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El F*-trRtdtE ft A (explicit performatives ) " FfiiHRHt,+E|l EE EE #^T 49.

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IJ' 4Hfi + A )ffi E,E T +E H T IfrEIJE hT # I\Wft Afilf;Ifrtr trfE4 f E H H! (theory of illocutionary force) " +AF,(tril6I8;fr &fr\i9ll1:tEift ' ftifr'faJE+H es g -aft TElfrrt /l'="fi 7 E.l"l ;E' ft aF E ft H, 1F{ {[ 4*H r* f r iEE 7i R . ;ffi , , {EEWHfrTEN' i$AiE)*HlifrfrtJil -t'ffi?i ^H+ft+EHlfeE=fETtR' EF "l1n"
(the locutionary (the illocutionary act) ' lDlEll+||HJ act) D),&.ID.-=H!I/&TIHI (the perlocutionary act) , Ffr==2 ' HIiEH 'iETt rilEtHlihl

f[iEi{=fE1-R," ft R', Fft iHD^= #HE\ 1-h' E An H - et,t'FH -fr H # ruFfi ffifrtJiEErJ f_h , ir_h r'=f H H E H f ,4EfEA f 4 t T E!;f f *f HiE fWidJ, f E i;JJl

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4*E1ih (phonetic) '+Hffi+7ih (phaticast) fi[t,E*|1H' Gheticact) " -affif;

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( i]ilH+E!1TR) something TtETtR'E\trElE+ ' 4HfiTH actof saying (AmH++fr\iits) in saying something #^ffi# , H act #^1ft8 " DIETt#TtR H a\;t# mH' if tr'ft rEH+ (&=,t"XF+' A E&$l.v) rm{t7\t^tt,HIJH,

In saying X, I was doing Y

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tiF*r tftE-l ' l-Ht #; +.WtLl1h (behavitives,tF-Qit), B[

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208 HRbtft+I++-#

. E fi\ tr {E H! XF 7 yj-aft ffilnHltt,, F ) F:'.EI++q\ltnH ++9 tr ffilE*rE , +nH,' ^H ^frttffiqltf ' E'HeF ffi4f ' Mro' E1E ' ftr'fH ' lEtR fli!"AH "
(f i ) H # i l ( d e cl a ra ti ve s) : I I O ( P) ' EfHEEE ' H (declare)

IE , l-u #nr'ErtH!t){=f+EA

EF, EEH rt E\++H. fE iE, X ift;A iESrl E DtH fftUtr.FtJi;J " Fl.thr,frHfrfr,gttH!tr{=11811H'FttrFltrlftEt4df nHHtrEi.-Fafr\Y!ffiBE(A"f H1+fi.FE gq 1l E E\ " EIAn, An R+kFXrhtfHffl+fItt'H4HE lf EE n A iF, H n fH ; F"" EI/EHI+FIXR H, EY'Marttififti 4 H+iH ln#..:#',rfr,rrtffiHfrfrE Htfr\ft H! rH f r+1 E 11 H, tE ?tg tfiK! 1*T " if -EL' E FLthttuHfrfr,-ffiH ffiF tr'- f H gH g e ffi EI Hh'*!fr, il, ffiEL Anif; - ifrl\ f RfE tr ffi K! leftlffi tfrHHffi++r^frrt 'ft' tr ffi{H Xti IfrHrtAH tr ffiH +XF 1+ lfrff1flE4'E . E E fi)PH-",ffiH'l+ltXI+' fXEF"o#7r\'

