Oma210000 GSM Principles Issue4.10

GSM Principles
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as frequency spectrum, frequency reuse etc.
Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the protocol used. Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS
Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea

of multi-frame.
Know some radio techniques
Get the idea of EDGE
Page2
References

BSS Feature Description BSS Signaling Analysis Manual BSC Technical Manual
Page3
Contents
1. GSM System Overview 2. GSM Network Structure 3. Service Area and Number Planning 4. Channels on the Wireless Interface
5. Radio Techniques
6. GPRS & EDGE Introduction
Page4
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Page5
GSM system overview
The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system, each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a
time slot number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of radios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by each
group of radios is called a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots , several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Page6
GSM Development
1989 1991 1992 1994 1996 Standard Protocol for GSM take effect GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G) System was named as Global System for Mobile Communication
Provide services for the whole world
Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system
Page7
Cell Technique
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL. Macro Cell
In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity of the network.
Page8
Multiple Access Technique
Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the same communication medium.
There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique : FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.
GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).
Page9
FDMA
FDMA uses different frequency channels to accomplish communication.

Frequency
The whole frequency spectrum available is divided into many individual channels (for transmitting and receiving) every channel can support the
traffic for one subscriber or some

control information.
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page10
Time
TDMA
TDMA accomplishes the communication in different timeslot.

Frequency
A carrier is divided into channels based on time. Different signals occupy different timeslots in certain sequence , that is , many
signals are transmitted on the

same frequency in different time.
Time
CDMA
CDMA accomplishes the communication in different code sequences.

Frequency
Special coding is adopted before transmission, then different information will lose nothing after being mixed and transmitted together on the
same frequency and at the same

time.
Time
The Frequency Spectrum

GSM 900
Uplink
Downlink
890
915
935
960MHz
Duplex Separation:
45MHz
Channel Bandwidth:
200KHz
Page13

DCS 1800
Base Station Receive
Base Station Transmit
1710
1785 1805
1880MHz
Duplex Separation: Channel Bandwidth:

95MHz 200KHz
Page14

Frequency Spectrum Range (MHz) Uplink Frequency Frequency Point Available 259<=n<=293 Downlink Frequency Fd(n)=Fu(n)+1 0 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+1 0 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+4 5 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+4 5 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+4 5 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+8 0
GSM 450
450.4~457. 6 460.4~467. 6
478.8~486 488.8~496 824~849 869~894 880~915 925~960 876~915 921~960 1850~1910 1930~1990
Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n259) Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306) Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n128)
GSM 480 GSM 850 E-GSM 900 R-GSM 900
306<=n<=340 128<=n<=251
0<=n<=124 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 975<=n<=102 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 3 0<=n<=124 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 955<=n<=102 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 3 Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n512)
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. 512<=n<=810 Page15 PCS 1900
Frequency Reuse

The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited. The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in different places.
The quality of communication must be ensured.
Page16
Frequency Reuse
7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse
7
1 6 4
2 3 2
Page17
Frequency Reuse
5 9 6 2 10 4 12 3
7
11 8
4 site X 3 cells reuse
Page18
Cell Types
Omni-directional Cell
Omni
1 1
120 Degree Cell
120 degree
3
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Page20
GSM-GPRS Network Component

MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS MS

BTS PCU BSC HLR/AUC
SS7 SMS system
BSC
MS BTS
GPRS Backbone
SGSN
Internet, Intranet
GGSN
OMC CG BG Other PLMN
Page21
Interface Between Different Entities

MSC/VLR GSM /GPRS BSS MS BTS PCU BSC MS Um BTS
GPRS backbone
GMSC
PSTN ISDN
Abis
BSC
A HLR/AUC C/D/Gs
SS7
Gb
Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc
SMS system
SGSN Ga OMC CG BG Gp GGSN
Gi
Internet, Intranet
Other PLMN
Page22
Mobile StationMS
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI)
Mobile Equipment
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Subscriber Identity Module
Page23
Subscriber Identity Module SIM
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
SIM
Location Area Identity (LAI) Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
Page24
Base Station Subsystem BSS
The Base Station Controller BSC
MSC
The Base Transceiver Station BTS
BSS
TC/SM BSC BTS
The Trans-coder TC and Sub multiplexer (SM)
Page25
Packet Control Unit-----PCU
Packet data switching
MSC
Bridge between SGSN and BSC
Provide Pb and Gb interface
BSS
TC/SM BSC BTS PCU
GPRS Backbone
SGSN
Page26
The Network Switching System

