SVEUILITEURIJECI POMORSKIFAKULTET RIJEKA

BORISPRITCHARD

SHIPSBUSINESSINENGLISH
IV.izmijenjenoizdanje

Rijeka,2004

Izdava:

SVEUILITEURIJECI POMORSKIFAKULTETURIJECI

Recenzenti: Prof.dr.MarijanUrbany Mr.sc.ArisSpini Prof.dr.BorisGlavan

Tisak:LinijaRijeka

OdobrioOdborzanastavu,izdavaku,bibliotenuiinformatiku djelatnostSveuilitauRijecipodbrojem050430/11987

UNITONE

MODERNSHIPPINGTECHNOLOGY

WhentheworldseabornetradestartedtoboomafterWorldWarII,itsoonbecame clearthatthegeneralcargovesselscouldhardlycopewiththeincreasedtrafficefficiently. It became evident that the cargo flow could be increased by improving the performanceinport,i.e.bydecreasingthetimerequiredtoloadanddischargeavessel. New cargo handling techniques had to be developed, therefore aiming at quicker cargohandlingproceduresandareductioninlabour. UnitLoad Concept.Generalorbreakbulkcargo,whichconsistsofanyarrangementsof boxes,crates,bags,drums,cartons.etc.,wasformerlytransportedbythesocalledgeneral cargo vessels. The weight and the dimensions of the cargo were limited to the lifting capacityoftheshorebasedcraneorbythederrickoftheship.Cargostowageintheholds wascarriedoutmanually.Researchtodecreaseship'stimeinport(orturnaroundtime)has led to the introduction of the Unit Load Concept (ULC). The pallet and cargo handling techniquessuchasprestrapping,preslinging,andmachineslikethe forklifttruck(FLT) form the basic components of ULC. The basic idea of the ULC is that small, individual itemsofcargocouldbecoupled,stacked,andslungtogethertobiggerunits.Thesecanbe handled easilyastheyrequirelesstimeforhandlingintheportonthequay. Sideloadingandthemultipurposevessel.TheapplicationofULCtechniquesledtothe newdevelopmentsofships,suchasthesideloaderandthemultipurposevessel.Theuseof side loading vessels to transport palletised break bulk cargo, reduces the turnround time considerably.Thecargocanbeloadedandunloadedquickly,duetotheeliminationofthe socalledlifton/liftoffproceduresandduetothemodularshapeorthecargo.Onepossible disadvantageofthismethodisthepossiblelossofspaceintheholds. Themultipurposeshipisafurtherperfectionoftheformergeneralcargovessel.Thebasic featuresofthistypeofshipare:widehatches,moreeasyoperatedhatchcovers,increased capacityoftheship'sliftingequipment,possibilityofcarryingheavyliftsondeck,shifting ofthewheelhousesuperstructuretoaftorthreequartersafttoensurelessobstructedcargo handlinginport.Thecapacitiesofmultipurposeshipsrangefrom10to30,000dwt. Containerisation. During the First and the Second World War small wooden and iron boxes,thesocalledcontainers,wereusedtoshipammunitionfortheAlliestothevarious fronts. In the 1950's the container concept started with the introduction of one type of containerwhichwasloadedonandoffthevesselsplyingbetweensomeportsonthecoasts

of the United States. This was soon followed by first transatlantic crossings, and the socalledContainerRevolutionstarted.Thebasicunitofcontainersisthe20footcontainer. The container storage capacity is usually expressed in TEU (twentyfoot equivalent unit). Varioustypesof containers exist, not only for the transportation of breakbulkcargo, but also for refrigerated, liquid and, on a smaller scale, bulk cargo. As well as containers, otherunitsofbreakbulkcargo,suchasrorounitsandbargeloads,belongtothisgroup. Thefirstshipstocarrycontainerswerethemodifiedgeneralcargovesselsmentioned.Soon afterthetransatlanticcrossingsstarted,thefirstfullycellularcontainervesselswerebuilt. Atpresentthefollowingtypesmaybedistinguished:1stgenerationofcontainerships,i.e. theoriginalships2ndgeneration, whichhasacapacity ranging from8001500TEU,and 3rdgeneration,withacapacityrangingfrom1700to3000TEUandover. Cargo handling equipment has been adjusted to fulfil the requirements of the container concept.Thetraditionalcargohandlingequipmentcouldnolongercopewiththebiggerand heavierunits,sospecialequipmenthadtobedesigned.Thisequipmentincludesportainers, shiptainers,transtainers,straddlecarriers,containerforklifttrucks,sideloaders,etc. With the introduction of the container in international transportation, the socalled doortodoorconceptoftransportationbecameareality.Thissysteminvolvestheloadingof acontainerattheproducer'spremisesfromwhereitistransportedtotheconsumerwithout anytransferofcommoditiesduringthattransportation. Doortodoor transport is also identified as Full Container Load (FCL). This is to distinguishcontainerswhicharriveata terminal loadedwithcargo foroneconsigneeor consumeronly. In manycases, however, container loadsare less thanone FCLand are calledLessthan ContainerLoad (LCL).TheContainer Freight Station(CFS), orgroupage shed, isthe placewherefullcontainerloadsareassembledor dissembled,includingstuffing/strippingof containers. Rollon/rolloff concept. Although in previous centuries more or less similar types of vesselswereinexistence,itwasonlyduringWorldWarIIthatthesocalledroroconcept wasappliedfullyforthefirsttime.Theroroconceptcouldbestbedescribedasfollows. Rorostandsforthemethodofcargohandlingbywhichcargoisnotliftedonandoffboard, as in the case of lifton/liftoff vessels, but is lifted and moved on and off the ship horizontally, on its own or on temporary wheels, via the ramp, which is a hinged door beingloweredontothequay. Someferries(rorovesselsthatcarrypassengers,privateautomobilesandwheeledcargo onthe shorter hauls), are equippedwith a bow ramp andsomeevenwithboth bow and stern ramps. The first types of roro vessels were soon replaced by modern short and deepsea ships of a more sophisticated design, equipped with quarter ramps, and more recently,slewingramps.

TheroroshipprovedparticularlyprofitableduringthecongestionoftheMiddleEastand African ports in the 1970's, because they are not dependent of port facilities, such as cranes. Bargecarryingvessels.Afurtherdevelopmentofthecontainermybefoundinthebarge carryingvessels.Inthissystemthemothershiparrivesintheportarea,wheresheloads andunloadsacertainnumberofbargesandleavestheportagain.Theseoperationsdonot havetobeexecutedalongsideaberth,sincethebargesarefloating.Theonlyrequirement for barge handling procedures is a relatively large area of water protected from waves higher than about one metre. The additional advantage of this system is the relative independenceofportfacilitiesandtherelativelyeasyfurthertransportationfromtheportto the consigneein the hinterland and vice versa by meansof inland waterways. Themajor typesofbargecarryingvesselsthathavebeendevelopedaretheLashandtheSeabeetype ships.

Theintroductionoftheaboveshippingtechnologieshasallowedforthedevelopmentofthe socalledmultimodalandintermodalservicesintheworldtransportationofgoods.

QUESTIONS 1. Whatwerethemainreasonsforintroducingnewshippingtechnologiesintheworld seabornetrade? 2. WhatdoesULCstandfor?Discussthemainsofthissystemoftransport. 3. Discussthemaincharacteristicsofthemodernmultipurposevessel. 4. Whenandwherewascontainerisationintroducedonaprofessionalbasis? 5. WhatdoesTEUmean? 6. Whatarethethreegenerationsofthecontainervessels? 7. Explainthedoortodoorconceptoftransport. 8. ExplaintheabbreviationsCFS,LCL,FCL. 9. Whatistheprincipaltechnicalfeatureofroroships? 1O. Wheredotheseshipsprovemostprofitableandwhy? 11. Whatistheessenceofthebargecarryingsystem? 12. Whatisthemeaningofthecollocation"intermodaltransport"?

EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1. Supplythemissing technicalterms: (MULTIPURPOSEVESSEL,FREIGHTRATES,AFT,DOORTODOOR,BREAK, BULK, COST OF LABOUR, LIFTON/LIFTOFF, TEU's, FLT's, PORT FACILITIES, CFS, TRANSTAINERS, BOW, STERN, UNIT LOAD,

SHIPTAINERS, QUARTER, BARGE CARRIERS, MULTIMODAL)

FLT, GROUPAGE,

1.Theincreaseoftheship'sspeedcausestheincreaseof . 2.Themainpurposeofthenewdevelopmentsin transportwasto decreasetheship'stimeinport and toreducethe . 3.Anyarrangementofcrates,boxes,bags,cases, drums,orbalesetc. formsthe ,orgeneral cargo. 4.Thepalletisthebasisofthe concept. 5.Thepalletswithpreslungcargoarehandledby . 6.Atypicalexampleofthe istheSD 14typeofvessel. 7.Inmodernshipsthesuperstructureissituated . 8.Thecraneshandlingcontainersonthequayare called andthose inthestackingarea arecalled 9.Thestoragecapacityofcontainershipsisexpressedin . 1O.FCLisanothertermforthe system oftransport. 11. The container loads are assembled and dissembled in the ,or shed. 12.Thecontainershipisaspecialtypeofa vessel. 13. Roro ships are equipped with a number of ramps, which may be the or ramps,andsomealsohave ramps. 14.Roroshipsareparticularlysuitableinportswherethemodern arenot available. 15.TheSeabeeandtheLASHvesselarethemostfrequenttypesof . 16. The system of transport involving containers is also known as transport.

IIGRAMMAR 1.Supply asuitableverbform(activeorpassive)asrequired: 1.Thestowageintheholdoften(carryout)manually. 2.Ontheterminalthecontainerscan(handle)bymeansofFLT'sorcontainercranes. 3.Thetrafficoftheport(increase)afterthenewtechnologyhadbeenintroduced. 4.Thepalletizationofthecargo(reduce)theturnroundtimeconsiderably. 5.Thecargo(load)beforetheendoftheshift. 6.Inthegroupageshedthecontainercargo(assemble)and(dissemble). 2. WordForms Completethefollowingsentencesbychoosinganappropriateformofthewordsinthe brackets.Thencheckthemeaningofthewordchosen: 1.(arrange,arrangement,makearrangements) (a)Everything forthesafeunloadingofcontainers.

(b)Please foraquickdespatchofcontainerisedcargo. (c)Theshipmentconsistsofan ofcrates,bags,cartons,drumsand cases. 2.(carry,carrier,carriage,carrying) (a) Each shipover1600GTshould a radioofficer.(b) 3rd generationcontainervesselscan 3,000TEU'sandmore. (c)COGSAisshortfor ofGoodsBySeaAct. (d) An owner entering into a contract with the shipper for the transportation of goodsbyseaiscalledthe . (e)Maintypesofbarge areLASH,Seabee,andBacatvessels. (f)The capacityoftherecentcontainervesselsrangesfrom3,000to 4,000TEU's. 3.(containerise,container,containerisation,containerisable,containerised) (a) wasintroducedinthe60's. (b)Alargeproportionofgeneralcargocanbe easily. (c)Heavyliftsareanon cargo. (d)Variousformsof aretheboxes,cases,casks,etc. (e)Startingairisstoredinair . (f)Whendidthe Revolutionstart? (g)CFSareplacedwherethecargois . 4.(load,loading,loaded,unload,loader,unloader,unloading) (a)Crudeoilshipmentsarecarriedascompleteship . (b)Machineryandotherheavy arecarriedloose. (c)Ship areusedfordischargingbulkcargofrombulkcarriers. (d)Theshipwas insixhours. (e)Theship'sturnroundinvolves and . (f)PortofTubaraohasthreehighcapacity fortheloadingofore. (g)LCLisshortforlessthancontainer andCFSisshortforacontainer freightstation.

IIITRANSLATION 1. Najnovija generacija potpuno kontejnerskih brodova ima kapacitet od 3 do 4OOO jedinicaivie. 2.Zanormalanradterminalapotrebnesuspecijalneobalnekontejnerskedizalice. 3. Nova transportna tehnologija zahtijeva brz obrtaj brodova u luci, i manje trokove za radnusnagu. 4. Generalni teret obuhvaa svu robu u sanducima, balama, bavama, letvaricama, kartonskimkutijama,kontejnerima,itd. 5.Kodmodernihvienamjenskihbrodova,kaoikodtankera,tebrodovazarasutiteretmost sakormilarnicompremjetenjepremakrmi.

6.Usistemu"vratavrata"kontejnersadrirobusamozajednogprimaoca. 7. Rorobrodovi posebno supogodniza zakrene luke iza luke bez moderneprekrcajne mehanizacije. 8.Brodovizaprijevozteglenicapogodnisuzalukekojesenalazenauimavelikihrijekai uzemljamasjakommreomunutranjihplovnihputova.

IVGUIDEDWRITING Giveashortaccount inwritingofthefollowing(usingtheheadlinesbelow): a)ULC(breakbulkcargo,decreasingtheship'stimeinport,preslinging,basicideaof ULC) b) MULTIPURPOSE VESSEL (origin, characteristics, bridge, types of cargo carried, capacities) c) CONTAINERISATION (history, basic unit standards, TEU, types of cargo carried, shipgenerations,cargohandlingequipment,doortodoorconcept,FCL,LCL,CFS) d) ROLLON/ROLLOFF CONCEPT (history, process of handling, ramps, congested ports) e) BARGE CARRYING VESSELS (mother ship, barges, port facilities, handling equipment,inlandwaterways,typesofships).

UNITTWO

INTERNATIONALREGULATIONS FORPREVENTINGCOLLISIONSATSEA (extracts)

GeneralDefinitions
Forthepurposeofthese Rules,exceptwherethecontextotherwiserequires: a) The word vessel includes every description of watercraft, including nondisplacement craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a meansoftransportationonwater. b)Thetermpowerdrivenvessel meansanyvesselpropelledbymachinery. c)Thetermvesselengagedinfishingmeansanyvesselfishingwithnets,lines, trawlsorotherfishingapparatuswhichrestrictmanoeuvrability,butdoesnot includeavesselfishingwithtrollinglinesorotherfishingapparatuswhichdo notrestrictmanoeuvrability. d) The term vessel not under command means a vessel which through some exceptionalcircumstanceis unable tomanoeuvreas required bythese Rules andisthereforeunabletokeepoutofthewayofanothervessel. e)Thetermvesselrestrictedinherabilitytomanoeuvremeansavesselwhich from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of anothervessel.

The following vessels shall be regarded as vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre: I a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, marinecableorpipeline, II avesselengagedindredging,surveyingorunderwateroperations, III avesselengaged inreplenishmentor transferring persons,provisionsorcargo whileunderway, IV avesselengagedinthelaunchingorrecoveryofaircraft, V avesselengagedinminesweepingoperations,

VI a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vesselandhertowintheirabilitytodeviatefromtheircourse. f)Theword underway meansthatavesselisnotatanchor,ormadefast totheshore, oraground. g)Thetermrestrictedvisibilitymeansanyconditioninwhichvisibilityisrestricted by fog,mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.

PARTB STEERINGANDSAILINGRULES SECTIONSI CONDUCTOFVESSELSINANY CONDITIONOFVISIBILITY

Application RulesinthisSectionapplyinanyconditionofvisibility. Lookout Every vessel shall at all timesmaintain aproperlookout by sight and hearingas wellasbyailavailablemeansappropriateintheprevailingcircumstancesandconditionsso astomakeafullappraisalofthesituationandoftheriskofcollision. SafeSpeed Everyvesselshallatalltimesproceedatasafespeedsothatshecantakeproperand effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailingcircumstancesandconditions. RiskofCollision a)Everyvesselshalluseallavailablemeansappropriatetotheprevailingcircumstancesand conditionstodetermineifriskofcollisionexists.Ifthereisanydoubtsuchriskshallbe deemedtoexist. b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including longrange scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalentsystematicobservationofdetectedobjects. c)Assumptionsshallnotbemadeonthebasisofscantyinformation,especiallyscantyradar information.

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d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among thosetakenintoaccount: I such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vesseldoesnotappreciablychange, such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident,particularlywhenapproachingaverylargevesselatcloserange.

II

ActiontoavoidCollision a)Anyactiontakentoavoidcollisionshall,ifthecircumstancesofthecaseadmit, bepositive,madeinampletimeandwithdueregardtotheobservanceofgood seamanship. b)Anyalterationofcourseand/orspeedtoavoidcollisionshall,ifthecircumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observingvisuallyorbyradarasuccessionofsmallalterationsof courseand/or speedshouldbeavoided. c)Ifthereissufficientsearoom,alterationofcoursealonemaybethemosteffective actiontoavoidaclosequarterssituationprovidedthatitismadeingoodtime,is substantialanddoesnotresultinanotherclosequarterssituation. d)Ifnecessarytoavoidcollisionorallowmoretimetoassessthesituation,avessel shallslackenherspeedortakeallwayoffbystoppingorreversinghermeansof propulsion.

SECTIONII CONDUCTOFVESSELS INSIGHT OFONEANOTHER Overtaking a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of this Section any vessel overtakinganyothershallkeepoutofthewayofthevesselbeingovertaken. b)Avesselshallbedeemedtobeovertakingwhencomingupwithanothervessel fromadirectionmorethan22,5degreesabaftherbeam,thatis,insuchaposition withreferencetothevesselsheisovertaking,thatatnightshewouldbeableto seeonlythesternlightofthatvesselbutneitherofhersidelights. HeadonSituation a) When two powerdriven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal coursessoastoinvolveriskofcollisioneachshallalterhercoursetostarboardso thateachshallpassontheportsideoftheother. b) Such situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearlyaheadandbynightshecouldseethemastheadlightsoftheotherinaline

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or nearly in a line and/or both sidelights, and if by day she observesthe correspondingaspectoftheothervessel. c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assumethatitdoesexistandactaccordingly. CrossingSituation Whentwopowerdriven vesselsarecrossingsoastoinvolve riskofcollision, the vesselwhichhastheotheronherownstarboardsideshallkeepoutofthewayandshall,if thecircumstancesofthecaseadmit,avoidcrossingaheadoftheothervessel. ActionbyGivewayVessel Everyvesselwhichisdirectedtokeepoutofthewayofanothervesselshall,sofar aspossible,takeearlyandsubstantialactiontokeepwellclear. ActionbyStandonVessel a) I Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way the other shall keep her courseandspeed. IIThelattervesselmayhowevertakeactiontoavoidcollisionbyhermanoeuvre alone,assoonasitbecomesapparenttoherthatthevesselrequiredto keep outofthewayisnottakingappropriateactionincompliancewiththeseRules. b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keepher course and speed finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the giveway vesselalone,sheshalltakesuchactionaswillbestaidtoavoidcollision.

QUESTIONS 1. Whatisanother(old)expressionfortheInternationalRegulationsforPreventing CollisionsatSea? 2. WhatarethemaintermsdealtwithintheGeneralDefinitions? 3. Whatismeantby"thevesselengagedinfishing"? 4. Whenisashipdefineda"vesselnotundercommand"? 5. Definetheterm"vesselrestrictedinherabilitytomanoeuvre". 6. Whenisavessel"underway"? 7. Whatkindofalookoutshouldbekeptconstantlyonboard? 8. Whatisunderstoodbytheterm"safespeed"? 9. Whatprecautionsshouldavesseltakewhenthereisariskofcollision? 10. Whatactionsshouldbetakeninordertoavoidcollision?

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EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1. Complete the followingsentences bychoosing the statements under a), b)or c) as applicable: 1.Afishingvesselengagedinfishingis: a)avesselnotundercommand b)avesselrestricted.,inherabilitytomanoeuvre c)avesselrestrictedinherabilitytomanoeuvrebythenatureofherwork 2.Avesselwhoseengineshavebrokendownis: a)avesselrestrictedinherabilitytomanoeuvre b)avesselnotundercommand 3.Avesselengagedinfishingis: a)avesselfishingwithnetsortrawls b)avesselfishingwithtrollinglines. 4.Avesselengagedindredgingis: a)avesselrestrictedinherabilitytomanoeuvrebythenatureofherwork b)avesselnotundercommand 5.Avesselstoppedintheopenseasis: a)underway b)makingway c)avesselnotundercommand 6.Inpoorvisibilitythenavigatorshouldmakeuseof: a) theradaronly b)allthemeansoffixingtheship'spositionavailable 7.Avesselproceedinginanarrowchannelshallkeep: a)neartothestarboardsideofthefairway b)neartotheportsideofthefairway 8.Avesselovertakinganothervessel shall a)requiretheovertakenvesseltokeepoutoftheway b)keepclearofthevesselbeingovertaken 9.Avesselisovertakingwhen: a)shecomesfromadirectionlessthan22,5degreesabaftanothervessel'sbeam b)shecomesfromadirectionmorethan22.5degreesabaftthebeamofanother vessel 1O.Avesselisovertakingwhenatnightshecan a)seeonlythesternlightoftheovertakenvessel b)seeboththesternlightandeitherofthesidelights. 2.Insertthe missingwordsandterms (seethetextabove):

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1.Whentwovesselsarein ofanotherand ofcollisionexists,the steeringandsailing provideformutualactionsothatcollisionis avoided. 2.Thuswhentwo drivenvesselsaremeetingonreciprocal ,soas toinvolvetheriskofcollision,eachshould coursetostarboardand passonthe sideoftheother. 3. Eachvesselshouldindicatethatsheisaltering tostarboardby ashortblastonthewhistlein withtheRule34. 4.Whentwopower vesselsare ,soastoinvolvetheriskof collision,thevesselwhichhastheotheronthestarboardsideshall outof thewayoftheother. 5. 17directsthattheother(i.e.overtaken)vesselshall hercourse andspeed. 6.Rule15saysthatthegiving vesselshallavoidcrossingaheadoftheother vessel. 7.Undernormalcircumstancesatugisableto withtheruleofthe asapowerdriven . 8. In poor visibility, the most important use of radar information is made to theclose situation.

IIGRAMMAR I Collocations: Rearrange the sentences below by applying one of the following collocations(verb+objectnoun): avoidcollision alterthecourse keep/maintainthecourse deviatefromthecourse keepoutoftheway maintain/keepalookout keepthespeed increasethespeed slackenspeed reversetheengines restrictvisibility (1)Byturningtostarboardourshipescapedtheriskofcollidingwithanothervessel. (2)Wehadtoreducespeedsuddenly. (3)Theengineswererunningastern. (4)Wehadtoturnoffcoursetoavoidcollision. (5)Whatdidyouundertaketokeepclearofthebarge? (6)Theovertakenvesselisnotallowedtoincreaseordecreasespeedorchange hercourse. (7)Thecoursewaschangedto234degrees. (8)Theshipisgoingfasterahead.

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(9)Duetodenseforthevisibilitywasverypoor. (10)Theboatswainwasstandingatthelookoutpostandwatchingclosely. IIWordForms Filltheappropriateformofthe wordsinthebrackets: 1.(able,unable,ability,enable,disabled) (a)A vesselisavesselwhichcannotmanoeuvre. (b)Wewere tomanoeuvrebecauseoftherudderbreakdown. (c) A vesselengagedin dredging is a vessel restricted inher manoeuvre. (d)Wereyou tokeepoutoftheway? (e)Asuddenturntostarboard ustoavoidcollision. 2.(require,required,requiring,requirement) (a)Eachdeckofficer afullknowledgeoftheCollisionRules. (b)Thepilotstation ourpositionandcourse. (c)Thisisaverystrong whichweshallhardlymeet. (d)Theshipwasgoingfullastern, onlyfour minutestostop. (e)Asharplookoutis inpoorvisibility. 3.(available,availabilitymanoeuvre,manoeuvring,manoeuvrability). (a)Thefishinggear,whenengaged,greatlyreducesthe ofthefishing vessel. (b) Allmeans shouldbeusedtoavoidcollision. (c)Theexactpositionfindingdependsonthe ofvariousnavigational systemsonboard. (d)Ourship herwaythroughtheminearea. (e) isdifficultinconfinedwaters. (f) The ship is now approaching harbour and we are preparing for the berthing . (g)Iamafraidthatnoradioconnectionis withtheshipindistress. III Relative Clauses. Relative clauses are introduced by the relatives WHO, WHOM, WHOSE,WHICH,THATe.g.: Thepersonwhoseradiogramyoureceivedisjustcoming. A vessel which is not observing the Rules of the Road is a serious threat to navigation. Thegoodsweredeliveredto thepersonthatpresentedtheB/L. Relativesentencesofthetypeabovecanbe reducedbyomittingthe relativepronoun (who, which, that) and transforming the verb into a present participle (ing) or past participle,oromittingtheauxiliaryverbbeforeanadjective,e.g.:

to

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1.Avesselwhichproceedsalongafairwayshallkeeptothestarboardlimitofthe fairway. 1a. A vessel proceeding along a fairway shall keep to the starboard limit of the fairway. 2.Anyaction thatistaken toavoidcollisionshouldbetakenin.ampletime. 2a.Anyaction taken toavoidcollisionshouldbetakeninampletime. 3.Aproperlookoutshouldbekeptbyallthemeans thatareavailable onboard. 3a.Aproperlookoutshouldbetakenbyallthemeans available onboard. Shortenthefollowingsentences: 1.Didyouuseallthemeansthatwereavailabletodeterminetheship'sposition? 2.Avesselwhichisengagedindredgingisahamperedvessel. 3.Thevesselwhichisovertakinganothervesselistokeepclearofthevessel.which isbeingovertaken.

IVExpressingobligation.ThereareseveralwaysofexpressingobligationinEnglish,each modifyingalittletheideaofobligation,cf: (1a)Anyovertakingvesselshallkeepoutofthewayofthevesselbeingovertaken. (LEGALobligation) (1b)Anyovertakingvesselistokeepoutofthewayofthevesselbeingovertaken. (LEGALobligation,acommand) (1c) Any overtaking vessel should keep out of the way of the vessel being undertaken.(RECOMMENDATION) (1d) Any overtaking vessel ought to keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.(DESIRABILITY,MORALOBLIGATION) (1e)Anyovertakingvesselmustkeepoutofthewayofthevesselbeingovertaken. (DEFECTIVE"must") (1f) Any overtaking vessel has (got) to keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.(inCOLLOQUIALstyle) (1g)AnyovertakingvesselisBOUND/OBLIGED/LIABLEtokeepoutoftheway ofthevesselbeingovertaken.(WORDScarryingtheideaofobligation) Transform the sentencesbelow by using all the aboveunderlinedwaysof expressing obligationandfindthemostappropriatetranslation: 1.Everyvesselshallalwaysmaintainaproperlookout. 2.Youmustuseallthemeansavailabletoavoidcollision. 3.Inaheadonsituation eachvesselmustaltercoursetostarboard. 4.Thestandonvesselistokeephercourseandspeed.

