tieu cach xa nhau, neu cu nhieu kenh truyen dat gan
nhau, de gay nhieu ghe ky sinh tu kenh nay den kenh kia.
Be giam bJt tac dung tren, nguJi ta dung huJng ha nen dai dung tin hieu
truJc khi dua den kenh truyen.
0 dau ra kenh truyen, dung huJng ha dan dai dung de khui huc dai dung
ban dau.
uy IuaI nan (ccmresslca): , )
al Sno S al Sno SC
L L L L
min min
1
=
o
uy IuaI dan (Jeccmresslca):
, )
al Sno SC al Sno S
L L L L
min min
= o
Thao 66ITT rhon 2 = o
12
kanh
L
8
han
L
86
(nan) L
86
(nan)
an
L
8max
aI dong
8} nan
L
8mIn
L
8max
Mc danh
nh 0dBm
Mc danh
nh 0dBm
L
8mIn
L
h
L
h
,
Mo hnh
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 87
13
hho quy IuaI nan dan daI rong, nhIau nan rua bo khuarh daI Iu mur L
h
o dau ra bo khuarh daI sa gIam dan mur
'
N
L .
, )
al no N al Sno N al Sno
L L L L
min min
'
min
lg 10 o o = =
Truong hop khong ro bo nan dan.
, ) , )
al no
N al Sno al Sno S N S C
L L L L L L
min
'
min min
'
lg 10 ) 1 ( lg 10
lg 10
o

+ =
+ = =
, ) , ) , )
al no al Sno S N al Sno al Sno S N S
L L L L L L L L
min min min min
lg 10 lg 10 + = + = =
Truong hop ro bo nan dan.
Vay Ia ro. I so voI bo khuarh daI ro nan dan
dau vao dau ra rua kanh.
dB
N
S
|
.
|

