SUBMITTED BYANAMIKA 2K6/ARCH/604 NEHA 2K6/ARCH/620 SHOBHIKA 2K6/ARCH/626

CONTENTS
What Is Urban Design?? Value Of Urban Design Urban Design Issues Key Elements Of Urban Design Plan

Elements Of Design
Urban Design Of Delhi

1. What is Urban Design?

Urban design is the making of better places for

people. It is usually done at a scale larger than a building, and usually with multiple groups involved. It is an overlapping specialty within architecture, landscape architecture, and planning. It tries to balance many considerations: physical form, functional needs, social issues, economic issues, community values, environmental sustainability.

Urban Design in Minneapolis

In Minneapolis, urban design can create long-term

value, livability, and efficiency by coordinating investments in areas such as: Districts around new transit lines Commercial corridors Community corridors Neighborhood centers

The Value of Urban Design

In an era of crowded freeways, placeless

development, and environmental problems, urban design offers the possibility of creating places that are more attractive, satisfying, efficient, and environmentally sound.

Urban Design Issues

Urban designers must consider a wide variety of

issues that affect the built environment: Physical form Functional needs Human issues Social equity Community values

Physical Form

The arrangement of physical elements in a place and their aesthetic character (proportion, scale, surfaces, organization) are the most visible aspect of urban design.

Functional Needs

Basic functions such as transportation, economic development, and ecology must be understood and incorporated in urban design.

Human Issues

Urban design is also concerned with how the built Environment supports its users, such as its fit with human needs, sense of vitality, meaning, and history.

Social Equity

Social vitality and equal access to opportunities can be encouraged through urban design.

Community Values

Urban design can help express shared priorities of the community, such as efficiency, fairness, and respect for nature.

KEY ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN PLAN

It includes 1. Plan 2. The preparation of design guidelines for buildings 3. The design of the public realm - the open space, streets, sidewalks, and plazas between and around buildings and the public interest issues of buildings. 4. These include massing, placement, sun, shadow, and wind issues.

Urban design plans are prepared for various areas :DOWNTOW NS

MIXED-USE DEVELOPME NTS

WATERFRON TS

URBAN DESIGN PLAN

SPECIAL DISTRICTS CAMPUSES

NEIGHBORH OODS

CORRIDORS

Issues to be considered

Existing development Utility infrastructure Streets framework

Proposed development

And sustainable development

principles.

URBAN DESIGN PLANS REQUIRE INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION AMONG

URBAN DESIGNERS

MARKET ANALYSTS

ARCHITECTS

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

CIVIL

PLANNERS

An example of mixed use development, with clearly defined pedestrian areas, landscaping, and signage.

ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

Urban Design involves the design and coordination of all that makes up cities and towns:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Buildings Public space Streets Transport Landscape

BUILDINGS
Buildings are the most

pronounced elements of urban design - they shape and articulate space by forming the street walls of the city.

Well designed buildings and groups of buildings work together to create a sense of place.

PUBLIC SPACES
Great public spaces are the living

room of the city - the place where people come together to enjoy the city and each other. Public spaces make high quality life in the city possible - they form the stage and backdrop to the drama of life.

Public spaces range from grand central plazas and squares, to small, local neighborhood parks.

STREETS
Streets are the connections between

spaces and places, as well as being spaces themselves. They are defined by their physical dimension and character as well as the size, scale, and character of the buildings that line them.

The pattern of the street network is part of what defines a city and what makes each city unique.

TRANSPORT

Transport systems connect the parts of cities and help shape them, and enable movement throughout the city. They include road, rail, bicycle, and pedestrian networks, and together form the total movement system of a city.

The balance of these various transport systems is what helps define the quality and character of cities, and makes them either friendly or hostile to pedestrians. The best cities are the ones that elevate the experience of the pedestrian while minimizing the dominance of the private automobile.

LANDSCAPE
The landscape is the green part of the city that weaves throughout - in the form of urban parks, street trees, plants, flowers, and water in many forms.

The landscape helps define the character and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces and elements.

ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS ADDRESSED BY URBAN DESIGN

o Signage o Lighting o Parking o Landscaping o Service areas o Fencing o Building materials o Building articulation o Transportation

Neighborhood scene with pedestrian ways, building articulation & landscaping

Signage

When choosing a sign one must consider several aspects such as the desired size, type and placement of a sign. How much space do you have to construct a sign? If you have limited space you should consider constructing a wall, canopy or awning sign. If the site is large enough to construct a monument sign you should do so in addition to wall, canopy or awning signs. Architecturally integrate all signs with their surroundings in terms of size, shape, color, texture and lighting so that they are complementary to the overall design of the building and are not in visual competition with other signs in the area.

Lighting
Lighting is an important element in Urban Design. When considering a lighting design, one must take into account the type of light needed for the specific purpose of the site.

Is the light designed to enhance security to the property, provide ambiance, aid drivers by increasing visibility on roadways, or used simply to illuminate a sign? Consult the UDC to determine the proper lighting for your structure or site.

Parking
Parking is an essential element in regards to urban design and traffic circulation.

A parking plan should be developed for each site prior to

development (consult the UDC). The type and number of parking spaces should reflect the desired uses of each site. Landscaping of parking areas is also recommended to provide shade, enhance the beauty of a site, and allow for a reduction in storm-water runoff. Parking structures are generally constructed using asphalt or concrete.

Service Areas

When considering the placement of service areas one

should remember the old maxim, out of sight, out of mind. Service areas should be oriented towards the rear of the building to minimize visual eyesores. In addition service areas should be screened from public view, and the best way to do this is to build a solid fence around the service area in the same style as the building to which the service area is designated.

Fencing
It is to everyones advantage to construct, and maintain good solid fences between two abutting properties, especially when the abutting properties are not under the same zoning classification.

Chain-link and barbed-wire

fences are discouraged as building materials in many areas of Baton Rouge. Wood and masonry fences are preferred.

Building Materials
Faade treatment and the architectural detail of buildings contribute significantly to the way a building reads from the street and to the character and continuity of the streetscape.
The composition and detailing of the building faade

also has an impact on the apparent bulk and scale of a building. It is important when considering the design of new development that the predominant patterns, compositions and articulation of facades reinforces the character and continuity of the streetscape.

 Design consideration is to be given to the

underlying building materials that contribute to the character of a building. Such things include roof shape, pitch and overhangs; entry porches, verandas, balconies and terraces; materials, finishes, fixtures, patterns, fenestrations, colors and detailing; the location and proportion of windows and doors.

Building Articulation
Building articulation refers to the three dimensional modeling of a building and its surfaces, giving emphasis to architectural elements (windows, balconies, porches, entries, etc.) that create a complementary pattern or rhythm, dividing large buildings into smaller identifiable pieces.

Building articulation establishes the buildings street address, its

response to the local context and environmental conditions and the degree of continuity between indoor and outdoor rooms. Use existing lot structure to influence the design of building articulation when development on amalgamated sites is required to respond to the existing or prevalent lot structure.

URBAN DESIGN OF DELHI

ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

A city is an assemblage of buildings and streets, system of communication and utilities, places of work, transportation, leisure and meeting places. The process of arranging these elements both functionally and beautifully is the essence of Urban Design. Delhi had a traditional Urban Design which is reflected in the glory of 17th century Shahajahanabad and New Delhi. In the course of time Delhi is becoming amorphous aggregate of masses and voids.

The Walled City of Shahjahanabad has certain urban form characteristics.

The Jama Masjid is a dominating feature located on hill top and is different, both in form and scale from the other developments of the city.

The boulevard of Chandni Chowk was its commercial centerpiece, with certain visual character terminating at two landmarks viz. Red Fort and Fateh Puri Mosque as its two ends.

In the planning of New Delhi in 1916, the Central Vista was conceived as a landscaped stretch to form continuity between the ridge and the river Yamuna.