IIITRANSLATION

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1. Ako brod na motorni pogon ispredsebe,ili suboice po pramcu,uje signal zamaglu brodaijipoloajnijeutvrden(ascertain),tadauskladuspravilom19onmorasmanjiti brzinuiplovitiopreznodokneproeopasnost(beover). 2. U uvjetima slabe vidljivosti radar nam najvie koristi da se izbjegne poloaj opasne blizinebrodova. 3. Situacija opasneblizinemoese izbjei pravovremenim (in good time) zaustavljanjem broda,velikimsmanjenjembrzineilinaglim(bold)skretanjemskursa. 4.Uskladuspravilom5umaglivalja(alalltimes)stalnovritipomno(efficient)motrenje. 5.Kadanekibrodpretiedrugi,onmorauvijekizbjegavatibrodkojegpretie. 6. Kadadvabroda na motornipogon presijecaju kursevetakoda postoji opasnost sudara, premapravilu15desnibrodimapravoputa. 7.Kadasenamoruvidisamojednobijelosvijetlo,tomoeukazivatina(indicate)malibrod iliamac,ilisidrenosvijetlobrodaispod5Omduine. 8. Meutim, na otvorenom moru (in the open sea) to je najvjerojatnije krmeno svijetlo prekooceanskogbroda.

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UNITTHREE

CASUALTYREPORT:THESTRANDINGOFTHE"TIFOSO"

The Greekofficered, Liberianflag tanker Tifoso 138,823 dwt ran aground on BermudaGreatReefat04,40localtimeon20January1983.Thestrandingwascausedby "a fatal combination of errors and unmitigated negligence". The planned approach to Bermudawas"dangerousandimprudent"andthemasterfailedtocomplywiththebasicand proventechniquesofnavigation. Shipandhervoyage The report of the investigation gives the owners as the Clockwork Corporation, Monrovia,andtheoperatingagentsastheWesternShipingCorporation,NewYork.Weare nottoldinthereportwhoselectedandappointedasmasterCaptainK.V.DimitriosandM.N. assecondmate.TheTifosohadbeeninlayupinBostonwithasistership,mtMinotavros. Shewasbroughtback intoserviceinJanuary1983andsuccessfullypassedareactivation surveybytheAmericanBureauofShippingandafullLiberianSafetySurvey.Thebooks and publications supplied to the ship included the Lists of Lights and the Sailing Directionsand the Noticesto Mariners publishedby theUSADefence MappingAgency. She was also supplied with the Admiralty List of Radio Signals (Vol. 2, 1981, Radio Navigational Aids, NP 282) and the Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals (Vol. J) publishedintheUK. On l7 January 1983 the Tifoso sailed fromBoston for Port Gentil, Gabon,on the WestAfricancoastjustsouthoftheEquator.Shewastoloadthereacargoofcrudeoilfor Taiwan. Generator failures Inthe00.0004watchon18Januarytherewasabreakdownofthe750kWdiesel alternator (AC generator). Ithadoverheatedandseizedduetolackoflubricatingoil. An audioalarmhadbeendisconnectedduetofrequentfalsealarms.The3rdassistantengineer andanoilerwereonwatchintheengineroom, bathadfailedtocheckthelubeoilleveland alowlubeoilpressuretriphadevidentlyfailedtowork.Asecond750kWdieselalternator wasbroughtintouse,butin thesamewatchon19Januarythatonebrokedownduetoa majorfailureinthestatorwindings.Electricalsupplywasmaintainedbybringingintousea steamturbinegeneratorandtheoperatorsinstructedthemastertoputintoBermudaforthe necessaryrepairs. ApproachtoBermuda Bermuda wasshownontheoceanchartinuse,buttheshipcarriedno largescale chart of the island. A safe approach could have been made however using the sailing

18

directionsanddata in the listsof lights on board, by arranging a daylightlandfall andby seekingadvicefromtheislandbyradio. InhisevidencethemastersaidhereferredtotheDMAListofLightsandenteredthe positionofBermudalightsonaplottingchart.Hethendecidedtopasstwomileseastofthe NorthEastBreakerBuoyandfromtherecontinuesouthwardtopickupapilottwomilesoff St.Davids Light.The NorthEast BreakerBuoy hereferred tohad been removed inMay l982.ANorthEastBreakerBeaconhadbeenerectedonthereeftothesouthwest.Details of the necessary changes to the List of Lights were given in the Notices. to Mariners on boardbutthosenoticeswerenotconsulted. Inhisevidencethemastersaidhehaddestroyedtheplottingchartheused for the approachtoBermuda.Ontheoceanchartitwasnotedthatacoursehadbeensetdirectto theisland,nottoapointtoeast.Theship,alas,madegoodthatcourse. ItwasaverybadplantorelyonfindingandroundingtheNorthEastBreakerBuoy evenifithadexisted.Thewindastheshipapproachedtheislandwasnorthwest,2Oto3O knots,gustingto36knots,theseawasroughandtherewereheavyrainsquallswithreduced visibility.Thelightonthebuoywouldhavebeenalmostatsealevelintermittentlyobscured byseaandswell.Theshipwouldhavetosailclosetothereeftopickupthebuoy,andthe mastershouldnothavereliedonasinglefloatingaidtonavigation. TheStranding At04,00localtimeageneralglowoflightfromBermudawasseenandat04,08the master saw a "broken image" of the island on radar. At about 04,15 the master saw a flashingwhitelight30to45degreestostarboardbutsaidhewasunabletodetermineits characteristic. HeassumeditwasNorthEastBreakerBuoy.Thelighthesaw wasin fact NorthRockBeaconLight. To pass closer to the "buoy" the course steered, 180 degrees, was altered to 190 degrees.Atthiscriticalstageinthelandfallaverygoodradiodirectionfinderfixcouldhave beenobtained,butthiswasnotattempted.Lorancouldalsohavebeenusedtoestablishthe ship'sposition. At04,30theengineswereputonstandbyandat04,38wereputonhalfspeed.This wasdoneaccordingtothemastertodelayhisarrivaloffSt.Davidsuntil06,30,whichwas his ETA. At 04,40 the helmsman was ordered to steer 165 degrees. The vessel did not respondtothehelm.TheTifosowasaground.Shewasll/2milesfromthel2milerange lightonthe60fthightowerofNorthRockBeacon.Thetowerislistedasaradarreflector. TohelptopreventfuturestrandinginBermudaandelsewhere,thereportoffersthree basicnavigationalconcepts: 1.Neveracceptanythingwithoutcheckinganddoublecheckingfromailandevery sourceofinformation. 2. Never rely only on a buoy which is inevitably unreliable especially in bad weather. 3.Whenmakingalandfallonaleeshoreandinbadweatheratnight,hauloffand remainindeepwateruntildaylightorafterthedefinitepositionhasbeenassured. QUESTIONS

19

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1O. 11. 12. 13. shore? 14. Howcanfatherstandingsbeavoided?

Give some of the main particulars of the MV "Tifoso", such as owners, master, officersandcrew. Whatisthe"reactivationsurvey"ofthevessel? Whatwerethenauticalbooksandpublicationsavailableonboardthe"Tifoso"? Describethevoyageandcargooftheship. WhydidtheMasterhavetoputintoBermuda? What wasthereasonforthebreakdownofthefirstalternator? Howwastheship'sapproachtoBermudamade?WhatdidtheMasterrelyon? WhatwasthesafeapproachtoreachBermuda? Whatdidthemastersayinhisevidence? Whyshouldonenotrelyonabuoyforfixingtheship'sposition? Whathappenedwiththebuoyinthisparticularcase? Explaintheparticulareventsofthestranding. What other means of establishing the ship's position were available on board or

EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSION Insert themissingVERBSfromamongthefollowing:COMPLY WITH,BREAK DOWN, PUT INTO, APPOINT, CHECK, APPROACH, CARRY, BE, GIVE, MAKE Supplyalsotherequiredverbform: 1.Themasterfailedto withthebasicrulesofnavigation. 2.Mr.Young asmasterbytheOwner'sdecisiontwomonthsago. 3.Eachshipshould anumberofnauticalpublications,suchasListof Lights,NoticestoMariners,Thomas' Stowage,etc. 4.AtO2,4Othe75OkWalternator . 5.Thegreaserditnot thelubeoillevel. 6.Becauseofthebreakdownthemasterhadto theportofrefuge. 7.Theship theportfromthenorthernentrance. 8.Althoughtheparticularsofthelights intheListofLights,themasterdid notconsultthispublication. 9.AtO2,28there abreakdownofthemainengine. 1O. When landfall one should rely on a number of sources of information. 11.Everysourceofinformationshouldbe andrecheckedifnecessary.

IIGRAMMAR Makenouns fromthefollowingverbsandclassifythemaccordingtotheending:

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1. strand approach fail investigate maintain decide delay e.g. strand stranding select selection arrange arrangement Otherendings: ance ure er ence Select Appoint Supply Publish Instruct Refer Sail load breakdown connect arrange steer

2.FindandwritedownalltheadverbialadjunctsofTIMEinthetextabove,e.g.: TheTifonsoranaground at04.40localtime on20January1983 3.Shortenthefollowingrelativesentences(seeexerciseII3inUnitTwo): 1.Thepublicationswhichweresuppliedtotheshipwerenotused. 2.ChangesintheListofLightswhichwereonboardwerenotconsulted. 3.ThelightthatheactuallysawnottheNorthEastBreakerBuoy. 4.Thecoursethattheshipwassteeringwaschangedto190degrees. 5.Thewindwhichwasgustingto36knotsmadesteeringverydifficult. 6.Theactionthatwastakentoavoidcollisionwasnotefficient. 7. A vessel which is proceeding at high speed will have to alter her course considerably. 4.Wordforms:Supplytherightformofthewordsinbrackets: (fail,failurebreakdown,breakdown) 1.Themaster tocomplywiththeRulesoftheRoad. 2.The oftheelectricalsupplywasdetectedtoolate. 3.The oftheenginescausedabigdelayinarrival. 4.Oncheckingthegeneratorwefoundthattheoutputshafthad . 5.Themaster's tonotifytheOwnercausedagreatdealoftrouble. 6.Whydidyou inyourexam? 7.Overheatingofthewindingscauseda ofthegenerator.

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IIITRANSLATION OvimeVasobavijetavamdasetankerSEALION,kojijeploviopodliberijskomzastavom, sudariosmojimbrodomupodruju...dana30. travnja...u16,45satipolokalnomvremenu. Kada je asnik strae opazio (notice) tanker koji se pribliavao mom brodu, tanker se nalazio na udaljenosti od 6 milja od nas. Njegov smjer (bearing) bio je 1520 stupnjeva bonopokrmi(abaftthebeam).Kadajetanker,kojisesvebrepribliavao(comecloser and closer),bioudaljen oko 100 200 m,sa mosta je biladanazapovjed "Svomsnagom natrag".Tankerjemoraoskrenutiulijevo,alinije.Zbogtogasesudarnijemogaoizbjei. Prilikom sudara liberijski tanker udario je (strike) u lijevi pramani dio mog broda i prouzroio(cause)znatnutetu. IVGUIDEDWRITING Summarisethestrandingofthe"Tifoso"followingtheseheadlines: particularsoftheship,master,andthevoyage publicationsonboardafterreactivationsurvey safeapproachtoBermuda plottingthechart DMAlights NorthEastBreakerBuoy May1982 weatherconditionsontheapproach master'serror wrongbuoy alterationofthecourse navigationalsystemsnotusedorconsulted vesselnotrespondingtohelm vesselaground conclusion

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UNITFOUR

BREAKBULKCARGO

BreakBulkCargooperationsincludethehandling,carriage,stowageandstorageof cargoinindividualitems,i.e.crates,cases,cartons,bags,bales,bundles,drums,barrelsetc., listedinanumberofBillsofLading,eachconsistingofadifferentcommodity. Stowageshouldaim atdistributing the cargo for anyparticular portequally, or as nearlysoascircumstancespermit,ineveryhold,thusprovisionismadethatall thecargo handlingequipmentisemployedtoitsfullcapacitythroughoutthetimethevesselisloading anddischarging.Itisbesttoensurethatthe"heavy"hatchdoesnothavetoremainworking forextensiveperiodsafterallotherhatchesarefinishedandhavebeenbatteneddown,with theaddedrestrictionprobably,ifonlyone gang andonehookis abletoget accessto the spacebeingworked. Wherefoodstuffsandfinegoodsarestowed(thatis,goodssuchascarpets,clothes, etc.,that maybe easilydamaged ortake ontaint) onlyclean nailfreedunnageshouldbe used and stowage should be found in separate compartments away from such obnoxious commodities as creosote, aniline, essential oils, petroleum, copra, hides, manures, cassia, certainchemicals,turpentine,newlysawnormostkindsoftimber,greenfruit,onions,etc. Weightypackagessuchascasesofmachinery, railwaybarorplateiron,blocksof stones, ingotsor pigsof metal, etc.,shouldalwaysbe stowed on the floor andthelighter cargoontop. Asageneralrulefragileandlightpackagesshouldbestowedin'tweendeckspace. Thenatureofthepackagessometimescallsforthemtobekeptinacertainposition, i.e.coilsandringsontheflat,etc.Avoidstowingbaleandlightgoodsontopofcargowhich haslifeandspring,oragainstbulkheadstiffeners,deckbeams,brackets,frames,stanchions or other projections, using plenty of dunnage to protect them from contacting such projectionsandroughsurfaces. Eachtiershouldbekeptaslevelaspossible(withpackagesofuniformsizeitshould beperfectlylevel).Packagesshouldnotbestowedinsuchpositionthattheytilteitherway, aswilloccurattheturnofthebilge,orwiththeriseonfloorintheforepartoftheforward hold,etc.,unlessproperlydunnagedorbridged. Any break in stowage or broken stowage caused by the presence of pillars, stanchions,brackets,etc.,forthefillingofwhichcertainpackagesarenotavailable,orspace which is unsuitable to receive a package of cargo, should be packed firmly with suitable dunnage,inordertopreventanymovementofcargoinaseawayandtoaffordastableand levelplatformforthenexttier.

QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. Whatisbreakbulkcargo? Whatdothebreakbulkcargooperationsinclude? Whatdoesthedistributingofcargoforvariousportsaimat?

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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Whatisa"heavy"hatch? Whatismeantby"batteningdownthehatch"? Whatkindoddunnagemustbeusedwithfoodstuffsandfinegoods? Whereshouldyoustowweightypackages? Howcanyouprotectbalesorlightgoodsfromdamageintheship'shold? Whatmeasuresshouldyoutaketostowthecargoproperlyinwayofbilges,riseof floors,orintheforepartsoftheforwardhold? Whatarethetwomeaningsoftheterm"brokenstowage"?

EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1.Supplythemissingwordfromthose listedinthebrackets: (TIER, CASES, MISSING, DAMAGE, RAIL, BAGS, TALLY, HOOKS, LIABLE, TORN,SHORE,USE,STOWING,BARREL,DRUM) 1.Manykindsofcommodityarepackedin forshipmentsuchasflour,coffee, sugar,cement,etc. 2.Whenreceivingbagcargoacareful isessential. 3.Tallyshouldnotbemadeinlightersoron itshouldbetakenatthe ship's . 4. ,defectiveorhookmarkedbagsshouldberejected. 5.Mostbagcargoesareliableto ifstowedwithmoistcargoorcargo tosweat. 6.The ofhooksshouldnotbepermittedin handlingbagsatany circumstances. 7. containingheavymachineryshouldbestowedwithmarksup, and themonedgesoftheholdshouldbeavoided. 8. Each of heavycasesshouldbe keptaslevel and firm as possibleto preventdamagingsmallerpackages. 9.Casksor isageneraltermforailroundandoblongcontainers,builtof woodstavesandboundbyhoops. 10.Casksmadeofsteelarecalled . 11.Balesofcottonshouldbecarefullyexaminedonwharfor ,andall damporwetbales,orthosewithburstor bandsshouldberejected. IIGRAMMAR 1.Supplyasuitableverbform(tense,activeorpassivevoice): Inthestowagethefirstconsiderationmust(give)tosafety.Thecargomust(stow) sothattheship(be)stableandseaworthy.Itmust(secure)insuchamannerthatit cannot(shift)ifthevessel(encounter)badweather.Caremust(take)tostowit sothatit(notdamage)eitherbycontactwithorproximitytootherkindsofcargo.

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Care must also (take) to prevent pilferage or damage while the cargo (stow). Wherecargo(ship)forseveralports,(arrange)itintheholdinsuchawaythatit can(discharge)convenientlyateachport,andthatnocargo(overcarry). 2. WordForms.Supplytherightformofthewordslistedinthebrackets (handle,handlingstore,storagestow,stowage,stowingdischarge,discharging): 1.Thecargomustbe intheforeendofthehold. 2.Eachofficermustbewellfamiliarwiththe factorsforindividual cargoes. 3.Broken includesalsotheareasaroundpillars,knees,stiffeners,stringers etc. 4.Theship's mustbesealedwheninport. 5.Avoid lightweightcargointhebottomtiers. 6.Surveyonhatchesaremadeintheportof . 7.Thechaincableis inthechainlocker. 8.The ofthecargointhedischargingportwilltake6hoursonly. 9.Moderncargo equipmentisvitaltoanyport. 1O. withcare! 3.Thefollowing collocations (verb+objectnoun)wereusedinthereadingtext: makeprovision,finishthehatch,battendownthehatch, getaccessto,workaspace, stowthegoods, takeontaint Find and write down the sentences where these collocations are found, and check the meaningofthecollocations. 4.Extendtheshortened relativesentences tofull verbsentencesusetheappropriaterelative pronoun: 1.Breakbulkcargoincludingsuchgoodsascrates,cases,bales,etc.isalsocalled generalcargo. 2.Vesselscarryingbreakbulkcargoarecalledgeneralcargoships. 3.Themethodemployedforhandlingthedrumsprovedverysuccessful. 4.Itisalwaysnecessarytodeterminetheplacemostsuitableforstowingheavylifts. 5.Avoidstowinglightgoodsonthecargohavingsharpends. 5. Purpose.Thefollowingsentencesfromthetextexpresspurpose: 1.Stowageshouldaimatdistributingthecargoequally. 2. Plentyofdunnageshouldbeusedtoprotectthebales fromcontactingtheship holdprojectionsandroughsurfaces. 3.Anybreakinstowageshouldbepackedfirmlywithsuitabledunnageinorderto preventanymovementofcargo.

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Rearrangethesentencesbelowbyintroducingoneoftheunderlinedelements: 1. The purpose stowingisto ensure the ship'sstability andto prevent damage to cargo. 2.Thedamagedpackagesweresentonshoreforreconditioning. 3.Effectiveactionsshouldbetakensothatcollisioncouldbeavoided. 4. The stowage factor should be increased substantially in order that it may be usefulinstowingrefrigeratedcargoes. 5.ThemasterdecidedtoputintoBermudatohavethenecessaryrepairsperformed. 6.Allavailablemeansshouldbeusedfordeterminingiftheriskofcollisionexists. 7.Topickupthebuoytheshiphadtosailclosetothereef. 8.Thelookouthadbeensenttocallthenextwatch.

IIITRANSLATION
1.Teretsemoraslagatitakodagubitakprostorabudeminimalan. 2.Neiskoriteniprostorobuhvaasveprostoreizmeuiokokoleta,iliupodruju (in way of) stupova u skladitu, koljena, proveza, ukrepa, te prostor koji je ispunjen"duneom". 3.Faktorslaganjaobinosedefinirakaoprostor(ukubnimstopamailimetrima) kojizauzimajednatona(occupy)nekogtereta,akojepravilnosloenipodloen (dunnage) 4.Volumenskiteret(measurementcargo)imafaktorslaganjavieod40,ateinski (deadweightcargo)ispod40. 5.Natomoratepazitiuskladituzavrijemeiskrcaja? 6.Akobrodimameupalublja,dalijepotrebnopodlaganjetereta(dunnaging)? 7.Kakosetrebarasporeditimjeovititeretuskladitu? 8.Kakotrebaslagatieljeznikeine? 9.Kakobistesloilinajniiredbaava? 10.Kolikobaavasmijetesloitiuvisinu?(Howmanyheightsof...)(allow)?

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UNIT5

TIMBER

Timber measurements are the most complicated and laborious of all the various measurements in use for shipping purposes. The unit of measurement in use in the UK, NorthEuropeancountries,etc.isastandardofwhichtherearemanyvarieties,bearingno relationonetotheother.InNorthAmericatheunitofmeasurementisthe1,000boardfeet inFrance,Italy,Belgium,etc.,theunitistheStere,equivalenttothecubicmetreofthe metricsystem,whilePetrogradstandardisalmostexclusivelyusedintheUK. Timbercargomayconsistofacompositionoflogs,planks,deals,battens,small battenboards,smallboards,scantlings,slatings,andlathsthelatter twobeingusually in bundles. A good composition for cargoes is twothirds deals and battens and onethird boards,andthevesselwithclearholdsshouldstowthisatabout225cubicfeetperstandard. Ifthecargoconsistsofmoreboardsandcontainsquantitiesofsmallboards,slatings andlaths,thestowage factorwouldbesubsequentlyhigher. Forexamplebundlesoflaths stowatabout320cubicfeettothestandard. ByacustomprevailingintheBalticwoodshippingcountriesashipperissupposed tohaveamarginofonesixteenthofaninchincuttinghisplanks.Thismarginisveryoften exceededandmaybefoundtobeasmuchasoneeighthwhichtheshipcarriesfree. Newlycuttimber, being fullof sap,is naturally muchheavierthan timber cut the previousseasonandthevesselisnotabletocarrysohighadeckloadaswitholdcuttimber. Thebesttypeoftimbercarryingvesselisthatwhichhasalargebeaminproportion to draft with a minimumnumber ofobstructionsin the hold, such as stanchions andweb frames. Slings Whiletheuseofchainslingispermissible forhandlingdeals andbattens, ropeor webbing slings should be used for boards, box boards, slats laths and similar classes of timberas well,ofcourse,as withprimewoods.Slingswithspreaderswillberequired for packagedtimber. Packagedtimber Sawntimberisalmostinvariablypackagedorunitised.Thesepackagesmayvaryin lengthandsize,dependingonthehandlingequipment,consignee,etc.Specialisedhandling equipment, such asstraddle carriers, maybe used, andspecial terminals provided for the handling and stowage of this type of cargo. Where packages consist of sawn lengths of varyinglength,itisnormalpracticetosquareoffoneendtogiveaflushface.Wheresuch packagesofvaryinglengthsaremadeup,andwheretheholdsofthevesselarenotsuitedto cargomadeupinthisway,theremaybeagreatdealofwastedspace. Deckloads

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Whendeckloadsarecarried,whichismorefrequentthannot,theupperdeckshould beassisted tocarry itsload by hard wood wedgesdriven between the deck beams and a plankplacedathwartontopofthetimbercargobelow,andadequatecompensationshould bemadeforanystanchionswhichhavetoberemoved.Thepracticeofremovingstanchions shouldberestrictedasmuchaspossible. When dunnaging under a deck cargo of timber, use rough 25 mm boards placed diagonally750mmtol,000mmapart,soastodistributetheweightevenlyoverthebeams, etc.,andavoidingbucklingdeckplates. Stanchionstosupportdeckloadsatthesideshouldbeofsufficientlengthsoasto extendnotlessthan,200mmabovethefinishedlevelofdeckcargo,topermitmanropes beingfittedtosamefortheprotectionofthecrew.Stanchions,whichareusuallysupplied byshippersaspartofthecargo,shouldbespacedabout2,500mmto3,000mmapartandbe inclinedinboard. Chainlashingsareprobablythemosteffectivelashingmethodfordeckcargoesof timber. Lashingsareusuallyshackledtoeyeplatesorwingboltsrivetedtothepartofthe sheer strake, extending above the deck stringer bar, or to the deck, spaced 2,500 mm to 3,000mmapart.Eachlengthofchainshouldbelongenoughtomeetitsmateinthemiddle line,wheretwofreeendsareconnectedtoaheavyturnbuckleandsliphookbywhichthe chainsaresetup. QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Why are timber measurements the most complicated of all the measurements in shipping? Whatarethemostfrequentmeasurementsandwherearetheyapplied? Whataretheseequivalentto? Whatisa"standard"? Whatisthetimbercargousuallycomposedof? Howcanthestowagefactorintimberstowingbeincreased? Whatisthebestkindofashipcarryingtimber? Whatkindofslingsareusedinhandlingvarioustypesoftimbercargo? Howispackagedtimbercarriedbysea? Whatshouldyoubeparticularlyawareofwhenloadingtimbercargo ondeck? Whatisusedforlashingtimber? Wherearethechainlashingssecuredandhowaretheytightened? EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1.Someofthemostfrequenttimbermeasurementunitsare: BOARDFOOT,STERE,PETROGRADSTANDARD,METRICTON,andMILLE. Statewhichofthedefinitionsfortimbermeasurementreferstotheunitslistedabove:

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1. a unit equalling to 165 cu. ft, 1/2" x 11" x 12' used in the UK and northern Europeancountries,l20pieces 2.aunitusedinAmerica,equalto831/3cubicfeet,usuallyexpressedin1000units ofthesame 3.usedinFrance,Italy,Belgium=35.314cu.ft 4.equalsslightlymorethanhalfaPetrogradStandard,usedin,theAmericanTimber Trade. 5.unitwhichequals1.1023shorttonsor0.9842longtons 2. The following are some of the basic types and sizes of timber cargo. Classify them accordingtotheirthickness: BATTEN(daska,deblja):asawnpieceoftimberfrom6"to7"wideandnotless than4"thick,stowat220/225c.ft.perStandard150x180x100mm BAULK (sljemenjaa, greda): a large,heavy beamof timber hewn (otesan)or sawn BOARD,(daska,tanja):sawntimber2"(30mm)thickandunder,anywidth DEAL (daskaodr. dimenzija): sawntimbernotless than2"thickand9"or 10" wide50x250mm FLOORING(podnedaske,brodskipod):whiteoryellowboards,chiefly3/4to1 1/2"thick,planed,eithersquareedgedortonguedandgrooved LATH(letva,motka):thinnarrowstripofwoodforthebuildingtrade,Sawnlaths: 1"to11/4"to5/16" LOG(trupac,balvan):aheavypieceoftimbereitherround,hewnorsawn PICKET(kolac,protac):sharpenedstakes shippedinbundles PITPROP (rudarska drvena grada): short, straight lengths of timber, mostly fir, denudedofthebark PLANK, (planka, trenica, podnica, debela daska): any substantial piece of sawn woodofsubstantialthickness SCAFFOLDING(drvenagradazaskele)lightpolesofvaryinglengths SCANTLING (etvrtaa, greda): a timber of comparatively small cross section ("murali}") SHINGLE(krovnedrveneploice):thinslatsusedforroofing) SHOOK(daica,zabave):acompletesetofstaves(bodyandhead)formaking casksorcasesreadyforassembly SLAT (letva):stripsof woodusedinthemanufactureoflightcasesshippedin bundles SLEEPER (elj. pragovi): usually of Baltic Fir or hardwood (oak jarrah) railwayties STAVE (duga, duica, preka za bave, sanduke) thin pieces of wood (staves) usuallyusedforcases,barreis,etc POLE(stup,kolac,motka,"pilot"):alongroundedpieceofwood,pointedatone endstake BATTENENDS(krajevi)asawnpieceoftimberunder2,500mminlength

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3.Hereisalistofthecommontypesoftimbercarriedbysea.FindtheirCroatequivalentsin thedictionary: ash beech birch box cedar chestnut cork cottonwood deal ebony elm fir greenheart ironwood Lignum vitae Lime mahogany Maple oak pine redwood sycamore teak yew

4.Fillinthemissingwordsfromthelistbelow: (CUBIC,MEASUREMENT, SECURED, LASHINGS,STANDARD, BOARD FEET, STANCHION,PETROGRADSTANDARD) 1.Timbermeasurementsarethemostcomplicatedintheuseforshippingpurposes. 2.TheAmericanunitisthe1000 ,equalto83l/3cubicfeet. 3.Belgium,ItalyandFranceusethe"stere",which isequivalenttoone metre. 4.Thereareseveralvarietiesofthe ,whichhavenorelationstoeachother atall. 5.InthenorthernEuropeancountriesandinGBthe isincommon use. 6. Overall of sufficient strength should be placed throughout the timber deck cargo. 7. arepiecesoftimberfittedverticallytosupportdeckloadsoftimber. 8.Thetimberdeckcargomustbecompactlystowed, lashedand . IIGRAMMAR 1. WordForms.Inserttherightwordfromthebracketsandcheckitsmeaning: (measure,measurementpackage,packaged,packing,packaging) 1. timberisusuallymadeupintopalletslings. 2. General cargo is carried in various types of , such as cases, crates, containers,etc. 3.Three havebeenlostintransit. 4.Timber areamongthemostcomplicatedones. 5.Timberplanksmustbecutto . 6.Thestandardisthemostfrequenttimber . 7.Oninspectionitwasfoundthatboththecargoandits weredamaged. 2. Result.Studythesentencesbelow,showingresultorconsequence:

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1.Whendunnaginguseboardsplaced750to1000mmapartsoastodistributethe weightevenlyoverthebeams. 2.Stanchionsshouldbeofsufficientlengthsoastoextendnotlessthanl200mm abovethefinishedlevelofthecargo. 3.Eachlengthofchainshouldbelongenoughtomeetitsmateinthemiddleline. Jointhepairsofsentencessoastoconveytheideaofresult: 1.Thecargooftimberwaswet.Wehadtoincreasethefreight. 2. The stowage factors are very high. They ensure the proper economy of cargo space. 3.Thepackagesaretooheavy.Theycannotbehandledwiththeship'scranes. 4.Thetimberisfullofsap.Itcannotbecarriedondeck. IIITRANSLATION 1.Teretdrvanapalubimorasesloiti,vezatiiuvrstititakodanedoe(there+be) dopomjeranjateretaunajotrijimvremenskimuvjetima. 2.Nogostupi(walkways)morajubitiirokinajmanje1mi morajusepostaviti (fit) prekoteretadrvanapalubi. 3. Teret drva na palubi mora se rasporediti da se izbjegne preveliko (excesive) optereenjepalubeicijelenosivekonstrukcije(supportingstructure)trupabroda. 4. Lanane brage (pasci) smiju se koristitiza rukovanjedebljihdasaka, tavalona, gredaitrupaca,doksebrageodkonopakoristezatanjedaske(do2"debljine)i letve. 5.Pakovanodrvoprevoziseukontejnerimainapaletama,kaojedininiteret. 6.Koletidrvasupretekidabisekrcalinapalubu. 7. Jedinice za drvo (timber measurement) su sloene, pa se moraju posebno prouavati(study).