14
6. hE Th0h T0YEh TU0h TU 0h 80h Mkh.
ha Ihong Iruyan song mang (carrler syslem) Ia ha Ihong Iruyan Iuong Iu
ghap nhIau kanh Ihao phuong phap Ian so FM, va dung phuong phap
dIau rha 888.
he lkcag aay Jucc Juag lrcag cac mcl lrucag lruyea Jay scag kaak kcac
ca Jcag lruc, scag vl ha mal Jal kay ve llak.
MoI ha Ihong Iruyan song mang bao gom rar Ihanh phan sau.
6ar IhIaI b} dau ruoI Iam nhIam vu ghap kanh va Iarh kanh Ihao Ian
so dua Iran nguyan Iy dIau rha va gIaI dIau rha 888.
6ar IhIaI b} duong Iruyan, gom rar bo khuarh daI duong Iruyan, da
bu IaI su suy hao phan bo dau dor duong Iruyan va rar IoaI mao Ian so.
VoI moI Iruong Iruyan vo Iuyan, rar bo khuarh daI Iap (lram) ron ro Iar
dung gIup rar Iuong song vuoI qua rar rhuong ngaI hoar khoang rarh
xa.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 88
15
16
he thung truyen tuJng tu chu yeu dung cac sung dieu che SSB de tiet kiem
dai thung. Be ghe nhieu kenh tren thang tan su, viec ghe chung chat cac
kenh nay dui hui su giJi han bang thung rat nghiem ngat chu mui kenh. Bieu
nay duJc thuc hien bang cac mach luc dai bang. Cac mach luc nay la cac
han tu then chut cua he thung truyen tuJng tu.
a. 8u phan rhIa khoang rarh gIua rar kanh
khoang rarh I
p
. I
p
> 81
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 89
17
b. Fha ha rua rar nhom kanh
Viec ghe nhieu kenh khung duJc thuc hien dJn thuan bang mut
he dieu che ghe kenh, ma hai tu nhieu giai duan dieu che
lien tie tau thanh mut he thung ha he vJi cac nhum ngay
cang tang len.
u Jlem cua ka ke Jaag aay la:
Mut nhum kenh duJc tau thanh tu viec di chuyen va ghe
nhieu nhum kenh ca tha hJn truJc du.
Mui nhum cu the duJc cui nhu mut dJn vi chuan, cu the trich
rieng ra, di chuyen, ghe them vau huac tach kenh rieng re.
Bieu nay chu he chuyen tuan bu mut nhum ma khung giai
dieu che den giai tan cJ ban.
Cac thiet bi dau cuui duJc chuan hua thanh cac mudules, chu
he ghe cac nhum sJ ca, di chuyen nhum. Cac mach luc va
dieu che, giai dieu che cung duJc chuan hua.
18
11096kht B6161Z8BBkht 8B7Zkht 900 hhom rap 4
166Zkht B1ZZ044kht 1Z8Zkht 800 hhom rap 8
411.9Zkht 81Z66Zkht Z40kht 60 hhom rap Z
B4.0Bkht 6010Bkht 4Bkht 1Z hhom rap 1
0.88.4kht 8.1kht 1 kanh IhoaI
FIIoI aI Ian 8ang Ihong 8o kanh
r. ThIaI b} dau ruoI rua ha Iruyan song mang.
Iau rha Ian dau
(8cag maag l
1
hlea
lrea)
Iau rha Ian haI
(8cag maag l
2
hlea lrea)
0
0
0
I
p1
f
p2
I
p1
I
p1
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 90
19
Tn hIau dao Ian FIIoI.
6ar In hIau pIIoIs Ia rar la kleu ku hnh sIn ro Ian so va
mur bIan do ro d}nh va rhnh xar. u rang In hIau Iran rar
kanh ro Iha b} baI on va bIan do, nhaI Ia o rar gIo rao dIam
Ihong IIn, nhung In hIau pIIoIs phaI duor gIu rhuan IaI noI
phaI.
Fllcls Jucc Juag Je:
Iau rhnh mur Ihu danh d}nh hoar phaI danh d}nh.
Iam saI hoaI dong rhua ha (Im rar hu hong)
8o sanh rar Ian so song mang.
a. ay song hanh.
b. 6ap dong Irur.
r. 8o khuarh daI duong Iruyan.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 91
N TP CUI K
Phn I: L THUYT
Cu 1: Ves okhoi cua mot hethong Vi en thong c ban vatrnh bay nhi em vu cua
cac khoi .
Cu 2: Anh/Ch hy so snh v u - nhc im ca cc loi iu ch s: ASK, FSK v
PSK.
6au 8. Anh/Chi hay trinh bay huJng ha dieu che va giai dieu che BFSK (sc Jc k|ci,
ti |icu vac ra cua tui k|ci c mici t|ci iai cc iai t|c|).
6au 4. heu cac uu diem cua huJng ha lay mau va giu su vJi huJng ha lay
mau (vc mat t|ci iai c|uyci Jci A/L, vc p|c tai sc cua ti |icu Ja |ay mau, ...),
giai thich.
6au 6. Su dung huJng ha luan Anh/chi hay han tich hinh sau.
Cu 6: Phng theo hnh sau hy v s khi chi tit v dng ph tn vo ra ca tng
khi chi tit (bt u t 12 knh thoi n ng ra supergroup).
Giat hanh/1 kenh
Phai t r asot ien
t r c t ien
mux
C
N
1
0 l
min
l
Chieu dai ng i lien lac
C
1
<C
1mux
C
1
>C
1mux
C
1
=C.l
C
1mux
=
C
mux
C.l
N N
------- +--------
