Quantitdhddative Aptitude

READINGMATERIALSONQUANTITATIVEAPTITUDE
CONTENTS
SR.NO.
TOPICS
PAGENO.
HCFANDLCM
FRACTION
ELEMENTARYALGEBRA
NUMBERSYSTEM
PROBLEMBASEDONAGES
SIMPLEINTERESTANDCOMPOUNDINTEREST
PERCENTAGE
10
AVERAGE
13
RATIOANDPROPORTION
16
10
PARTNERSHIP
20
11
TIMEANDWORK&PIPESANDCISTERNS
22
12
ALLIGATION
26
13
PROFITANDLOSS
29
14
TIME,SPEEDANDDISTANCE
33
15
TRAINS
39
16
BOATS&STREAMS
43
17
MENSURATION
47
18
QUESTIONSFORPRACTICE
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HCF&LCM
Inordertounderstandthisconcept,weneedtolearnsomewords
FactorOnenumberissaidtobeafactorofanotherwhenitdividestheotherexactly.Eg6&7are
factorsof42.
Highest Common Factor Hcf of two or more numbers is the greatest number that divides each of
themexactly.Thus,6istheHCFof18&24.Becausethereisnonumbergreaterthan6thatdividesboth
18&24.
egHCFof1365,1560&1755
1365=3*5*7*13
1560=2*2*2*3*5*13
1755=3*3*3*5*13
HCF=3*5*13=195
RelationbetweenHCF&LCM
HCF(n1,n2)xLCM(n1,n2)=n1xn2
afterexpressingthegivenfractionsinlowestterms.
LCMlcmoftwoormoregivennumbersistheleastnumberwhichisexactlydivisiblebyeachofthem.
15isacommonmultipleof3&5
LCMof8,12,15,21
8=2*2*2*
12=2*2*3
15=3*5
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21=3*7
Here, the prime factors that occur in the given numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7 and their highest powers are
respectively2*2*2,3,5,&7.
Hence,therequiredLCM=2*2*2**3*5*7=840
Ex1:TheLCMoftwonumbersis2079andtheirHCfis27.Ifoneofthenumbersis189,findtheother?
sol.therequirednumber=LCM*HCF/firstnumber=2079*27/189=297
Somequestionsonthistopic
Q1.Findtheleastnumberofsquaretilesrequiredtopavetheceilingofahall15m17cmlongand9m
2cmbroad.
Ans814
Q2.FindtheHCF&LCMof4/5,5/6,7/15?
AnsHCF=1/30
LCM=140
HCFofdecimals
step1firstofall,wemakethesameno.ofdecimalplacesbyputtingzeroorzeroesinthegivenno.It
isdoneonlywhenthenoshavedifferentdecimalplacesi.e.1.3,1.32
stepIIfindtheHCFofthegivennumberswithouttakingdecimalsintoconsiderationi.e.asintegers
stepIIIputintheresult,i.e.HCFasmanydecimalplacesasthereareineachofthenumbersafter
makingthemsameinstep1.
(TOP)
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FRACTIONS
ProperFraction:isonewhosenumeratorislessthandenominator.
eg3/4,17/19
Improperfraction:afractionwhosenumeratorisequaltoorgreaterthanthedenominator.eg17/12,
18/5
Complexfraction:isoneinwhichthenumeratorordenominatororbotharefractions.eg5'7/8
Q.Simplify:
5/7
58/3
33/2
43/2
Q2.OnequarterofoneseventhofalandissoldforRs30,000.Whatisthevalueofaneightthirty
fifthsofland?
Ansonequarterofoneseventh=1/4*1/7=1/28
8/35ofthelandwillcost30,000*28*8/35=Rs1,92,000.
RecurringDecimals:adecimalinwhichafigureorsetoffiguresisrepeatedcontinually.
eg1/3=0.333
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Simplify:
Q1.9.5*0.085/0.0017*0.19
(Ans0.01)
Q2.
(0.6bar+0.7bar+0.8bar+0.3bar)*9000=24,000
(top)
ELEMENTARYALGEBRA
Algebraic Expressions: .a number , including literal numbers , along with the signs of fundamental
operations.
Eg:Findthesumof
1)15a2+3ab6b2,a25ab+11b2,7a218ab13b2and26a2
16ab7b2
Ans5a236ab15b2
RemainderTheorem:thistheoremrepresentstherelationshipbetweenthedivisorofthefirstdegree
intheform(xa)andtheremainderr(x)
Q:Findtheremainderwhen27x39x2+3xisdividedby3x+2
Ans:3x+2=0,x=2/3
remainderisf(2/3)
f(2/3)=27(2/3)39(2/3)2+3(2/3)8
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=8428=22
CONDITIONSOFDIVISIBILITY:
1) xn+anisexactlydivisibleby(x+a)onlywhennisodd.
2) xn+anisneverdivisibleby(xa)
ega7+b7ora10+b10isnotdivisiblebyab
QuadraticEquations:
Factorize
1)x23x+4=0
2)ifa+b+c=0,findthevalueofa2+b2+c2/a2bc
(TOP)
NUMBERSYSTEM
NaturalNumbersN(1,2,3,4,.........)
WholeNumbersW(0,1,2,3,.....)
PrimeNumbersanumberotherthan1,ifitisdivisibleonlyby1anditself
primenumbers
o
o
o
o
o
o
thelowestprimeno.is2
2istheonlyevenprimeno.
thelowestoddprimeno.is3.
theremainderwhenaprimeno.p>=5isdividedby6is1or5.however,ifano.onbeing
dividedby6givesremainderof1or5theno.neednotbeprime.
theremainderofthedivisionofthesquareofaprimenumberp>=dividedby24is1.
forprimeno.p>3,p21isdivisibleby24.
divisibilityrules
o
o
o
divisibilityby2:ano.isdivisibleby2ifitslastdigitis0ordivisibleby2.
divisibilityby3:ano.isdivisibleby3ifthesumofitsdigitsisdivisiblebythree.
divisibilityby4:ano.isdivisibleby4ifitslasttwodigitsare'00ordivisibleby4.
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o
o
o
o
o
o
o
divisibilityby5:ano.isdivisibleby5ifitslastdigitis0or5.
divisibilityby6:ano.isdivisibleby6ifitisdivisibleby2and3both.
divisibilityby7:ano.isdivisibleby7ifthedifferenceofthenumberofitsthousandsandthe
remainderofitsdivisionby1000isdivisibleby7.
divisibilityby8:ano.isdivisibleby8ifitslastthreedigitsare'000ordivisibleby8.
divisibilityby9:ano.isdivisibleby9ifthesumofitsdigitsisdivisibleby9
divisibilityby11:ano.isdivisibleby11ifthedifferenceofthesumofthedigitsatevenplaces
andsumofthedigitsatoddplacesiszeroordivisibleby11.
divisibilityby13:ano.isdivisibleby13ifthedifferenceofthenumberofitsthousandsandthe
remainderofitsdivisionby1000isdivisibleby13.
certainrulespertainingtonumbersystem
ofnconsecutivewholenos.a,a+1,.......a+n1,oneandonlyoneisdivisiblebyn.
3nwillalwayshaveanevenno.oftens.e.g.27,81,243,729etc.
a sum of five consecutive whole numbers will always be divisible by 5. e.g.
1+2+3+4+5=15/5=3
o xyyxisdivisibleby9.
o theproductofthreeconsecutivenaturalnos.isdivisibleby6.
o oddno.xoddno.=oddno.
o oddno.xevenno.=evenno.
o evenno.xevenno.=evenno.
o oddno.+oddno.=evenno.
o oddno.oddno.=evenno.
o oddno.+evenno.=oddno.
o evenno.+evenno.=evenno.
o evenno.evenno.=evenno.
o theproductof'r'consecutivenumbersisdivisiblebyr!
ifmandnaretwonumbersthen(m+n)!isdivisiblebym!n!
o
o
o
ifaandbareanytwooddprimethena2b2iscomposite.also,a2+b2iscomposite
Q1)IS349aprimenumber?
Ansthesquarerootof349isapprox19.Theprimeno.lessthan19are2,3,5,7,11,13,17
clearly,349isnotdivisiblebyanyofthem.Therefore349isaprimenumber.
'VBODMAS'whereV,B,O,D,M,A,Sstandforviniculum,bracket,of,division,multiplication,additionand
subtractionrespectively.