NSS
OMC AUC HLR EIR EC MSC/VLR PSTN
Mobile-service Switching Center Home Location Register Visitor Location Register Equipment Identity Register Authentication Center Echo Cancellor
MSC HLR VLR EIR AUC EC
BSS
Page27
Mobile-service Switching Center MSC

Call Processing Operations and Maintenance Support Interface management Inter-network & Inter-working
Billing
Page28
Home Location Register HLR

Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN) Current subscriber VLR (current location) Supplementary service information Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
Authentication key and AuC functionality
Page29
Visitor Location Register VLR

Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.) Location Area Identity(LAI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI) Allocating the Roaming Number
Page30
Equipment Identity Register EIR

White List Black List Grey List If NOT found IMEI is Checked In White List
EIR focus on the equipment , not the subscriber!
IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List
Page31
OMC Functional Architecture

Event/Alarm Management Security Management
MMI
OS
Fault Management
DB
Configuration Management
Performance Management
Page32
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Page33
Service Area
Service Area
PLMN PLMN service service area area
MSC service area...
Location area...
PLMN service area

MSC service area...
Location area...
......
cell
cell
Page34
LAI
MCC
MNC
Location Area Identification
LAC
The LAI is the international code for a location area. MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00" LAC: Location Area CodeIt is a two bytes hex code. The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid. For example: 460-00-0011
CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell The format is LAI+CI LAI: Location Area Identification CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to identify the cells within an LAI. For example : 460-00-0011-0001
Page36
BSIC
BSICBase Station Identification Color Code)
NCC
BSIC
BCC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows various neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished. BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to distinguish different cells assigned the same frequency!
Page37
MSISDN
CC NDC SN
National (significant) Mobile number Mobile station international ISDN number
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86". NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135. SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD Example: 86-139-0666-1234
Page38
IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits
2 digits
MCC
MNC
NMSI IMSI
MSIN
MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00" MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF For example: 666-9777001 NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identification MNC and MSIN form it together. For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber authentication. The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies them to the HLR. TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber on the air interface is kept secret. The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by the operator.
Page40
IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC
FAC
SNR
SP
IMEI
TAC: Type approval code, 6 bit, determined by the type approval center FAC: Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer. SNR: Serial number, 6 bits, It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS. SP: 1 bit , Not used.
Check the IMEI in your MS : *#06#
Page41
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Page42
Physical Channel and Logical Channel

The physical channel is the medium over which the information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms The logical channel consists of the information carried over the physical channels
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 0
1 2
Timeslot
The information carried in one time slot is called a burst
TDMA FRAME
TDMA FRAME
Page43
Two types of Logical Channel

Traffic Channel (TCH) : Transmits traffic information, include data and speech.
Control Channel (CCH) : Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of control information.
Page44
Traffic Channel (TCH)

TCH Traffic Channels
Speech
Data
TCH/FS
TCH/HS
TCH/9.6
TCH/2.4
TCH Traffic Channel TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
TCH/4.8
Page45
Control Channel (CCH)

CCH (Control Channels) DCCH
BCH
SDCCH
ACCH
BCCH SACCH CCCH SCH
Synch. CH.
FACCH
FCCH
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH Common Control Channel CCCH Dedicated Control Channel DCCH Associated Control Channel ACCH
RACH
CBCH
PCH/AGCH
Page46
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH

The information carried on the BCCH is monitored by the MS periodically when it is in idle mode BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel BCCH SCH: Synchronization Channel Synch. Channels BCH CCH
SCH
FCCH
Common Control Channel CCCH

The CCCH is responsible for transferring control information between all mobiles and the network.
RACH: Random Access Channel PCH: Paging Channel AGCH: Access Granted Channel CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel RACH uplink CBCH downlink CCH
CCCH
PCH/AGCH downlink
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH

DCCH is assigned to a single wireless connection for measurement and handover purpose. SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel ACCH: Associated Control Channel SACCH: Slow Associated Control Channel FACCH: Fast Associated Control Channel
CCH
DCCH
SDCCH
ACCH
FACCH
SACCH
Uplink Logical channel

CCH
RACH
CCCH
SDCCH SACCH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H
DCCH
DCH
TCH
Page50
Downlink Logical channel

FCCH
CCH
BCCH
SCH BCCH
CCCH
PCH
AGCH
SDCCH
DCH
DCCH
SACCH FACCH
TCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
Page51
How to use these channels?