Khong t r on kenh
Tr on kenh
Giat hanh lien lac moi kenh
t r en moi n vchieu dai
Giacc cho 1
ngi lien lac
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 92
Phn II: BI TP
Cu 1: Mut tin hieu am nhac chat luJng cau cu dai thung tu O den 8kh/ duJc lay mau
J tan su
s
va duJc hat den nJi thu. Xung lay mau cu du rung . 5 s t =
a) Ve hu cua tin hieu da lay mau khi
s
= 14kh/ va giai thich.
b) Ve hu cua tin hieu da lay mau khi
s
= 24kh/ va giai thich.
c) Theu cau (b) tai nJi thu nguJi ta khui huc lai dai nen bang cach dung mach
luc thung tha de giu lai dai tan guc (Jci Jai vci Jai ici) va luai bu cac dai
bac cau hia tren. Biet rang mach luc thung tha chu he thanh han tan su
dai nen cu bien du lJn hJn G lan bien du cua thanh han tan su J dai bac cau.
Tinh du duc cua mach luc thung tha (Jci vi J8/JccaJc).
Cu 2: Mut luung tin hieu su 8FSK duJc truyen tren kenh C cu thung luJng kenh C =
GMbits/s.
a) Tinh tuc du mument tui da M
max
ma nguun tin hieu tren cu the hat va truyen
duJc tren kenh. Tu du suy ra bang thung B
max
cua nguun.
b) heu ta cung dung kenh C J tren de truyen tin hieu ghe kenh FBM tu bun
nguun giung het nhau. Tinh tuc du mument va tuc du bit tui da cua mui nguun.
Biet rang le an tuan ve tan su cua mui kenh la 1O% cua bang thung nguun.
Cau 3: Ta muon ghep 08 kenh tn hi eu etruyen tren mot ng thong ti n, cochi ph
truyen ti n l aC=100,000USD/km. Thi et bghep tach kenh hai au ng truyen co
chi ph tong l aC
mux
=2,000,000USD.
a) Tnh cl i thong ti n toi thi eu l
mi n
evi ec ghep tach kenh cohi eu quaki nh te.
b) Neu tren moi ng truyen n, can phai at mot bokhuech ai cochi ph
C
K
=200,000USD. Hay tnh l
mi n
trong trng hp nay.
Cau 4: Mot khung (manh) PCM gom 22 khe thi gi an (ti me sl ots) cocau truc phan bo
cac ti me sl ots tng t nh manh PCM chuan c s2,048Mbi t/s. Tuy nhi en, trong
trng hp nay, tan sol ay mau moi kenh thoai l a10KHz vamoi mau c chuyen oi
A/D thanh 8 bi t nhphan.
a) Vegi an okhung (manh) vatnh chu kykhung. To, suy ra toc obi t D
cua khung.
b) Tnh sokhung trong mot a khung (l i en manh) sao cho cothechuyen tai het
cac bi ts bao hi eu (anh dau), tng t nh manh PCM chuan. Vegi an oa
khung nay. Tnh chu kya khung?
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 93
c) Suy ra toc obi t cua tn hi eu ong bokhung D
bk
vacua tn hi eu ong boa
khung D
bk
?
Cu 5: Anh/Ch hy thit k h thng PCM truyn 08 ngun tn hiu tng t, 1 knh
ng b mnh v 1 knh nh du c cu trc phn b cc timeslots tng t nh mnh
PCM chun c s 2,048Mbps.
Bit rng cc ngun thoi sau khi ly mu vi tn s 10Khz s c m ha dng 8
bit. truyn y cc tn hiu nh du cho c 08 knh thoi, cc knh t 1 ->4 dng 3
bit nh du u v cc knh 5->8 dng 3 bit nh du cui ca knh nh du v to
thnh lin mnh. Bit rng knh nh du ca mnh u tin trong mi lin mnh c s
dng ng b lin mnh.
Yu cu:
a. m bo nh l ly mu ca Nyquist, tn s ct ca b lc thng thp cn phi
t ngay sau cc ngun thoi l bao nhiu?
b. V gin mnh, tnh chu k mnh, chu k bit ca mnh? T suy ra tc bit
ca mnh?
c. Hy tnh chu k lin mnh? Tc bit ca tn hiu ng b lin mnh v tc bit
nh du cho 1 knh trong lin mnh ny?
d. Trong knh nh du vn cha s dng ht 8 bit. Vy ngi ta thng tn dng cc
bit d tr ny truyn ngun s. Hi ngun s c tc bit l bao nhiu c
ghp chung vo h thng trn?
Cu 6: Mut kenh thung tin chieu dai l=100km, suy hau 0,4J8/km, dung hai bu khuech
dai duJng truyen.
- 8c kkueck Jal 1: dat cach nJi hat 5Okm, he su khuech dai
1
=10J8, muc
nhieu tuJng duJng J dau vau la -30J8m.
- 8c kkueck Jal 2: dat cach nJi hat 8Okm, he su khuech dai
2
=12J8, muc
nhieu tuJng duJng J dau vau la -25J8m.
Tren kenh truyen cun cu them mut nguun nhieu -20J8m xay ra tai diem cach nJi thu la
4Okm. Biet rang muc cung suat tin hieu thu la -11J8m va cung suat nhieu tai nJi hat
la 0,00315]mw).
a) Ve gian du muc cung suat cua kenh truyen va tinh cung suat cua tin hieu tai
nJi hat F
Shat
|mwj.
b) Tinh ] [dB
N
S
Thu
|
.
|