Simplify:3/7of(6+8*32)+[1/5{3/7+8/14}]
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Sol:13/7of(6+8*1)+{1/5/7/2514/14}
1/3/7of(6+8)+{1/5*25/71}
1/3/7of0f14+{5/71}
1/6+{2/7}
1/62/7=712/42=5/42
Someformulaes:
ax*ay=ax+y
ax/ay=axy
ax=1,thenxis0forallvaluesofa(except0)
AscendingordescendingordersinRationalNumbers:
Q:Whichisgreater5/8or9/14?
Ans:thefractionwhosenumeratoraftercrossmultiplicationgivesthegreatervalueisgreator.
5/8
9/14wehave5*14=70&8*9=72
as72isgreaterthan70,therefore9/14isgreaterofthetwo.
Somerulesoncountingnumbers:
1) sumofallthefirstnnaturalnumbers=n(n+1)/2
eg1+2+3+......+105=105(105+1)/2=5565
2) sumof1stnoddnumbers=n2
eg1+3+5+7=42=16
3) sumof1stnevennumbers=n(n+1)
2+4+6+8+....+100=50(50+1)=2550
4) sumofsquaresoffirstnnaturalnumbers=n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
5)
sumofcubesoffirstnnaturalnumbers={n(n+1)/2}2
Digitinunitplace
1)foroddnumbers
whenthereisanodddigitintheunitplace(except5),multiplytheno.byitselfuntilyouget1in
theunitplace.
3) forevennumbers
whenthereisanevendigitintheunitplace,multiplytheno.byitselfuntilyouget6intheunit
place
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For1,5,6theunitdigitwillremainthesame,bemultipliedanyno.times
Q1:Awatchticks90timesin95secondsandanotherwatchticks315timesin323sec.Ifboththe
watchesarestartedtogether,howmanytimeswilltheyticktogetherinthefirsthour?
AnsThefirstwatchticksevery95/90secandthesecwatchticksevery323/315sec
theywillticktogetherafter(LCMof95/90and323/315)sec
LCMof95/90&323/315=LCMof95,323/HCFof90,315
=19*5*17/45
Theno.oftimestheywilltickinthefirst3600sec=3600/19*5*17/45=3600*45/19*5*17=100..
Oncetheyhavealreadytickedinthebeginning;soin1hourtheywilltick100+1=101times.
Q2) Find the least number which , when divided by 13, 15, 19 leaves the remainders 2, 4 and 8
respectively.
Ans132=154=198=11
nowLCMof13,15,19=3705
Thereforetherequiredleastno=370511=3694
FINDTHEREMAINDER:
Q1)Findtheremainderwhen713+1isdividedby6?
Ans713=(6+1)13haseachtermexcept113exactlydivisibleby6.Thus,when713isdividedby6we
havetheremainder113=1andhence,when713+1isdividedby6theremainderis1+1=2
Tofindthenumberofdifferentdivisorsofacompositenumber
findtheprimefactorsoftheno.andincreasetheindexofeachfactorby1.Thecontinuedproductof
increasedindiceswillgivetheresultincludingunityandthenumberitself.
Q1)50=2*5*5=2*52
thenooftotaldivisors=(1+1)(2+1)=2*3=6
ortheno.ofdivisorsexcluding1and50=62=4
Q2)Howmanynos.upto200aredivisibleby4and3together?
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AnsLCMof4&3is12
Now,divide200by12andthequotientobtainedistherequirednumberofnumbers.
200=16*12+8
Thus,thereare16numbers
Q3)Iftheplacesoflasttwodigitsofathreedigitnumberareinterchanged,anewnumbergreater
thantheoriginalnumberby54isobtained.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthelasttwodigitsofthat
number?
AnsLetthethreedigitnobe100x+10y+z
A/Q(100x+10z+y)(100x+10y+z)=54
or9z9y=54orzy=6
Problemsbasedonages:
Q1:Theageofthefather3yearsagowas7timestheageofhisson.Atpresentthefather'sageis5
timesthatofhisson.Whatarethepresentagesofthefatherandtheson.
Ans:Letthepresentageofson=xyears
thenthepresentageoffather=5xyrs
3yearsago,
7(x3)=5x3
2x=18,x=9yrs
sofather'sage=45yrs
Q2:Thesumoftheagesofasonandfatheris56yrs.After4yrs,theageofthefatherwillbe3times
thatoftheson.Whatistheageoftheson?(ans12yrs)
Q3:Theratioofthefather'sagetothatofson'sageis4:1Theproductoftheiragesis196.Whatwillbe
ratiooftheiragesafter5yrs?
Anslettheratioofproportionalitybexyrs
4x*x=196or4x2=196orx=7
thusfather'sage=28yrs,Son'sage=7yrs
After5yrs,father'sage=33yrs,son'sage=12yrs
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Ratio=33:12=11:4(TOP)
SIMPLEINTEREST&COMPOUNDINTEREST
SIwheninterestiscalculatedontheoriginalprincipalforanylengthoftime.
SI=p*r*t/100wherep=principal,r=rateofinterest,t=no.ofyears
A=P+I=P+PRT/100
orP=100*A/100+RT
( tip) in counting the no of days between the two given dates the either day (first or last) is
excluded.youhavetokeepinmindthatinterestisnotchargedforthedayonwhichmoneyisborrowed
butitischargedforthedayitisreturned.
Q: A sum of Rs 468.75 was lent out at simple interest and at the end of 1 year 8 months the total
amountwasRs500.Findtherateofinterestpercentperannum.
AnsI=Rs(500468.75)=Rs31.25
r=100*31.25/468.75*5/3=100*3125/46875*3/5=4
CompoundInterest:
A=P{1+R/100}n
whereAisamount,Risrateofinterest,'n'isno.ofyears
CI=amountprincipal
iftheinterestispayablehalfyearlythenA=P{1+R/2}2T
100
MonthlyInstallment=amounttobepaiddownpayment/no.ofinstallments
whenratesaredifferentfordifferentyears,sayR1%,R2%,R3%for1st,2ndand3rdyearthen,
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amount=px[1+r1/100][1+r2/100][1+r3/100]
Q:Ifthecompoundinterestonacertainsumfor2yearsat3percentbers101.50,Whatwouldbethe
simpleinterest?
AnsCI={1.03*1.031}=609/10000
SIonRs1=6/100
SI/CI=6/100*10000/609=200/203
SI=200/203ofRs101.50=Rs200/203*203/2=Rs100
(TOP)
PERCENTAGES
1."Percent"implies"foreveryhundred".
2.Thebaseusedforthesakeofpercentagechangecalculationsisalwaystheoriginalquantity
unlessotherwisestated.
3.Ingeneral,ifthepercentageincreaseisp%,thenthenewvalueis[(p/100)+1]
4.Ifthenewvalueisktimestheoldvalue,thenthepercentageincreaseis(k1)x100
Eg1:Ifthepercentageincreaseis300%,thenewvalueis4timestheoldvalue.
Ifthenewvalueis4timestheoldvalue,thepercentageincreaseis300%.
5.Iftherearesuccessiveincreasesofp%,q%andr%inthreestages,theeffectivepercentage
increaseis
={[(100+p)/100][(100+q)/100][(100+r)/100]1}x100
Eg2:Thepercentageincreaseinthevalueofexportsofapplesofacountryisasfollows:
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20012002=>25%;20022003=>20%;20032004=>10%
Whatisthepercentageincreaseinthevalueofexportsofapplesofthecountryfrom2001to2004?
Ans:Letthevalueofexportsin2001be100units.
Thentotalpercentageincreaseis:
={[(100+25)/100][(100+20)/100][(100+10)/100]1}x100
={(1.25)(1.20)(1.10)1}x100
=[1.651.00]x100
=[0.65]x100
=65
6.Ifthepriceofanitemgoesupbyx%,thepercentagereductionrequiredtobringitdowntothe
originalpriceis:
={100x/(100+x)}%
Eg3:Ifthepriceofanitemgoesupby10%,bywhatpercentageshouldthenewpricebereducedto
bringitdowntotheoriginalprice?
Ans:Percentagereduction={100x10/(100+10)}%
=(1000/110)%
=9.09%
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7.Ifthepriceofanitemgoesdownbyx%,thepercentageincreaserequiredtobringitbacktothe
originalprice={(100x10)/(100x)}%.