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UNITSIX

CARGODAMAGEANDCLAIMS

DAMAGEBYTEMPERATURE Somecommoditiesmaybeaffectedby temperaturefluctuations(whichmaycause condensation,oracceleratedeterioration)orextremesoftemperaturewhichmayshortenthe "shelflife"ofthecommodity,orevenchangeitschemicalcomposition. Some commodities are so susceptible to temperature change or the degree of temperatureatwhichtheymaybecarried,thatcontrolledtemperaturemaybearequirement. Somecommoditiesareliabletospontaneousheating,whichwouldinclude: 1.Coalwithaccompanyingescapeofmarshgasincreasestheriskorexplosion,alsolossof calorificvalue. 2.Rice,oats,maize,oilseedsandothergrainespeciallyifshippedinanunripecondition, giveoffagreatdealofmoisture,causingsweatdamagetothegrainaswellastoother goodsinthevicinity. 3.Fineseedsheatandgerminateifstowedinabadlyventilatedspaceorwheremoisture getsatthem. 4.Oilcakeand tobaccobecomesoft,staleandmouldy. 5.Hay,wool,pepper,cocoaifwetordamp,veryliabletospontaneouscombustion,sweat damageanddeterioration. 6.Nuts,beans peculiarlyliabletoheat,sweatanddeterioration. Commodities which are subject todamage dueto heating should be stowed away fromlocalsourcesofheat,i.e.awayfromengineandboilerroombulkheadsandcasings, andapart fromwetgoodstoavoidincreasingtheevaporationoftheliquidcontentsofthe latter.Ifthecargoisincontainers,stowageonboardandashoreshouldbeprotectedfrom directsunlight. CARGOMIXTURES Claimsofthisclassaremostlyinrespectofbulkgrainandseedcargoes,butheavy claimsmaybepaidforothermixturessuchaschinaclayandsilversand,seedswithjaggery, oil with ore, charcoal with sugar, broken and unbroken coke, pulp with fibres, plastic granules with rice, etc. Such mixtures may also occur in spite of packaging, e.g. plastic granulesinfiltratingbagsofrice. Toavoiddamageandlossofthiskind,carefulregardshouldbegivento: 1. Overstowing: goods should be selected for stowing on or over others with a view to eliminating or minimising the risk of such mixtures, avoiding where possible, such stowageasbaggedseedsoverjaggery,powderygoodsoversugarorseeds,oiloverores, plasticgranulesoverbaggedrice,etc.

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2. Separations: when different lots of bulk grain, etc., or bagged goods are carried, the contentsofwhichareliabletomixasaresultoftornpackagesorofsifting,theyshould be separated in such a manner as to preclude mixture and facilitate the collection of "sweepings"fromthetopcargobeforedisturbingthestowbelow. RUSTDAMAGE Due mainly to moisture, rain, fresh or salt water, and sweat (and the presence of oxygen) rust is a corrosion producing red discolouration and, in certain circumstances, heavypitting. Themoisturecausingtherustmaybeintroducedby:leakage,othercargo,packaging, green timber (dunnage), rain (when ashore, or when the hatches are open), or even the ventilationitself. Processed steel may suffer irreparable damage if rust is permitted to gain a hold. Cannedgoodsspottedwithrust,or worse, maylosemuchoftheirvaluetotheconsumer. Goodsliabletodamagebyrustshouldnotbestowedinthesamecompartmentorcontainer withcargo,packagingordunnagewhichisliabletogiveoffmoisture.Ventilationmaybea requirement,butasmentionedabove, itcouldonoccasionaggravatethesituation. PILFERAGE BROACHINGCARGO Inordertoprotecttheshipfromblameandresponsibilityforpilferageoccurringon shorethegreatestvigilancebytheShip's Officers isnecessary. Incomingcargoshouldbe carefully examined which is best done onthedockor wharf rather than onboard and everyunsoundorsuspiciouspackagerejecteduntilitscontentshavebeenascertained.When discharging,cleanreceiptsforallpackagesdeliveredshouldbedemandedexcept,ofcourse, forthoseactuallyfoundtobeshortofcontents. Toguardagainstpilferageandbroachingonboardship,theShip'sOfficersshould organiseaclosewatchontheholdsandothercargoliabletobebroached.Whenmanyholds containing broachable cargo are being worked, responsible ship's personnel (and where necessaryspecialshorewatchmen)shouldbeemployedinwatchingcargo. RATSANDMICE A ratconsumesapproximatelyitsownweightinfoodperweek,butthemischief, unfortunatelydoesnotendthere. In theinterests ofhealth as wellas the preservation ofcargo from ratdamage the fumigationofholds,peaksandaccommodationgenerallyisattimesessential.Exceptwhen plagueissuspectedmachineryandboilerroomsarenotincluded. It has to be borne in mind however, that whilst "deratisation" by fumigation, or otherwise,maydestroyallratswhenonboarditsefficacyisonlytemporaryandthat,inthe absenceofpropersafeguards,theshipmayquicklybecomeratinfestedagain.

SMALLERVERMIN

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Certain commodities are liable to introduce vermin in the ship, the presence or ravagesofwhichmayprovecostly. Bales of rags, unless thoroughly fumigated, often harbour lice and other insects which,inturnarecarriersofcertaindiseases.Thisclassofcargoshouldnotbereceivedon boardunlessaccompaniedbyareliablesanitarycertificate,whichinmostcasesrequiresto beendorsedbytheconsulofthecountryofdestination. Certain tropical woods more especially the kind used for dunnage are apt to harbour the white ant a most destructive insect capable of causing serious damage to certainkindsofgoods,woodfittings,etc. Timberdunnagefromtemperatureregionsmayharboureggsorlarvae,sothatsome countries (particularly Australasia), have developed strict safeguards and regulations to preventtheimportoftheseinsects. MECHANICALDAMAGE Loweringheavyslingsordraftsofcargotoofastontocargoalreadyinstowagemay be responsible for damage, which often goes undetected until discharge. Similarly, forcefullydraggingcargoout thatis wedgedbyothercargoorevenoverstowed,maybe anothersourceofdamageatthetimeofdischarge. Theuseofcargohooksmaybeindispensableinthehandlingofalargevarietyof breakbulkcommodities,butwithbaggedcargo,finebaledgoods,hides,furs,roilsofpaper andmatting,lightpackages,liquidcontainers,cratesandthelike,packageswhosecontents areexposedorunprotected,theuseofcargohooksmaybeproductiveofmuchmischiefand claimsandshouldbestrictlyprohibited. Crow andpinch barsmay alsobeindispensable tothesound stowageor breaking out of many classes of heavy packages, but their use should never be permitted when stowingbarrels,otherliquidcontainers,orwithanyotherpackageswhicharenotsubstantial enoughtowithstanddamagefromtheiruse. Whilespecialliftingandhandlinggearmaybeusedforcertaintypesofcargo,the improperuseofsuchequipmentmaydamagethecargooritspackaging.Netslingsaremost usefulwithmanykindsofsmallpackagesbutifusedwithbaggedstuff,lightcases,etc.,a greatdealofdamagemayresult.Similarlychainslingsareindispensableforcertaintypesof packagesandusefulformostclassesofirongoodsbuttheuseofsuchwithlightcases,sheet iron,coilsofcopper,piping,sawnlogsofvaluabletimberandothergoodsliabletobuckling, fraying ormarkingbychainmaybeproductiveodddamageorclaims. Canvas ormanmade fibreslings should beusedforslinging bagged flour,coffee andlightcargo,whiletheuseoftraysforcertainclassesofgoodsismuchtobepreferredto slingingbynetorrope.

QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. Howdoestemperatureaffectcertaincargoes,inparticularcoal, riceandoilseeds, tobacco,wool,copra,beans? Howshouldcargoessusceptibletotemperaturechangebestowed? Whatmixturesofcargocausethemajorityofclaims?

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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Howcandamagesandlossesfromcargomixturesbeavoided? Howdoesrustdamagearise? Whatisthebasicrequirementforavoidingandpreventingrustdamage? How is pilferage or broaching of cargo prevented? What precautions should the cargoofficerundertake? Whyareratsagreatdangertothegoodscarriedbysea? What aresomeof themostimportantkindsof vermin andwhatkindof goodsdo theyaffect? Whenshouldtheholdsbefumigated? Whataresomeofthemajor sourcesofmechanicaldamagetocargo? Howdoestheliftinggearandimproperuseofequipmentaffectthecargo?

EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1.Fillinthe missingwordsstatingthekindofdamageclaimed: (MIXED UP, TAINTING, BROKEN, LEAKING, DETERIORATION, HEAT, CHAFING,DAMAGE,PILFERAGE,MECHANICALDAMAGE) 1.Despiteoureffortsthelotsofsteelhavebeenloadedwithoutregardtotheorderof B/L's and the parcels of different shippers have been consequently . 2.Ontakingdeliverywefoundthatl43barrelswere . 3.Whiledischargingthecargotwocasesfelldownonthequayandwere . 4.Thecargoofbutterwasdamagedbecauseitwasexposedto . 5. Dusty goods should not be stowed over goods which are susceptible to bydust. 6. damageiscausedbytoandfromotionarisingfromthevessel's motioninaseaway.7.Cargowhichgivesoff fumesorodoursshouldneverbe stowedwithfinegoodsorfoodstuffsas damagemayresult. 8.Toprotectvaluablecargofrom itshouldbestowedinspecialcargo lockers. 9. Because of the generator failure, all the frozen, chilled, and aircooled cargo sufferedagreatdealof . 10. Goods which are shipped without packaging may be directly affected by . 2.Completethefollowingtextwiththewordsinthebracketssupplyingtherightformsin thecaseofverbs: (CONDITION,CARELESS,CAUSE,ATTENTION,CRUSH,CLAIM,HOOK,DROP, PROTEST,DAMAGE,LIABILITY) DearSirs,

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I wish to draw your to the fact that owing to negligent and handlingbystevadoresduringdischargeheavy hasbeencausedtothegoods. Severalboxeswere duetoimproperslingingandsomeboxes from theslingandwerebroken.Asaresultofusing anumberofbagsofwheat werebadlytorncausingconsiderableloss.UnderthecircumstancesI against damage caused, because my vessel arrived in port with the cargo in good order and .ConsequentlyIrepudiateany inviewoftheabovedamage, whichwas solelybyimproperdischarge. Master. IIGRAMMAR 1.Readthefollowingsentencesexpressingthecauseresultrelationshipandunderline the partofthesentenceindicatingresult: 1. Some commodities are so susceptible to temperature change that controlled temperaturemayberequired. 2.Copragivesoffagreatdealofmoisturethusaffectingothercommoditiesinthe vicinity. 3.Differentlotsofbulkgrainshouldbeseparatedinsuchamannerastopreclude theirmixture. 4. Timber dunnage from temperature regions harbour eggs or larvae so that strict safeguardsandregulationshavebeendevelopedagainstimportoftheseinsects. 2. WordForms.Supplytherightwordfromthebrackets: (liableto,liableforsusceptible,susceptibilitydeteriorate,deterioration) 1.Somecargoessuchasbeansandnutsareliableto . 2.Citrusfruitandotherperishablecargoes easily. 3.Specialattentionshouldbepaidtocoalandoilbecauseoftheir combustion. 4.Coalisacommoditywhichis tospontaneousheating. 5.Lightweightcargoesareparticularly todamagebycrushing. 6. todeteriorationmeansthesameastodeterioration. 7.Whowas thedamagecausedtothecargo?

to

3.TurnthesentencescontainingtypicalVerb+(object)NouninthisUnit(underlined)into passive: 1.We canavoid damagebyabettersecuringofthecargo. 2.Wetdunnagemay causedamagetothecargointhevicinity. 3.Cratedfruitcanwithstanddamagefromoverstowing. 4.Theshipwilldeliverthepackageinasoundcondition. 5.Theuseofcrowbarscan damage both thecargoanditspackaging.

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6. We dragged the cargo stowed in the remote places of the hold by means of a tackle. 7.Theconsignees claimdamages inthesumof23,200poundssterling. 8. We have made a claim against thestevedoring company for the damage to the container. SupplythemissingReposition DearSirs, Re.:800bagsofureaunderB/LNo.6 190casesoflightmachinery Iwish drawyourattention thefactthatowing the negligentandcarelesshandling stevedores,duringdischarge the abovecargo,heavydamagehasbeencaused thegoods. Severalcases werecrushedowing improperslingingandsome boxesdropped thesling andwerebroken.Asaresult theuse hooksanumber bags ureawerebadlytornandconsiderableleakageand lossensued. thecircumstancesIprotest thedamagescaused,asmyship hasbroughtthecargo goodorderandcondition.Consequently,Irepudiate anyclaims connection thesaiddamage,whichwascausedsolely inefficientdischarge. thesametimeImustholdtheStevedoresresponsible theabovedamageand alltheconsequencesthatmayarisethere .Please advise the Stevedores, the Port Authority, the Consignees and all the concerned accordingly. Yoursfaithfully XY,Masterofthem/sZZ IIITRANSLATION 1.Dabisesauvali odkrae,vrijednijiteretiprevozeseulokerima. 2. Da bi se sprijeilo oteenje od topline treba teret slagati podalje od pregrada kotlovnice,strojarnicekaoiodvlanerobe. 3. Veoma est uzrok oteenja mirisom su uplji (leaky) tankovi goriva u dvodnu ili ispodpajola(tanktop). 4. Neoprezno (careless) rukovanje vitlom prilikom sputanja tereta u skladite ili na obalumoedovesti(cause)domehanikogoteenjakoleta. 5. To isto vrijedi (hold) za njihanje (swinging) tereta u skiaditu, bacanje (dropping) koletasvrharedailisa"brage". 6.Skrivenamana(inherentvice)estjeuzroktetenateretu. 7.Teretkojiselakokvaritrebauvati(guardagainst)odizloenosti(exposure)toplini. 8.Bananesusepokvariledotemjere(totheextent)dasevienemoguupotrebijavati. 9.Teretvaljasloititakodasenemoelakootetititrenjem(chafing)

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10.Teretjebiopreosjetljiv(liable)namiris(tainting)pajezapovjednikupisaoopaskuna teretnicu(endorsetheB/L). 11.Polaletvarica(crate)srajicamastiglojeupokvarenom(deteriorated)stanju. 12.Dvijetreinetetenastalojeuslijed(bedueto)nepravilnogslaganja,ajednauslijed skrivenemane.

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UNITSEVEN

SHIPPINGPROCEDURE
Theshipping procedure starts when cargo liner, operating on schedule voyages, at her terminal port, and the owners or agents haveestimated thedatewhensaewillbereadytostart loadingfor thenextvoyage. ApplicationismadetothePortAuthorityfora berthgivingthe date she will proceed alongside and later, when it is known, the actual time, particulars of draught, information regarding the tonnageandtypeofcargoshewillwork,andthemaximumdraught anticipatedwhenloadinghasbeencompleted. The length of the ship is also required for placing her in relationtothecargotobe loaded,also forfueland watersupplies. Furthermore, it helpsthe Port Authority to make maximum use of berthingaccommodation. Directlytheberthhasbeenmadeknowntotheowners,agents or brokers, this information is then sent to the shippers concerned together with loading dates, and ports of destination. Ideally, the cargoshouldarriveattheberthfiveorsixdaysbeforetheshipdocks or is ready to load. This period is generally known as "receiving days". The procedure and documentation covering the despatch, receivingstoringandshippingis,inprinciple,thesameinmostparts oftheworldalthough,ofcourse,itcandifferindetail. Clearing and forwarding agents very often act on behalf of exporters. An invoice must be made out for each package and forwarded to the consignee at the receiving end. This shows the mark of the package, the number and description of each article together with the price, chargesand the name of the carrier. Apart fromitscommercialvalue,thisdocument isnecessaryintheevent oflossordamageintransittoenableanassessmentoftheclaimto be made. The exporter or his representative applies for shipping

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space direct to theshipowner,hisagent or broker. Ship brokers or agentsgenerallyworkonacommissionbasis.

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Attheappointedtime,thegoodsaretransportedtothedocks accompaniedbyashippingnotemadeoutinduplicate,whichisthe wharfinger's authority to receive the goods and store them before shipment.Thisnotegivesdetailsofmarks,references,numberand description of packages, weight, measurement and port of destination.Alongwith thisnotecopiesof theShippingOrderand Mate'sReceiptarecompleted. The note is signed by the wharfinger and returned to the shipper, or hisrepresentative, who then lodges billsof ladingwith theshipowneroragent. Each package making up a shipping consignment must be distinguished by mark which is known as the leading mark and is necessary for identification of the goods. All relevant documents mustalsobearthismark. Each package is then recorded on a tally sheet against the respective leading markand generally, at thesame time, measured for computation of tonnage for the purpose of charging freight. Freightisgenerallyassessedontheweightormeasureofcargowith variations,whichever isthe greater. Freight is sometimes charged on the value of the goods instead of weight. This is known as Ad Valorem freight. After each package has been tallied, measured and made up into slingson thewharfapron, it is then loadedaboard shipunder thesupervisionofthechiefofficerorcargoofficer.Cargohastobe stowed with due regard to the sequence of discharge in order to avoid demurrage and additional labour costs, which would be incurredifthegoodsdestinedforoneportwereoverstowedbythose forthenextportofcall. Further, cargo should be distributed throughout the ship to facilitatespeedofdischarge.Anadditionalpointforconsiderationis thequantityandtypeofcargoindifferentholds. Whentheshiphascompleted loadingspecification of all cargo on boardisprepared,andthisisknownastheship'smanifest.Copiesof manifestsareprovidedbythecustomorconsularauthoritiesofthe

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countryofexportandimport.Separatemanifestsmustbemadeout foreachportofdestination.

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The cargo plan shows in diagrammatic form the longitudinal section of the ship and each hold with its respective decks, with main consignments marked off by coloured blocks related to each portofdischarge. Whenloadingoperationsarecompletedtheagent,ormasterof the vessel,appliesfor aclearanceof the ship at the local Customs house.ThisclearanceisnotgivenuntiltheCollectorofCustomsis satisfiedthatdocumentaryevidencehasbeenproducedtotestifythat thecargoisinorder,thenecessarypermitshavebeenprocured,and Customsformalitiescompliedwith.Theofficerissuingtheclearance mustalsosatisfyhimselfthatharbourandlightdueshavebeenpaid, andthatemigrationandporthealthregulationshavebeencarriedout. On arrival at each port of call the respective cargo is dischargedandreceivedandstoredbytheappointedauthoritywho, in turn, delivers it to the consignee on a bill when the freight has been paid. A bill of lading, being negotiable, is sometimes transferredtotheconsigneethroughabankwhowillonlyreleaseit afterthefreightandcostofthegoodsaresettled.
QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Whatmustbeknownbeforetheshippingofgoodsbyseastarts? Whatinformationisgivenintheapplicationtotheportauthority? Whatarethe"receivingdays"? Whooftenworksonbehalfofexporters? Whatarethefunctionsoftheinvoice? Whatarethebasicdutiesoftheshipper? WhatisthefunctionoftheShippingNote,andwhataretheothertwodocuments issuedalongwithit? WhenistheBillofLadinglodged? Whatisthe"leadingmark"? Whatarethethreebasesforassessingfreight? Whatarethebasicconditionsforstowingcargoonboard? WhenistheShip'sManifestprepared? Whatisacargoplan? Whereandwhenistheclearanceappliedfor? WhatconditionsmustbefulfilledbeforetheCustomsClearanceisissuedtotheship? Whenisthecargodeliveredtotheconsignee?

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EXERCISES

ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1. Here is a list of some of the major participants in the shipping procedure: Ship owner, Shipper, Consignee, Port Authority, Stevedores, CustomHouse,Clearing/ForwardingAgents Whichofthesearedefinedbelow: Nameof participant Companyengagedinloading/dischargeandstowage ofcargoonboardship. 1. Companythatoperates,managesorownsvessels andundertakesthecarriageofgoodsbysea. 2. a shipping agent or merchant that provides the goodsandbooksshippingspacewiththeowner. 3. afirmorpersonsauthorizedtoreceivethecargo andtowhomitisconsigned. 4. agovernmentaloradministrativebodygoverning thesafetyandarrangementofportoperations. 5. persons or company engaged in taking care of cargo or personal effects from one place to another by sea, land or air also dealing with customsformalitiesonbehalfoftheship. 6. the place where imports are entered, clearance papers are obtained, and other official ship's businessistransacted.

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2. State which of the definitions below describe the following shipping terms: berthingaccommodation,receivingdays, despatch,shipping,freight, ship'smanifest,package,cargoplan,customclearance,mate'sreceipt, shippingnote,shippingspace,leadingmark: Term 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Definition period for receiving cargo before the ship leavesport allocationofaberthoranchorageforaship thathassentherETAinaport entry of the ship in a port and settling the formalities tosendbyshiptermindicatingthatloading anddischarginghasbeencarriedout money or remuneration for the carriage of goodsbysea individual items of cargo sent as one consignment or parts of it, usually a case, drum,bale,bundle,etc. markwhichdistinguishesoneconsignment fromanother,bornbyallthepackagesofthe sameconsignment thebusinessofdespatchingandtransporting the goods by sea branch of economy dealingwiththesame anote,issuedbytheshipperoragent,tothe port giving full details of the cargo to be loadedonanamedship aplanshowingthedistributionandposition ofthecargointheship'sholdsorondeck a document signed by the deck officer to say that the cargo has been received on boardingoodorderandcondition cargospaceintheship'sholdsorondeck a document required for the ship to be clearedinwardsoroutwardsitshowsaclear picture ofthecargoesloadedforeveryport

7.

8.

9.

10. 11.

12. 13.

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46

IIGRAMMAR 1. Collocations(wordswhichtypicallycooccurinthetexttoforma combinationofwords,e.g.: issueabilloflading,deliverthecargo ,etc. Findtheverbsinthetextwhichtakethefollowingnounsasobject:

~anapplication ~thecargo ~theloading ~aninvoice ~shippingspace ~ashippingnote ~abilloflading ~freight ~packages ~permits ~freight (uputitimolbu/zahtjev), (raditi/krcatiiskrcavatiteret), (zavritiukrcaj), (izdatiraun), (zatraitibrodskiprostor), (izdati/poslatiprijavuukrcaja), (predatiteretnicu), (obraunativozarinu), (brojatikolete) (ishoditidozvole), (platitivozarinu)

2. Make questions of YES or NO type (i.e. to which the answer can eitherbeYESorNO)tothefollowingsentences: 1.Shipbrokersgenerallyworkonacommissionbasis. 2.Alltherelevantdocumentsmustbeartheleadingmark. 3.Freightisusuallyassessedontheweightormeasureofcargo. 4. The master or agent applied for a clearance after the loading operationshadbeencompleted.

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3.MakequestionsoftheQUESTIONWORDtype(What.?,Who.?, Where .?, How .?, Why ? When ?, etc.) to the following sentences.Usequestionwordsinbrackets.Forexample: e.g. After the packages had been tallied and made up into slings on the wharf apron, they were loaded aboard under the supervision of the ChiefOfficer( When?What?Where?Underwhosesupervision...?): Whenwerethepackagestallied? Whatwastalliedandmadeupintoslings? Whereweretheytallied? Underwhosesupervisionwerethepackagesloadedaboard?

1. When loading operations are completed the agent applies for a clearanceoftheshipatthelocalCustomshouse.(When...?What...? Who...?What...for?Where...?) 2. Cargo should be distributed throughout the ship to facilitate speed of discharge.( What...?Where...?Why...?) 3. ClearingandForwardingagents veryoftenactonbehalfofexporters. (Who...?Whatkindof...?Howoften...?Onwhosebehalf...?)