: . ffit*E --#'41h

-E64 " {t)IHStJ' HiliE',\HD\H reTs+' #ffi44t (Ffr+*=HE7ih) E+' {T +*EIFfr H f* [frffi = iE+ Fq ft H TF, HH H 6 f,F ffi11gJiA f* H! fEtr tr ET Et+-ffr Et " BtJAr,r'ffiin;f;H! tl ts,E+J E Fd +*tr 11 li H " Ifr.Hffr&frrttiE H HE z r E-{EEE l-iEF{rfttig r-#>Rt fr\lfrt*Eftdr " H HEfrE'A,J,-Rfi!,8 FfrWW?|E]tlgElEFfr &E-#lIh,EE_f6EffiftFF.N-ffi D,E'fiHTIF'ffi H&ftFhfr\D^=11F"1lh " trfr\ r ? EH Hffi+E tr18 tBf A, E ft*T frTffift H, F.tBfrflffrWHiETih EI r HH!='"EAWAE-f EGEH IEf4H!fif IHntt;f HtH H I' Hl + V HF H' Efi r?trffi.Hr *tfiffiiffiE#ffiAi^EtT\\ ti9]r.-t iH[ihif;HE- iE tHfl.ZHr " EtJfD,tlftflEts'+1trf.El+ iEnE) , fr:EfrfriEJ+ffr+**"*lSH! ,IE?-HWLg#trHlFdHffiHE SI,FZI trtIif;E! TTHHHI E I-iF-l l-iF*r . Ffi+*HiETihIE-#F.tEgfi4XTdFfif,E, ilnif;,,l{[{4ElEl-?Effi H*trSFfHH! t--#)tt ,*E#.,gH;f1{['f']ffiiEIH! r?EfHr *
64+#XF,ffiffitraffi , (EE=trg) 'H3r7-345H"

ffi'EH

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2 H I . * ffi+E lEffi H ^H Fd f* H ! rH f F H T HftL4<rBfr9ffi +*= iE7i H fr\WltFll.r.

tE,

, lrefrTfr4 Il | .Ei!l| HrEift ' ++.E E Efi fi\ D/ = 7i+11heHi\lilr frtJtEffi /\iFl{[{4D/81-+" -fiq#F I]' ++,E 2.@ifr A (Ffr! U E4 7 E4 H'16+* ]'tr-E ft MFU 4E FU ffiE +H!ifr)6#. -A 3.iln ;f;,,\Jttr'E!H -=.: ;El\ frr $H ill" E +E ;E= -;Il ru F iEH H ifl, " g*if; . 4. ,,\EllEfrErtWErBflfi1 -#, D,(T #ffi E!Fd 1+ E inTtts,Iflift HDA iFi ( HH4, t.ffi'f+frfr,n"Et4 EIET +$JflfrRgt;4EH-#;fr ^fr\JiElili rFHd z.)sfrktr+HHt.EEH'f$ re1i! , Erf.{JFRfrA*tr -r ,FftFAEJ?.E rtrn?t S=;E7ih " riEFd-j,]n{frEJ&z* 3.A+ 4 H &ug H! iED-h = iE17 "ii{ IF t 7 E H,Hr' E !4F=1 fAH \ | iEh t . fE#i ' &AfrHf l?EffiHr ffi'ffHHlfffHf +.F=1 E! ( conventional H! ( nonH H iE11 tsEIh' n*t Sr'l'4 JF lfi ft!'14 ) fitl
conventional) ffiXXF .

H! E, ffiSll4 Ffi +*=i4ll h' Etrfitr + H! r? HHH r'fF- ffQ1$ +EWffit+ EJ+FA&fr<: ri#t i t, ttFf,E{R+Ei tr+E\tfiXfrt*,'+*E1EioJVFFtE&fH . Hlffrf*ti9)t t iEETffiH!)E;8ffil+ ' z r.ltt' f1BFt frV +(. -L',Ft z 2.&"frV,4 Y1 hv-",ht(?fl-T - T" 3.1&!+&'EEW+v. FlEfi 4.l iEEWft.4 F"?r, BFt Y1 7z

z1o Hl\tllfT+n++-&

! F X -#R.),tBFt Y\7 " 6.H 48frt+o[']

7 -4++ " s.(tr&Entr".?e

7.&.!,sH M ? (A+ v!t^+-",t") #,(BaeYlt\&q#ft Tz 8.,f6 71D)1A#4+ M z KMXtr.+r.h\itG