8.IfAisx%more/lessthanB,thenBis{(100x10)/(100x)}%less/morethanA.
9.Ifthepriceofanitemgoesupbyx%,thenthequantityconsumedshouldbereducedby{100x
/(100+x)}%sothatthetotalexpenditureremainsthesame.
10.Ifthepriceofanitemgoesdownsbyx%,thenthequantityconsumedshouldbeincreasedby
{100x/(100x)}%sothatthetotalexpenditureremainsthesame.
Eg4:Ifthepriceofteagoesupby10%,thenwhatshouldbethepercentagedecreaseinthequantity
consumedsothatthetotalexpenditureontearemainsthesame?
Ans:RequiredPercentagedecrease={(10x100)/(100+10)}%
=(1000/110)%
=9.09%
11.IfA'sincomeisx%morethanthatofB,thenB'sincomeislessthanthatofAby[(100r)/(100+r).
12. If B's income is x% less than that of A, then A's income is more that of B by [(100x)/(100x)]
(TOP)
AVERAGE
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AVERAGE is also called mean. suppose a,b,d,e(in ascending order) are the given nos.and c is the
averageofgivennos=a,b,d,e.
the average value c is such a value ,so that sum of the individual distances of nos.from avg. value c
lyingbelowtheavg.value.candsumoftheindividualdistancesofnos.fromavg.valueclyingabovec
areequal.e.g.takenos.1,2,3,4,5
.theiravg.is3.distanceof1from3=31=2(a)
distanceof2from3=1(b)
distanceof3from3=0
distanceof4from3=1(c)
distanceof5from3=2(d)
herea+b=c+d
normallyaverageisalsocalledarithmeticmean.
avg.=totalofitems/numberofitems
or,
formulaforaverage'c'=(a+b+d+e)/4
thereisonemorewayofcalculatingaverage.takeoneexample.
numbersgivenare.21,25,15,20,26,31,18
we dont know the avg.. let us take 20 as an avg. we could have taken any no.like 21 ,22,10,40
...anything.nowtakethesummationofdistancesbetweentheassumedavg.20andgivennumbers.for
the nos. below 20 take the differences with negative sign and for the nos. above 20 take the
differenceswithpositivesign.nowaddthemanddividethesummationwiththetotalno.ofnumbers
given.iftheresultingno.isnegative,substractitfromtheasumedavg.togettheoriginalavg.andifthe
resultingno.ispositiveaddtotheassumedavg.togettheoriginalavg.
inthegivenproblem,
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sumofthedifferences=1+5+(5)+0+6+11+(1)=16
16/7=2.28
nowaddthistoassumedavg.20=20+2.28=22.28(originalavg.)
Nowletussolvesomeofthequestionstoclarifytheconcept.
Q1. the avg. age of 30 boys of a class is 14 years.when the age of the class teacher is included the
averagebecomes15years.findtheageofclasteacher?
solution:summationoftheagesof30boys=avg.ageofboysxno.ofboys
=14x30=420yrs(i).
summationofagesof30boys&1teacher(total31items)=15x31=465yrs(ii)
nowdifferenceofiiandiwillgivetheageofteacher=465420=45yrs.
thereisonemorewayofdoingthisproblem.
whenavg.iscalculatedthetotalvalueofitemsisequallydistributedamongtheitemswhosevalues
has been totalled.in the above problem when avg. age was calculated 14 yrs was distributed equally
among30boys.whentheageofteacherisaddedtheavg.ageincreasesby1yr.inotherwaywecan
say,eachboywasgiven1yr.sototalof30yrsfromtheteacher'sagewasgiventotheboys.thenwe
havetokeep15yrsfortheteacher(ashealsojoinsthegroup)soastomaintainthenewavg.ageof15
yrs.
so,ouransweris45yrs(30+15).outofwhich30yrshasbeengivento30boysandremaining15yrsis
kepttomaintainavg.of15yrsforthegroupof31people.
Q2.the avg. age of 4 men is increased by 3 kg when one of them who weighs 120 kg is replaced by
anotherman.whatistheweightofthenewman?
solution:lettheavg.ageoffourmenbeforeexitofmanwith120kgweightbe'A'.whenheexitsand
new person enters,avg.age becomes 'A+3'. it means the newcomer brings with him weight which is
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morethan120kg.theextraamountbroughtbyhimmustbe12yrs,ashehastogive3yrseachtoeach
offourmembersincludinghimself(4x3=12).sohisagemustbe120+12yrs=132yrs.
Q3.onethirdofacertainjourneyiscoveredatrateof25km/hr,onefourthattherateof30km/hrand
therestat50km/hr.findtheaveragespeedforthewholejourney?
solution:letustakethetotaldistancebe120km(asitisdivisiblebyboth3and4)
so,distancetravelled@25km/hr=1/3x120=40km.timetakentotravelthisdistance=40/25=1.6hr
distancetravelled@30km/hr=1/4x120=30km..timetakentotravelthisdistance=30/30=1hr
distancetravelled@50km/hr=1204030=50km..timetakentotravelthisdistance=50/50=1hr
so,totaltimetaken=1.6+1+1=3.6hours.
totaldistancetravelled=120km
avg.speedforthejourney=120/3.6=33.33km/hr
Q4.acricketerhascompleted10inningsandhisaverageis21.5runs.howmanyrunshemustmakein
hisnextinningsoastoraisehisavg.to24?
solution:keepinginmindthesolutionsgiveninQ1andQ2,fromtherunsscoredinthe11thinning2.5
runsistobegiventoeachofthe10inningssoastoraisetheiravg.scoreto24runsandinadditionto
that11thinninghastokeep24runstomaintaintheavg.scoreperinning(for11innings)at24runs.
so,totalrunstobescoredinthe11thinningis=2.5x10+24=49runs.
Q5.theavg.of11resultsis30,thatofthefirstfiveis25andthatofthelastfiveis28.findthevalueof
sixthnumber?
solution:totalof11results=11x30=330'a'
totalofthefirstfiveresults=5x25=125
totalofthelastfiveresults=5x28=140
totalofthefirstfiveresults&totalofthelastfiveresults=125+140=265'b'
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inthisoperation,oursixthresulthasbeenleftas
1234567891011
1stfive
lastfive
sodifferenceof'a'and'b'willgivethevalueof6thresult=330265=65
Q6theaverageoffirst61naturalno.is?
solution:firstoftakethetotaloffirst61naturalnos.={n(n+1)}/2
n=61so,61(61+1)/2=1891
nowforavg.of61nos.=1891/61=31(TOP)
RATIOANDPROPORTION
RATIOtheratiooftwoquantitiesofthesamekindisthefractionthatonequantityisofthe
other,inotherwordstosay,howmanytimesagivennumberisincomparisontoanother
number.Aratiobetweentwonos.xAandBisdenotedbyA/B
Someofthepointstoberemembered:
1. Thetwoquantitiesmustbeofthesamekind.
2. Theunitsofthetwoquantitiesmustbethesame.
3. Theratiohasnomeasurement.
4. Theratioremainsunalteredevenifboththeantecedent(A)andtheconsequent(B)are
multipliedordividedbythesameno.
Iftwodifferentratios(sayA/BandC/D)areexpressedindifferentunits,thenifweare
requiredtocombinethesetworatioswewillfollowthefollowingrule=
AxC/BxD
TherequiredratioisAC/BD
TheduplicateratioofA/BisA2/B2thetriplicateratioofA/BisA3/B3
ThesubduplicateratioofA/Bissq.rootofA/sq.rootofB
ThesubtriplicateratioofA/BiscuberootofA/cuberootofB
TodeterminewhichofthegiventworatioA/BandC/Disgreaterorsmaller,wecompareAxD
andBxCprovidedB>0andD>0;
ifAxC>BxDthenA/B>C/Dandviceversa,butifAxC=BxDthenA/B=C/D
o
o
o
o
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Propertiesofratios.