The stretch with the Rashtrapati Bhawan and the India Gate at two ends has tremendous visual quality and is one of the finest examples of Urban Design and monumentality in planning in the world.

The following aspects need to be considered to arrive at the basis for policies affecting the urban fabric:
1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Areas of significance in built environment. Visual integration of the city. Policy for tall buildings. Policy on unhindered access movement, parking and pedestrian realm. Policy on Hoardings, Street furniture and Signage. Urban Design Scheme. Policy for design of pedestrian realm. City structure plan and Urban Design objective.

1.

Significant areas of built environment

Significant areas of built environment

Metropolitan city center

District centers

Other areas

Connaught place and extension

Walled city and extensions

METROPOLITAN CITY CENTRE

1. Connaught Place and Extensions I) Detailed Urban Design and Landscape Schemes are to be prepared to integrate MRTS stations, safe pedestrian walkways, parking areas, recreational and cultural areas, etc. ii) The intermediate public transport such as monorail, battery operated / high capacity buses, sky buses to be introduced to increase the mobility within the City Centre

iii) Activities such as viewing gallery, openair theatres, amusement parks, mini-golf courses/sports activities, food plazas etc. to be introduced to make them more attractive even after working hours.

v) Continuity of the sidewalks should be maintained, in terms of the width, surface treatment, curb cuts, tree and street furniture locations, for rendering it safe for the pedestrians and disabled.

vi) Use of alternative renewable sources of energy should be encouraged for new buildings (especially those of commercial or institutional nature), traffic signals, public signage's, etc. Encourage the concept of rainwater harvesting and remodeling the storm water drainage to recharge the ground water as per the norms.

2. Walled City And Extensions

I) Conservation approach to retain the overall traditional character of the Walled City. iii) Many areas in Shahjahanabad could be pedestrianised and made completely free of vehicular traffic so as to restore the human scale and convenient living. For example pedestrianisation of Chandni Chowk to impart grandeur to the monuments.

ii) Visual integration of major landmarks to revitalize the past glory. Enhance the existing visual link between the three major landmarks namely Red Fort, Jama Masjid and Fatehpuri Mosque as per original concept of Walled City of Shahjahanabad.

iv) Judicious use of existing spaces for development of open recreational uses.

viii) Environmental up-gradation required to reduce degenerative effects of traffic congestion. vi) Introduction of activities such as traditional/craft bazaar, heritage walk/rides to attract tourists.

v) MRTS station areas are to be dealt as per specific Urban Design schemes and be declared as pedestrian zones.

vii) Generation of urban culture at neighborhood level such as festivals/fairs, kite flying etc.

ix) Rejuvenation and conservation through management option, financing incentives, innovative development controls considering built to edge typology.

DISTRICT CENTRES
A District Centre has been envisaged as a focal point of a district with the population of about 56 lakhs. The components like retail, office, cultural complex and residential could be more easily integrated in the same building space or area through landscape and circulation.

The district park adjoining to the district centre proposed in the master plan / zonal plan should be properly integrated with the district centre. A district centre should be accessible from the surrounding residential areas through the pedestrian approach or by subways etc. Planned district centers in city can be best utilized for creating public spaces.

OTHER AREAS
Historical Monuments and Gardens

Central Vista and the areas in its North and South Designed environment like Exhibition grounds, Zoo etc.

Republic day parade route

Ancient settlements

Areas along entry routes and other important routes in Delhi

Road and Rail, MRTS corridors, entries, and terminals.

2. Visual Integration
Delhi has a tremendous diversity of built form, color, scale and texture

with a heterogeneous end product from aesthetic point of view.

The important mass movement corridors i.e., Ring road/Outer ring

road and major radials are used by city dwellers for internal city commuting.
These movement corridors along with newly introduced MRTS

corridors have potential to acquire an additional dimension of visual quality and integration.
Other important elements for the integration of different parts of the

city, planned at different times are (i) Flora i.e. tree plantation continuance of New Delhi character to other parts of the metropolis and linking open space (ii) Harmonious treatment for major ecological features i.e. the Ridge and the River Yamuna.