7z s. iitl th+L f+,Y, *- 1rto.--#h\ f+,Ynf Mf<%z as

l-ifi;Fd-1 r(#i#t . tfEEEt rfffi2[t - l-lfll,R_t #Mitfrrfu E-uDJ, , HWLABE&T# rdi.+.l 4 t-#>R HktH+ -t " 2FfiD)fxffiAnh4ilfrfrEV,rt, I*E iEf F"' #,fHE!Fd E HA ]Hrf." t- ;HXgJ'S YiHif A f! E, t[ H'T E HDA g*H+E |J EF' tr +E+RF?+++E 5ft" P-fifrE>FA f*=iE7ih E HDAIH #FfiU, Ffr .-fEXF4 fh' BffiEXiF^TfJ&fE?E!, " 66 tr E!iE + E i&# 3n ;frg F + ff H!:E= H ill,f r Ffi si'|'4 tF lF, Ffr +*= iE11,F-AF *frtrE 2 H I " tr E F": turfli6'+= +*H;911 HT E!Fm +*iE )), Eltr H f F ffiiretEW . . #fi ;HETf!J . * A F,7tPV' + fth. P E x, =,H+t"411 th---,X.t))+/ffi4ii 4Ev ' &.4+iHE " rHf FZHI (iEI ) ft tfu+Eft6flE rr --Htr61;f;H! rc,nlm'x nlD,l,f$ff *ffiF?l " +48ffi8!'nffi' ^HlStrfE{[T , +EffiH r, +t#tr v lEH-iEei# ' Ifr.lFfr:+#-'fEFHdXE6+t ' ^HtHE E!+H" +irt,"--TLEBEDAifr 1fr41+4)HEth:'6XD/J+Iffi +jffiH v 4if;# ftE.+nercE! z' #i'{Fi--# ' trffi'ftH!;frE7F$g-inHit)l
65EIEE[eC.ffi ' (iGFE-EtERf,trflFID{HElIE;ffi), ,^.RHhFti'rss+4' ffi 4\eF .
AA *F, Searle, J. Expression and Menaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts, Cambrid'ge University Press,pp 36-39.

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211

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;frefs o-Ela11htEift. frffi q, IEIilEtJ+ffi#dTEH+H!-fE, FnDlE6ft-f6HfittHlE6 . -?,I;tW r fn s +Hf;n " Dffi s' EtL , tfflf;,ftH-#HtRtrFbtftmHHlHffiF.&..fFifr,ftHliEE rHfF2Ht (;8, ),2'ff"WIA+H_L.F!HR4:IE] . -1re. HEt)lE\t, fll\MlilfrtJ - fi . -,f ESH D ffizfin+tBff. E E Efi fiHfrtt # {nR)gH HffrffiHff * g*rE = t I'Z H 9?HH,E,E|JE|J,IM,EftfTEUIEf 4Ff +*=iETtRf\61#" - 44Ft ffi tsH EF a, +kXt:WEHjE fr EH )EH {H M.4t {EBE t H! t E E+ o -+ fd' mE +itLfi E& E H1E)E X E EYtH E ffi flf'IEEk LfrtJtEiH+ Fd H H-=.:H-="TI,' fi ffi t' E JlL,(&xrffi6frE A&- [trftft _LEX*,E EYtX*)HBr.rt:-aRXrylffi . #iil " -tiYjffi o fftf;n DWA'I*E-E'Ei#ETH{T,f +TEE<!"8fr\>EIffi IXI+,8+EiFTtrl.EEAdi'+ O -=}E?i,R TEffi' Et]41 + FfrW= T+ hFfrF.rIffiHt]flISfrEfrE,I

. 6X . trei#D}&tr-t?tJit Dffi t, -ffiHEtIfrrtE..,Z,rEft-fE+*E

s' E tL, +k[nIfr-frSen + ffH H T Hztry)E H! # E tfrTfrEWtr.#[{E rei# H tri fr"- I reDf f il- 7 - s l f t f f i . DW ro, EtL , I&ffifr1\EJifrHlHfl.ZH GEn) tffiXE6xtr,fEe;#. -l(iblEF s fr s lHff " u Lw h'tft;frHa reffit E e +fi Ett--#tl Hry+ v Ffi ifl H! Hf; h (HE 4 ,H,fERfEtf6E. lE) H!EfE ffE ,HFAY,AHA tIH " Af11r-Wif;ETH g bttr Mj.zrtfr .,fE HHiElj7rfr!trfE frtrHf* iFl+&, H H fritrffir.AfrFhE! - Eq g F f r)E F [ t tff W h'tf , f)HH f RH + H\] FfH tH EE m, --4 {F ff| HE fE T . RH,Z'A'I+ ' Hfr#ftEJAEE$ffH!