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IIITRANSLATION 1.(SeeCollocationsII1.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Jesteliuputilizahtjevzadodjeluveza? Nakojemseskladitukrca(work)teretbaviulja? Kadajebiozavrenukrcajkontejnera? Komeeteizdatiraunzauslugebojenja? Jelikrcateljverezerviraobrodskiprostor? Zatojonistedostavili(issue)prijavuukrcaja? Kolikoevamtrebatidapredateteretnicu? Gdjesetraidozvolazauplovljenjebroda? Tkoeplatitivozarinu? Kakvudozvolustemoraliishoditiodcarinskihvlasti? Gdjeemosevezati? Jelinamdodijeljenvez?Kojinamjevezdodijeljen?

2. Translatethefollowing: Zapovjednik: Jestelidobilinauzadnjuporuku.RadijomsamjaviosvojETAestsati prijenegotosmodolinaprilaz(roads) luci,kaotosetraiuarteru. Agent: Dobili smo va teleks ali je bilo prekasno, jer je na vezu ve biodrugi brod.Ontreba(bescheduledto) uskoroisploviti(leave). Zapovjednik: Zarnijebilodrugogveza(beavailable)uluciutodoba? Agent: Ne,nije.Zbogtogasmovasuputili(advise)daspustitesidronaprilazu.

IVGUIDEDWRITING WriteashortaccountofthereadingtextofUnit7usingthefollowingnotes: vesselreadytoload,dateknown applicationforaberth,actualtimeofarrival particularsofship,voyageandcargo shipperstransportthegoods tothewharf shippingnoteissuedtothewharfinger(i.e.portauthority) loadingofcargoonboard,tally,BillofLading ship'smanifestprepared applicationforaclearanceoftheship

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 clearanceissued deliveryofcargoattheportofdestination,freightpaid

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UNITEIGHT

CARGOPROCEDURES RECEIVING

Goods or packages which are received in unsound condition clearly cannot be deliveredinasoundcondition.Itisessential,therefore,thatacarefulwatchbemaintained atalltimeswhenloadingforanypackageswhichmayhavebeentamperedwithorwhich areimproperlyorinadequatelyprotected,broken,leaky,damaged,repaired,spilled,tornor stained. Packagesthataretorn,badlybroken,leakingortamperedwithshouldberejected.If, after satisfactory reconditioning, it is decided to accept the shipment, the Mates receipt mustbesuitablyendorsedacleanreceiptshouldnotbegivenunlesstheconditionofthe packageisinallrespectsidenticalwithitsfellowwithwhichexceptionhasnotbeentaken. Careshouldbetakentoseethatanypackagesforwhichreceiptshavebeenissued and which, for some sound reason may have been sent on shore for reconditioning, are deliveredbacktotheship. Mate'sreceipts WhentheChief Officer signs the receipt for goodsheispersonallyliable for any deficiency in the number proved to exist on discharge of the goods, i.e. between shipment and outturn. It is the duty of the First Mate to receive and discharge cargoes.Itisuponhisresponsibility,andtheact whichheperformsinsigningthe receipt that the Master signs the Bill of Lading, thereby rendering his owners responsibletotheconsignees.Thisisundoubtedlyadutyoftheutmostimportance. Theyshouldbecarefullydrawnup,marksandnumberscopiedfromthetallybooks, not from boat or charters notes, all quantities shown in words and not in figures and particularsofrejectedpackagesshownthereon. Mate's Receipts should be issued on ship's forms and numbered. Receipt books shouldbeintriplicateforms,onecopyforboatman,onefortheagents,andoneleftinthe book. If receiving from lighters or boats, receipts should not be issued until after sameincludingpeakshavebeensearched.Disputesshouldbeinvestigatedimmediately whilearecountmaystillbepossible.Whenthisisnotdone,andanothermeansofarriving atasatisfactorysolutionisnotavailable,thenumberindisputeshouldclearlybestatedin wordsonthereceipt thenumberon'whichthereisagreementbeingseparatelyshownthus: "Receivedonboard17packages:threemoreindispute" andnotassometimesdonethus: "Received2Opackages,threeindispute". Simpleclearexpressionshouldalwaysbepreferredtocomplicatedelaboratephrases. The legendary story of a breakdown in communications resulted in the classic endorsement:"Receivedforondeckcarriage,sixelephants,oneindispute.Ifonboardtobe delivered"!

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WhenthecharterpartycallsforMate'sreceiptstobegrantedforcargoalongsideand not actually on board, they should be endorsed "at shipper's risk until actually shipped". Whenindoubtastoweight,quantity andcondition,Mate's receiptsaswellasthebillsof ladingshouldbecaused"weight,quality,quantityandconditionunknown". BillsofLading Abilloflading,whichisanegotiabledocument,andinmostcasesquicklypasses outofthehandsofshipper,isprimafacieevidenceofshipmentagainsttheshipbothasto condition as well as quantity. It follows, therefore, that a letter of indemnity against any clausesinthebillofladingaffordsnoprotectionwhatevertotheshipagainstclaimsbythe consignees, inas muchas letters of guarantee or indemnity have no legal force against a thirdparty. ThereshouldbenohesitationinendorsingMate's receiptsandbillsof ladingwith such clauses as are left to be necessary and justified by the facts of the case, in order to protecttheshipfromclaimsforshortageofdamageto,or deteriorationof,thecargo. Bills of lading may, under certain circumstances, be issued prior to the cargo arriving on board the vessel. This is particularly so in the case of ISO freight containerswheretheshuttingandsealingofthecontainerdoorsafterthecargoisstuffed maybesufficienttoallowabillofladingtobeissued.Thusitisimportantthatallstuffed containersloadedonboardhavesealsandlocksinpositionandintact.

QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1O. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Whyshouldacarefulwatchbekeptwhenloading? Whatarethemostfrequentdamagestopackages? Whenshouldacleanreceiptnotbegiven? Whatshouldbedonewiththepackagesgivenashoreforreconditioning? WhatisaMate'sReceipt? WhatisthebasicdutyoftheFirstMateinrespectofreceivingcargo? HowandonwhatbasisareM/R'ssigned? Whenshoulddisputesbeinvestigated? Howshouldthenumberindisputebestated? Whatisthe"legendarystoryabout? WhenareM/R'sendorsed"atshipper'sriskuntilactuallyshipped"? WhatisthepurposeoftheBillofLading? Whyistheletterofindemnitynotrecommended? WhatisthepurposeofendorsingM/R'sandB/L's? InwhichcaseistheB/Lissuedbeforethegoodsareactuallyshippedonboard?Give anexample.

EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY

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1.Saywhichofthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse: 1. Torn packages or badly broken ones are normally received on board with no endorsement. 2.Packagesthathavebeenreconditionedrequirenoexaminationagain. 3.TheChiefOfficerisresponsibleforanydeficiencyinthenumberonthedischarge ofthegoods.4.Mate'sreceiptsaremadeonthebasisoftallysheets. 5.TheB/LisissuedonthebasisofMate'sreceipts. 6.Receipts arenormallyissuedontheboatorchartersnotes. 7.Disputesonreceiptofcargocanbeinvestigatedatalaterstage,i.e.ondelivery. 8.Numberofpackagesaregiveninwordsandarepreferredtonumbers. 9. AB/L isan evidence thatthecargo has been received for shipment oractually loadedonboard. 10.EndorsingaB/LorM/Rcanbemadeateaseatalaterstageofshipment. 2. Supplythewords:(alongside,evidence,exchange,rail.tally,receipt) The ship's responsibility regarding cargo commences when it is delivered thevesselreadyforloading,orwhenitcrossestheship's ,dependingon thecustomoftheportandthetermsofthecontractofcarriage. Amate'sreceiptistheprimary ofacceptanceofcargo,particularsof whichareenteredonit.Itisthe givenbythematewhenthecargois shipped. Theconditionand arecarefullynotedandanyclausesintendedfor insertionintheB/Lmustbeenteredonthemate'sreceipt.Themate'sreceiptisgiven uptothemasterin forthebilloflading. 3. Complete thesentencesbelow: 1.Thebillofladingissignedbythemasteronlyafter... 2.Ifrepairedpackagesareacceptedagainforshipment,theyshouldbe... 3.ThedutyoftheFirstMateis... 4.Copiesofthemate'sreceiptaregivento... 5.Amate'sreceiptisendorsedatshipper'sriskuntilactuallyshippedinthecase when... 6.Allthecontainersonboardmustbecheckedas to... 4.Writedownalltheadjectives inthetextthatrefertoadamagedconditionofthegoods.

IIGRAMMAR 1.Supplythesuitableformoftheverbs inbrackets:

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Packages received in unsound condition cannot (deliver) in sound condition. Thereforecareful watch should (maintain), whenloading, for anypackageswhich mayhavebeentamperedwith,or(break).Cargoesinsuchconditionshould(reject). Ifitisdecidedto(accept)suchpackagesfortransport,thereceiptshould(endorse) suitably. A clean receipt should (not give) if the condition of the goods is not as specified. 2.WordForms.Supplyasuitablewordformfromthebrackets:(receive,receiver,receiving, receiptendorse,endorsement) 1.Thecargoofficerissuesthe forthegoods onboard. 2.Abillofladingmustbesuitably withremarksastothequantityand conditionofthegoods. 3.The ofthemate's mustbemadeimmediatelyonshoreorfnthe ship'shold. 4.On thecargoa isgiventotheshipper. 5.Thegoodsmustbedeliveredtothe orholderoftheB/L. 3.Rearrangethefollowingsentencesbyintroducingthemwith"Seethat...", or"Youshould seethat...":e.g.: TheChiefOfficermustseethatthepackageswhichhave,beensentforreconditioning aredeliveredbacktotheship. 1.Alltornorbrokenpackagesshouldberejected. 2.Noleakydrumsmustbeallowedtocrossthe ship'srail. 3.Thereceiptsforcargoshouldbewrittenonship'sforms. 4.Theconditionofthegoodsmustbesuitablyendorsedinthemate'sreceipt. 5.Billsofladinghavetobecorrectlydated. 4. Collocations.Theverb+objectnouncollocationscanbetransformedintoanoun+of+ nouncollocation,e.g.: to receivethegoodsreceiptof thegoods.Transform the followingcollocationsfromthereadingtext followingtheexampleabove (seethatthe rightformofthenounisused): maintainthewatch deliverthepackage rejectthepackage accepttheshipment endorse the Mate's Receipt issuethereceipt signthereceipt investigatethedispute acceptthereceipt signthebilloflading

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IIITRANSLATION 1.Pobrinisedasesavteretukrcado6sati. 2.Morasepobrinutidaseupiestanjekoleta. 3.Moratemosepobrinutidaseteretpredauistomstanjukaotojeiprimljen. 4.Kadaprimateteret,morateprovjeriti(ascertain)njegovekarakteristikeikojesumjere potrebneuvezisnjegovimprijevozom. Naroito valja obratiti panju (note) na stanje tereta koji se prima na brod. U suprotnom(otherwise)smatratese(hold)dajebrododgovoranzagubitakilitetu prouzroenuprijenego(priorto)tojeteretstigao. Kada se teretpreuzimanabrod,potvrda ukrcaja (asnika potvrda) izdajese samo kadaserobavenalazinabrodu.Usluajuspora(dispute)uvezispredajomtereta brodu,tadaseuasnikupotvrduupisuje(endorse).npr primljeno na brod 63 koleta, 6 drugih koleta sporno. Ako su na brodu, valja ih predatiprimaocu.

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UNITNINE

CARGOPROCEDURES DELIVERING

Shouldtherebereasonablegroundsforanticipatingseriousdamagetocargobefore opening the hatches, protest should be noted. This protest should be noted as soon as possibleandnotlaterthan24hoursafterarrivaltheextensioncanbeprocessedwithmore leisure should it be necessary. The protest can be extended and should be made without waiting to sight the damaged cargo, continuing the extension of protest as the survey of cargoproceeds. Whiledischargingisinprogress,itisalwaysawiseprecautiontohaveasurveyorin attendancetoactonbehalfoftheship.Everyreasonablefacilityshouldbeextendedtothe surveyorsattendingonbehalfofconsignees,butthisdoesnotmeanthatconsigneesortheir representativeshavetherightoffullaccesstotheshipnortoexaminationofavessel'slog book. Where a surveyor is not in regular attendance, a survey should be called at once shoulddamagedcargobefound,especiallyinthecaseofdamagebymoistureorwater,or leakagefromcasks,etc.Dunnageandmattingshouldnotbedisturbeduntiltheyhavebeen sightedandpositionedbythesurveyors. Whendamagedcargoissightedinthestow,itisasoundpracticetomakeasketch ortakephotographicevidenceofthepositionofthecargoinrelationtoothercargo andtheirpositioninthecompartment.Thiscanbeusedasevidenceinrepudiating theresponsibilityoftheshipforimproperstowage. Allpackageswhicharefoundbrokenduringdischargeshouldbelaidasideonboard, orifdischargingontothedock,andthedamagedcargolockedup(alockupshouldalways beprovidedandcarefullyrecoopered,etc.) Careshouldbeobservedto restore intoposition anypartsof cases bearing marks andnumbersthatmaygetdisplaced.Wherethisisnotpossibleeveryeffortshouldbemade toascertainthecorrectmarksandnumberswhichshouldbeclearlypaintedonthepackages toavoidtheconfusionwhichmightariseintheabsenceofmeansofidentification. All torn, slack or empty bags or packages should be carefully collected whilst dischargingisinprogress,delivered(againsttally)alongwiththecargo,otherwiseclaimfor shortdeliveryislikelytofollow.Itshouldalwaysbeborneinmindthatbillsofladingcall foranumberofbags,anditisthenumberofbagsalonethatcountsofarastheconsigneeis concerned. Packageswhichappeartohavebeendamagedorbroached,forwhichacleanreceipt isnotforthcoming,shouldnotbepermittedtogobeyondthecustodyofShips'Officersuntil after their contents have been accurately ascertained (in conjunction with consignee or customsrepresentative)eitherbycounting,weighingortakingtheullage. On the other hand, a package which is intact and otherwise in sound external condition,shouldnotbesodealtwithandacleanreceiptforsameshouldbeinsistedupon. Cargoshouldneverbedeliveredexceptonproductionoftheoriginalbilloflading properlystampedandendorsed,andshouldbeexchangedfortheMaster'sownsignedcopy.

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When the cargo is consigned to order, the bill of lading should bear the shipper's endorsement,andalsothatofthemerchanttowhomithasbeentransferred. Cargoshouldneverbedeliveredagainstinvoices,lettersorpromisestoproducethe billofladinglaterslacknessinthisdirectionmaybeverycostlyindeedtotheshipowners.

QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What should be done if serious damage to cargo is suspected before opening the hatchesintheportofdischarge? Whencantheprotestbeextended? Whomustattendtotheprocessofdischarging,andonwhosebehalf? Whatshouldbeundertakenifasurveyorisnot inregularattendance? Whyisthephotographicevidenceimportant? Whatisdonewiththebrokenpackagesfoundduringdischarge? Whyshouldnumbersandmarksbecarefullymaintained? Whatisdonewithpackagesorbagsthataretorn,slackorempty? When can damaged or broached packages be delivered to the receiver, i.e. what shouldbedonebeforethat? Whatmusttheconsigneeproduceinordertotakedeliveryofthecargo?

ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1.Saywhichofthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse: 1.Aprotestisnotedwithin24hoursofarrival. 2.Aprotestshouldbeextendedimmediatelyaftersurvey. 3.Thesurveyorhasarightofaccesstothelogbook. 4.Dunnageshouldnotbedisturbedbeforethesurveyorsightsit. 5. A photograph cannot be used as evidence in repudiating responsibility for improperstowage. 6.Displacedmarksandnumbersneednotberestoredintotheirpreviousposition. 7.Thebillsofladingcallforanumberofbagsshipped. 8. Packages bearing a claused receipt can be delivered to the consignee without countingorweighing. 2.Fill in the appropriate word orphrase from thebrackets (FREIGHT, CONSIGNEE, DELIVER,DELIVERYORDER,BILLOFLADING,DELIVERY) Inthelinertradeitisusualforthe topresenthisB/LtotheCarrierand receiveinexchangea .Thisistheconsignee'sauthoritytotake of thegoodsfromtheshiporwharforwarehouse.

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Ifa ispresentedtotheMaster,heshouldseethatitisproperly endorsedandthat andotherchargeshavebeenpaidorsecured.Hecan then thegoodsinexchangeforaproperreceipt. IIGRAMMAR 1.Completethesentencesbelowsupplyingthearticle(definiteorindefinite)oromitting itasrequired: Itisusually customtonote protestupon arrivalat dischargingport.Ifthereare groundsforanticipating seriousdamage to cargo, protestshouldbeextendedatonce.Allbrokenpackages shouldbeattendedtobyrepairing,and marksand numberson sameshouldbepreserved. 2. Condition. Conditional sentences are normally introduced by IF. The following are alsoexamplesofclausesexpressingcondition: Should there be reasonable grounds for anticipating serious damage to the cargo, protestshouldbenoted. Theprotestcanbeextendedwithmoreleisure,shoulditbenecessary. UnlessotherwiseagreedtheunloadingofthecargocanbearrangedbytheCarrier's Agent. Thesentencescanbetransformedasfollows:Iftherearereasonablegrounds...""... ifitisnecessary.""ifitisNOTagreedotherwise,..." Transformthefollowingsentencesaccordingly: 1. Unless notice of damage is given in writing to the carrier, the goods will be deliveredinasoundcondition. 2.Shouldslingsbeusedwithbagsandlightcases,agreatdamagemayresult. 3.Shouldtherebeanydoubtastotheriskofcollision,thecollisionshallbedeemedto exist. 4.Unlesstheseconditionsarefulfilled,thevesselcannotentertheport. 5.ShouldtheshipbedelayedbycausesbeyondthecontroloftheMerchant,24hours shallbedeductedfromthetimeondemurrage. 6.Unlessoneis familiarwiththelocalconditions,theapproach shouldbemadein daylight. 3.Fillinthemissingprepositions: Re:Damage..........shipandcargoduringdischarge DearSirs,

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Iregret informyouthatowing incompetenthandling thewinch,yourwinchmanwhiledischargingthecargo cement Hold No.2 11.00hourstoday,crushedpart mydecksuperstructureand damagedtheforwardportrail way HoldNo.2 alength aboutfourmetres. thesametimemanybags cementweretorn,the contentsthere beingspilled thehold. view theabove.Ihave holdyourfirmresponsible thedamagecausedand askyou urgentrepairs the saiddamages. Yoursfaithfully, XY,MasterofMV"STAR"

IIITRANSLATION Ako primalac zatrai (claim) isporuku robe, a ne moe predoiti (produce) teretnicu,zapovjednikmumoe isporuiti robu uzgaranciju (letterof indemnity) neke banke.Kadaseteretiskrcavatrebaobaveznozatraitiprisutnost(attendance)nadzornika (kontrolnekue).Nadzornicimogudjelovati(act)uimebrodaiuimeprimaocarobe. Kontrolutrebazatraiti(call)naroitousluajutete(incaseof)uslijedcurenja, vlage,tekadasuvreepoderane,prazneilipoluprazne. UNITTEN

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Unit10 FUNCTIONOFTHEBILLOFLADING

From our study of the bill of lading, it will be appropriate to record the four functions of thisdocument. Broadly it isa receipt forthe goods shipped,atransferable documentoftitletothegoodstherebyenablingtheholdertodemandthecargo,evidence of the terms of the contract of affreightment but not the actual contract, and a quasi negotiableinstrument. Oncetheshipperorhisagentbecomesawareofthesailingcardsorsomeformof advertisement,hecommunicateswiththeshipownerwithaviewtobookingcargospace onthevesselorcontainer.Providedsatisfactoryarrangementshavebeenconcluded,the shipper forwardsthecargo.Atthisstage,itisimportanttonotethattheshipperalways makes the offer by forwarding the consignment, whilst theshipowner either accepts of refusesit.Furthermore,itistheshipper'sduty,orthatofhisagent,tosupplydetailsofthe consignmentnormallythisisdonebycompletingtheshippingcompany'sformofbillof lading,andtheshippingcompanythensignsthenumberofcopiesrequested. Thegoodsaresignedforbythevessel'schiefofficerorexportwharfinger,andin some trades this receipt is exchanged for the bill of lading. If the cargo is in good conditionandeverythingisinorder,noendorsementwillbemadeonthedocument,and itcanbetermedacleanbilloflading.Conversely,ifthegoodsaredamagedoraportion oftheconsignmentismissing,thedocumentwillbesuitablyendorsedbytheMasteror hisagent,andthebillofladingwillbeconsideredclausedodunclean. Billsofladingaremadeoutinsets,andthenumbervariesaccordingtothetrade. Generallyitisthreeoffouroneofwhichwillprobablybeforwardedimmediatley,and anotherbyalatermailincasethefirstislostordelayed.Insometrades,colouredbills of lading are used, to distinguish the original (signed) bills from the copies which are purelyforrecordpurposes. Wheretheshipperhadsoldthegoodsunderaletterofcreditestablishedthrougha bank, orwhenhe wishes toobtainpaymentofhis invoicebefore theconsigneeobtains the goods, hewill pass the full set of originalbills to hisbank, who willindue course arrangepresentationtotheconsigneeagainstpayment.

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Theshipownerorhisagentattheportofdestinationwillrequireoneoriginalbill ofladingtobepresentedtohimbeforethegoodsarehandedover.Furthermore,hewill normally requirepaymentofany freightdue,shouldthisnothavebeenpaidattheport of shipment. When one of a set of bills of lading has been presented to the shipping company,theotherbillsinthesetlosetheirvalue. In the event of the bill of lading being lost or delayed in transit, the shipping companywillallowdeliveryofthegoodstothepersonclaimingtobetheconsignee,if hegivesaletterofindemnitythisisnormallycountersignedbyabank,anrelievesthe shippingcompanyofanyliabilityshouldanotherpersoneventuallycomealongwiththe actualbilloflading. AlongwiththeBillofLadingtheDockWarrantandDeliveryOrderaresomeof the most important documents of title to the goods. The Dock Warrant is a document acknowledging that the goods have been deposited with a dock or port company, a wharfinger, or a warehouse. The Delivery Order is a document issued by the shipping companytotheportofdischarge.Byhandlingthisdocumentovertotheshipofficerthe consigneecanobtainthecargo.

QUESTIONS 1. Whatarethefourprincipalfunctionsofthebilloflading? 2. ExplaintheprocedureofissuingB/L:theroleoftheShipper,Owner. 3. Whoissues,fillsin,andrespectively,signstheB/L 4. WhatistheB/Lexchangedforinsometrades? 5. WhenwillaB/Lbearanendorsement? 6. Towhomarecopies(howmany)oftheB/Lgivenorsent? 7. Whendoesnotshipperpassafullsetofbillsofladingtohisbank? 8. Whatdoes the Master or theshipowner'sagent require attheportofdestination beforehandingthegoodsover?

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9. WhatprocedureisnormallyfollowediftheB/Lhasbeenlostordelayed? 10. Whymustthebankcountersigntheletterofindemnity?

EXERCISES

ICOMPREHENSION

1. State(orinsert)anappropriateheadlineforeachofthefollowingpassages(seea copy ofB/L above):Demurrage, Delay, LoadingDischargingDelivery,Freight, GeneralAverage,BothtoBlameClause: 1. Ifthevesselcomesintocollisionwithanothervesselasaresultofthe Negligenceoftheothervessel,ordefaultoftheMasterortheServantsof the Carrier,theMerchantwillindemnifytheCarrieragainstalllossorliability to Theotherornoncarryingvessel. 2. ton of the vessels GRT if the vessel is not loaded or discharged with the despatchset outinClause8anddelayinwaitingforberthorofftheporttocount. 3. The Carrier shall be responsible for any loss sustained by the Merchant The Carrier shall be paid __________ at the daily rate of ________ per

through ___________ofthegoodsunlesscausedbytheCarrierspersonalgross negligence. 4. The merchant or his Assign shall tender the goods when the vessel is

readyto

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loadandasfastasthevesselcanreceive. 5. as tullyearneduponloadingandnonreturnableinanyevent. 6. tobe settledaccordingtoYorkAntwerpRules1950. _____________tobeadjustedatanyportorplaceatCarriersoptionand Prepayable__________whetheractuallypaidornot,shallbeconsidered

2. Supplythemissingword(orverbform)fromthebrackets: (GIVE,PAYS) F.A.S.: UnderFreealongsideship,theseller__________allthecostsfor

gettingthegoodstotheplacebeforeloadingthemonboardthevessel. Thecustomoftheportmay___________f.a.s.aspecialmeaning. (PRODUCE,IMPLIES,SEE,BEARS,GET,PLACED,CEASE,PAYS) F.O.B.:ThisquotationFreeonBoard _____________thatthedutyofthe selleristo___________thegoods,themtotheportand___________ thattheyareactuallyplacedonboardthevessel,whichthebuyer provides.Theseller,therefore,_________allthechargespreceeding theloadingofthegoodsontheship,suchascartage,insurance, handlingandlighterage.Whenthegoods_________onboardtheship andthesellerhasobtainedthereceiptforthegoods,theresponsibility oftheseller__________.Thereafterthebuyer_________allthe cargesincludinginsuranceofthegoodsfromdeparturetotheportof destinationand__________thefreight. (PROVIDES,REACH,INCURRED,COST,BOOKS,LIABLE,PAYS) C.I.F.: Undoubtedlythemostpopularquotationiscost,insurancefreight.. Under a c.i.f. contract the seller ___________ the goods, _________ cargo space on the vessel __________ freight for the carriage to the buyers port which is named, etc. He is ___________for anyloss ordamage before the goods _________

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the ship. The seller is entitled to payment in exchange for the documentsincludingbillofladingandinsurancepolicyrelative to the shipment. The buyer will be responsible for the charges _______________ in getting the goods off the ship to his warehouse,suchaslighterage,dockduesandcustomduties.

3. Statewhichpartiesengagedinthetransportbyseaaredefinedbelow:(shipowner, mate, stevedore, forwarding agent, shipbroker, shipper, owner of the goods, master) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ship fortransportation. 6. An agency engaged by the shipowner to perform various services in cargo,offeringshippingspace,insurance,arranging freightrates, Companythatundertakestransportbyseaonitsownaccount. Companythatownsthegoodsdestinedfortransportationbyseaorland. Thecaptainofaship. Agentarrangingcollection,forwardinganddeliveryofthegoods. Company or agents securing shipping space and placing them on bord a

obtaining issuing B/Lsetc. 7. 8.

Shipsofficerresponsibleforloadinganddeliveryofthecargo. Company that carriers out stowage of a ships cargo, and its

loading/discharge.