1. Inverseratiosoftwoequalratiosareequal,ifA/B=C/DthenB/A=D/C.
2. TheratiosofantecedentsandconsequentsoftwoequalratiosareequalifA/B=C/D
thenA/C=B/D
3. IfA/B=C/DTHENA+B/B=C+D/D
4. IfA/B=C/DTHENAB/B=CD/D
5. IfA/B=C/DTHENA+B/AB=C+D/CD
6. IfA/B=C/D=E/F.....soontheneachoftheratio(A/B,C/D.....etc)isequalto
sumofthnumerators/sumofthedenominators=A+C+E...../B+D+F......=k
PROPORTION
o
Tworatiosoftwotermsisequaltotheratiooftwootherterms,thenthesefourtermsaresaid
tobeinproportioni.e.ifA/B=C/DthenA,B,CandDareinproportion.
A,B,CandDarecalledfirst,second,thirdandfourthproportionalsrespectively.
AandDarecalledExtremesandBandCarecalledtheMeans
anditfollowsthatAxD=BxC
Continuedproportion:whenA/B=B/CthenA,BandCaresaidtobeincontinuedproportion
andBiscalledthegeometricmeanofAandCsoitfollows,
AxC=B2,ORsquarerootof(AxC)=B
Directproportion:iftwoquantitiesAandBarerelatedandanincreaseinAdecreasesBand
viceversathenAandBaresaidtobeindirectproportion.HereAisdirectlyproportionaltoBis
writtenasAB.whenisremovedequationcomestobe
A=kB,wherekisconstant.
Inverseproportion:iftwoquantitiesAandBarerelatedandanincreaseinAincreasesBand
viceversathenAandBaresaidtobeininverseproportion.HereAisinverselyproportionalto
BiswrittenasA1/Bor,A=k/B,wherekisconstant.
Propotionaldivision:
Itsimplymeansamethodbywhichaquantitymaybedividedintopartswhichbearagiven
ratiotooneanother.Thepartsarecalledpropotionalparts.
e.g.dividequantity"y"intheratioa:b:cthen
firstpart=a/(a+b+c)=ysecondpart=b/(a+b+c)=ythirdpart=c/(a+b+c)=y
Nowletusworkoutsomequestionstounderstandtheunderlyingconcept.
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Q1.Findthethreenumbersintheratioof1:2:3sothatthesumoftheirsquaresisequalto504?
Ans:let1stno.be1x,2ndno.be2xand3rdno.be3x
theirsquaresx2,(2x)2and(3x)2
asperthequestion,x2+(2x)2+(3x)2=504
x2+4x2+9x2=504
14x2=504
x2=504/14=36
so,x=6
Sothethreeno.are1x=6,2x=12and3x=18
Q2.A,B,CandDarefourquantitiesofthesamekindsuchthatA:B=3:4,B:C=8:9andC:D=15:16xfind
ratioa)A:Db)A:B:C:D
ans:a)A/D=A/BxB/CxC:D=3/4x8/9x15/16=5/8
soA:D=5:8
A:B=3:4
B:C=8:9
C:D=15:16
inA:B:C:DvalueofAwillbegivenbyproductofABC.
valueofBwillbegivenbyproductofBBC
valueofCwillbegivenbyproductofBCC
valueofDwillbegivenbyproductofBCD
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soA:B:C:Dis3x8x15:4x8x15:4x9x15:4x9x16
or,30:40:45:48
Q3.if a carton containing a dozen mirrors is dropped, which of the following cannot be the ratio of
brokenmirrorstounbrokenmirrors?
options:a)2:1b)3:1c)3:2d)1:1e)7:5
Thereare12mirrorsinthecartonxinthegivenoptionsantecedentstellthebrokenmirrorsand
consequentstelltheunbrokenmirrorsxso,thesumofantecedentandconsequentineachratio
shoulddividethenoxofmirrorsperfectlyxoutofthegivenoptionsoption'c'whichtotals5cannot
divide12,cannotbetheratioofbrokenmirrorstounbrokenmirrorsx
Q4.findthefourthproportionaltothenumbers6,8and15?
ans:letKbethefourhtproportional,then6/8=15/K
solvingitwegetK=(8x15)/6=20
Q5.findthemeanmeanproportionbetween3and75?
ans.thisisrelatedtocontinuedproportion.letxbethemeanproportionalxthenwehave
x2=3x75orx=15
Q6.divideRs1350intothreesharesproportionaltothenumbers2,3and4?
ans:1stshare=Rs1350x(2/2+3+4)=Rs300
2ndshare=Rs1350x(3/2+3+4)=Rs450
3rdshare=Rs1350x(4/2+3+4)=Rs600
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Q7.acertainsumofmoneyisdividedamongA,BandCsuchthatforeachrupeeAhas,Bhas65paise
andChas40paisexifC'sshareisRs8,findthesumofmoney?
ans:hereA:B:C=100:65:40=20:13:8
now20+13+8=41
as8/14ofthewholesum=Rs8
so,thewholesum=Rs8x41/8=Rs41
Q8.in40litresmixtureofmilkandwatertheratioofmilkandwateris3:1.howmuchwatershouldbe
addedinthemixturesothattheratioofmilktowaterbecomes2:1.?
ans:hereonlyamountofwaterischanging.theamountofmilkremainssameinboththemixtures.so,
amountofmilkbeforeadditionofwater=(3/4)X40=30ltrs.soamountofwateris10ltrs.
Afteradditionofwatertheratiochangesto2:1.herethemixturehastwoltrsofmilkforevery1ltrof
water.sinceamountofmilkis30ltrstheamountofwaterhastobe15ltrsothattheratiois2:1.sothe
amountofwatertobeaddedis1510=5ltrs.
Q9.threequantitiesA,BandCaresuchthatAB=kC,wherekisconstant.whenAiskeptconstant,B
variesdirectlyasC:whenBiskeptconstant,AvariesdirectlyCandwhenCiskeptconstant,Avaries
inverselyasB.
initiallyAwasat5andA:B:Cwas1:3:5.findthevalueofAwhenBequals9atconstantB?
solution:initialvaluesareA=5,B=15andC=25.
thuswehave5x15=kx25
hence,k=3
thustheequationbecomesAB=3C.
fortheproblemCiskeptconstantat25.then,
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Ax9=3x25
A=75/9=8.33(TOP)
PARTNERSHIP
partnershipisanasociationoftwoormorepersonswhoinvesttheirmoneyinordertocarryona
certainbusiness.apartnerwhomanagesthebusinessiscalledworkingpartnerandthepartnerwho
simplyinvestsiscalledthesleepingpartner.
iftheperiodofinvestmentissameforeachparner,then the profitorlossisdividedintheratioof

theirinvestments.
thesimpleformulainvolvedis(iftherearetwopartnersAandB)
investmentofAxperiodofinvestmentofA=profit/lossofA
investmentofBxperiodofinvestmentofBprofit/lossofB
OR,
monthlyequivalentinvestmentofA=profit/lossofA
monthlyequivalentinvestmentofBprofit/lossofB
where,
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investmentofAxperiodofinvestmentofA=monthlyequivalentinvestmentofA
andthesameholdstrueforB.
iftherearemorethantwoparnersthenrespectiveratioscanbederivedusingconceptsdiscussedin
thechapteronRatio&Proportion.
letusdosomeofthequestions.
Q1.threepartnersA,BandCinvestRs1600,Rs1800andRs2300respectivelyinabusiness.how
shouldtheydivideaprofitofRs399?
solution:hereprofitistodividedintheratio16:18:23
A'sshareofprofit=16/(16+18+23)x399=Rs112.
B'sshareofprofit=18/(16+18+23)x399=Rs126
C'sshareofprofit=23/(16+18+23)x399=Rs161
Q2.A.BandCenterintoapartnership.AadvancesRs1200for4months.BgivesRs1400for8months
andCRs1000for10months.theygainRs585altogether.findtheshareofprofiteach?
solution:monthlyequivalentofA=1200x4=4800
monthlyequivalentofB=1400x8=11200
monthlyequivalentofC=1000x10=10000
so,profitistobedividedintheratio48:112:100i.e.12:28:25
A'sshareofprofitis(12/65)x585=Rs108
B'sshareofprofitis(28/65)x585=Rs252
C'sshareofprofitis(25/65)x585=Rs225(TOP)
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TIMEANDWORK
'A'candoaworkin10days.Howmuchworkdoeshedoin1day.
Ifwegobytraditionalmethodthepromptanswerwouldbe1/10ofthework.
Butmultiplicityofsuchfractionbasedcalculationsinaparticularquestionisnotgoingtomakeour
lifesimplerbutharder.