: . R #,11h4-i#
# ffi# h' H # rE;-ft E WE!"ETt ts"l$;ft H# fH WfH-EtJ' tr h E tr ffi H IHiE tr frFR-fEiE= 7iR' ffqM * T,FT E tr {E iEA E!H #L)1fr81+JIJHTR . " Ifr

212Hr\btfrv++'#

it X E 4 ffi H tr,fEiE E+ -in, - iE;Etr E!H # if 4 fr&- il jEe T ET,EEH Ffi 1fr itFet - tbr' HE!H,EtrI FE tt'ft H K ilnH H! R', tr h -afl if;A Lq AH iE11 ftFhfrtJ= El liAtFU H E!H,E'" t th' {[ Rinif A E I-an' IfkWffEtdin,H'ft'lA'lATFSin _,fEA Ffr _ tit;fr gTHEE HFIE! frFXEt]*E]. ifr A H H E!iEH+ ffi HH ' BFtr }-h }t X f H! " + ffi3il' ifrH! H # H 1ffi tr ;fr4 tr -'f EH iE{t R'ffiHEl.H rHD\zE'f frEtrFtj-tEffi XtrA fffr ^rn$iHiEfiHfr\Jffi ft '9'liE6lH#H!fi Effi fr D,l.]f @ T H H# H! E'fF5 E lE- t6f f, " HD\ {E H! " {[ R eEIt)rtD]rEf 4' El' -fE++TH! iEft R'), .R H H;E7iH' ( *- AFIJE X H BE iffi ffiHH # EID/?qH - lB4.- brEt+ + t+atJ+EEH! |lt #13 #d fr\EiEft hA tr H 4 DI-ft. D\,fEElHE ( ,fiEiEHEA ) ' tfYiiEAH#H!Effq9f=iE7i hftJEfff4EMfE'6 EHn' iE@H! i..frttbfrfr.' ffiE?ftmil64E:ffffifr#ll1ttEl-ffiffin " I 67EFfr , frFfi,Fffi " H#AEHH!*EH+XED\HHETiR' ' XEDT-.#11I&H#EH EEitrtFg*'S'f I *ftFXEtJ"f EiETTRftEIES*H-&-hgEeIHH-&f+qffi ,f ,FX=iE?1H'trh,f E1H*HH4HE4EHHE-u ']HEEIHITI4T+ERAIIfrEfr R'ftFR-fr. trffiA frHE.4EEI H!' trtr,E|JAD$, WftFX-F--==-"E1iR r.JER,, g H! Efr,MTEHHE H #, 4 FH I+l"lH# H! HEEIe H H!f+ ='#11R'Fft4F,H EJ=;EH!.h78h1.']H+JgE..tr+ffi ,RHH#tr,fE ft6hEft FXIT,f EfrT+Effi . ,I&FHffiEH (H#) , BffiEIiHTHH''ffitrry'./F"ffi f8*FtrH!ffi*fi FfiFE rH#r fr r6i1q., -E+rr'tfi rrFEfrHlH#r triEtrBfAE+'fE 4ffi*ftE*In .aEhAniE# ,fHEtKiflH x *HiEH-+Vn, EF'tEtzr. s AE'fE s D)4r8. ' H Aifl s EIHE " E x ft4$Hif;# u HLE.sHfEitR ' lH$S;f;# E D$mH A ZTff\JM H # 8[A f [ H E fE[ t H IIJ,fE Rf , - fE &TEH f HE f&FF HfH! HHtf -n -="fr tllBf#-' E E fl H T iE= J.FA 7F'g'fS EG H ffi,E' tr E E A d' h in;frE +E r7Fiftg'fH#H!trffiftfi EHA " 4E'+ffit[-="Sht'F+ffiH4F-zffi,IfriH' H! " E fr,, EPH +E-IBA R,8,4H J'-h E F E E E tr'ft*Rfi & MH IHIH,IE+I!"E rD}ETt# f Ff!i{R(D}EHvr&11hH!itRf +rHIiEttg,EAH-LE4H!41Ef 7F * H!E fr ' lEH! ilRtAH# ffiAffi qff Ffr, fr)HH#EFrE't-t HfrtJMR)tr EtJ 11 H!F{ 1'U FE. E FiE DA ffiFI EIlFl S fEtr t. H # E - {EEfi H4, E)gH NEAA,{"]
,H l8F " ozEffi ' (=EFtfh , -HEE=+Ae;ftX) ' filJtrX+HHF+i ' re6e

