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t2 Chem Revision Ex 12
t2 Chem Revision Ex 12
Class
Reg Number
The conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide is a vital step in the industrial
manufacture of sulphuric acid. The equation for this reaction is
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g)
2SO3 (g)
H = -197 kJ mol-1
To achieve the conversion, a mixture of sulphur dioxide and air is passed through a
catalyst bed at 700 K. The emergent gases are cooled and passed through a second
catalyst bed, again at 700 K, to increase the yield of sulphur trioxide. These operations are
repeated twice more so that a minimum of 99.5 % conversion is achieved.
(a)(i)
Write the full expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction, including its units.
(ii)
Why are the gases cooled between successive passes through the catalyst beds?
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(iii)
Suggest two conditions, other than temperature control, which will help to maximise the
amount of sulphur dioxide converted to sulphur trioxide.
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(iv)
For what reason must the escape to the environment of these oxides of sulphur be
rigorously prevented?
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(b)(i)
Predict whether there will be an increase or a decrease in the entropy of the system during
the formation of sulphur trioxide in this reaction. Give a reason for your answer.
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(ii)
Calculate the entropy change of the surroundings, assuming the reaction occurs at 700 K.
(iii)
In the light of your answer above, what can you deduce about the numerical value of the
entropy change of the system? Explain your answer.
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(c)(i)
Calculate the pH of a 0.075 mol dm-3 solution of sulphuric acid, assuming it to be fully
ionised.
(ii)
A total of 25.0 cm3 of aqueous ammonia was added in small portions from a burette to
10.0 cm3 of 0.075 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid. The pH of the solution was followed as the
ammonia was added.
Sketch a graph showing how the pH changed assuming that 20.0 cm3 of aqueous ammonia
was sufficient to neutralise the fully ionised sulphuric acid.
(iii)
(iv)
Not all indicators are suitable for this titration. Explain why some indicators cannot be used.
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2
(a)(i)
Give balanced equations describing two reactions of calcium metal in which Ca2+ ions are
formed. Compare the reactions of zinc metal with the same reagents.
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(ii)
State how the thermal stability of hydroxides and carbonates changes down Group II.
Describe briefly a simple laboratory experiment which would confirm whether or not a
carbonate is thermally stable or unstable.
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(b)
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3(a)
Using the bond energies given below, calculate the enthalpy change for the direct hydration
of propene.
CH3CH=CH2 (g) + H2O (g) CH3CHOHCH3 (g)
Bond
CC
CO
CH
OH
C=C
(b)
The reaction in (a) is reversible. Explain, giving your reasoning, the effect upon the
equilibrium yield of propan-2-ol by
(i)
(ii)
(c)
CH3CHOHCH3 (g)
At a certain temperature, the equilibrium partial pressures of propene and steam in the
system are 7.5 x 106 Pa respectively, and the total pressure is 2.0 x 107 Pa.
Calculate the value of Kp at this temperature, clearly stating its units.
5
4
Methanol can be synthesised from carbon monoxide and hydrogen according to the
equation as shown below.
CO (g) + 2H2 (g)
CH3OH (g)
Use the thermodynamic data below to answer the questions that follow.
Substance
CO (g)
H2 (g)
CH3OH (g)
Hf / kJ mol-1
-110
0
-201
S / J K-1 mol-1
198
131
240
(a)
Determine the standard enthalpy change and the standard entropy change for the
synthesis of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
(b)
Explain what is meant by the term feasible reaction and determine the temperature at
which the methanol synthesis reaction is no longer feasible.
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(c)
Industrially, methanol can be manufactured from a 2:1 hydrogen : carbon monoxide mixture
at high pressure and a temperatue of 300oC in the presence of a finely divided solid
catalyst. Under these conditions, the equilibrium yield of methanol is only of the order of
1%, yet these are the conditions chosen for a continuous commercial process in which an
overall conversion of 95 % can be achieved.
(i)
(ii)
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(iii)
Myrcene is a naturally occurring oil present in bay leaves. The structure of myrcene is
shown below.
(a)
(b)
Reaction of a 0.100 mol sample of myrcene with hydrogen produced a saturated alkane A.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Calculate the volume of hydrogen, measured at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.),
that reacted with the sample of myrcene.
[1 mole of gas molecules occupy 24.0 dm3 at r.t.p.]
(b)
Squalene is a naturally occurring oil present in shark liver oil. A 0.100 mol sample of
squalene reacted with 14.4 dm3 of hydrogen, measured at r.t.p., to form a saturated
hydrocarbon C30H62.
(i)
Calculate how many double bonds there are in each molecule of squalene.
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(ii)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Show a displayed formula of a likely organic product formed when salicylic acid reacts with
(i)
(ii)
bromine;
(iii)
(d)
(i)
Salbutamol is a chiral compound. Mark the chiral centre with an asterisk (*) on the structure
above.