Soifwetakethewholeworktobedoneas100%andifwekeepsomeofthepercentagevaluesof
fractionsinourmind,ourlifebecomeseasier.So,fortheabovequestionin1day10%(100%/10)ofthe
workisdone.
Thiscouldbeappliedtothequestionsrelatedtopipesandcisterns.
Tomakeourconceptmoreclearletusdealwithsomeofthequestions.
{some%agevaluesoffractions}
1/1=100%=50%1/3=33.33%=25%
1/5=20%1/6=16.66%1/7=14.28%1/8=12.5%
1/9=11.11%1/10=10%1/11=9.09%1/12=8.33%
1/13=7.69%1/14=7.14%1/15=6.66%1/16=6.25%
1/17=5.88%1/18=5.55%1/19=5.26%1/20=5%
Q.1:Anupcandoapieceofworkin10daysandJagdeeshcandothesameworkin15days.
1. Inhowmanydaystheworkwillbecompletedifbothworkstogether.
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2. InhowmanydaystheworkwillbecompletedifMeghawhocancompletethesameworkin30
daysjoins.
3. InhowmanydaystheworkwillbecompletedifAlankarwhodestructstheworkdonein25
daysjoinsjoinsthetwo.
4. InhowmanydaystheworkwillbecompletedifAnupandJagdeeshdotheworkonalternate
days.Anupstartingfirst.
5. Withreferencetotheq.4whowillconcludethework.
6. Withreferencetoq.4whenwilltheworkbecompletedifAlankarwhodestructstheworkin25
daysdoestheworkeverythirdday.
solutions:1.Anupcandoin1day={100%/10}=10%ofthework.
Jagdeeshcandoin1day={100%/15}=6.66%ofthework.
ifbothofthemworkstogether,theworkdonebythemin1
day=10%+6.66%=16.66%
sono.ofdaysthetotalwork(100%)willbedone=100/16.66=6.002or6days.
2.Meghacandoin1day={100/30}=3.33%ofthework.
AnupandJagdeeshcandotheworkin1day=16.66%.andwhenMeghajoinstheminonedaythe
percentageofworkdone=(16.66+3.33)%=19.99%or20%
No.ofdaystheworkwillbecompleted=100/20=5days.
3.AnupandJagdeeshcandotheworkin1day=16.66%.
Alankarcandestroythe%ageofworkin1day=100/25=4%.
Totalworkdonein1day=16.664=12.66%
Sototalworkwillbedonein=100/12.66=7.88or8days.
4.SinceAnupstartsfirst,onthe1stday%ageofworkdone=10%
Onthe2ndday,onlyJagdeeshwork,soworkdone=6.66%
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3rdday=10%
4thday=6.66%......soon.
everytwoday16.66%oftheworkisdone.
soin6pairsofdays99.96%oftheworkisdone.orsay12days.Butstillsomeworkislefttobedone,so
in13daystheworkwillbecompleted.
5.Ifwegobyexplanationgiveninsolution.4on12thdayJagdeeshwilldothework.Soonthe13thday
whichisthelastday,Anupwilldothework,soAnupwillconcludethework.
6.Onthe1stdayonlyAnupwilldothework.Workdoneon1stday=10%
On the 2nd day only Jagdeesh will do the work, work done after expiry of 2nd
day=10%+6.66%=16.66%
On the third day Alankar will destroy the work= 4%( negative sign as work is not being done but
beingdestroyed)
At the end of third day total work completed=16.66%(work done upto 2nd day) less 4%( work
destroyedinthethirdday=16.664=12.66%
Soeverythirdday12.66%ofthetotalworkwillbecompleted.
Soin7groupofeverythreedays88.62%{12.66*7}oftheworkisdone.Inotherway,wecansaythat
afterexpiryof21days(7*3)88.62%oftheworkisdone.
On22nddayworkcompleted=(88.62+10)=98.62%.
Soweseeonthe23rddayonly1.38%(10098.62)oftheworkistobedone.Andonthethirdday
Jagdeeshwilldothework,whocando6.66%ofworkinoneday.Sotheworkwillbecompletedonthe
23rddayandJagdeeshwilldotheconclusion.(TOP)
PIPESANDCISTERNS
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Theaboveconceptof100%couldbeappliedtothequestionsrelatedtopipesandcisterns.Wewill
doonequestionandyouwillunderstandthelinkbetweenquestionsrelatedtotimeandwork&pipes
andcisterns.
Q.1.TapAcanfillthetankin8hoursandanotherholeBcanemptythetankin16hours.Ifbothare
openedsimultaneouslyinhowmanyhoursthetankwillbefull?
solution:TapAcandotheworkoffillingthetankin8hours.Soworkdonein1hour=100%/8=12.5%
HoleBcandotheworkofemptyingthetankin16hours.Soworkdonein1hour=100%/16=6.25%
IfbothAandBworksimultaneously,%ofthetankfilled(workdone)in1hour=12.56.25=6.25%.
Sotimeinwhichthe100%oftheworkwillbedone=100%/6.25=16hours.
Inthiswaywecanasociateeachandeveryquestionsrelatedtotimeandworktoquestionsrelatedto
pipesandcisternsandsolvethequestions.
RULEOFFRACTION
Q.15mencandoaworkin20days.inhowmanydayswill20mendothefullwork?
solution:firstcase:
M1=15D1=20
secondcase:
M2=20D2=?
heretherearetwovariables.menanddays.wehavefullinformationaboutmenbutwehavetofind
thenumberofdaysinthesecondcase.
wehavetoseewhatistheeffectofincreaseordecreaseinno.ofmenontheno.ofdaysinsecond
case.weseetheno.ofmenhasincreasedinthesecondcaseascomparedtothefirstcase.sowecan
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easilyuseourcommonsensethatwhenno.ofmenwillincreasetheno.ofdaysrequiredtocomplete
thetaskwilldecreaseaseachdaymoreworkwillbedone.so,tofindtheanswerwehavetodothe
followingcalculations,
D2=20x(15/20){asthereisdecreasingeffectontheno.ofdayswewill
multiplyD1withlowerfractionofM1andM2(i.e.15/20).if
therehadbeenincreasingeffectwewouldhavemultiplied
D1withhigherfractionofM1andM2(i.e.20/15)}
answer=15days.
Q.agarrisonof2200menhasprovisionfor16weeksattherateof45gmsperdaypermen.howmany
menmustleavesothatthesameprovisionmaylastfor24weeksat33gmperdayperman?
solution:firstcase:
m1=2200w1=16p1=45
secondcase:
m2=?w2=24p2=33
herewehavetoseetheeffectofincreaseordecreaseinothervariablesonm2:
weekshasincreasedsoifweeksincreaseslessmenwillbesupported.
provisionhasdecreasedsomoremenwillbesupported.
m2=2200.16/24.45/33=2000
soweseewithgivenvariablesinthesecondcaseonly2000menwillbesupported.so(22002000)
=200menshouldleave.
Q.if15bookscostRs35,whatdo21bookscost?
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ans.b1=15c1=35
b2=21c2=?
so,c2=35x(21/15)=Rs49.00
inthiswaywecanseethisruleoffractionisapplicabletoanyareawhereeverthereiscomparision.
(TOP)
x
ALLIGATION
Thismethodisusedwhenthefollowingcriteriaaresatisfied:
o
dataisintheformofpercent,perKg,perhour,averageorintheotherwordsdataavailableis
intheformofperunitofsomething.
supposemixtureAhasavg.weightof'a'whereasmixtureBhasavg.weightof'b'.inwhatproportion
theyshouldbemixedsothattheavg.weightbecomes'c'.?
mix.Amix.B
ab
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+vedifferenceof(bc)=x+vedifferenceof(ac)=y
somixAandmixBshouldbemixedintheratioofx:y.herexandypertainstokgifdataisintheform
of/kg,hourifdataisintheformof/houretc.
belowsomequestionshavebeensolvedwhichwillclarifytheconceptinvolved.
Q.1ateamerchantblendstwotypesoftea(a)costingRs15/Kgand(b)Rs20/Kgeachrespectively.in
whatratioshouldthesetwotypesofteabemixedsothattheresultingmixturemaycostRs16.50/Kg?
tea(a)tea(b)
1520
16.50
2016.50 16.5015
(x)
(y)
heretheratiox:yistobefound.thisratiowilltellinwhatratiothetwogiventeaswillbemixed.