H+F

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Hn' iH#E!tf E4f$9H#EA-{EIEE,ftH!ifEFfttH!HRfr,ftH!if ;E . I 68 Atrf6iE=+HKRtrElH,B,trm E ZfflfrEqfrf# & FR E ffi H! ffi*fi ' H #,F{E-gq H E H Bfi' ffitr.E 1E'4 TH,IFIIH BE " #m4 -tr&, 7 T E tr {E _ 48 F t Fitr rfrH tE+E E HAq Wtl+NmEFtr {W#ffi # - H tE xfl JEFXI+,E E f fHE F tr Nt9l+fr#fr?., IEI&4 +E1HiE, 11 -iH "ft f R i ;+' |frft iWfiMIil:ETt6;,Bh.ft E -,f E{H H E B' trIEtr i+H!trHfA,Et }"il IYIJHIJft fr IH,E.' frERtr{E + WEtr (I\ifrHEfi ftE* . E TLEffi R,, H+KIF1 h' tnU= ft '811ts'E+, +kll14 EEltF. E fftH E E f,g' +klpZ,Z,tHAH+ +fr,f* H E f r,lF _ 7F -,f BIJf IEf E, HE.t. E {E FE " EEf E*' H! ETE@ H #E H _ D-hff tJ FtJ ffifr E!' tr D_h ffiH ffiT HN H tr,fEiEA Et] IRl+, frfRft::EIE E!eT HE H H E* E ^"] , ; z.H I+lE" AnH-'lEiEEtE#R' r.HHlHtS#*[EHr]-htfiEIHfESt"E HEIHSHAIEf L7fHHmES,*Af rEHfESt-E'3.H8{HrrD\gEAFf RH J}-h H!Efi H! D$ 99 ET Fft N$J:F6J;f; H! E I] fFI] f;[ H ffilHS,g # TEE4 T d H H . a Effi1E )ffT' iAiEEJ FKH+T H-ft.THA H LE:+HffiD}E 11F-1I F'ltJ*fiRtrilE H E H! H rffifrHT -ffi,lHFtJ+qL. , fiR$S;f;AHrETtztHE ' lfrFfrrEffiTiAiEEJ fr. (FIU[' , r1trfrl rttrfT t t tEat H'ff;IETEElH# " ! I tri6 TEfrq H,,\ilT rl&f+ I r tr;EHlH#EH-t-biE#gtfiFtJXEH!' ifrF.tEfitrEHlH# " D-h tr f,fl Hfi FU ffi t 7 mH tr if; H! {r+ ft , yfRF_T An H tr ;f;H r* g,f+tE " Etr t I trif iyfrtzri, t.HEl1'$HAiflHStJ{tY.ErllfrH.; FfrEin' HnHrlKf1, z.HEttHfAtEfqEtJ^inH.lfhttHHFi1H$*A-E,E#Sl.ftpltJlfH'rHS,*E tltr*T ! I treif;HlH#ffiEt*At.4ffiEl^lfrHlf.&frtJF.E. trfL t-lf; -EB#SIJ . g ffi irtE H thE X dfi tJ -="8 fr1! t trEtifrh fE,E ,,\]nHffiI+T - lElHEtJ+Fq H# , (A EiEtHHlBfi -a4tsli5FlH#tqHnif;#HlHEfriEH!tr HIHFJMlZfHqff H. . H # f Hqf T* fi !E+EfEF6 FE F4 +E fEYf *., IEH4 frAftNSlJ roEFfi fE fFi '4 . , H!#]*+EfEHX |-ffi trEFE-{EFhEFHIFfiFE 6tr}E Effi+EH{TFfi-iE '
.E|JHlia\IEt (the axiomof identification) . E{t+a\IEE# , {[R#t;f;#+EfE-

MYI*,fllslfr:EfiEEYE(*A-frlfr#>RE+HEtq)rtuHHATtrtEW4.4re .&ffiyl -{E + #EU H* " EF.JIEEN' ;E;;J A}q3H HE+E4EE'EJ RH EEfE\J+E fE, E
68Effi ' (,ltEE=#llh) (-#=g+) ' AKiEffi+EH! , rs'rr,ffi +sF "