4. Write downaheadline that may bestexpress the main idea ofeachof theeight passagesinthereadingtext.

IIGRAMMAR

1. Wordforms. Supplytheappropriatewormlistedinthebrackets: (ship,shipper,shipping,shipment)

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1.Theagentpromisedto_________thegoodsimmediately. 2.Warningsto_________aretransmittedeveryday. 3.The_____________ofthecargoistheresponsibilityoftheshipper. 4.Thegoodswere____________onboardinapparentgoodorderandcondition. 5._____________technologyhasbeenmuchimprovedlately. 6.Wereceivedthegoodsforfurther__________toAustria. 7.A_____________noteisgiventotheportandcontainsdetailsofthecargoto be loadedonanamedship. 2. ConditionII.InadditiontotheconjunctionIFandauxiliarySHOULD,clausesof condition can be introduced by: Provided , Provided that , In the event that. 1.Findalltheexamplesoftheclausesofconditioninthetextabove(5examples) andrewritethem. 2.Transformeachofthesentencesbelowbyintroducingthemwith: Should Provided(that) Intheeventthat/Incasethat 1.Ifthecargoisdamaged,asurveymustbecalledatonce. 2.Ifthenumberofbagsisnotcorrect,youmustendorsetheB/Lsuitably. 3. The goods cannot be delivered in the original B/L has not been presented tothecarrier.

IIITRANSLATION

1.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoenglishusingtheVerb+Noun(Object) collocationsinbrackets: 1.Teretseneepredatiprijenegotoseizvriplaanje(effectpayment). 2.Nateretnicijeupisanaopaskauveziskvalitetompakovanja(endorsetheBill of

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Lading). 3. Da bi preuzeo (in order to ) poiljku, primalac mora brodu prezentirati teretnicu (presenttheB/L). 4.OdredbaFreightPrepaidoznaujedajevozarinaubranaprijeotpremanja (collectthefreight) 5. Nakon to je predana originalna kopija teretnice, sve ostale kopije teretnice gube svojuvrijednost(losevalue).

2. TranslateintoEnglish: 1. Vozar ima pravo zaloga (lien) na svaki iznos koji proizlazi (due) iz ovog ugovora, tenatrokovezaishoenje(recover)togiznosa. 2.Vozarimapravo(entitle)daprodarobusam(privately)ilinadrabi(auction) dabi pokriosvojapotraivanja. 3. Pod uvjetom da je zakanjenje nastalo uslijed (due to) razloga koji su izvan moi Trgovca,odprekostojnicaodbitese(deduct)24sata. 4.Naruiteljesnositi(bear)svetrokoveprekovremenograda(overtime)uvezi s dopremom(tendering)ipreuzimanjemrobe. 5. Vozar moe (at liberty) prevesti robu do luke odredita svojim ili drugim brodom, ,teprekrcatijer,iskrcatiiuskladititinateretTrgovca(atrisk). 6.Ovajugovorukljuuje(include)normalne,uobiajene,ioglaeneluketicanja, ali ilukeizvanredovnih(ordinary)ruta. 7.Zapovjednikmoeiskrcatiteretuluciukrcajailibilokojojdrugojsigurnoji pogodnoj(convenient)luci,akoepidemije,karantena,trajkovi,,ilitekoe

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uprekrcajuonemoguebroddaisplovi(leave)izlukeukrcaja.

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APLFACTSHEET.DOCUMENTATION

WhenitcomestoBillsofLading,you havemoreoptionsthanyouthink.

WhatisaBillofLading? There are several types of Bills of Lading, each of which serves a different function. Because of this range of functionality, it's important to understand how each works to identifytherightdocumentforyourneeds. In general, a bill's consignment is the key to understanding how it works. The most commontypeofBillofLadingknowasaToOrderBillisconsignedToOrderor ToBearerandisthereforeanegotiabledocumentthatconferstitle.AStraightBill of Lading and the Sea Waybill are consigned to a named consignee, and are therefore nonnegotiable under the law of most, but not all. countries in the case in the case of StraightBillsofLading.

Knowing which document to use can save time and money, eliminate documentation problemsandstreamlineyourtransportationprocess.Let'sstartwiththenegotiableTo OrderBillofLading,whichservesthefollowingfivemainbusinesspurposes:

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Adocumentoftitlerepresentingownership Anegotiabledocumenttobeexchangedformoney Acontractofcarriagebetweenthecarrierandthecargoowner Areceiptbythecarrierforthecargo Aninvoicefromthecarrier

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HowdoesaToOrderBillofLadingwork?

BecausetheToOrderBillisnegotiable,it'sthedocu mentofchoicewhenthirdpartyfinancing(througha bank, for example) is an issue. Say you're a buyer in Asia who wants to purchase goods and import them from a seller in the U.S. Before the seller arrangest to shipthecargotoyou,you'llneedtodemonstratethatyou canpayfortheshipment. Totothis,you'dopenaletterofcreditfromabankafter provingthat you have the necessary funds torepaythe bank.The letter of credit is a loan for the value ofthe 1.Buyeropens LetterofCredit (L/C),Buyer's Bankconfirms L/CtoSeller's Bank. incomingshipment,andtheshipmentitselfisone form ofsecurityfortheloan.Sothebankactuallyownsyour shipmentuntilyoupayofftheloan. Becausethebankisinvolved,thesellerhasaguarantee thattheshipmentwillbepaidfor.Theselleristherefore willing to tender the shipment to the carrier, and receives a To Order Bill in exchange. Because the Billservesastitletothecargo,aspartofthepayment process, theseller is paidtheselling price by the bank hodlingtheletterofcreditinexchangefortheendorsed Bill. The Bill is then forwarded to the buyer's correspondentbankatorigin.Oncetheshipmentarrives 3.Seller'sBank forwards originalB/Lto Buyer'sBank, whichthen providesitto Buyer. atitsdestination,thebanksurrenderstheoriginalBillto thebuyer, whothenpresentsittothecarriertoreceive thecargo. 4.Buyerpresentsoriginal B/Ltocarrierto collectshipment. 2.Sellertendersship menttocarrierand receivesoriginalTo OrderB/LSeller takesB/LtoBankand BankexaminesB/L andL/C.

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WhenshouldIuseaStraightBillorSeaWaybill?

You' ll want to use one of these two documents whenever you don't need theBill to functionasafinancialinstrumentinacaseinwhichyou'vearrangedcreditorfinancing thatisindependentoftraditionaltradefinancingviaaletterofcredit.Liketonegotiable ToOrderBill,thesedocuemntsserveascontractofcarriage, receiptofgoodsand as invoices. The bit difference is negotiability, or whether or not the document must functionasafinancialinstrument.

Forexample,you'retransportinggoodstoabuyerwithwehomyouhavealongstanding relationship(andwhoalwayspaysforthegoodstoyoursatisfaction).Or,perhapsyou're shippingproductonedivisionofacompanytoanother,sofinancingisanintracompany formality.

Ineithercase,you'reconfidentthatyou'llbepaidforwhatyouareselling.Thisisn'tthe typeoftransactionthatrequiresaletterofcredit,soyoudon'tneedtheBilltofunctionas title and it need not be negotiable. This is when you should consider using either a StraightBilloraSeaWaybill.

What'sthedifferencebetweenthesetwodocumentsandhowdotheywork?

Themaindifferencesbetweenthesetwodocumentsare1)appearance,becausetheyare printed on slightly different forms 2) negotiability, as interpreted by< some countries (otherthantheU.S.).

TheStraightBillusesthesamepreprintedformasanegotiableToOrderBill,except the term To Order is not entered in the consignee block. The Sea Waybill uses a

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differentpreprinteddform,whichhasmanyofthesametermsandconditionsastheTo Order Bill. However,all references to Bill of Ladingand negotiability are removed andnooriginalsareissued.

Although neither document is considered negotiable in the U.S., the Straight Bill in considerednegotiableinsomecountries,forexample,India,Indonesia,Koreaandcertain Europeancountries.Becauseofthis,werecommendusingtheSeaWaybillinsteadofa StraightBillbecauselocallawwillpermititsuseasanonnegotiableinstrument.

Because a nonnegotiable document does not function as a document of title, the consignee need only present proper identification and pay any charges that are due in order topickup thecargo.Thiseliminatestheneed for surrender of anoriginal Billof Ladingpriortocargowhilethebuyerwaitsforthechainofnegotiationtobecompleted. In the case of Straight Bills of Lading issued in the countries identified above, this fundamentalbenefitofanonnegotiableformofBillofLadingisfrustrated.Billsissued insuchcountrieswillbetreatedasnegotiable.

For more information on documentation options, please contact your APL sales representative.

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UNITELEVEN

TYPESOFBILLSOFLADING

Thereareseveraltypesofbillsofladingandtheseincludethefollowing: 1.Shippedbillof lading:UndertheCarriageof GoodsbySeaAct1924,theshippercan demand that the shipowner supplies bills of lading proving that the goods have been actuallyshipped.Forthisreasonmostbillofladingformsarealreadyprintedasshipped billsandcommencewiththewording:"Shippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition".It confirmsthatthegoodsareactuallyonboardthevessel. Thisisthemostsatisfactorytypeofreceipt,andtheshipperpreferssuchabillasthereis nodoubtaboutthegoodsbeingonboardandconsequentdisputeonthispointwillnot arisewiththebankersorconsignee,therebyfacilitatingearliestfinancialsettlementofthe exportsale. 2.Receivedbilloflading:Thisariseswheretheword"shipped"doesnotappearonthebill oflading.Itmerelyconfirmsthatthegoodshavebeenhandedovertotheshipownerand areinhiscustody.Thecargomaybeinhisdockwarehouse/transitshedoreveninland. The bill has thereforenotthesamemeaning as a "shipped"bill and thebuyerunder a C.I.F.contractneednotaccept such a bill for ultimate financial settlementthrough the bankunlessprovisionhasbeenmadeinthecontract.Forwardingagentswillinvariably avoidhandling"receivedbills"fortheirclientsunlessspecialcircumstancesobtain. 3. Throughbillsoflading:Inmanycasesitisnecessarytoemploytwoor,morecarriersto getthegoodstotheirfinaldestination.Theoncarriagemaybeeitherbyasecondvessel (e.g. to the Seychelles Islands via Mombassa or Bombay) or by a different form of transport(e.g.todestinationsintheinteriorofCanada).Insuchcasesitwouldbevery complicated and more expensive if the shipper had to arrange oncarriage himself by employinganagentatthepointoftranshipment. 4. GroupageBillofLading:Forwardingagentsarepermittedto"group"togetherparticular compatible consignments from individual consignors to various consignees, situated usuallyinthesamedestinationcountry/area,anddespatchthemasoneconsignment.The shipownerwillissueagroupagebilloflading,whilsttheforwardingagent,whocannot handtohisprincipalstheshipowners'billoflading,willissuetotheindividualshippersa Certificate of Shipment sometimes called "house bills of lading". At the destination, another agent working in close liaison with the agent forwarding the cargo will break bulktheconsignmentanddistributethegoodstothevariousconsignees.Thispracticeis on the increase, usually involving the use of containers and particularly evident in the continental trade and deep sea container services. It will doubtless increase with containerisation development and is ideal to the shipper who has small quantities of goods available for export. Advantages of groupage include less packing: lower insurance premiums usually quicker transits less risk of damage and pilferage and lower rates when compared with such cargo being despatched as an individual parcel/consignment.

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5.TranshipmentBillofLading:Thistypeisissuedusuallybyshippingcompanieswhen there is no direct service between two ports, but when the shipowner is prepared to transhipthecargoatanintermediateportathisexpense. 6.CleanBillsoLading:Eachbillofladingstates"inapparentgoodorderandcondition", whichofcoursereferstothecargo.Ifthisstatementisnotmodifiedbytheshipowner, thebillofladingisregardedas"clean"or "unclaused".Byissuingcleanbillsoflading theshipowneradmitshisfullliabilityofthecargodescribedinthebillunderthelawand hiscontract.Thistypeismuchfavouredbybanksforfinancialsettlementpurposes. 7. Claused Bills of Lading: If the shipowner does not agree with any of the statements madeinthebillofladinghewilladdaclausetothiseffect,therebycausingthebillof ladingtobetermedas"unclean","foul",or"claused".Therearemanyrecurringtypesof such clauses including: inadequate packaging "unprotected machinery "secondhand cases wet or stained cartons" "damaged crates" "two cartons missing" etc. The clause"shippedondeckatowner'srisk"maythusbeconsideredtobeaclauseunderthis heading.Thistypeofbillofladingisusuallyunacceptabletoabank. Undoubtedly, to the shipper, the most useful type of bill of lading is the clean, negotiable"throughbill"asitenablesthegoodstobeforwardedtothepointofdestination underonedocument,althoughmuchinternationaltradeisbasedonfreeonboard(F.O.B.) orcost,insurance, freight(C.I.F.)contractsand,withregardtothelatter,thesellerhasno furtherinterestinthemovementofthegoodsoncetheyreachtheirportofdestination. BothF.O.B.andC.I.F.aretwowidelyusedtypesofcontractofsale.F.O.B.means thatthepricequotedbythevendorincludesthepriceofthegoodsandallexpensesupto andincludingthecostofloadingthegoodsontothevessel.Itdoesnotincludethecostof seafreight.InthecaseofC.I.F.,thepricequotedincludesthecostofthegoods,thecostof insuring thegoodstodestination,andthefreightorcostoftransport.

QUESTIONS l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Whatdoesthe"ShippedBillofLading"confirm? WhyisthistypeofB/Lmostsatisfactory? Howdoesthe"ReceivedB/Ldifferfromthe"ShippedB/L"? Whenisthe"ThroughB/L"used? WhereisthistypeofB/Lparticularlyappliedandwhy? Explainthe"GroupageB/L"anditsfunction,inparticularwithcontainers. Explain the meaning of the abbreviations FCL and LCL in connection with GroupageB/L(seeUnitl). Inwhatdoesa"cleanB/L"differfroma"clausedB/L"? Givesomeothertermsfora"clausedB/L". Whyistheclean,negotiable"throughBillofLading"themostusefultypeofB/Lto theshipper? ExplainanddiscussthetradeclausesabbreviatedbyF.O.B.andC.I.F.

EXERCISES

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ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1.StatewhichtypeofB/Lisdescribedineachofthefollowingstatements: (a) B/L issued to a shipper when he delivers the goods into the custody of the shipownerorhisagent (e.g.wharfingerordockauthority) beforetheshiphas arrivedorbeforetheshipisreadytoreceivethegoods (b) B/L covering the carriage of goods to its destination partly by sea and partly overland,orwhereseatransportoccursbytwoor moreships (c)B/L containing clausesthatthe goodsor the packaging are not satisfactory,or thatthecontents,weight,measurement,quality,ortechnicalspecificationofthe goodsarenotknowntothecarrier (d)B/Lissuedafterthegoodshaveactuallybeenloadedintotheship (e)B/Lbearingnoclausesorendorsementastothedefectiveconditionofthegoods orpackaging,etc. (f)B/Lreferringtothegoodsforanumberofreceivers,butthegoodsisdespatched and carried as one consignment only. For various shippers/receivers under the sameB/LseparateCertificatesofShipmentareissued.Speciallysuitableforthe shipmentofcontainers.OppositetoStraightorOrderB/L: (g)B/Lissuedwhenthegoodsarecarriedbytwoormoreships (h) B/Lbearingthewords"orhisortheirassigns",alsoreferredtoasan"orderB/L". 2. Complete the missing words (nouns and adjectives or adverbs): (nouns: FREIGHT, VALUE, BOARD,PROVISIONS, CONDITION, DISCHARGEadjective/adverbs: AFORESAID,AFLOAT, GOOD,APPARENT,SAFELY) Shippedon ,in goodorderandcondition,weight,measuremarks, numbers, quality, contents and of the goods unknown, for carriage to the port of , or so near thereunto as the vessel may get and lie always ,tobedeliveredinthelike orderandconditionatthe portuntoConsigneesortheirAssigns,theypaying aspernoteonthemargin plusotherchargesincurredinaccordancewiththe containedinthisBillof Lading.

IIGRAMMAR 1. Collocations.ThefollowingverbshavebeenusedinthetexttakingthenounBILLOF LADINGasobject: VERB accept endorse issue NOUN(asobject) BillofLading

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VERB makeout pass present supply transfer

NOUN(asobject)

BillofLading

ThefollowingverbtakethenounsGOODSandCARGOastheirobjects: e.g.: deliver forward despatch handover takeover insure receive ship transfer

thegoods/cargo

Findtheinstancesofsuchcollocationsinthetextandwritedownthesentences wherethesameappear,e.g.: Theshippercandemandthattheshipownersuppliesbillsofladingprovingthatthe goodshaveactuallybeensnipped. 2. ConditionIII.Considerthefollowingexample: Itwouldbeverycomplicatedandmoreexpensiveiftheshipperhadtoarrangethe oncarriagebyhimself. Bilo bi veoma komplicirano i skupo da krcatelj mora sam organizirati daljnji prijevoz. ......,kadbikrcateljmoraosamorganiziratidaljnjiprijevoz. Supply theright formoftheverbsinbrackets (presentconditionalorpreterite)as requiredandtranslatethesentencesintoCroatian: 1.Thebuyer(notaccept)suchabillofladingifaspecialprovision(make)inthe contract. 2.Iftheshipper(notagree)withthestatement,he(notship)thegoods. 3.Theship(notleave)theportifthecargo(notstow)properly. 4.Ifwe(can),we(receive)thecargoforshipment.

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3. Wordformation:Someoftheendingstoformnounsarelistedinthetable.Trytofind somemoreexamplesinthepreviousUnits. Suffix ance er/or ation/tion ing ment ity ism ship Example importance shipper,operator destination Shipping Shipment Quality intermodalisam Friendship Meaning state aperson/thingwhich theactof activity state,action state,quality condition/state condition/state

IIITRANSLATION
1. "Ukrcaj, iskrcaj, i isporuku/predaju robe organizirat e (arrange) vozarov agent, ukolikonijedogovoreno(agree)drugaije.Iskrcaj,uskladitenjeiisporukaidenateret (at expense) naruitelja (Merchant). Naruitelj (trgovac) ili njegov opunomoenik (Assign)ponudite(tender)robukadabrodbudespremanzaukrcajionakobrzo(as fast as) kako je brod moe primiti, te, samo ako Vozar to zatrai, takoer van redovnog radnog vremena, ne krei (notwithstanding) obiaje (uzance) luke (custom)." 2.1.Damogu,predaobihtisvarobnadokumenta(shippingdocuments). 2.Dasekrcateljibrodarsloe,moglibismoukrcatirobuodmah. 3.Predalibismovampoiljkukadbistenampredoilioriginalniprimjerakteretnice.

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UNITTWELVE

CHARTERPARTIES(I)
A charter party is a document of contract by which a shipowneragreestolease,andthechartereragreestohire,avessel orallthecargospace,orapartofit,ontermsandconditionsforthin thecharterparty.Ifpermittedtodosobythetermsofcharterparty, thecharterermayenterintosubcontractswithothershippers. The main typesof charter parties are Bareboat Charter Party (sometimes called a Demise Charter). Time Charter Party and VoyageCharterParty. If your vessel ischartered it is of theutmost importance that you read the charter party carefully, especially the added clauses, untilitisthoroughlyunderstood.Itisadvisabletohavetheofficers readit asamatterofinformationandinstructionanditwilldo no harmtodiscussitwiththem,especiallywiththechiefofficer. The important clauses should be checkmarked for quick reference. If any refer to dates of the notification of ETA to consigneeorcharterer'sagent,makeanoteofthedaythemessageis tobesentandbesuretosendit.

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Bareboat Charter Party. By this type of charter, the shipowner leases his entire vessel and the charterer has the responsibilityofoperatingitasthoughitwerehisownvessel. As the name implies, the bare vessel is chartered. The shipownerhas,fortheperiodcoveredbythecharterparty,lost control of his vessel. The charterer pays all expenses: fuel, stores, provisions, harbour dues, pilotage, etc. and employs and pays the crew. There may, however, be a clause in the charter party that the master and the chief engineer must be approvedbytheshipowner.Thechartererisresponsibleforthe upkeep,preservationandsafetyofthevessel.Beforedelivery to the charterer the vessel is surveyed by representatives of both parties and the same is done on redelivery. The charter party will stipulate that the vessel must be redelivered in the same good order and condition as when delivered, ordinary wear and tear excepted. On redelivery the owner's representatives,usuallytheportcaptainandportengineer,may check the logbooks for informationpertaining to groundings, strikingobjectsandcollisions. Fuel oil in the vessel on delivery is paid for by the charterer at the current price at the port at that time, and on redelivery, the shipowner pays for the fuel in the vessel at the currentpriceintheportatthetime.

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VoyageCharterParty.Thisisacharterpartyforthecarriage ofafullcargo,notforaperiodoftime,butatastipulatedrateper ton, for one voyage only, between named ports to be named on arrivalinagivenarea.Itisafrequentlyusedcharterpartyofwhich there are many varieties, and most commodities and trades have a particulartypetosuittheirpurposes.Shippersoflargequantitiesof bulkcargosuchasphosphate,coal,grain,etc.,havecharterparties with special titles such as "Fosfo", "Americanized Welch Coal CharterParty","BaltimoreGrainCharterParty",etc. In a voyage charter party the charterer assumes no responsibility for the operation of the vessel but generally pays stevedoringexpenses inand out. Astatement to that effectwill be includedinthecharterparty. The master is particularly concerned with voyage charter partiesbecauseofthelaytime,dispatchanddemurrageclausesand the necessity of tendering the Notice of Readiness to load or discharge.Inthistypeofcharterthecharterercontractstoprovidea cargoatagivenrateperday.Thecharterisgenerallyforbulkcargo, stipulatedintonsorcubicfeet,forallorpartofthecarryingcapacity ofthevessel.

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Laydays. When the vessel on a voyage chart is in port, the expenses of the shipowner continue. At the same time loading or discharging is controlled by the charterer, who if not held to a definitenumberofdaystocompletethiswork,canmakethestayin port long and expensive for the shipowner. For this reason, the charter party will specify adefinitenumberofdays for loading or dischargingcargooritmayspecifyacertainnumberoftonsperday tobeloadedordischarged. Thedaysarecalledlaydays(orlaytime)andarestipulatedin the charter party as working days, weather working days, running daysandexcepteddays. Ifthechartererloadsordischargeshiscargoinlesstimethan thenumberoflaydaysallowed,heearnsdispatchmoneyatsomuch adayorpartofadaysaved.Ifhetakeslongertoloadordischarge than the number of laydaysallowed, he must pay demurrageat so muchaday.Bothdispatchanddemurragemaybethecauseofmuch disagreementandargument inwhichthevessel'slogbookcanplay animportantpart. Demurrage. An equally important clause is the demurrage clausewhichstatesthatifthechartererdoesnotcompleteloadingor discharginginthelaydaysallowedbythecharterparty,hemustpay for the delay at the stipulated sum per day. Unless otherwise providedinthecharterparty,demurragestartsfromthetimeloading or discharging should have been completed. All days are counted, whether or not cargo is worked, including Sundays, holidays and daysnotworkedduetobadweatherorotherreasons.Onceavessel isondemurrage,itrunsconsecutivelyunlessotherwiseprovidedin thecharterparty.

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EXERCISES
ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1. Complete the following sentences with the words in brackets: (EXPENSES, DEMISE, APPOINTS, BARRATRY, VOYAGE CHARTER, TRAMP, EXEMPTION, SALVAGE, LIABILITY, DISCHARGES, DEVIATION, CHARTERER, VESSEL, SHIPOWNER, DEMURRAGE, DESPATCH MONEY,PAID,OWNER,REPAIR)

1. Under a or Bareboat Charter party the isresponsible for providing thecargo and crew, whilst the only provides the vessel. As a result the charterer the crew and takes full responsibility for the operation of the ,andpaysallthe incurred. 2.Ifashiploadsand/or inlessthantheprescribed time,theOwnerspaya asarewardforthetime saved. 3.If,ontheotherhand,theprescribedtimeisexceeded,then mustbepaidatanagreedratetothe as compensationforthedelayoftheship. 4.Charterers ceasesafterthecargohasbeen loadedandwhenthefreight,deadfreightordemurragehas been . 5.Inthe theshipowneragreestocarrycargo betweenspecifiedportsataprearrangedfreight. 6.Themajorityof cargoshipmentsaremadeona voyagecharterbasis. 7.The andSalvageClausepermitsthevesselto put into a port of refuge in order to save life and property andalsoforthepurposeof . 8. fromliabilityclauseincludestheoccurrences where the shipowner claim exemption and includes a wilful wrongdoing of the Master without noticing the Owners.

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2.AvoyageC/Pcontainsanumberofclauses,whosename are usuallywrittenonthemargin.Givethetitleofeachclausefor eachexamplebelow:

NameofClause

1. The money paid by Owners to the Charterer for time saved in the loading anddischarging. 2. Thenumberofdaysorhoursallowedby theChartererforloadingordischarge. 3. A clause governing the nature and time of the liability of the Charterer for loading. 4. The right of the Shipowner to hold the cargo to secure the payment of the freightorhire. 5. RatepayablebytheOwneriftheagreed time for loading has been exceeded, as compensationforthedelayoftheship. 6. Claim of the Owners releasing themselvesfromresponsibilityincaseof barratry,captureorseizure,andperilsof thesea. 7. Clausegivingorrefusingpermissionfor subcharteringtheship.

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1.ThemoneypaidbyOwnerstotheChartererfortimesaved inthe loadinganddischarging. 2.Thenumber ofdaysorhoursallowedbytheChartererfor loadingordischarge. 3.Aclausegoverningthenatureandtimeoftheliabilityofthe Chartererforloading. 4.Therightof theShipownertoholdthecargotosecurethe paymentofthefreightorhire. 5. Rate payable by the Owner if the agreed time for loading hasbeenexceeded,ascompensationforthedelayoftheship. 6. Claim of the Owners releasing themselves from responsibility in case of barratry, capture or seizure, and perilsofthesea. 7.Clausegivingorrefusingpermissionforsubcharteringthe ship.

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IIGRAMMAR 1. WordFormation.Adjectivesareformedfromnounsandverbsbytheendingslistedin thetable.

Suffix
al ar ic ical able ible ous ful less ed ive ing

Example
Additional Polar Economic astronomical Advisable Visible Bulbous Careful Careless Chartered Effective Processing

Meaning
havethequalityof

capableofbeing like,fullof characterisedby without having qualityof makeordo

Form adjectives from the following words: navigation, submerse, comfort, economy, pay, infect, danger, operate, success,navigate,sail,plot,reduce,rely:. Suffix
al ar ic ical able ible ous ful less ed ive ing

Adjective

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2. WordForms.Supplytherightformofthewordinbrackets: (advice,advise,advisablepay,payment,payablenote,notify, notification) 1. 1.Please thattheClauseNo.15hasbeen changed. 2. ___________istobeeffectedbeforeshipment. 3. Thefreightis indomesticcurrencyonly. 4. Themasterhastosenda atleast48hours beforearrival. 5. Everybodyhasbeen ofthedelay. 6. Please usastothewayofpayment. 7. Itis tohavethecargocheckedandsurveyed beforedelivery. 8. Freightistobe ondelivery. 9. Your onthematterwillbemuchappreciated.