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xpertainstopartofteaaandypertainstoteab
wegetx=3.5andy=1.5andx/yis7/3
7kgofteaashouldbemixedwith3kgofteab.
NOTE:theratiosreachedatpertainstokgifdataisintheformofperkg,centifdataisintheformof
percent,hourifdataisintheformofperhouretc.
Q.2:21litresofamixtureof95%isobtainedwhentwosolutionsaremixed.ifthepurityofsolutionAis
90%andthepurityofsolutionBis97%,thenhowmuchsolutionofpurity97%istaken?
solution:sol.Asol.B
9097
95
9795
9590
sowegetthat2partsofsolAistobemixedwith5partsofsol.B.sotheratioinwhichtwomixturesare
tobemixedis2:7.so5/(2+5)*21ltristobemixed.soansweris15ltrsofsol.Bistomixed.
Q3.10%aredrawnfromacaskfullof100ltrsofwateranditisthenfilledwithmilk.10%ofthemixture
areagaindrawnandthecaskisagainfilledwith10ltrofmilk.whatisamountofmilkinthemixture.?
sol:inthefirstoperation10ltr(10%ofthecask)aredrawnsowaterleftinthecaskis90ltr.then10ltrs
ofmilkisadded.soresulting100ltrsofmixturehas90ltrofwaterand10litreofmilk.again10%ofthe
mixtureisdrawn.hereitistobenotedthatinthisoperation10%of90ltrsofwaterand10%of10ltrs
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of milk is being drawn. so, amount of water drawn is 9 ltrs. so in the mixture 81 ltr(100109=81) of
waterisleft.
Q4.atraderhad100kgofsugar.PartAofithesoldat7%ofprofitandtherestpartBat17%ofprofit.
ifhegot10%ofprofitinall,thenhowmuchdidhesellpartB?
solution.
AB
7%17%
10%
17%10%=7%10%7%=3%
so7partsof100kgwassoldat7%profit(partA)andand3partsof100kgwassoldat17%profit.so,
30kgof100kgofsugarwassoldat17%sugar.(TOP)
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PROFIT&LOSS
1.Profit=SellingPriceCostprice
2.SellingPrice=CostPrice+Profit
3.CostPrice=SellingPriceProfit
4.Loss=CostPriceSellingPrice
5.SellingPrice=CostPriceLoss
6.Costprice=SellingPrice+Loss
7.Percentageprofit/lossisalwayscalculatedonCPunlessotherwisestated.
8.ProfitPercentage=(Profitx100)/CP
9.LossPercentage=(LossxCP)/CP
10.SellingPrice={[(100+Gain%)xCP]/100}
11.SellingPrice={[100Loss%)xCP]/100}
12.CostPrice={(100xSP)/(100+Gain%)}
:Costpriceofthechair=[(300x100)/(100+20)]
=30000/120
=Rs.250.
13.CostPrice={(100xSP)/(100Loss%)}
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14.Ifamanbuys'p'articlesfor'a'rupeesandsells'q'articlesfor'b'rupees.Then,
The%profitorloss=(pxb)(qxa)/(axq).
Note:IftheSignis+ve,thereisgain.Ifthesignisve,thereisaloss.
Eg:Atraderbuysorangesat9forRs.16andsellsthemat11forRs.20.Whatdoeshegainorlose
percent?
Ans:%profitorloss=[(9x20)(16x11)]/16x11
=23/11%.
Sincethesignis+ve,thereisagainof23/11%.
15.Ifashopkeepersellshisgoodsatx%lossoncostpricebutusesygminsteadofzgm,then,
His%profitorloss=[(100x)(z/y)]100.
Eg:Adishonesttradersellsgoodsat6%lossoncostpricebutuses875gminsteadof1kg.Whatis
hispercentageprofitorloss?
Ans:Profitorlosspercentage=[(1006)(1000/875)]100
=[(375/4)(8/7)]100
=(107.1428)100
=7.1428%
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Sincesignis+ve,thereisaprofitof7.1428%.
16.Ifashopkeepersellshisgoodsatx%profitoncostpricebutusesygminsteadofzgm,then,
His%profitorloss=[(100+x)(z/y)]100.
Eg:Adishonesttradersellsgoodsat4%gainoncostpricebutuses840gminsteadof1kg.Whatishis
percentageprofitorloss?
Ans:Profitorlosspercentage=[(100+4)(1000/840)]100
=[123.8095]100
=23.8095%
Sincesignis+ve,thereisaprofitof7.1428%.
14.WhentwoarticlesaresoldatthesamepricesuchthatthereisaProfitofx%ononearticleanda
Lossofx%ontheother.ThenPercentageLossis:
=(Commonprofitorloss)2/100
=X2/100
15.MarkedPriceorListPriceisthepricethatisindicatedormarkedontheproductoritistheprice,
whichisgiveninthepricelist.Thisisthepriceatwhichtheproductisintendedtobesold.However,
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there can be some DISCOUNT given on this price and consequently, the actual Selling Price of the
productmaybelessthantheMarkedPrice.
SellingPrice=MarkedPriceDiscount.
16.DiscountPercent=(MarkedPriceSellingPrice)x100/MarkedPrice
17.Ifthesuccessivediscountsgivenonaproductarep%,q%andr%,thenthesellingpriceafterall
thediscountsis:
=[MarkedPricex(100p)(100q)(100r)]/100x100x100
18.If'x'articlesarepurchasedfor'p'rupeesand'y'articlesaresoldfor'p'rupees.Then,
Percentageprofit/loss=(xy)/y.
19.Ifsellingpriceof'x'pensisequaltothecostpriceof'y'pens.Thenprofitpercentage=(yx)
x100/x
E.g2:Thesellingpriceof12pensisequaltothecostpriceof20pens.Findtheprofitpercentage?
Ans:Percentageprofit=(2012)/20
=8/20
=66.66%.
E.g3:If12orangesarepurchasedforRs.100and10orangesaresoldforRs.100.Findthepercentage
profit/loss?
Ans:PercentageProfit=[(1210)/10]x100.
=(2/10)x100
=20%.
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20.Byusingfalseweight,ifasubstanceissoldatcostpricetheoverallgain%isgivenby[(100+Gain
%)/100].=Trueweight/Falseweight.
(TOP)
TIMEANDDISTANCE
1.Distance=SpeedxTime
2.Time=Distance/Speed
3.Speed=Distance/Time
4.Toconvertspeedinkmphtom/sec,multiplyitwith5/18.
Eg1:Expressaspeedof72km/hrinm/s?
Ans:72x(5/18)=20m/s
5.Toconvertspeedinm/sectokmph,multiplyitwith18/5.
Eg2:Expressaspeedof20m/secinkm/hr?
Ans:20x(18/5)=72km/hr
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6.IfabodytravelsfrompointAtopointBwithaspeedof'p'andbacktopointA(frompointB)witha
speedofq,thentheaveragespeedofthebodyis:
=2pq/(p+q).
Eg3:Acarcoversacertaindistanceataspeedof90km/hrwhilegoingandreturnstothestarting
pointataspeedof60km/hr.Findtheaveragespeedofthecarforthewholejourney?
Ans:Averagespeed=(2x90x60)/(60+90)
=72km/hr
.
7.Ifacardoesajourneyin'T'hrs,thefirsthalfat'p'km/hrandthesecondhalfat'q'km/hr.Thetotal
distancecoveredbythecar:
=(2xTimexpxq)/(p+q).
Eg4:Amotorcardoesajourneyin10hrs,thefirsthalfat21kmphandthesecondhalfat24kmph.
Findthedistance?
Ans:Distance=(2x10x21x24)/(21+24)
=10080/45
=224km.
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8.Ifabodycoverspartofthejourneyatspeedpandtheremainingpartofthejourneyataspeedq
andthedistancesofthetwopartsofthejourneyareintheratiom:n,thentheaveragespeedforthe
entirejourneyis:
=(m+n)pq/(mq+np).
9.Ifapersontravellingbetweentwopointsreachesphourslate(Iftimeisgiveninminutes,itshould
beconvertedinhrsbydividingitby60)travellingataspeedof'a'km/hrandreaches'q'km/hrand
reachesqhoursearlytravellingat'b'km/hr,thedistancebetweenthetwopointsis:
=(ab/ab)(pq)
Eg5:Apersontravellingat6kmphreacheshisoffice15minuteslate.Hadhetravelledat8kmphhe
wouldhavebeen25minutesearly.Findthedistancethepersonhastotraveltoreachhisoffice?