3. TALL BUILDINGS
Present policy regarding tall buildings is based on height

restriction for buildings in different use zones, which is not amenable to deliberate urban form. The height of buildings (above and below the ground) needs to be seen in the light of modern technology with due consideration for natural disasters like earthquakes, floods etc. However, restrictions on tall buildings would be necessary in important areas, namely Walled City, the Lutyens Bungalow Zone, Civil Lines and North Delhi University campus. No new tall building should be allowed in any area without an Urban Design scheme.

4 URBAN CORRIDORS
Urban corridors

City gateways

MRTS corridors

Roads

Rails

Delhi with huge intra city trip lengths and increasing number of personalized vehicles, few imperatives cannot be ignored for its sustainable and healthy growth. Such as more dependency on efficient, convenient and safe modes of public transport, linking large number of work centers with residential areas and overall disincentives for private vehicle ownership.

CITY GATEWAYS
Road: Preferably locate non-residential public buildings with pleasing appearances on entry corridors. Attractive landscape to be developed in accordance with the highway landscape norms. Segregation of goods and passenger vehicles at the entry point through separate lanes and improving the visual environment. Rail: Enhancing visual experience for commuters through appropriate landscape along railway tracks. Reconstruction / redevelopment of existing stations to be undertaken through comprehensive Urban Design schemes. Attractive designs may be evolved for new stations. Air: Natural & built environment to be revitalized to give an impression of global city. The overall green cover in this zone should be enhanced and protected.

MRTS CORRIDOR

In prior master plans, city structure was thought in terms of hierarchies with CBD, District Center and Community Centers in descending order of importance. But with due course of development and introduction of MRTS, need is felt to connect these scattered districts with more imaginable components. These components with enhanced built up areas and activities form a network by which the experience of various district and commercial centers becomes a part of continued experience.

5 SERVICES

Services

Public amenities

Parking

The organization of services makes the city to work along with the buildings and the open spaces. Services and public amenities should, therefore, be provided in a coordinated way, conforming to the National Building Code, wherever applicable.

PUBLIC AMENITIES

PARKING
Access to the parking should be well defined and conducive to its usage, whether it is at the surface or underground. Basement parking lots need to be structured legibly and access to vertical cores clearly defined. Surface parking should be located in a manner that it does not diminish or hinder the continuity and homogeneity of the spatial and pedestrian movement.

The clean, litter free public spaces add to the

pleasant built environment. Thus the design, location and maintenance of public amenities such as public toilets, garbage bins, bus stops, etc. determine the quality of public spaces.

HOARDINGS, STREET FURNITURE & SIGNAGES

Hoardings, Street Furniture & Signage's

Street Furniture & Signage's

Road Signage's & Safety

Hoardings, sign boards, directional boards, bill boards, neon sign bards, balloons, banners etc. have become symbols of present day urban cape and important instruments of outdoor publicity and public information These, if located properly and aesthetically, to fit into the total scheme of Urban Design, may enhance the visual quality of the city. Otherwise, these may cause hazards, obstruction and visual pollution etc.

STREET FURNITURE & SIGNAGES

ROAD SIGNAGES & SAFETY

Provision of adequate pedestrian facilities. Removal of encroachments from footpaths. Improvement in accident handling and reporting.

Public art is an important part of the urban spatial experience, which can be incorporated, in the form of functional objects such as street furniture and paving designs. Street furniture and signage's should be designed sensitively considering the land use, intensity of activity and other identified design districts. Their design must also reflect respect to pedestrians and physically challenged people.

7 PEDESTRIAN FRIENDLY CITY

Major work centers, where large number of pedestrian networks

emerge and culminate should have enhanced facilities for the pedestrians. Pedestrian networks affect spaces in a very distinctive way. Establishment of pedestrian networks in any area reveals its vitality. They provide richness in terms of spatial experience and community interaction etc.

8 URBAN DESIGN SCHEME

In case of development / redevelopment of an area of around 4 ha. An Urban Design scheme shall be prepared for approval by the competent authority.