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3.Considerthepairofsentencesbelowandtheirtranslation, inparticularthe useoftenses inEnglishandCroatian: (a) Under a demise C/P the charterer operates the ship as thoughitwerehisownvessel. (a1) Uugovoru onajmuitavogbroda naruiteljprijevoza (arterer) upravlja brodom kao da je to njegov vlastiti brod. (b) Themasterbehavesasifhehadnot been involvedinthe accident. (b1) Zapovjednik se ponaa kao da nije sudjelovao u nezgodi. Translate thefollowingsentencesintoEnglish: 1.Ponaasekaodajetonjegovbrod. 1a__________________________________________ 2.Djelujekaodanijevidionita. 2a__________________________________________ 3.Ongovorioarterukaodagajesamsklopio(sign). 3a__________________________________________ 4.Ponaasekaodapoznajezapovjednika. 4a__________________________________________

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IIITRANSLATION 1.Usmislu(under)ovogC/Pbrodepovoljnom(convenient)brzinomisploviti(proceed) za luku Tubarao, gdje e po nalogu krcatelja/agenta ukrcati 120.000 tona eljezne rudae,iisplovitizalukuBakaritamoisporuitirobupremauputstvima(asdirected) primaoca. 2.Primaocusemoraposlatipismenaobavijest,zavrijeme radnogvremena,da jebrod spremanzaiskrcaj. 3.Vozarinaseimaplatitiuiznosuod...potoni,toukljuujekoritenjeplovnihputovai svjetala,trimovanjeisvedrugepristojbe. 4.Krcateljeuluciukrcajabrodadati(advance)zapovjednikubrodadovoljnogotovine za redovne trokove broda, a nakon putovanja predat e se trokovi otpreme (disbursementsaccount). 5. Teret e se ukrcavati kapacitetom (rate) od 30.000 tona na dan, a iskrcavati kapacitetom od 20.000 tona/po radnom danu od 24 kontinuirana sata, nedjelje i prazniciseuvijekizuzimaju. 6.Vrijeme zaukrcaj poet eu 06.30 nakon tobrodobjavi da jespreman i da ima "slobodansaobraaj"(bezobziradalijenavezuiline). 7.Prekostojniceseobraunavajuuiznosuod...potoninadan,alinemanjeod...US$ nadan. 8. Sve vrste havarija u smislu ovog ugovora uredit e se (settie) u skladu s YorkAntwerpskimravilima1974. 9.ZapovjednikjeduantelefonskiobavijestitiNaruitelja,kaoinjegovogagentauluci iskrcaja.Usluajudamoraskrenutiubilokojuluku. 10.SveodgovornostiNaruiteljaprestaju(cease)pozavretkuukrcajaiplaanjaavansa (advance)brodarimapravozaloganateretzavozarinu,mrtvuvozarinuidangubu. 11. Po predaji tereta Naruitelju pripada provizija (commission) u iznosu od 5% na ukupaniznos(grossamount)vozarine. l2.Akozbogzakrenostiuluciiskrcajabrodmoraekativanluke(offport),stojnicee poeti(starttocount)uskladusklauzulom6,alitek36satinakondolaska.

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IVGUIDEDWRITING WriteabriefaccountoftheVoyageC/Pfollowingthenotesgivenbelow: definitionascomparedtothetimeC/P formsoftheC/P majorcargoescarried charterer'sresponsibilities owner'sresponsibilities master'sduties NoticeofReadiness laydays,demurrage,dispatchmoney QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Whatisacharterparty? WhomakespartiestoaC/P? Whatarethemaintypesofcharterparties? WhatisthedutyofthemasterorofficerswhenabouttosailunderaC/P? HowdoesthechartereroperatetheshipunderabareboatC/P? WhatarethedutiesandliabilitiesofthechartererunderabareboatC/P? WhatisanothertermforabareboatC/P? WhatarethedutiesandliabilitiesoftheownerandchartererunderavoyageC/P? WhatistheMasterparticularlyconcernedwithinvoyageC/P? Whatarelaydays? HowarelaydaysstipulatedintheC/P? Whendoesdemurragestart?

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LESSONTHIRTEEN CHARTERPARTIES (II) TimeCharterParty. Bythischarterthechartererhires the vessel and her entire carrying capacity for a specified time and for a specified sum per day, payable at specified periods.Allthepropercargospace,includingthatfordeck cargo, is at the charterer's disposal. This is sometimes referredtoinacharterpartyasthe"FullReachandBurden" of the vessel and the charterer invariably assumes it to include any mast or deck lockers available and probably a lockerortwointhemate'sroom. Thesteamshipcompanyisresponsibleforthephysical operation of the vessel and employs the master and entire crew. It also pays for the stores and provisions and the upkeep and repair of the vessel. In other words, the shipowner puts at the charterer's disposal a fully equipped vesselandoperatesherforthebenefitofthecharterer. Thechartererpaysforfuel,tugsandpilotshealsopays harbour dues, stevedoring expenses and entering and clearingfees, butnotexpenses pertainingto the crew, with the exception of overtime if any of the crew work on the cargo. The charterer pays for any fuel in the vessel on deliveryandthecompanypaysforanyfuelinthevesselon redelivery, both at current market prices at the port, unless otherwiseagreed. In this type of charter party there is no mention of laydays,dispatchordemurrage,unlessthecharterermakesa subcharter to a shipper on a voyage basis. It is your responsibilitytothetimecharterertoseethattheprovisions
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of the subcharter are complied with and his interests protected as long as they are not in conflict with your company'sinterests. OffHire.Atimecharterpartycontainsaclauseknown variouslyasthe"OffHireClause",the"BreakdownClause", or the "Cesser of HireClause". This clause stipulates that In the event of loss of time from deficiency of stores or crew, breakdown of machinery, stranding, fire or any damage preventing the working of the vessel for more than......hours,thepaymentofhireshallceaseuntilsheis againinan efficient state to resume herservice.The time allowed is usually 24 hours. Off hire also includes dry docking,breakdownofboilers,machineryorwinchesinport oranyotherdifficultythatpreventstheworkingofthecargo ordelaysthesailingofthevessel. While at sea on a time charter, if the vessel should developenginetroubleorotherfault,makingitnecessaryto proceed (deviate) to the nearest port for repairs, she is usuallytakenoffhirefromthetimeofthebreakdowntothe time of her return to the geographical position where it occurred andfrom which the voyage will be resumed.The exacttimeandpositionofthepointofdeviation,aswellas theamount offuel on board atthe time, shouldbelogged, andthehomeofficenotifiedindetailregardingtheincident. Ifthechartererhasanagentattheportofrefugeheshould alsobe notified, as well as your own, if one isinthe port. Logbooks, both deck and engine, should carry complete reportsofthedeviation,usingbothlocaltimeandGMT At the earliest opportunity after arrival in the port of refuge, make a Note of Protest before your Consul or a
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notary public. If the latter, have the agent make the necessaryarrangements.

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Statement of Facts. Draw up a Statement of Facts covering the time the breakdown occurred and deviation commenced to the time the vessel returned to the point of deviation and the voyage was resumed. This statement shouldbesignedbyyou,thechiefengineer,andtheagents. Itisgenerallysenttothehomeofficefromtheportofrefuge. A typical Statement of Facts is shown below for a vessel under time charter, bound from New York to Casablanca. ThevessellostabladeinLat.3940N.Long.7000W.and returnedtoNewYorkforrepairs. Reports Required by the Charter. On time charter youmayberequestedtosendthechartererdeckandengine room log abstracts, engineer'spassage reports,port activity reportsandperiodicradioreportsgivingposition,speedand weather. Any or all of these should be sent as often as required. If any of these reports are to be made on special forms provided by the charterer, a supply should be requestedbeforesailing.Instructionsfromthecharterermay indicate that arrival and departure reports for all ports be turnedinoncompletionofthevoyage.Thesereportsshould not be put off until the end of the voyage but should be completed as soon as possible after the vessel arrives or departs from a port of call and the pertinent details are known.Ifthejobispostponeduntiltheendofthevoyageit will be found necessary to consult the logbooks and many paperstogettherequiredinformation. Asmaster,youareresponsibletoyourcompany,whose interestsyoushouldprotect,butyoumustalsolookout forthebestinterestsofthechartererinsofarasoutturn ofcargoandquickdispatchareconcerned.
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QUESTIONS 1. 2. WhatisaTimeCharterParty? Whatresponsibility doesthe charterer assume under a TimeC/P? 3. Whatistheshipowner responsiblefor? 4. Whopaysforfuel,tugsandpilots? 5. Why is there no mention of laydays, dispatch or demurrageinaTimeC/P? 6. WhatarethedutiesoftheMasterortheShip'sOfficers underaTimeC/P? 7. ExplainanddiscussCesserClause,andwhatitrefersto. 8. Whattimedoestheoffhireperiodcoverwhentheship must deviate from her course and put into a port of refuge? 9. Wheremusttheparticularsofthedeviationberecorded? 10. Whereisthenoteofprotestentered? 11. DiscusstheformandpurposeoftheStatementofFacts. 12. WhatreportsmustyoumaketoyourChartererundera TimeC/P?Whenshoulditbemade?

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EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1.Decidewhichofthe statementsistrueorfalse,and give the right solution (consult the previous Unit on charterparties): 1.Undera time C/Pthevesselishiredfor aspecified timeandsumperdayorperiod. 2.Laydaysareimportantintimecharterparties. 3. In a voyage C/P the charterer isresponsiblefor the operationofthevessel. 4.Theownerisresponsibletoprovidethecargoforthe voyage. 5.AnothertermforabareboatC/PistheDemiseC/P. 6.InaDemiseC/Pthechartereroperatesthevesselas ifitwerehisownvessel. 7. Under a time C/P the master and the crew are employedbythecharterer. 8.WhenonatimeC/P,theownerpaysforthecostsof fuel,tugsandpilots. 9.Thecargospacedoesnotincludethedeckspaceand lockers,andthesearenotatthecharterer'sdisposal. 10. The statement on the engine breakdown is only signedbythechiefengineer.

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2. Fill in the missing words or phrases from this Unit: (CONTROL,CREW,CONTRACT,HIRE,SHIPOWNER, CHARTERER,FREIGHT,LET,CHARGES) Time Charter. A time charter is a of affreightment in which the agrees to andtheshipowneragreesto hisvesselfora mutuallyagreedperiodoftime,theremunerationbeing known as . The ship provides a definite incometothe andaminimumrisk.AtimeC/P also protects the Owner from a decline in rates. The does not have to worry about daytoday operation of the vessel as far as bunkers, port andcargoexpensesareconcerned.The disadvantages to the Shipowner are that to a certain extentheloses ofhisvessel,althoughhestill appointstheMasterandthe .

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3.Fillintherequiredprepositions: "OffhireClause"or"breakdownclause"providesthat intheevent timebeinglost certain circumstances which prevent the vessel working more than 24 hours, payment hireshallceaseuntilsheisagainready resume the service contracted. Ifthe time lost does exceed24 hours,hireisnotpaid respect the first 24 hours the breakdown. Partial breakdowns, winch of service, insurance,arealsoconsidered bewithinthe scope thisClause.

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IIGRAMMAR 1. Negative prefixes. Form negative words using the followingprefixes:un,non,in/ im/il/ ir,dis,mis: adj.: variably, possible, regular, legal, complete, seaworthy, important, necessary, changed, appropriate,expensive,clean verbs: agree, connect, understand, load, charge, engage

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2. Supply the right verb form in the following conditionalsentences: 1.Unlessotherwiseagreed,thecharterer(payfor)any fuel ondelivery. 2.Ifthereport(make)attheendofthevoyage,itwill benecessarytoconsultthelogbooksagain. 3. If the charterer employs the stevedores, it (be advisable)tomakesurewhohastosignthereportsof anydamage. 4. If the consignee (produce) the original B/L, the Masterwouldhavedeliveredthegoods. 5. What would you do if you (have) no receiving documents? 6.Ifthecrew(engage)toworkinovertimehours,the chartererwillhavetobearthelabourexpenses.

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3.Changetheverbformsunderlinedintotheinfinitive with"to", i.e "TheMastershouldinformtheCharterer..."="The MastertoinformtheCharterer...". The Charterers shall give the necessary sailing instructiontotheMaster.TheMastershallbeunderthe ordersoftheCharterersasregardsemployment,agency, orotherarrangements.TheMastershouldprosecuteall voyageswiththeutmostdespatch.Hemustalsorender customaryassistancewiththevessel'screw.TheMaster and Engineer are liable to keep full and correct logs includingscraplogsaccessibletotheCharterersortheir Agents. On receiving particulars of any complaint the Ownersaretoinvestigatethematterpromptly.

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III TRANSLATION 1. Brod e biti predan i stavljen na raspolaganje (at disposalof)NaruiteljuuluciRijeka,navezugdjemoe stalnoisigurnoplutati(lieafloat). 2.Brodarosigurava(provide)iplaasavprovijant,zarade posade,osiguranjebroda,kaoisvezalihenapalubiiu stroju. 3. Za vrijeme najma Naruitelj mora osigurati i platiti gorivo (naftu), kotlovnu vodu, luke takse, peljarenje, takse za plovne putove, tegljenje, kanalske pristojbe, ukrcajtereta,trimovanje,slaganje(ukljuujuirazdjelne daske,itnepregrade)itd. 4. Naruitelj e u luci stupanja u arter, a brodar u luci prestanka artera (redelivery), preuzeti i platiti sve gorivo (naftu), koje je ostalo u brodskim tankovima goriva, po tekuim cijenama u dotinim (respective) lukama. 5. Naruitelj e zapovjedniku pruiti (furnish with) sva uputstvaidatinalogzaplovidbu(sailinginstructions),a zapovjednikiupraviteljstrojadunisuurednoipotpuno voditi dnevnike, koji e biti dostupni (accessible) naruiteljuilinjegovomagentu. 6.Akobrodnebude predan unajam (deliver)do 25.X 19...naruiteijimapravoraskida(cancel)ugovora.

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SEVENSEASSTEAMSHIPCORPORATION

S.S.SEVENSEAS STATEMENTOFFACTS

Voy.90

LOSSOFBLADE

1965 EST 1. LostbladeinLat.3940NLong.7000W 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1 5 ReturningtoNewYork 1 5 ArrivedAmbrose.Pilotonboard 1 6 Madefast,ToddsDrydock//10 1 6 LeftDrydock 1 8 DischargedPilot DepartureAmbrose 1 8 Arrived Deviation point Lat.3940N 1 Long.7000W 9 Ma y Ma y Ma y Ma y Ma y Ma y Ma y 041 5 051 0 131 0 173 0 130 0 154 5 045 0 Hrs 0945 GMT Hrs Hrs Hrs Hrs Hrs 2056 GMT Hrs 0950 GMT

From Lat.3940NLong.7000W : To: AmbrosePilot ToddDrydock//10 LeftDrydock

15 16 16 18

Date Tim e May 041 5 May 131 0 May 173 0 May 130

Dis Fuel t 8355 192 23 8249 8225

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0 DepartureAmbrose 18 May 154 23 5 Arrived Deviation point Lat.3940N 19 May 045 192 8050 Long.7000W 0

From DeviationpointLat.3940NLong.7000W : To: NewYork(Todds)andreturn 4days Totaldistance Fuelconsumed 430 miles 305bbls

00 Hrs

45 min.

ChiefEngineer

Master

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UNITFOURTEEN

NOTICEOFREADINESS

When on a voyage charter it is the master's responsibility to advisethechartererorhisagent,inwriting,assoonasthevesselis inailrespectsreadytoloadordischarge.Thisadviceisgiveninthe formofaNoticeofReadinesstenderedtothechartererorhisagent. In some cases when a vessel is to load and she is expected at a definite hour, the company or your agent at the port may tender Notice.Thisisespeciallytrueifitisnotrequiredtogetpratiqueor toclearCustoms. It is from the moment the notice of readiness has been accepted that the laydays commence, provided the ship fulfils the followingconditions: 1. providedsheisconsideredasan"arrivedship",thatis,she isberthedoranchoredattheplaceshowninthecontractof carriage,andhasreceivedfreepratique 2. providedsheisinallrespectsfittoloadordischarge 3. provided the notice has been delivered to the shippers or receivers 4. providedthenoticehasbeenaccepted. AttheportofdischargeyoushouldtendertheNoticewithout delay.Generally,thecharterpartywillcontainaclausestatingthat laydays are to commence 24 hours after the master or owner has givenwrittennoticethatthevesselisreadytodischarge,whetherin berth or not at the place ordered, such notice to be given during officialofficehoursonly.Thetimeallowedmayvary,anddifferent charterpartiesmayrequirethattheNoticebetenderedbythemaster only,orbyeithermaster,owneroragent.The24hours,orwhatever it may be, gives the charterer time to make the necessary arrangementsfordischargeofthecargo.
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ThedatetheNoticeistendered,knownasthe"reportingday", shouldbeenteredinthelogbook.IfforanyreasontheNoticecannot betenderedafterarrival,thereasonshouldbeenteredinthelogbook. The Notice may be prepared by your agentand presented on board for your signature. There will be anywhere from six to ten copiesbesuretogetoneforyourfile. If the 24 hours expire on an excepted holiday, laydays will begin to countat the beginning of thenextworkingperiod,unless the charter party stipulates otherwise. Generally, a Notice of Readinessisrequiredbythetermsofacharterparty.Ifthereisno onetoreceiveit,thefactsshouldbeloggedandanattemptmadeto tendertheNoticewhenthechartererorhisagentshowup,leaving theoriginaldateandtimeontheNotice.Ifthecharterer,ofhisagent, refusestosignthetenderedNotice,orifeitheroneavoidsaccepting it,claimingthatthevesselisnotinallrespectsreadytodischargeor load,make anentryinthelog of the reason fortherefusal, advise youragenttoemployasurveyortoinspectthevesselandinformthe charterer or his agent that this is being done. Laydays should be countedfromthetimestipulatedinthecharterparty as thoughthe Noticehadbeenacceptedandsignedwhentendered.

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ThefollowingisatypicalNoticeofReadiness(US): SEVENSEASSTEAMSHIPCORPORATION NEWYORK NOTICEOFREADINESS S.S. SEAWORTHY DearSirs: TheabovevesselhasbeenclearedbyCustomsandisin freepratiqueat : hourson l9 inthisportand is in all respects ready to commence loading / discharging cargo in accordance with the terms of the relevant charter partydated 19 atNewYork. MASTERS.S.SEAWORTHY

The above Notice of Readiness was tendered at 19 .Acceptedat : hourson 19

: .

hours on

Forthecharterer:

MasterS.S.SEAWORTHY:

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Havingmadecertainthattheshiphasarrivedatthetimeandplace laiddownintheCharterParty,theShippersinspecttheship'sholds in order to ascertain whether they are fit to receive the particular cargotheshiphasengagedtotransportanditisonlythenthatthey accept the notice. In accordance with usage and under a Gencon CharterParty,thelaydayscommenceatfourteenhoursontheday when the notice has been delivered, provided this has been done during official hours, before twelve o'clock. If the notice has been deliveredaftertwelveo'clock,thelaydayscommenceateighthours on the following working day. If the ship isnot fit to load or has infringed other CharterParty conditions, the notice of readiness is not accepted and the reasons for nonacceptance are stated. If the shipcannotenterportimmediately,thenoticecanbetransmittedby radio. In such a case the time she spends in the roads counts as "waitingtime"providedtheclause"timelostinwaitingforberthto countaslaydays"isinsertedintherelevantCharterParty. As a rule the vessels trading on regular lines are not strictly boundtogivenoticeofreadinesseitherforloadingordischargebut they are not exempted from cabling their 72 (preliminary) and 24 hours(final)notice,i.e.cablingtheirETA. HereisanotherexampleofaNoticeofReadiness: DearSirs, Thisistoinformyouthatthem.v."ARIES"under my command arrived in the port of Neaples today at 09.00 hrs. and is lying at berth No. 8 in free pratique, ready inall respects toreceive acargoof2000 tonsof orangesasfrom09.30hrs.today. The laydays commence and are counted as per clauseNo.l2oftheOwners'BillofLading,i.e."asfast asthevesselcanreceive". Yoursfaithfully, Masterofthemv"ARIES"
RECEIVEDat09.30hrs.onthe12.01. 2...... ACCEPTEDat09.40hrs.onthe12.01.2..
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QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. WhatisthepurposeoftheNoticeofReadiness? WhoistheNoticetenderedtoandbywhom? WhichconditionsmustbefulfilledbeforetheN/Ristendered? Whendothelaydayscommence,generally? Whatisthe"reportingday"? WhousuallypreparesandwhosignstheNoticeofReadiness? WhatshouldyoudoifthereisnoonetoreceivetheN/R? WhatifthechartererorhisagentrefusetoaccepttheN/R? Howarethelaydayscountedinsuchacase? What are the particulars of a Notice of Readiness? (see the examplesgiven) What do theShippersdowhenthey have made sure that the shiphasarrivedatthetimeandplacelaiddownintheC/P? WhendothelaydayscommenceunderaGenconC/P? WhenistheNoticetransmittedbyradio?Whataboutlaydays? Whatkindofnoticesarecabledbylinervessels?

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EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1.Fittherighttermintherightcolumncorrespondingtothe meaningof definitionintheleftcolumn: person or company that takes delivery of the goodsintheportofdischarge: person or company that acts on behalf of the ownerorcharterer: companythatundertakesthecarriagebysea: contractsforthecarriageofgoodsbysea: chargeforthecarriageofgoodsbysea: remuneration totheagentsfortheirservices: money charged by the charterer for delayed loading/dischargeofthecargo: time allowed by the charterer or merchant for loading/dischargeofthegoods: time saved in loading and discharge of the goods: person or company that tenders the goods for loadingtotheship:

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109

2.Supplythemissingphrases:(inallrespects,berthnoberth,in theroads,inaccordancewith)

Please be informed that the m/tanker OMEGA arrived 15 February 2004 o and anchored at the west approach th anchorageat14.3Ohrs.on15 February2004. The vessel is ____________ ready to commence discharginghercargoof60.000tonsofcrudeoiland14.000 tonsofheavyfuel. Laytimetocommenceandtocount ___________ Clause 14 of the C/P dated 10 January 2004, upon expiration of 6 hoursafterthereceiptofthisnotice______________,unless actualdischargeiscommencedearlier.
th

Yoursfaithfully, Master

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IIGRAMMAR 1. Fillin therequiredconjunctions: (that,when,if,inorderto) Thelaydayscommencewithin6hoursontheday the notice of readiness has been delivered. The notice is not accepted theshipisnotfittoload.Acopyofthenotice isreturnedtothemaster ithasbeenaccepted.The noticeofreadinessisanadvicetotheshippers theshipis ready to load or discharge. The shippers should check the holds ascertainwhethertheyarefittoloadthecargo. thefreighthas notbeenpaid,themastermayexercisehisright oflienonthegoods. 2. Adjuncts of time. Underline the parts of the sentence expressingtime: 1.Onarrivalintheportofdestination theshipmustget free pratique. 2.The notice of readiness should be tendered during official hours. 3. If the N/R cannot be tendered after arrival, the reason for thisshouldbestatedinthelogbook. 4.Laydaysshouldbecountedfromthetimestipulatedinthe C/P. 5.Undera Gencon C/P laydayscommenceat fourteenhours onthedayofthedeliveryoftheNoticeofReadiness. 6. If the N/R has been delivered after twelve o'clock, the laydayscommenceateighthoursonthefollowingworking day. 7. If the ship cannot enter port immediately the N/R can be transmittedby radio. 8.The ship isready to start loading the cargoasfrom 09.30 hourstoday.
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112

3. Clausesoftime.Considerthefollowingpairsofsentences: 1.a)BeforetheNoticeofReadinessistendered,anumberof conditionsmustbefulfilled. b) Before tendering the Notice of Readiness, a number of conditionsmustbefulfilled. 2. a) After the Shippers have made certain about the ship's arrival,theyinspecttheship'sholds. b) Having made certain about the ship's arrival, the Shippersinspecttheship'sholds. Insentencesunderb)thefullverbformfromexamplesa)has been transformed into a shortened form of the verb, i.e. present participle (tendering) and perfect participle (having made).Theconjunction(before)hasbeenretained,whereasin ex.2b) ithasbeenomittedinfrontofaperfectparticiple.