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f RA H! H - A'I, iPi {I+ 1+ ffifr+fr fEffiHE H +E Effi E=F+E tr fE;Ei4 H IF, R' fFIt S *FXTfTff,ffEfE S -EiEH C +#JE-i8,,\ H }fHH'{EiEi4 .FH ffiH :friEf I gH F,ifriEE!E H iI+ 1I* 14 T d t 4E H\EiETT F",' iKM F IffiT ; "E t fttr"Tft, H! :.iH,H E!H,{E }qin,H i4dl r H!-EFh'ffi I*' z.p-fr (FRFfr:n,H gXA X E!#EIJ'I++H E EE BED\ F,,-trfuAa TtHTlh I 4.EEEHIEW* X' R , s.sHHEE-aHH n 4e x E!ffiEU,l4+HdllrDt?ffif EH_lEEfiD\ rt , *e s HE x' H}i*)*E x ; 6.s HHEtriRH n ftffi u ffiEtJH H n tEH4{H2#,EUH n n Hlff;Ftlfr x',ftHHEffi u T frgql'r4gEd iH n iflffisl s HIHEEffiEUH n HliE trt#fBfr-, fri # gfF,FU fifitt-tEfid f1 c HlififfiXiF H ;f,ffiFltr-ff fi ; 7. Rti'lElRl+Af'eRlf , iffEE r fr c 4fE n EIEfin,H^ '

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= . Hffift.*uifit'#
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+ f f4 E!rf h = ItU6EH!1F f f #if ,fF 7 kS 6S 6E" + f ,f g ;m H f E&H ( ,$fi ' re+EruRAift XYi 6SEff ETiAIEHIIEtrHIE+H' Etffi reconstruction ) -Efflf;AtrF (conceptual reduction) HffiIEEH!' YTYE 'E!tsEfEzEE., ( do iE4++Hihrt H! ctrin al e i4 fr EJ zE tr R f EfEEtH *8,8f; iAR ; -- E 'iti :..E,F, jE reduction D/ )' EIEEfEzEF' BE D\ tttrEEF H'! ffittlg H IEEI 1ft ffiH fr$,Ef;
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r{[RXTffi'F|Jttbg , ttTffi ,FUrtt>$. I (modus 2.6ft1ft(+8m6EEf'f+ tollens, M.T. )

p-q
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tftnF.:1rfrtr:ltn' , HU#}TE,f,fi .I FtJ+IFFH$r,fftfrf;fE ' +iTFFH$ilfifr*{1S

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pvq -rp ..q

. .r tlt\*a)E&a+kxa+ , (tt6*'al1, FftD,..+kxEF

-# ( constructive dilemma, C.D.) s.t$-#'HmFft (p*q) r (r's) pvr ..q - s

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| ilr#.t?l+rrFfr {nR E t+T.fr+nfi ffi55' tZ:Ef+*&tzl+ f* E+' it -E-

Abs. ) 6.tkqkiE ( absorption,

p-q p-(p^q) Simp. 7.ffiIEF ( simplification, )

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8.trHe

( conjunction, Conj. ) p q p^q

g.lJnrFt+ ( addition, Add.)

.'.pvq l0.BfRE?+ (demorgan's theorems, De.M. )

-'(P^q) = -rPV -rQ

-'' (PVq) = -rPV -rQ

l1.t14f+ ( communication, Com. ) (pvq)=(qvp) (pnq)=(qnp) 12.#A'i# ( association, Assoc. ) pv (qvr)=(pvq) vr pn (qnr)=(pnq)nr B.h\Wet+ ( distribution, Dist.) pn (qvr) = (pnq)v(p,rr) pv (qnr) = (pvq)r(pvr) 14.986ft ( double negation, D.N.)

P:- - P

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( transposition, Trans. 15.15U+Se ) (p-q)=(-9--P)

, Efr\Jry+6+F | E-2, E1rtry+* trntrI#y:xHE{Te&

*Se'FfrDl?-4ftfl-&."t
t6.HHffi)E ( materialimplication,Impl. )

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1g.'lEHil ( tautology, Taut.)

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