Ans:Distance=(6x8/86)/(15/60+25/60)
=16km.
10.Ifapersongoesfrom'A'to'B'ataspeedof'p'kmphandreturnsataspeedof'q'kmphandtakes'T'
hoursinall,thenthedistancebetweentheAandB:
=Totaltimetakenx(ProductofthetwoSpeeds/Additionofthetwospeeds)
Eg6:Aboygoestoschoolataspeedof3kmphandreturnstothevillageataspeedof2kmph.Ifhe
takes5hrsinall,whatisthedistancebetweenthevillageandtheschool?
Ans:Lettherequireddistancebexkm.
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Thentimetakenduringthefirstjourney=x/3hr.
andtimetakenduringthesecondjourney=x/2hr.
x/3+x/2=5=>(2x+3x)/6=5
=>5x=30.
=>x=6
Requireddistance=6km.
Eg 7: Walking of his speed, a person is 10 min late to his office. Find his usual time to cover the
distance?
Ans:Usualtime=Latetime/{1/(3/4)1)
=10/(4/31)
=10/(1/3)
=30minutes.
Eg8:Running4/3ofhisusualspeed,apersonimproveshistimingby10minutes.Findhisusualtiming
by10minutes.Findhisusualtimetocoverthedistance?
Ans:Usualtime=Improvedtime/{1(1/(3/4)}
=10/{1(3/4)}
=40minutes.
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11.Atraintravellingataspeedof'S1'kmphleavesAat't1'hrs.andanothertraintravellingatspeed
'q' kmph leaves A at 'S2' hrs in the same direction. Then the meeting point's distance from starting
startingpoint:
=(S1xS2XDifferenceintime)/Differenceinspeed.
Eg9:Atraintravelling25kmphleavesDelhiat9a.m.andanothertraintravelling35kmphstartsat2
p.m.inthesamedirection.Howmanykmfromwilltheybetogether?
Ans:Meetingpoint'sdistancefromthestartingpoint=[25x35x(2p.m.9a.m)]/(3525)
=(25x35x5)/10
=4375/10
=437.5km.
12. If two persons A and B start at the same time in opposite direction from two points and after
passingeachothertheycompletethejourneysin'a'and'b'hrsrespectively,thenA'sspeed:B'sspeed
= Squarerootofb:Squarerootofa.
Eg10:AsetsouttocyclefromDelhitoRohtak,andatthesametimeBstartsfromRohtaktocycleto
Delhi.Afterpassingeachothertheycompletetheirjourneysin31/3and44/5hoursrespectively.At
whatratedoestheBcycleifAcyclesat8kmperhour?
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Ans:Aspertheaboveformula,theratioofA'sspeedtoB'sspeed=Squarerootof44/5/Squareroot
of31/3.
A'sspeed:B'sspeed=6/5.
A'sspeed
=8kmph
B'sspeed
=(5/6)x8
=62/3kmph.
13.IfAtravelscertaindistanceattherateof'S1'kmphandBcoversthesamedistanceattherateof
'S2'kmphandifoneofthemtakes't'minuteslongerthantheother,then:
Distancecovered={(S1xS2)xDifferenceintimetocoverthedistance}/(S1S2)
Note:Ifspeedisgivenkmphandtimeisgiveninminutes,thentimeistobeexpressedinhrs.before
solvingtheproblemusingthisformula.
Eg11:Tworunnerscoverthesamedistanceattherateof15kmand16kmperhourrespectively.
Findthedistancetravelledwhenonetakes16minuteslongerthantheother?
Ans:Distancetravelled={(15x16)x(16/60)}/(1615)
=64km(TOP)
TRAINS
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1.Whenatrainpassesastationarypoint,thedistancecovered(inthepassing)isthelengthofthe
train.
Eg1:Whatisthetimetakenbyatrainoflength360mtocrossapoleataspeedof72kmph?
Ans:Timetakenbythetraintocrossthepole=Lengthofthetrain/Speedofthetrain
Speedofthetrainisgiveninkmph,whereasthelengthofthetrainisgiveninmts.Sothespeed
ofthetrainistobeexpressedinm/sec.
Speedofthetrain(inmts/sec)=72x(5/18)
=20mts/sec
Timetakenbythetraintocrossthepole=360/20
=18seconds.
2.Ifthetrainiscrossingaplatformorabridge,thedistancecoveredbythetrainisequaltothelength
ofthetrainplusthelengthoftheplatformorabridge.
Eg 2: How long will a train 200 m long travelling at a speed of 54 kmph take to cross a platform of
length100m?
Ans:Distancecoveredbythetrain=Lengthofthetrain+Lengthoftheplatform
=200+100
=300m
Speedofthetrainisgiveninkmph,whereasthedistancecoveredbythetrainisgiveninmts.So
speedofthetrainistobeexpressedinmts/sec.
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Speedofthetrain=54x(5/18)
=15mts/sec
Timetakenbythetrain=300/15
=20seconds.
3.Iftwotrainspasseachother(travellinginthesamedirectionorinoppositedirections),thetotal
distancecovered(inthecrossing/overtakingasthecasemaybe)isequaltothesumofthelengthsof
thetwotrains.
Eg3:Twotrains121mtsand99mtsinlengthrespectivelyarerunninginoppositedirections,oneatthe
rateof40kmphandtheotherattherateof32kmph.Inwhattimewilltheybecompletelyclearof
eachotherfromthemomenttheymeet?
Ans:Asthetrainsaremovinginoppositedirectionstheirrelativespeed=40+32km/hr.
=72km/hr.
Thelengthtobetravelledbythetrains=121+99
=220mts.
ThespeedofthetrainisgiveninKmph,whereasthelengthisgiveninmts.Hence,therelative
speedofthetrainsistobeexpressedinmts/sec.
Therelativespeedinmts/sec=72x(5/18)
=20mts/sec
Timerequiredtocompletelyclearofeachotherfromthemomenttheymeet=220/20
=11secs.
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4.IftwobodiesaremovinginthesamedirectionatspeedsS1andS2respectively,thentherelative
speedis:
Relativespeed =S1S2
5.IftwobodiesaremovinginoppositedirectionatspeedsS1andS2respectively,thentherelative
speedis:
Relativespeed =S1+S2.
6.Twotrainsoflength'p'mand'q'mrespectivelyrunonparallellinesofrails.Whenrunninginthe
same direction the faster train passes the slower one in 'a' seconds, but when they are running in
oppositedirectionswiththesamespeedsasearlier,theypasseachotherin'b'seconds.Then,
Speedofthefastertrain=[(p+q)/2]x[(a+b)/(axb)]
Speedoftheslowertrain=[(pq)/2]x[(ab)/(axb)]
Note:Thespeedsobtainedusingtheaboveformulaareinmts/sec,ifthespeedsaretobeexpressed
inkmph,theyhavetobemultipliedby18/5.
Eg4:Twotrainsoflength100mand250mrunonparallellines.Whentheyruninthesamedirectionit
willtake70secondstocrosseachotherandwhentheyruninoppositedirection,theytake10seconds
tocrosseachother.Findthespeedsofthetwotrains?
Ans:
Speedofthefastertrain=[(100+250)/2][(70+10)/(70x10)].
=175x(8/70)
=20m/sec.
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Speedoftheslowertrain=[(100+250)/2][(7010)/(70x10)]
=175x(6/70)
=15m/sec.
Therefore,speedsofthetrainsare72kmph(20x18/5)and54kmph(15x18/5)respectively.
6.Ifatrainpassesbyastationarymanin'p'secondsandpassesbyaplatform/bridge,thelengthof
whichis'm'mts,completelyin'q'sec.Then
Lengthofthetrain=(mxp)/(qp).
Eg5:Atraincrossesbyastationarymanstandingontheplatformin7secondsandpassesbythe
platformcompletelyin28seconds.Ifthelengthoftheplatformis330meters,whatisthelengthofthe
train?
Ans:Lengthofthetrain=(330x7)/(287)
=330x7/21
=110mts.
(TOP)
BOATSANDSTREAMS
1.Whenaboatismovinginthesamedirectionasthestreamorwatercurrent,theboatissaidtobe
movingwiththestreamormovingdownstream.