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Transform the sentences below following the examples 1 and2: 1.Whentheshiparrivesinaforeignport,shemustbegranted freepratiquefirst. 1a ________________________________________________ _ 2. After the arrival of the ship in the port, the Master is expectedtotenderthenoticeofreadiness. 2a ________________________________________________ __ 3. Before the ship enters the port, she must radio her exact ETA. 3a ________________________________________________ __ 4.Afterthecarrierhasreceivedthegoodsintohiscustody,he mustissuetotheshipperabilloflading. 4a ________________________________________________ _ 5. When the ship loads for more than one port, a different colouris usedonthecargoplanforeachport. 5a ________________________________________________ _ 6. When the cargo had been discharged, the holds were cleaned. 6a_______________________________________________ 7.Whentheshiploadspalletizedshipments,wemustallowfor increasedlostspace. 7a_______________________________________________ 8.Whentheshipovertakesanother,sheshouldkeepclear.
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8a________________________________________________ 9. After the ship had arrived in the port, the master had to tenderthenoticeofreadiness. 9a________________________________________________ 10.Loadingordischargingoperationsmustnotstartbeforethe NoticeofReadinesshasbeenaccepted. 10a ________________________________________________

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IIITRANSLATION 1.NoticeofReadiness: Ovime Vas obavijetavamo da je m/b Jabuka pod mojim zapovjednitvom stigao danas u luku Napulj i da se nalazi na vezu br. 4 slobodan promet ishoen, te da je spreman u svakomm pogledu da zapone ukrcaj 3.000 tona generalnogteretadanaspoeviod19.00sati. Vrijemestojnicapoinjeiraunasepremmaklauzuli15 teretnicebrodara,tj.onakobrzokakobrodmoeprimati. Spotovanjem, XY, zapovjednik "JABUKA"

broda

2. im brod bude spreman za ukrcaj, pozvat emo nadzornika tereta(CargoSuperintendant). 3. Nakon to javite tono vrijeme dolaska, pripremmite pismo spremnosti. 4. Prije nego predate pismo spremnosti, provjerite (make sure whether)dalijebrodspremanzaiskrcaj. 5.ekamonaodgovorkrcateljaod16.00sati. 6.Dokjebrodkrcaoteret,zapovjednikjerazgovaraosagentom. IVGUIDEDWRITING AsmasteroftheM/VKOLJwriteanoticeofreadinesstoyour agents(XY)intheportofGenoa,usingthefollowinginformation: timeofarrival:l6thMay19,13.00hrs place:anchorage loadingtocommence:07.00hrsonthefollowingday laydays:inaccordancewithC/P,twelvehrsuponreceiptof N/R

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UNITFIFTEEN SEAPROTEST

Inany ofthecircumstancesenumeratedbelow it isadvisablefor themastertonoteaprotest. 1. Whenever during the voyage the ship has encountered conditions of wind and sea which mayresultindamagetocargo. 2.When fromany causetheshipisdamaged,or there is reason to fear that damage may be sustained. 3.Whenthroughstressofweatherithasnotbeen practicable to adopt normal precautions in the matterofventilationofperishablecargo. 4.Whencargoisshippedinsuchconditionthatit is likely to suffer deterioration during the voyage. In this case, however, the protest will not be effective unless the bills of lading were endorsed to show the condition of the cargo at thetimeofshipment. 5. When any serious breach of C/P terms is committedbythechartererorhisagent,suchas refusaltoload,unduly delayingloading,loading improper cargo, refusal to pay demurrage,

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refusaltoacceptB's/Lintheformsignedbythe master,etc. 6. When consignees fail to discharge cargo or take delivery thereof, and pay freight in accordancewithC/PorB/Lterms. 7. Inallcasesofgeneralaverage. Protest should be noted as soon as possible, certainlywithin24hoursofarrivalinport.andinthe caseofcargoprotestsbeforebreakingbulk. A "note of protest" is simply a declaration by themasterofcircumstancesbeyondhiscontrolwhich may give,ormayhave given,risetolossordamage. Suchdeclarationmustbemadebeforeanotarypublic, magistrate, a consular officer, or other authority. Usually,statementsunderoathwillbetakenfromthe master and other members of the crew and these statements will have to be supported by appropriate log book entries. At the time of noting protest the mastershouldreservetherighttoextendit. Protests are admissible in evidence before legal tribunals and, in many cases, are essential to the establishmentofaclaim. (a) In many countries, particulary on the Continentprotestsarereceivedinevidenceasa matterofcourse. (b) In the United Kingdom, however, they are notacceptedasevidenceinfavouroftheparty
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makingtheprotest unlessbothpartiesconsent. The chief use of a protest in the United Kingdom is to support a claim by a cargo owner against his underwriters. There is no legal necessity for a protest in the United Kingdom and legal rights are in no way affectedifaprotesthasnotbeennoted. On the Continent the position is different there the noting of a protest isa condition precedentto certain legalremedies.Forexample,consigneescannotmake aclaimforcargodamageunlesstheyprotestwithin24 hoursof taking delivery ofthe goods and follow this upbyacourtsummonswithinonemonth.Themaster, ifhedeliversthecargoandacceptsthefreight,willbe barred from claiming the cargo's contribution in general average unless he notes protest within 24 hoursandnotifiestheconsigneethathehasdoneso. Itisnotessentialthataprotestshouldbemadeon aspecialformbutitisadvisableandusualinpractice. Atypicalprotestformreadsasfollows:
NOTEOFPROTEST(US)

Onthis dayof intheyearOneThousandNineHundredand personally appeared and presented himself before me Consul/NotaryPublic , Masterofthe called the of Officia1Number and TonsRegister,whichsailedfrom onoraboutthe day of withacargoof boundfor andarrivedat onthe dayof andfearinglossofdamage owingto heherebynoteshisprotestagainstalllosses,damages&etc.,reserving righttoextendthesameattimeandplaceconvenient. Signedbeforeme (signed)
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Consul
NotaryPub1icat (signed)

Master

Here are some more examples of sea protests and extractsfromlogbooks: (1)
NOTEOFPROTEST (UK) Beitherebymadeknown: Thatonthisthe 15th dayof February in the year of Our Lord, Two Thousand and Four and personally appeared and presented himself in the office of AttorneysandNotariesbeforeme, JohnMills , Notary Public, by the authority of Government, duly admittedandsworn, HenryJ.Smith, Master or Commander of the MV Greenhouse whichsailedonavoyagefrom Neaples onthe 23rd day January 20 ladenwitha full and complete cargo of furniture in containers calling at Algeciras and Port of New York andarrivedatthisPorton15th dayof February 2004nowlyingwithintheharbour.AndthesaidAppearer did hereby declare to note his protest against all perils, dangers, casualties and occurrences of all nature or kind whatsoever and all loss or damage thereby occasioned, reservingtohimselftherighttoextendtheprotestintimes and places convenient, and causing this minute of all singularthepremises tobeenteredinthisregister. (Sgd) Agents. Master. QUADATTESTOR NotaryPublic

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(2) NotaryOffice: Genoa,Italy I ,MasteroftheM/V under the flag of the Republic of Croatia, owned by ,Croatia,GrossTonnage , Net.Tonnage ,sailed from Rijeka, Croatia on ,toGenoa,Italy,viaVenice,Italy withafullloadofbulkwheatof Tonnes. Duringthevoyagethevesselmetwithstormy weather and heavy seas, the ship suffered rolling and pitching, heavily shipping water fore and aft andsprayingoverall. All precautions were taken to save the cargo and the ship but nevertheless, fearing damage to the cargo during the bad weather, I state the present sea protest, reserving the right to extend thesameatthetimeandplaceconvenient. Witnesses: 1. 2. Master 3.

,SecondMate ,ChiefEngineer,

TheNotaryOffice
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(3)
NoteofProtest To I, .........., signed below, in command of M/V ......... under ........ flag, of .......... grossand .......... net tons, owned by ........., loaded with tons of general/bulk/liquid cargo, sailed from .......... to .........., arriving in .......... on ..........19, bring this protest againstunlawful stopping anddetentionofmyvesselbythe..........Authorities/Navy.
Onthedateafterpassing..at hrslocaltimeon position I have been summoned by a patrol/war shipcarrying the colours of to reducespeed and prepare forsearch. Upon examination of the ships papers and cargo manifest the ship was released on athrsfreetoproceedtoherdestination.Theabove saidbeendulynotedintheshipsofficiallog,pp..

Asthisisconsideredasanactofhostilityandviolation oftheinternationallawuponthehighseas,Iherewithlodge this protestandrepudiatetheresponsibilityforthepossible consequenceswhichmayarisetherefrom. Master

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(4) Extractfromlogbook:heavyweatherdamage. 4December,19 ,0800. On voyagefromYokohama to San Francisco with full cargo of uncrated motorcars (480). Course 068 true, speed 22.0 knots,windS7,sea5,bar.996mb., overcast with squalls. 0830.received facsimile weather chart which indicated that a depression near Japan was quickly growing in intensity and moving eastwards at a speedofover40knots.Expectedto overtake the

ship early in the afternoon. All lashings on cargo werecheckedandinsome casesdoubled.

1000. Wind S9, sea 7, bar. 990 mb. falling rapidly, squalls. Hove to on a southerly course, speed about3knots.Recheckedcargolashings. 1010 to 1535. Hove to in position: 38 18 N 155 50E.Windofhurricaneforce,S10to11,in the
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squallsupto12andover.Veryheavyseaandfierce squalls.Theshipisridingfairly violentlyattimes. 1445. Passage of cold front. Sudden shift of wind from S 12 to W 12. Bar. 972 mb. Heavy continuousrain.Shipburiedinfoamandspray. 1500. Wind W 10, mountainous cross sea, bar. 986 mb.risingrapidly.Windbeginningto moderate. 1535. Wind W 8, sea 7, bar. 990 mb., cloudy. Weather conditions improving. Resumed voyage on course090true,speed12knots. Inspectedallholdsandfoundthata lorrylashedinNo.2uppertweendecksportsidehad come partly adrift and had damaged three motorcarsmarkedHonda850. easily, but rolls

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1800. Wind W 7, sea 6, bar. 1000 mb. Weather conditions sufficiently good to increase to full speed,22.0knots,course080true. Theturnaroundthistimewasfairly quick and the ship is expected ready to leave for Buenaventuratonight. Master

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QUESTIONS 1. Whatisthemostfrequentreasonforenteringa seaprotest? 2. Whenwilltheconditionof the cargo shipped be acceptableasareason forenteringaseaprotest? 3. Whataretheotherreasonsforfilingaprotest? 4. Withinwhattimeshouldaprotestbenoted? 5. Whatisthepurposeoftheseaprotest? 6. Whereisthenoteofprotestlodged? 7. Whereistheprotestusedasevidence? 8. IstheseaprotestacceptedasevidenceintheUK? 9. What is the use of the marine protest in other EuropeancountriesandCroatia? 10. When will the consignee be able to claim for cargodamage? 11. WhatmusttheseaProtestbesupportedby?

EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1.Fillintheappropriatefromoftheverbinbrackets: (LODGE,EXTEND,RELIEVE,ENTER,RAISE, ACCOMPANY)

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1.Aseaprotestmust within24hours oftheshipsarrival 2.Seaprotests incasesofcollision,fire on board, unfavourable weather, engine breakdown,generatorfailure,etc. 3.Aprotestcan lateronifnecessary. 4. Sea protests are among the most important documents produced when claims againsttheInsurers. 5.Protestsserveto theShipowner fromliabilityfor alleged damage orlossto the shiporcargo. 6.Aseaprotestmust bycopiesofthe decklogbookandoftheengineroomlog. 2.Fillintheblankspaceswiththewordsinbrackets (decklog):(DROPPED,HEAVE,PROCEEDING, APPARENTLY, SIGNALS, PRESCRIBED, PASSED, CAUSING, LODGING, HEARD, COMING) 10.00Poorvisibility. athalfspeedon variablecourse. 12.00 Foggy weather and restricted visibility. anchors in position 4003 N 31 00 E waiting for improvement of visibility. Strengthened, uninterrupted watch and soundingblastsonship'swhistle.
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12.30Fogsignalsare fromavessel underway fromportsideforward. To attract her attention we gave fog consistingofshortblastsandflareuplightsas bytheRulesoftheRoad. 13.15Heardasoundofheavystrokecomingfrom port side forward. The incoming vessel by our portside, struck the portside quarter, then bruised heavily the port shell plating, heavydamages. 13.40Itwasprovedthatthecollidingvesselwas them/v"SOLAS". 14.10 upbothstbd.andportanchors. Enginesstandby. 14.15 Slow ahead. Proceed to Barcelona for protestandrepairs. 14.20FullspeedaheadtowardBarcelona. 3.Supplythemissingwords(enginelog):(ENGINE, STRUKE, BILGES, SPEED, ANCHORS, DAMAGE) 10.00Half ahead. 11.00Slowahead 11.15Stop 12.05Droppedboth 13.15Heardstrongsoundofheavy theportsideforward

on

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13.30No toengine.Wefeardamage toshaftingline 13.50 Sounding and checking engine founddry. 14.00Standbyengineheaveupboth 14.15Slowahead 14.20Fullspeedahead. IIGRAMMAR 1. Verb + Noun (object) Collocations. Study each sentence in the text where the noun "protest" appears,thenfindand underlineallthe verbsthat take this noun as object (or subject of a passive sentence)e.g.:noteaprotest. 2. IT + BE + ADJECTIVE + toINFINITVE. Comparethefollowingpairsofsentences: thatCLAUSE 1. (a)Itisadvisableforthemastertonotea protest. (b) It is advisable that the master notes a protest. 2. (a) It has not been practicable to adopt normal precautions in the matter of ventilation

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(b) It has not been practicable that normal precautionsinthematterofventilationbe adopted. 3. (a)Itisnotessentialtomakeaproteston aspecialform. (b) It is not essential that a protest is/be madeonaspecialform. Replace the TOINFINITIVE constructions with THATCLAUSESasintheaboveexamples: 1.Itisnecessarytonoteaprotestimmediately. 2.Itisimportanttosupportthenotesofprotestby extractsfromthelogbook. 3. It is advisable to insist onthe presence of the agentwhennotingaprotest. 4.Itisnecessarytoconsultthelogbookandother ship'sdocuments. 5.Itisadvisabletonoteaprotestinthefirstport ofcall. 6.Itismostconvenienttoentertheshipoutwards assoonastheJerqueNotehasbeenissued. 7. It is important for the protest to be signed by witnesses. 3. Translate the above sentences (II 2) into our language. Note that IT is not translated by its equivalentT0,e.g.:
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1.Nuno/potrebnoje.......... 2. Preporuase/preporuljivoje..........

IIITRANSLATION 1. (Extractsfromadecklog) 10.Svibnja 04.20NEvjetarjaine,nalazimosebonoodrtaElli. Proli smo Dardanelski prolaz. Prolazimo tjesnacemTenedos. 04.30 NE vjetar jaine 5, nalazimo se bono od otokaTenedos. 04.40Kurs2l2,teretredovnoventiliran 08.20 Preteni tank ispranjen, kotlovi napunjeni vodomiztankovaustrojarnici 10.15Upraviteljstrojaizvjetavadanapojnapumpa (feed pump) kotla ne radi normalno i da je iskljuena.Trebajepregledati(overhaul). 12.10 NE vjetar jaine 5, kurs 212. Preena udaljenost 180 milja, vrijeme 22 sata, brzina 8 vorova. Nebo oblano, more umjereno do uzburkano (rough). Teret redovno ventiliran. Izmjerenekaljue(sound). 13.20 NE vjetar jaine 7/8, kurs 212. More jako valovito. Brod se valja i posre. Valovi udaraju
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(hit) o palubu i povremeno (at intervals) prelamaju preko grotala (break). Zbog loeg vremenateretseneventiliraredovno. 14.00NEvjetarjaine8/9,kurs212.Veomavisoki valovi. Zbog nevremena teret se ne ventilira redovno. More je moda ulo (find way into) u skladitaismoilo(wet)teret.Ovonavodimradi zatiteinteresabrodaitereta. 11.Svibnja 07.00NEvjetarjaine6/7,kurs260.Nalazimoseu blizini luke Pirej. Udaljenost 4 milje. Pozor u stroju. 09.00OborilisidrokodPireja. 09.15 Dobili "slobodan saobraaj". Obavljamo (complywith)lukeicarinskeformalnosti. 12.30ProslijedilizalukuPirej. 13.40Vezani u bazenu za generalniteret. Zatraili snabdijevanjevodomigorivom. 14.30Zapoeletrgovakeoperacije. 2. Dabise prijavila pomorska nezgodapotrebno je potkrijepiti(support)prijavuizvacimaizdnevnika. 3.Bitnojedaseprotestprijaviurokuod24satapo dolaskubrodauluku. 4.Nemoguejedabrodaruvijekznatonovrijeme krcanjabroda.
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5. Korisno je znati postupak (procedure) za prijavu pomorskenezgode. 6. Vano je znati gdje se moe prijaviti pomorska nezgoda.

IVGUIDEDWRITING 1. Makeanoutline(headingsandsubheadings)ofthe textontheNoteofSeaProtest.Theoutlineshould help you asareminderinpresentingthe textboth orally and in writing. Use PowerPoint or transparencies(slides). Suggestions:
1._____________ 2._____________ 2.1_________ 2.2_________ 2.2(a)________ 2.2(b)________ 2.3____________ 3._____________ 4._____________ 5._____________

2. Makeupaseaprotestonthebasisofthefollowing
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headlines(addotherinformationifnecessary): yourvesselname"KOLJ" cargocarried:refrigeratedcontainercargo voyage:RijekatoBoston causeofprotest:breakdownofmaingenerator nopowerfor10hours damagefeared: possibledeteriorationof frozen and chilled cargo due to power failure in supplyingreefercontainers

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UNITSIXTEEN

PROCEDURESONARRIVALATA PORT
Ship arrival and departure procedures vary from port to port, but some of the necessaryformalitieswillfollowonthesameorsimilarlineseverywhere. Signalsonapproach:Iftheshipishealthy,sheshouldflyaQorshowlightsredover white.Iftheshipisaninfectedorsuspectedship,sheshouldflyor flashQQorshowthe white over red light. In any case, whereit is possible, the port health authorityshouldbe notifiedinadvancebyradio. Themaster,beforearrivalatafirstportofcall,shallascertainthestateofhealthon board. On arrival he should complete and deliver to the health authority for that port a MARITIME DECLARATION OF HEALTH which shall be countersigned by the ship's surgeon,ifoneiscarried. If there is any doubt of the shipbeing detained ordelayed for health reasons, the mastershould,beforeapproachingtheport,andnotlessthanfournormorethan12hours before arrival,wirelessin tothelocalhealth authority giving full particulars,i.e.nameof ship,ETA,andallimportantdetailsaboutthehealthofhisship.Thiswillenablethemedical officer to meet the ship at the earliest possible moment, to obtain necessary supplies of vaccines,andtomakearrangementsforhospitalization,ifneeded. The master should have ready a full list of crew and passengers and portsof call throughoutthevoyageoratanyrateforthelastsixweeks,togetherwiththeDeclarationof Health. Inmany ports pilots areissued with a list of "suspect ports" and are instructed to communicatewiththePortHealthAuthoritiesiftheshiphascalledatanyofthemduring thepreviousfourweeks.Ifshehas,FreePratiquewillnotbegrantedbytheCustomsuntil thevesselhasbeenvisitedbythePortMedicalOfficer. Bringingto:Theshipmustbebroughttoatthe"outerboardingstation"oftheport, where the master should have ready for production the Maritime Declaration of Health (illustrated above) as well at the Deratting (or Exemption) Certificate. No unauthorised boardingorleavingtheshipmustbepermitteduntilsheiscleared. Grantingpratique:TheCustomspreventiveofficerwillboardtheship,askquestions regarding the health of persons on board, take delivery of the signed Declaration and, if justified,grantaPratiqueCertificateonbehalfofthehealthauthority.

CERTIFICATE OF "PRATIQUE"
BYCUSTOMSOFFICER
(1)Master'sname (2)Ship'sName (3)Portwherevoyage commenced

IherebycertifythatIhaveexamined(1)JAMES ARTHURGREENWOOD.... Masterofashipcalledthe(2).."FORESTER" latelyarrivedfrom(3)TAKORADI... andthatitappearsbythe(4)written..

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(4)"Verbal"or"written" asthecasemaybe

answersofthesaidMastertothequestionsputtohim thattherehasnotbeenonboardduringthevoyageany infectiousdiseasedemandingdetentionoftheshipby theCustomsauthoritiesandthatsheisfreetoproceed. Givenundermyhandat LONDON

Thiscertificate,issuedbythe this12th dayof April Customsauthorities,doesnotexempt 19 73 theshipfromanyrequirementwhich (Signed) maybemadebytheMedicalOfficer oftheHealthAuthorityunderthe a.williamson

Lawinthatrespect.
Preventive(orotherresponsible) OfficerofCustomsandExcise.

Enteringinwards:Whentheshipisberthed,themastermustreportherarrivalatthe CustomHouse.Theshipmustbereportedwithin24hoursofarrival(Sundaysandholidays excepted) and before "breaking bulk", i.e. the commencement of discharge. If the vessel arrivesoutsideworkinghoursandimmediatedischargeisdesired,an"interim"reportwill bemade onboard immediately onarrival. Thismaybe done even during workinghours, especially in the case of passenger ships, to save time. The master may nominate a responsibleofficeroftheshiptomakethereportonhisbehalf. Report: When reporting at the Custom House, inward light dues are paid and GENERALDECLARATIONONARRIVAL(orInwardEntry) iscompletedbytheMaster orAgent.TheCERTIFICATEOFREGISTRYandDECKCARGOMEMO,isrequiredto assesstheamount due.The master thengoesto the ReportingOfficer withthenecessary papersandswearsthecorrectnessoftheinformationcontainedinthem.

STORELISTof
S.... Arr...From....... Master NetGross.Crew...... STEWARDDEPARTMENT Bread.. lbs... Biscuit lbs... Baconandham.. lbs... ButterandMargarine. lbs... Cheese lbs... CocoaandChocolate. lbs... Coffee lbs... Eggslbs... Rum. lbs.. Tobacco.. lbs.. Whiskey.. bottle. Whiskey.. gall.... Wine . DECKANDENGINEDEPARTMENT

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Fish,fresh.. doz... Fish,driedsalt.... lbs....

Bags.empty. pcs.. Blocks. pcs..

ANDALLOTHER ARTICLESOFEQUIPMENTAND INSTRUMENTS THEPROPERWORKINGANDSAFE FOR NAVIGATIONOFTHEVESSEL

Datedatsea.....
FourcopiesrequiredforU.S.Custom

19. .. Master

Itisusefultoknowthenamesofcustomsofficersaccordingtotheirduties: PreventiveOfficerissuestheCertificateofPratique. ReportingOfficerreceivestheReport. WaterguardOfficerissuestheJerqueNote(InwardClearingBill). Assoonas the ship is readyto discharge,themastershouldserve a NOTICE OF READINESSonthereceiver(consignee)orhisagent.TheWaterguardOfficerchecksthe landingofallgoodsdestinedfortheportandwhenthedischarge iscompletedtheshipis searchedandthestorescheckedandcomparedwiththeSurplusStoreList, andifallisin ordertheINWARDCLEARINGBILL(orJERQUENOTE)isissued. Hatch survey and protest: If the master has grounds to fear that cargo may be damaged,heshould(unlessthishasbeendonebyradiobeforehand)arrangeahatchsurvey and notify the consignees or their agents accordingly. That gives them an opportunity to appointasurveyortoactontheirbehalf.Whencargodamageissuspectedaprotestshould benotedbeforeaNotaryPublicoraconsularofficerandtherighttoextenditreserved. Generally, if the surveyors find that the hatches had been properly covered and secured,thatthetopstowagewasinorder,theventilationanddunnagingarrangementswere satisfactory,andthatanywaterdamagewasnotduetosaltwater,thatwillbesufficientto defeatclaimsagainsttheship. QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Whatsignals,flagsorlights,shouldashipexhibitwhenarrivingataport? ExplainanddiscussMaritimeDeclarationofHealth. Whatshouldthemasterradiotothe porthealthauthorities? WhatarethedocumentsthattheMastershouldpreparefortheHealth,Immigration, Customs,andPortauthorities? WhatisFreePratique,andwhograntsit? Whatdoesbringingtomean? Withinwhattimemustthe shipbereportedattheCustomHouse? Wherearetheinwardlightduespaid? Whatdocumentsareissuedbythefollowingofficials:PreventiveOfficer,Reporting Officer,WaterguardOfficer?

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10. 11. 12.

WhatisaJerqueNote? WhatdoestheMaster doifhefearsthatthecargomayhavebeendamaged? Whatmustthesurveyormakesuretorepudiateclaimsagainsttheship?

EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1. Fill in the blank spaces (in case of verbs supply the right form): (Report, enter in, ballast,authorize,master,arrival,bulk) Onarrivalatherportofdestinationthevesselisrequiredtobe with theCustoms.Thisisthe responsibilityof the ,whomust reporttothe CustomHouse.Therehewillsignthe beforetheofficeroftheReportSeat. Thismustbedonewithin24hoursof intheportfromaforeignport,whether loadedorin .Penalty(inUK)forfailuretoreport,or"breaking " beforereporting,isfinedLstg.100.Themastermay anofficeroftheship oranagentashoretorepresenthim. 2. Decide which of the following terms refers to the definitions below: (Maritime declarationofhealth,Freepratique,certificateofregistry,REPORT,JERQUENOTE, CARGOMANIFEST,PASSENGERLIST) 1. Document issued to the Master when cargo is shipped. Contains particulars of cargo, shipper's name, marks and numbers, quantities, where loaded,Master's name,particularsoftheship. 2.Document(ora form)signedbytheMasterorAgentandpresentedtoCustoms authorities when entering inwards. Describes the ship, cargo, stores, list of passengers,dangerouscargoetc. 3.Adocumentissuedbythemastergivingparticularsoftheship'shealthconditions onthebasisofwhichtheHealthauthoritiesinaportgivetheBillofHealthtothe Master. 4. A vessel's identity certificate. Issued by the Government of a country after the vesselhasbeensurveyed. 5.CertificategivenbytheCustomssearcher(i.e.WaterguardOfficer)whentheship has been searched and no unentered goods are on board also called Inward ClearingBill. 6.Adocumentgivingthenumber,nationalityandotherparticularsofpassengerson board. 7. Certificate issued by medical officer of a port to an arrived ship when he is satisfiedthathealthofcrewissatisfactory. IIGRAMMAR 1.Insertthemissingpreposition:

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Onarriving thelimits a(UK)port,theshipwillbeboarded apreventativeofficer, whomthemasterpresentsthebill health.The CustomscollecttheBill Healthandpassit thelocalMedical Authority. The Bill of Health is a document which certifies that the health any individual board is completely free any contagious disease. The documentissigned theship'smedicalofficer,and hisabsence, themaster. 2.Supplytherightformoftheverbsinbracketsandfittheappropriateconjunction(If, That,Inorderto,Which,When,Who,Before,Assoonas,Sothat): thederattingcertificate(issue)inaccordancewiththePublicHealth Regulations,theCustomspreventativeofficer(visit)thevessel(compare)thelistof storeswiththeamountintheship'spantry. theCustomspreventiveofficer (be)satisfied everythingisinorder,thestores(seal)dulyand(remain)so untilthevessel (leave)port.Hethen(proceed)tosearchthevessel with aviewto securingcontraband. theseformalities(complete)satisfactorily,areportontheformcalled "General Declaration on Arrival" (make). The master (apply) for a pilot bring the ship to the berth or dock. He or his agent then (proceed) to present the required documents (i.e. Certificate of Pratique, Passenger List, Custom House report, Cargo Manifest, Deck Cargo Certificate, Tonnage Dues Slip) to the port CustomHouse dischargeand/orloadingmay(commence). the discharge (complete) and allthe formalities (finish), the master (give)acertificateofinwardclearance isknownas"jerquenote"orInward ClearingBill. 3. Word forms. Supply the right word form (noun or verb) as required: (certify, certificatedeclare,declarationcomplete,completion) l.Thecargomustbe onadocumentcalledcargomanifest 2.Thisisto thattheshipisfreefromanycontagiousdisease. 3.Hasthe ofPratiquebeengranted? 4.Please thisformandhandittotheReportingOfficer. 5.Upon ofthedischargeandsearchoftheholdstheWaterguardOfficer issuestheJerkingNote. 6. At theouterboardingstationtheMasterproducedtheMaritime of HealthtotheMedicalOfficer.

IIITRANSLATION 1. Brod na sidru duan je (shall) istai (hoist) na najvidljivijem mjestu u smjeru sidra jednosvjetlou360ijednukuglu.