. Tu su sanh ti su
|
.
|

N
S
J nJi hat va nJi thu ta cu nhan xet
gi khi lua chun su bu khuech dai han bu duc duJng truyen?
c) Tu du Anh/Chi cu de xuat giai ha gi? de sau chu tang duJc ty su
|
.
|

N
S
J
nJi thu.
H thng Vin thng
GV Trn Duy Cng 94
Cu 7: Mt knh thng tin tng t c chiu di l=150Km, h s suy hao =0.5dB/Km
dng 3 b khuch i (K) u c bng thng 10Ghz, h s nhiu nn 3.69dB v cng
hot ng ti nhit mi trng l 27
o
C.
B K 1 t cch ni pht 40Km, b K 2 cch ni thu 50 Km, b K 3 t ti ni thu.
Bit rng mc cng sut tn hiu v nhiu ti ni pht ln lt l 0dBm v -40dBm.
Ngi ta mong mun rng mc cng sut tn hiu ti ng ra ca mi b K l bng nhau
v bng mc cng sut tn hiu ti ni pht.
a. Hy tnh li ca cc b K?
b. Tnh mc cng sut nhiu tng ng u vo mi b K v tng nhit
tng ng?
c. V gin mc cng sut v tnh t s (S/N)
thu
[dB]?
d. Anh/Chcoexuat gi ai phap g? esao cho tang c tyso
|
.
|

N
S
ni thu.
Cau 8: Cho mot ng truyen thong ti n cochi eu dai l = 10km, vi hesosuy hao
km dB / 1 = o . Tai ni thu coat mot bokhuech ai cool i l aG= l . o vahesonhi eu
tng ng au vao l aL
Nx
=-20dBm vabi et rang tai ni phat ta comc cong suat phat
l aL
Sphat
=2dBm.
a) Hay vegi an omc cong suat cho trng hp khong covacoboNen-Dan dai
ong.
b) Hay tnh tyso
Thu
N
S
|
.
|

trong trng hp coNen-Dan vakhong coNen-Dan theo

hnh tren.
Cau 9: Cho mot ng truyen thong ti n cochi eu dai l = 20km, vi hesosuy hao
km dB / 5 . 0 = o . Tai ni thu coat mot bokhuech ai cool i l aG=8dB vahesonhi eu
tng ng au vao l aL
Nx
=-20dBm vabi et rang tai ni phat ta comc cong suat phat
l aL
Sphat
=2dBm vamc nhi eu phat l aL
Nphat
=-30dBm.
a) Hay vegi an omc cong suat cho trng hp khong covacoboNen-Dan dai
ong.
b) Hay tnh tyso
Thu
N
S
|
.
|

trong trng hp coNen-Dan vakhong coNen-Dan theo

hnh tren.