2.Insteadofboatsinwater,itcouldbeaswimmeroracyclistcyclingagainstoralongthewind.
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3.Whenaboatismovinginadirectionoppositetothatofthestreamorwatercurrent,theboatissaid
tobemovingagainstthestreamorwatercurrentormovingdownstream.
4.Whenthespeedoftheboatisgiven,itisthespeedoftheboatinstillwater.
5.Speedoftheboatagainststreamorwhilemovingupstream=SpeedoftheboatinstillwaterSpeed
ofthestream.
6.Speedoftheboatwithstreamorwhilemovingdownstream=Speedoftheboatinstillwater+Speed
oftheStream.
7.If'p'isthespeedoftheboatdownthestreamand'q'isthespeedoftheboatupthestream,then,
Speedoftheboatinstillwater=(p+q)/2.
Speedoftheboatofthewaterstream=(pq)/2.
Eg1:Aboattravels36kmupstreamin9hoursand42kmdownstreamin7hours.Findthespeedof
theboatinstillwaterandthespeedofthewatercurrent?
Ans:Upstreamspeedoftheboat=36/9=4kmph
Downstreamspeedoftheboat=42/7=6kmph.
Speedoftheboatinstillwater=(6+4)/2.
Speedofthewatercurrent=(64)/2
=5kmph
=1kmph
Eg2:Amancanrowat10kmphinstillwater.Ifittakesatotalof5hoursforhimtogotoaplace24km
awayandreturn,thenfindthespeedofthewatercurrent?
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Ans:Letthespeedofthewatercurrentbeykmph.
Upstreamspeed=(10y)kmph
Downstreamspeed=(10+y)kmph
Totaltime=(24/10+y)+(24/10y)=5
Hence,480/(100y2)=5
480=5005y2
y2=4
y=2kmph.
5y2=20
8.Amancanrowxkmphinstillwaters.Ifinastreamwhichisflowingatykmph,ittakeshimzhrsto
rowfromAtoBandback(toaplaceandback),then
ThedistancebetweenAandB=z(x2y2)/2x.
Eg3:Amancanrow6kmphinstillwater.Whentheriverisrunningat1.2kmph,ittakeshim1hourto
rowtoaplaceandback.Howfaristheplace?
Ans:Requireddistance=1x(62(1.2)2)kmph
=(361.44)/12
=2.88km.
9. In the above case, If distance between A and B, time taken by the boat to go upstream and back
againtothestartingpoint,speedofthestreamaregiven;thenthespeedoftheboatinstillwaterscan
beobtainedusingtheabovegivenformula.
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10.Amanrowsacertaindistancedownstreaminxhoursandreturnsthesamedistanceinyhrs.Ifthe
streamflowsattherateofzkmphthen,
Thespeedofthemaninstillwater=z(x+y)/(yx)kmph.
EG4:Rameshcanrowacertaindistancedownstreamin6hoursandreturnthesamedistancein9
hours.Ifthestreamflowsattherateof3kmph.FindthespeedofRameshinstillwater?
Ans:Ramesh'sspeedinstillwater=3(9+6)/(96)
=15kmph.
11.Amanrowsacertaindistancedownstreaminxhoursandreturnsthesamedistanceinyhours.If
thespeedofthemaninstillwaterzkmph,then
Speedofthestream=z(yx)/(x+y)kmph.
Eg5:Rameshcanrowacertaindistancedownstreaminxhoursandreturnsthesamedistanceiny
hours.IfthespeedofRameshinstillwateris12kmph.Findthespeedofthestream?
Ans:Speedofthestream=12(96)/(9+6)
=2.4kmph.
(TOP)
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ElementaryMensuration
Areasofplanefigures:
AreaofRectangle=l*b(wherel=length,b=breadth)
Areaofsquare=A*A(whereaissideofthesquare)
base
Areaoftriangle=1/2*h*b(wherehisheight,bismeasureof
AreaofParllelogram=b*h(wherebisbase,hisheight)
AreaofTrapezium=1/2(sumofparallelsides*perpendiculardistance
betweenthem)=1/2(a+b)h{wherea&bareparallelsidesandhisthe
perpendiculardistancebetweenthem}
AreaofCircle=r2whereristheradiusofthecircle
Circumferenceofthecircle=2r(whererisradiusofthecircle)
AreaofEquilateralTriangle=3/4a2
A.rectangle
1][diagonal]2=[length]2+[breadth]2
2]perimeter=2[l+b]
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B.square
2
1]area=[side] =1/2[diagonal]
2.
2]perimeter=4xside
C.areaoffourwalls=2x[l+b]xh
D.areaof//gram=basexheight
E.areaofanequlateraltriangle=sq.root3xside2
F.perimeterofanequilateraltriangle=3xside
G.ifa,bandcaresideofatriangleands=[a+b+c]/2then
areaoftriangle=sq.rootof[s(sa)(sb)(sc)]
H.circumferenceofacircle=2r
I.areaofacircle=r2
mensuration
Q1.thelengthofgardenis120mandbreadthis80m.theperimeterwillbe?
sol.l=120mb=80m
perimeter=2(l+b)=2(120+80)=400m
Q2.thelengthandbreadthofacourtyardare15mand12m.findthenumberoftileswhichare
50cmx40cminsize?
sol.areaofthecourtyard=lxb=15x12=180sq.m
areaoftile=50/100x40/100=1/5sqm.
numberoftiles=areaofcourtyard/areaofatile=180/(1/5)=900tiles.
Q3.thelenght,breadthandheigthofaroomarerespectively12m,8mand5m.ifallthefourwallsof
itaretobepastedwithpaper80cmwide.findthelengthofthepaper?
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sol.areaoffourwalls=2(l+b)xh=2(12+8)x5=200sqm
thelengthofthepaper=200/(80/100)=250m
Q4.threesidesofatriangleare13cm,14cmand15cm.theareaofatrianglewillbe?
sol.a=13b=14c=15
semiperimeteroftriangle=(13+14+15)/2=21
areaofthetriangle=sq.rootof[s(sa)(sb)(sc)]
=sq.rootof[21(2113)(2114)(2115)]
=sq.rootof7056=84sq.cm
Q5.awheelcoversthedistance220minoneround.theradiusofthewheelis?
sol.circumferenceofthewheel=>2r=220m,solvingthisradiusofthewheelcomes=35cm
Q6:theareaofthecircleis616sqcm.whatisitsradius?
sol.given,r2=616
r=sq.rootof616/(22/7)=14cm.
Q7:theradiusofthecylinderis14cmandtheheight50cm.theareaofthewholesurfaceis?
sol.thewholesurfaceareaofacylinderis=2rh+2r
puttingtherespectivedataherewegettheanswer=5632sqm
Q8.theradiusofthesphereis7cm.theareaofitssurfacewillbe?
sol:areaofsurfaceofasphere=4r2
=4x(22/7)x7x7=616sqm
Q9:thesideofthecubeis10cm.theareaofallthesurfacesis?
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sol:areaofallsurfaces=6x(side)2
=6x10x10=600sqcm
Q10:arectangleis24cmx6cm.whatistheperimeterofasquarewithequalarea?
sol:areaoftherectangle=24x6=144sq.cm=areaofsquare.
areaofsquare=side2=144
side=12cm
now,perimeterofsquare=4xside=4x12=48cm
Q11:theareaofasquaregardenis576sqm.whatistheareaofapath2maroundit?
sol.sideofthesquare=sqrootof576=24m.
sideincludingthepath=24+4=28m
areaincludingpath=28x28=784sqm
areaofthepath=784576=208sqm
Q12.ifthesideofthesquareisdoubled,itsareaisincreasedbywhat%?
sol.presentside=aA=a2
whensideisdoubled,A=(2a)2=4a2
soincreaseinarea=3a2
soincreasepercentage=(3a2/a2)x100=300%
Q13.thelargestpossiblesquareinscribedinacircleofradius7cm.findtheareaofthesquare?
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sol: when the largest square is inscribed inside the circle its diagonal is equal to the diameter of the
circle.
therefore,d=14cm
areaofthesquare=d2/2=196/2=98sqcm
Q14:thelength,breadthandheightofatankare4m,3mand1.5m.howmanylitresofwateritwill
contain?
sol:volumeoftank=4x3x1.5=18m3nowsince,1m3=1000ltr
so,18m3=18000litres
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