Power-off
Search for frequency correction burst Search for synchronous burst Extract system information
FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH TCH FACCH
Idle mode
Monitor paging message
Send access burst

Allocate signaling channel
Dedicated mode
Set up the call Allocate voice channel Conversation

Idle mode
Release the call
Page52
Packet logic channel
Packet data channel (PDCH)
Comprising packet service channel and packet control channel

TCH
TCH
Packet service channel (PDTCH)
Combined into the single-directional service channel

BCCH CCCH
SACCH
Packet control channel
Broadcast control channel: PBCCH
Public control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH

Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH
Page53
GSM Logical Channel Combination

Main BCCH combination FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH SDCCH combination SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8 Combined BCCH BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4 TCH/FR combination TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F
TCH/HR combination TCH/H + FACCH/H + SACCH/H
Page54
Combination of packet logic channel
Packet logic channels (PDCH) can be combined via the following three modes

Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH; Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use the same BCCH and CCCH in the cell. In this case, only combination mode 3 is needed in the cell With the increase of traffic, the packet public channel should be configured in the cell. Channel combination mode 1 and mode 2 should be adopted
Page55
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
46 47 48 49 50
51 Frame Multi-frames
CONTROL CHANNELS
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4
21 22 23 24 25
26 Frame Multi-frames
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Page58
Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink power settings can be controlled independently and individually.
5W 0.8W
Saves battery power

Reduces co-channel and adjacent channel interference
BCCH ------Does not attend Power control

8W
DTX and VAD

Discontinuous Transmission DTX Voice Activity Detection VAD
Battery Saving Interference reduction
Page60
Timing Advance (TA)

The mobile phone should send the signal in advance!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
Page61
Multi-path Fading
Diversity
Frequency Hopping
Time Dispersion
Diversity Whats Diversity?
Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
The former is achieved by ensuring uncorrelated (i.e. low enough correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not all antennas experience fades at the
same time.
Page63
Kinds of Diversity
Time diversity Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
f
Space diversity Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity Equalizer
Page64
Frequency Hopping
Frequency f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 Frame Time
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Page66
GSM Development Evolution

3G 2.5G
2 Mbps 384 kbps IMT-2000
2G
57.6 kbps 9.6 kbps GSM HSCSD
115 kbps GPRS
EDGE
Page67
Data rate of EDGE and GPRS

Kbps
60.0
54.4 59.2
50.0 40.0 30.0

21.4
GPRS EGPRS
29.6 22.4 17.6 14.8 8.8 11.2
44.8
20.0
13.4
15.6
10.0 0.0
9.0
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
GMSK
8PSK
Page68
Huawei EDGE Test Result

Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9
Page69
Summary

The basic idea of GSM The frequency spectrum used in GSM The structure of GSM Certain service area and numbers
Some radio techniques used in GSM

Evolution of GSM
Page70
Thank you
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GSM Principles

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea

Know some radio techniques

Get the idea of EDGE

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

GSM system overview

time slot number

group of radios is called a CELL

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Provide services for the whole world

Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Macro Cell and Micro Cell

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access Technique

GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

FDMA uses different frequency channels to accomplish communication.

traffic for one subscriber or some

TDMA accomplishes the communication in different timeslot.

signals are transmitted on the

CDMA accomplishes the communication in different code sequences.

same frequency and at the same

The Frequency Spectrum

The Frequency Spectrum

Base Station Receive

Base Station Transmit

Duplex Separation: Channel Bandwidth:

The Frequency Spectrum

Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n259) Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306) Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n128)

GSM 480 GSM 850 E-GSM 900 R-GSM 900

0<=n<=124 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 975<=n<=102 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 3 0<=n<=124 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 955<=n<=102 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 3 Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n512)

The quality of communication must be ensured.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

4 site X 3 cells reuse

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

120 Degree Cell

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

GSM-GPRS Network Component

GSM /GPRS BSS MS

SS7 SMS system

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interface Between Different Entities

SGSN Ga OMC CG BG Gp GGSN

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

International Mobile Equipment Identity

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Subscriber Identity Module SIM

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

Location Area Identity (LAI) Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Base Station Subsystem BSS

The Base Station Controller BSC

The Base Transceiver Station BTS

The Trans-coder TC and Sub multiplexer (SM)

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.