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(ii)
Salbutamol is reacted with K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 under reflux. Predict the likely organic product of
this reaction and draw a dsiplayed formula of this product below.
(a)
(ii)
What was the concentration, in mol dm-3, of the aqueous sodium hydroxide used.
(iii)
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(iv)
(c)(i)
Why was the residue from the flask acidified before recrystallising?
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(ii)
(a)
Hydrochloric acid HCl is classed as a strong acid but it can have both concentrated and
dilute solutions. Explain why this is so.
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(b)
(i)
(ii)
Calculate the volume of NaOH(aq) that the student would need to use to just neutralise the
phosphoric acid using the quantities above.
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(c)
Calculate the pH of the NaOH(aq) used in (b) (Kw = 1.00 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6.)
Nitrogen oxides such as nitrogen monoxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, are formed
unintentionally by man and cause considerable harm to the environment.
(a)
The oxidation of nitrogen monoxide in car exhausts may involve the following reaction:
NO(g) + CO(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) + CO2(g)
This reaction was investigated in a series of experiments. The results are shown below in
the table below.
(i)
For each reactant, deduce the order of reaction. Show your reasoning.
NO ...........................................................................................................................................
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CO ...........................................................................................................................................
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O2 ............................................................................................................................................
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(ii)
Deduce the rate equation and calculate the rate constant for this reaction.
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(iii)
Suggest, with a reason, what would happen to the value of the rate constant, k, as the cars
exhaust gets hotter.
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(b)
(c)
Not all nitrogen compounds are harmful: some, such as nitrogen fertilisers, are beneficial to
man.
A nitrogen fertiliser, D, was analysed in the laboratory and was shown to have the
composition by mass Na, 27.1%; N, 16.5%; O, 56.4%. On heating, 3.40 g of D was broken
down into sodium nitrite, NaNO2, and oxygen gas.
Showing your working, suggest an identity for the fertiliser, D, and calculate the volume of
oxygen that was formed.
[Under the experimental conditions, 1 mole of gas molecules occupy 24 dm3.]
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(a)
(b)
The reaction between calcium oxide, CaO, and excess water forms calcium hydroxide
solution. Write a balanced equation for the reaction below. Include state symbols.
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(c)
A group of students set out to determine the enthalpy change of this reaction by placing a
known mass of calcium oxide into 250 cm3 of water in an insulated flask and measuring the
temperature rise.
The group of students recorded the measurements shown in the table below.
Mass of calcium oxide used
Volume of water used
Temperature rise
10 g
250 cm3
50oC
Calculate the heat transferred to the water (in kJ) by the reaction of 1.0 mol of CaO(s).
Give your answer to two significant figures.
specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 kJ K1 kg1; density of water = 1.0 g cm3
(d)
The reaction will produce solid calcium hydroxide if the exact molar ratio of water to calcium
oxide is used, as represented by the balanced equation in (b) above.
(i)
Suggest one reason why it is very difficult to measure this enthalpy change directly.
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(ii)
This enthalpy change can, however, be measured indirectly using an enthalpy cycle as
shown below.
Explain how the cycle can be used to calculate the enthalpy change H.
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(e)
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Hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs, have replaced CFCs for many of their uses. They are broken
down in the troposphere before they have time to reach the stratosphere.
(a)(i)
(ii)
CFCs were used as the refrigerant in domestic fridges. The presence of CFCs makes
disposing of old fridges difficult. Give one property of CFCs that made them suitable as
refrigerants.
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(b)
CFCs cause depletion of the ozone layer. Describe how they do this.
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(c)
Initially, studies of changes in the Earths atmosphere did not reveal the problem of ozone
depletion. Explain why the information about ozone depletion was overlooked.
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(d)
(i)
(ii)
Hydrocarbons lead to reactions in which NO is converted into NO2. Explain how this leads
to a build-up of ozone.
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(iii)
(e)
(i)
(ii)
Explain what determines where the partial charges are placed on this molecule.
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(iii)
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(f)
If molecules of CH2F2 reach the stratosphere, they do not break down to produce F
radicals.
(i)
(ii)
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The substance GHB was originally designed for use in sleeping pills. However, other drugabuse issues were identified with the substance and its sale was restricted in 2003. GHB
stands for hydroxybutyric acid, an old name for the structure shown below.
(a)
(i)
Write an equation to show how a weak acid HA behaves when dissolved in water.
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(ii)
Use ions and molecules from this equation to explain the meaning of the term conjugate
base.
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(iii)
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(iv)
(v)
State one simplifying assumption that you made when carrying out your calculation in (iii).
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(b)
(i)
Explain the meaning of the term buffer solution and explain why buffer solutions are found
in our bodies.
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(ii)
Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing equal amounts of GHB and its sodium salt.
End of Paper