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2.IspunjenaOpacarinskadeklaracijamoraseodmahpodolaskunavezpredati(submit) Lukomcarinskomuredu(PortClearanceOffice). 3.Carinskimvlastimamorasetakoerpredatiulazni(inward)manifestteretakojiese iskrcatiuluci,kaoiteretakojieseuluciprekrcati. 4.Zapovjednikiliagentbroda,kojipodlijee(liableto)karanteniduanjeobavijestiti zdravstvenevlastiuluciSingapurnajkasnije6sati,aneranijeod24sataprijenjegova ETAuluku,oslijedeem: imebroda,lukapolaskaizadnjalukaticanja brojlanovaposade,brojputnika,pojedinostiobolestimanabroduutokuposljednjih 15danaprijedolaska trajanje(validity)Svjedodbeoderatizaciji/Svjedodbe oizuzeuodderatizacije,i vrst,prirodateretanabrodu. 5."Slobodanpromet"dobivase(grant):putemradijaprekokanala14nakon(following) pregledanabrodunakarantenskomsidrituiizuzeem. 6. "Slobodan promet" putem radija: Zapovjednik ili agent duan je obavijestiti luke zdravstvenevlasti(MedicalOfficer)od8do24sataprijedolaskabrodauSingapurda potvrdidasusviputniciisvaposadanabroduzdravi,dabrodimapunovanu(valid) Svjedodbuoderatizaciji,,idatrai(requestfor)"slobodanpromet". 7. Kada brod dobije "slobodan promet" putem radija, brod se moe uputiti na vez (proceedalongside),ilitrgovako(working)sidrite,izapoetikomercijalneoperacije (cargo operations), a da ne eka (without) na pregled od strane zdravstvenog slubenika. 8.Nitkosenesmijepopeti(board)nabrodilisii(disembark)sbrodakojivije(display) karantenskesignale,ilidoksenalazinakarantenskomsidritu,bezpismenedozvole (permission)lukogzdravstvenogslubenika. 9.Zapovjednik iliagentbroda na kome jedolo (occur) do smrtnogsluaja (a caseof death) ili zarazne bolesti duan je odmah o tome (of such case) obavijestiti luke zdravstvenevlastiputemVHFkanala14ilitelefonskimputem. IVGUIDEDWRITING Writeasummaryoftheabovereadingtextbyfollowingtheseheadlines: signalsapproach:healthy,infected,suspectedship bringingto grantingpratique(documents) enteringinwards:reportingtheshipattheCustomHouse documents on reporting: certificate of registry, deck cargo certificate, cargo manifest,noticeofreadiness,etc. issuingoftheJerquenote hatchsurveyandprotest LESSONSEVENTEEN PROCEDURESONDEPARTURE(CLEARANCEOUTWARDS)

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The master must enter the ship outwards on the ENTRY OUTWARAS AND DECLARATIONform.Itismostconvenienttoenteroutwards assoonastheJerqueNote hasbeenissued,astheshipcannotbeginloadingheroutwardcargountilthishasbeendone. However, if it is required to commence loading outwards before al the inward cargo has beendischarged,aspecialpermitmustbeobtained. THEENTRYOUTWARDSANDDECLARATIONformshouldcontain:nameof ship,nameofmaster,portofregistry,nettonnage,numberofcrew,wheretheshipislying, the name of any previous loading port, destination, whether with or without passengers, particularsofanyinwardcargo,particularsofpreviousvoyage,andthenameandaddressof theagent.EitherMasterofAgentcansignit. ThemasterortheagentmustgototheCustomHouseandfirstpaytheoutwardlight duesunlessthesedueshavealreadybeenfullypaidforthecurrentfinancialyear.Iftheship is a foreign goingshipandhasdeckcargo,theowner, agentormaster mustcompletea form to declare the space occupied by the deck cargo. The form must be shown to the CustomOfficerwhoislastonboardatthebeginningofthevoyage. Having settled the matter of light dues, the Master or Agent must then go to the Inspectorwiththefollowingpapers: Certificateof Registry,DeckCargoCertificate,SafetyCertificate (orCertificates), OutwardLightBillReceipt,LoadLineCertificate,ClearanceOutwardsandVictuallingBill, Manifest(orDeclarationthatonewillbedeliveredwithin14daysofvessel'sdeparture)List ofOutgoing Passengers (if any), signed by Master and countersigned by Emigration Officer, InwardClearingBill(JerqueNote). WhentheCustom Inspector issatisfied with the abovenameddocuments, hewill date,stampandsigntheCLEARANCEOUTWARDSandhandittotheMaster. Oncetheportclearancehasbeenissued,theshipis,asfarastheCustomsauthority is concerned, free to sail from the port. But if the ship is in an enclosed dock, the Dock Masterwillrequiretosightthe"DockPass"(issuedbytheauthoritywhendockdueshave beenpaid)beforehewillpermitthevesseltoleave. **SlikaVesselswithcargo** EngagementofCrewandPreparationforVoyage Itisimportantthatthosesigningonshouldhaveallthenecessarydocumentssuchas Certificate of Competence, or Certificate of Qualification, Discharge Book (or Seaman's Book, Seaman's Passport) and Yellow Book (Vaccination Certificate). The Master must maintainaListoftheCrew,seethathehasanOfficialLogBookforthevoyagetogether withthenecessarysupplementarylogs(Radio1and2,Watertightdoors,etc.forpassenger ships),OilRecordBooks,andsupplyofAccountofWagesforms,NationalInsuranceform, etc. Manifest.Thereisnoofficial form forthis,whichmaybeinordinarymanuscript, writtenortyped,thoughsomeshippingcompaniesmayhavetheirownspecialformsforthe purpose. It should contain a detailed description of the ship's cargo showing marks and numbers of packages or other units, weights or quantities, name of shipper, name of consignee(or"toorder"),portofshipment,intendedportofdischarge,referencenumberof

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theB/L foreachpackageorunit,nameandparticularsof thevessel,andthenameofthe master.Inthecaseofageneralcargolinerthemanifestisnotusuallyreadyatthetimewhen thevesselclears.Accordingly,theclearingofficeracceptsadeclarationthatamanifestwill bedeliveredwithin14days. Advancecopiessenttoagentsoftheshipabroadareusefultoenablethemtomake preparationsforberthingandunloading.

QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Onwhatformistheclearanceoutwardsentered? WhatdatashouldtheEntryOutwardsandDeclarationcontain? Whatduesmustbepaidinordertocleartheship outwards? Whenistheshipexemptedfromthepaymentofsuchdues? WhatarethedocumentsthatmustbepresentedtotheInspector? WhatdoestheClearanceInspectorfinallyhandtotheMaster? WhenistheDockPassrequired? Whatarethedocumentsrequiredfromtheship'spersonne1? WhatinformationisenteredintheManifest?

EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1. Fillinthemissingwordsorphrasesfromthebrackets:(ONHISBEHALF,FINALLY, PERSONALLY, IN PREPARING, THE COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS, ON BOARD) thevesseltoleavea(UK)porttheMasterorhisAgentshallattend before orotherCustomsofficer.Heisnotnormallyrequiredtoattendthe Custom House , and may give written authority to the agent to clear .Whenoutwardclearanceisappliedforthefollowingdocumentsare requiredtobepresented:ClearanceOutwards,LoadLineCert.,Ship'scertificateof registry, Wireless Certificate, Light Dues Certificate, safety equipment cert., PassengerList, andGeneral Declarationof Departure. Thelast documentincludes anyimportedcargoremaining forexportation. theInward ClearingBillisneeded. 2.Hereisalistof termsusedinclearingtheshipinwardsoroutwards.Findsynonimous orsimilarterms(i.e.havingthesameornearlythesamemeaning): entryoutwardsanddeclaration certificateofpratique lightduescertificate clearanceoutwards/inward

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 InwardClearingBill consignee tobreakbulk PortHealthOfficer DeRattingCertificate ReportingOfficer CollectorofCustoms WirelessCertificate 3.Makealistofallthedocuments usedinclearingtheshipoutwards,andcomparethem withthecorrespondingonesusedfortheclearanceinwards,i.e.: GENERAL DECLARATION ON ARRIVAL ENTRY OUTWARDS AND DECLARATION IIGRAMMAR 1.Choosetherightverbinthebracketstoformverb+nouncollocationssupplytheright verbform:(SUBMIT,GIVE,PROVIDE,COMPLETE,LEAVE) Whentheseformalitiessatisfactorily ,theshipmay the port on her voyage. In addition the ship manifest and passenger list, which particularsofthenamesofpassengerscarried,must totheportCustom house within 14 days of clearance of the ship. The manifest is a list of cargo on board particularsofthecargo,content,marks,shippers,andconsignees. 2. Concession isexpressedinthesentence: 1.Thereisnoofficialformforthis,thoughsomeshippingcompaniesmayhavetheir own special forms for the purpose. Other examples of concession from the previouslessonsare: 2. The Merchant shall tender the goods when the vessel is ready to load, notwithstandinganycustomoftheport. 3.Nomatterwhetherexpresslyarrangedbeforehandorotherwise,theCarriershallbe atlibertytocarrythegoodsbythesaidorothervessel. 4.AlthoughmuchtradeisbasedofFOBorCIFcontracts,themostusefultypeofB/L istheclean,negotiable,"through"BillofLading. 5.Inspiteoftheenginebreakdowntheshipmanagedtoarriveontime. 6.Howeverhardtheagenttries,thecostofloadingcannotbereduced. Jointhefollowingsentencestoconveytheideaof concession.Useoneoftheabove conjunctionsorphrasestointroduceconcession: 1. A knowledge of the stowage is very useful to the ship's officer. The cargo characteristicsweregivenonthe B/L.

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2.Thereweresimilartypesofshipsinthepast.Rorooperationsstartedonlyafter the2ndWorldWar. 3. Permission to immobilise engines was given by the Harbour Master. This was latercancelledduetoanapproachingstorm. 4. The clean receipt was issued. The cargo delivered was not in good order and condition. 5.Theshipwasallowedtoleaveport.Shedidnotsubmitthecargomanifestatthe timeofclearing. 6.TheCustomInspectorsignedtheClearanceOutwards.Theshipdidnotproduce allthenecessarydocuments.

IIITRANSLATION 1.Zabrodkojiodlaziizluke(outwardvesse1)morajuseurokuodl4danapoodlasku broda predati dokumenti kao to su: Izlazni manifest s pojedinostima o lokalnom i prekrcajnomteretu,te Izlaznadeklaracijakaodozvola (authority)zaiznoenje(take out)robe. 2.Zapovjednik,brodariliagentbrodakojitrai(applyfor)dozvoluzaisplovljenjetreba predatinauvid(sighting)lukimzdravstvenimvlastima: punovanuSvjedodbuoderatizaciji/izuzeuodderatizacije "slobodanpromet"izdanodzdravstvenihorgana,akobroddolaziiznekezaraeneluke. 3. Prije odlaska broda brodski agent mora podnijeti opu deklaraciju u 4 primjerka. Morajuseispuniti(complete)svepojedinosti(details)kaoikoddolaskabroda. 4.Ulukomcarinskom(clearance)uredumorajusepredoiti(produce)etiriprimjerka opedeklaracije,svjedodbaoregistracijibroda/upisu,svjedodbaoteretnimlinijama, svjedodbaosigurnosnojopremi,svjedodbaosigurnostiputnika(samozaputnike brodove),radiosvjedodba,izlaznimanifesttereta,popisposade,popisputnika. 5.Brod kojijepretrpio (sustain)havariju (damage)uslijed (through)sudara,nasukanja itd.,morase (prijepolaska)podvrgnutiponovnompregledu(submittosurvey)radi utvrivanjasposobnostibrodazaplovidbu. 6.Kadaseispune(completewith) svi gornjizahtjevi,broduesenakonplacanjasvih lukihtaksaitd.,izdatilukadozvolazaisplovljenje(OutwardClearanceCertificate) nablagajnilukecarinarnice(PortDuesCashier'sOffice),kojajesmjetenaodmahdo carinskoguredazadozvoleuplovljenja/isplovljenja(CustomsClearance). 7.Premda brod nijeispunjavaosveuvjetedobio je dozvolu zaisplovljenje (clearance outwards). 8. Iakoje agent platiosve pristojbe (dues)na vrijeme, morali smoekati cijeli danda isplovimo. 9. Bez obzira na vrst tereta, carinski slubenik je traio da pogleda Svjedodbu o sigurnosti. 10.Usprkos potpunihpodatakanavedenih upomorskoj knjiici naegmazaa,morali smoekatipotvrduodkonzulata.

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UNIT18 PORTOFBAKAR SHIPMASTER'sREPORT (fromLloyd'sPortsoftheWorld)

Approaches:EntrytoRijekaBayismadebetweenmainland(Istra)andtheisland of Cres. A small ferry runs between the two from the landing stage just north of Rt PrsteniceandanotherconnectswithRijeka.Averyconspicuous,redandwhitehorizontal striped700fthighchimneyissituatedabout1.5mileswestofBakarskiZalivandmakes a good steering guide for the run across, as the actual entrance is difficult to pick out becauseitisverynarrowandblendinginwiththehillsbehind. Anchorage :InitiallywewereorderedbyPortAuthoritiestoanchor1mileS.W. ofthechimney,butlaterrequestedtomoveclosertoRijekaforconvenienceinservicing vessel. Second anchorage 1.5 miles south of main breakwater. Depth of water both places 32 fathoms and we used 10 shackles cable on port anchor. Bottom is glutinous mud and despite force 8, gusting 9 winds, we held our position although many cargo shipsdraggedquitealarmingly.Thenormalwindsforthistimeoftheyeararethe"bora" (November),acold,strongNEwindwhichfunnelsdownthemountainsandcandevelop suddenlytogaleforce.WehadunusuallystrongandprevalentSEwindsduring10days atanchor. Communications:PilotstationlistensonVHFchannel16andworkschannel8. RijekaRadiowasveryeasilycontactedonVHFandprovedofgreathelpinconnecting withAgents,OwnersandCharterers.CoastalRadioservicenotquiteasgoodforcontact on W/T as does not seem to follow the times for listening as laid down. R/T proved difficultaswellduetohisfrequenciesbeingsameasothermainradiostations. Port officials: Agent and boarding party boarded morning after arrival and cleared the ship with very little difficulty, only normal representation required. Shore passes, made out by Agent, sent on board later same day. Permission to immobilise engines and lower lifeboats given by Harbour Master on arrival although this later cancelledduetotheapproachofstormafter24hours. ShoreLeave :Itispossibletoarrangeforshorelauncheswhileatanchorbutthe service can be curtailed due to bad weather and in winter could result in crew being strandedashore.Lastboatfromtheshorebeing22:00hours.Attheberth,norestrictions onshore leaveexistsand there isanexcellentbus service toRijekafromthevillageof Bakar. FreshWater :Atanchor,limitedwaterisavailablebytugbutveryexpensive.On theberth,goodqualityofwaterisreadilyavailableinanyquantityrequired. Bunkers:Bothintermediateanddieseloilavailablebybarge,priceunknown,but thoughttobeaboveaverage.Largequantitiesalsonowavailable. Stores:Storingposesaproblemduetoseveralpoints,i.e.narrowandcongested access road, conveyor belts and crane rails close to the quay wall. For large pieces of sparesandmachinerypontoonsandfloatingcraneserviceavailable. CrewChanges:PersonnelwereroutedviaZagreb(althoughitispossibletosend people through Triest which is a bit nearer). On arrival at Rijeka they have to see

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Immigrationandareissuedwithshorepasses.Wivesandchildrenshouldbeenteredona passenger list and not included on the crew list as they get a special pass for 90days entry. Cargo Handling : Berth has been extended and depth alongside increased to allow vessels drawing17.5 m to safely lie alongside. Cargo is handledby three grabs. Dischargerateonthiscallwasaveraging30.000t.p.d.withthemajorsharebeingdone bythelargegrabwhichisatthewesternendof thewharf.Cargoiseitherbeingtaken directlyawaybyoretrains ordumpedontoback of wharf (ifiron ore), or (ifcoke) is taken direct to a cooking factory on the other side of the bay. Storage or dumping facilities are very limited and this has a controllingeffect on the discharge. Stevedores weregoodandcooperationwasgood. Repairs: Besides the "3.Maj" shipyard there are quite a few smaller yards and workshopswhererepairscanbearranged. Medical: There is a specific clinic for seamen which opens at 12.00 hrs. In attendanceatthattimeisageneraldoctorwhoreferspatientstothedifferentspecialists andusuallyentailsavisitnextdaytoseethosepeople. Customs Allowance : On arrival, each man allowed 200 cigarettes and1.5 litre wine/spiritsduringstay.Customswouldallowanissueevery5daysof200cigarettesper manand8bottlesofspiritsfortheship.

QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Whoisthewriterofthereport? Whatisthepurposeofsuchreports? Whatparticularsareincludedinthereport? Whatisthenameofthepublicationwheresuchreportsarepublished? HowistheapproachtotheportofRijekamade? Describethecharacteristicsoftheportforanchorage. Howisthecommunicationwithshoreestablished? Whoconstitutestheboardingparty? Howisshoreleaveobtained?Whywasshoreleavecancelledlater? Howarefreshwater,bunkers,andstoresobtained? Whatistheprocedurerequiredforthecrewchanges? Describe the cargo handling facilities and rates of the bulk cargo terminal at Bakar. Wherearerepairsdone? Howismedicalassistancerendered? Howmanycigarettesandwhatquantityofwineorspiritsareseamenallowedby theCustomAuthorities?

EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY

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1. Givetheappropriateheadlinesforthefollowing informationonport.Consult thetextabove: 1. Nearest shipyard and drydock 26 miles across the Bay. Only smaller works carriedoutafloat. 2.Berthingchargesandduesarepayablebyallvesselsoccupyingberthsoperated by the Port Authority. Exempted are pleasure craft, tugs and safety boats. Cargoratespayableonallthegoodsloadedandunloadedfromvesselsinthe harbour. 3. General Manager ..., Harbour Master ..., Director, Terminal Operations ..., Port Engineer ..., Operational Manager ..., Shipreporting agency ..., Lloyd's Agent.... 4.Allgradesavailableexninedeepwaterwharvesina24hourservice. 5. Large vessels can anchor safely in the roads or outside Ulsnes Point, where thereisalsoaQuarantineanchorage. 6.Theharbourandroadarealwaysfreefromice.Threeentranceswithatleast20 fmsdepth.Thenorthernentranceiswidestandbest. 7.Tugsupto2,300hpavailable. 8. Porto Marghera, backed by warehouses with storage capacity of 1,1 million cu.m,has 4lcranesranging from 3 to20tons, mobile cranes up to15 tons. Twogantrycranesforsoyabeanmea1,onegantryforcontainers,35tons. 9. Commercial Dock, where vessels drawing 25 ft can enter. Quai de France, largestvesselsafloatreceived.Querquevillepetroleumharbourequippedwith apipelinecanaccommodatesteamers29ftdraftatanystateofthetide. 10.Everyvesselshallhaveonboardaradiotelephonethatiscapableofoperating in InternationalMaritimeMobile VHF Radiocommunications Servicewithin 156174MHzBandonsuchachannelasmaybespecifiedbythePortMaster. 1l.Crewisallowed:spiritsnotexceeding1/4litre,wineonelitretobacco not exceeding 60 grams in weight or 15 cigars or 50 cigarettes in opened packages. 2.Supplythemissingverbs(BEAVAILABLE,MAINTAIN,BEMET,PROVIDE,BE EQUIPPED,MAKE) TowageinthePortofBoston.Tugsandtowboatsupto4,300hp at Boston for towing, docking, undocking and shifting. Tugs radio communication on VHFFM channel 10 (156.50 MHz). Inbound vessels inthevicinityofAnchorageareas1or2.Arrangementsinadvancethroughships' agents. Tank barges and selfpropelled tank vessels cargocarrying capacities'upto46,000barrels.Theseshipsareusedfor deliveriesof bunkerfuelstovesselsatberth/anchorage.

II GRAMMAR 1.CauseI.Considerthefollowingsentences:

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(1) Permission to immobilise engines and lower lifeboats later cancelled due to theapproachofstorm. (1a)Permission...cancelledbecauseoftheapproachofstorm. (1b)Permissioncancelledowingtotheapproachofstorm. (1c)Permissioncancelledonaccountoftheapproachingstorm. (1d)Permissioncancelledinconsequenceoftheapproachingstorm. (1e)Permissioncancelledasaresultortheapproachingstorm. Rephrase the following sentences by using one of the above underlined phrases expressingcauseorreason: 1.R/Tproveddifficultbecauseofsamefrequenciesasothermainstations. 2.Servicesarecurtailedduetobadweather. 3.Storingposesaproblemonaccountofanumberoffactors. 4.Dischargewasstoppedduetotheapproachingrain. 2.CauseII.Theabovesentencescanbeenlargedintofullverbclausesofcauseorreason, cf.: (1f)Permissioncancelledbecausetheweatherreportpredictedastrongstorm. Comparealsoothersentencesofthistype: 2.Thechimneymakesagoodsteeringguidefortherunacross,astheentranceis difficulttopickout. 3. Wives and children are not included in the crew list since they get a special passfor90daysentry. Connect thesentencesbelowbyusing the conjunctions AS,SINCE, andBECAUSE andfullverbclausesofreasonorcause: 1.Theship'sagentdidnotproducethenecessarydocuments.Outwardclearance wasnotgranted. 2. The depth of the sea alongside berth was insufficient. The big bulk carrier couldnotbeaccommodated. 3.Noheavyfuelwasavailable.Wehadtoproceedtothenextport. 4.Allthedocumentsweresatisfactory.Theclearancewasissuedimmediately. 5. The contact with the harbourradio wasnotgood. Thecoastal station did not followthelisteningtime. IIITRANSLATION 1. Translate the following sentences into English using the conjunctions or phrases introducingcauseorreason:

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1. Budui da agent nije prezentirao sve dokumente, brod nije dobio odmah dozvoluzauplovljenje. 2.Uslijedloegvremenabrodjezakasnioudolasku. 3.Brodnijemogaouplovitizbogoseke. 4.Zbogkiemoralismoprekinutiiskrcajtereta. 5.Buduidanismoimaliauriranekarte(updatedcharts),zatrailismoobavijesti odpilotskestaniceilukekontrole. 2.TranslateintoEnglish:(comparethereadingtext): Lukikapaciteti(facilities)iusluge(lukaCalais): 1.Sidritenaprilazu(roads)dnodridobro(pijesakiljunak)dubinevariraju od10do20m.ZatienaodvjetrovaizSEiWSW. 2.Prihvatbrodova:Ustava(lock)kojavodiuovajdokirokaje17m,pajeulaz dozvoljenzabrodovedo16mirine. 3. Plimni reim (duration): brodoviduiod 110m moguuiu lukusamo1 1/2 sataprijeili1satposlijevisokevode/plime. 2 4.Skladita:Uvanjskojluciuzobaluima6.400m skladitadjelomicezarobu podcarinskomkontrolom.Takoerpostojeiotvoreneskladinepovrine. 5. Rukovanje teretom: kontejneri i roro: dvije mosne dizalice od 40 tona na trajektnomterminalu u vanjskojluci. Na dokovima prekrcavajuse kontejneri 2 do24tone.Roroterminalimatrirorovezasaskladitemod4.000m . 6. Snabdijevanje gorivom i vodom: gorivo i voda mogu se dobiti uz prethodnu obavijest(notice)od24sataunaprijed. 7.Peljarenje:obaveznopreko150nrtpilotskiamacekakodplutaeCA6radi ukrcajapilotanabrod,pilotkoristikanal6VHF. 8.Radnovrijeme:08.00 12.00,14.0018.00odponedjeljkadosubote.Radu smjenama:06.00 14.00,14.00 22.00.Neradisenedjeljomipraznicima. 9.Pristojbeitakse:lukepristojbe,upotrebaveza,pristojbezasvjetla. 10. Slubene osobe/nadleni: luki kapetan, Gospodarska komora, zdravstvena agencija,direktorluke,brodskaagencija,.

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UNITNINETEEN VESSELACCIDENTS

In port and at sea the vessel, her cargo, crew and passengers are subject to a variety of dangers. Marine insurance undertakes to indemnify the company against damage to or loss of vessel or cargo and collision with other vessels. For protection againstaccidentsandlossesnotcoveredbymarineinsuranceshipownerscarryinsurance withProtectionandIndemnitySocieties,knownasP&I(sometimescalledClubs) Thistypeofinsurancecovers: Lossoflife Injury to crew members and others Hospitalization of crewmembers in foreign ports Expenses incurred in repatriating crew members who have been hospitalized in foreignports Repatriation ofcrewmembersofstrandedor lostvessel Lossordamagetocargo Liabilitiesfor damagetodocks,cables (submergedorother),shoreinstallations, navigationaids,bridgesandotherfixedor movableproperties,damagetopropertyof anykindcausedbyexcessivespeedinharbor Certaintypesof finesandpena1ties,and practicallyallrisksnotcoveredbymarine insurancecompanies.

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Marine insurance companies and P&I, known as underwriters, indemnify the shipowneronlyfordamageandlossesspecifiedinthepolicyaftertheshipownerproves thatsuchdamageorlosshasoccurred.Thisisdeterminedbysurveys,entriesinthelog, reportsandstatementssubmittedbythemaster. Makingupproperreportsandstatementsandgettingstatementsfromwitnessesin case of accident or casualty to the vessel or cargo or injury to a person, serves an importantpurposeintheprotectionofyourcompany'sinterests.Thisistimeconsuming labor,butitisanecessaryevil,andonewhichcannotbeavoided.Therefore,allreports and statements should be completed with the least possible delay. All reports and statementsshouldbeclear,neatandlegible. LogbookEntries.Ineachcaseofaccidentorloss,oroffireonboard,collisionor grounding, detailed entries should be made in the official log. In certain types of accidents,suchascollisionandgrounding,itisagoodideatomakeroughnotesonapad andenterthemintheloginpropersequence.Ifindoubtaboutwhethertomakeanentry ornot,asaferuleistoenteritinthelog,butonlyafterithasbeenroughedout.Donot trustanythingtomemory.Writeitdownassoonaspossibleaftertheoccurrence,whileit isstillfreshinmind. TheReportsandStatements.Yourcompanymaywant reportsonspecialforms, on all accidents, even those which do not ordinarily require a comprehensive report or statement. In cases of injury to a person on the vessel, first aid should be rendered immediately. If in port, and it is thought necessary, a doctor should be called or the injuredpersonshouldbesenttoahospital.FilloutInjuryReportsandenteralldetailsin themedicallog,and,ifacrewmemberisinvolved,intheofficiallog. AccidentsGoingorLeavingDrydock.Ifyourshiptouchesanothervesselorcraft, anaccidentreportshouldbemadeout.Duetotheclosequartersinsomedrydocksthis typeofaccidentoccursoccasionally.Ifyourvesselwasusingherengine,acopyofthe logbookandbellbookcoveringthetimeshouldalsobemadeup.Namesoftugsusedand their positions around the vessel should be shown on a diagram. The pilot should also make a statement. A similar report is necessary if the vessel strikes any part of the drydock.Statementsmayalsoberequiredfromtheofficerondutyonthebridgeandthe manatthewheelandthelookout. Cargo Damage. Cargo damage is a constant problem. Usually, it is the chief officer whomustwriteastatementandmakeareportgivingthereasonforthedamage.If itwascausedbysaltwater,heshouldnoteinthestatementthatthehatcheswereproperly batteneddownandthenumberoftarpsusedoneach.Providedallfactsarecorrect,the statementandreportarecountersignedbyyou. An abstract of the log (six copies) covering the period of the heavy weather shouldbemadeup.Theweathermustnecessarilyhavebeenextraordinarilyheavynot theroughweatherusuallyexpectedonthevoyage.Thelogshouldshowwhatstepswere taken to avoid heavy weather damage and to prevent laboring of the vessel such as slowingdown,changingcourseorballasting.Suchentriesinthelogwillbeofassistance toyourinsurancedepartmentinfightingaclaimmadeagainstyourcompanyfordamage to cargo. Any repairs to the vessel for damage attributed to the heavy weather on that voyageshouldbenotedinthelogbookandinthestatement.

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CollisionwithAnotherVesse1.Firstofall,fillouttherequiredformsendingone copytoyourinsurancedepartment.Anumberof statementsandreportswillhavetobe made.Thereforestarttakingnotesimmediatelyorputanofficeronthejob.Don'tforget to serve notice on the master of the other vessel, that her company will be held responsibleforalldamagesustainedbyyourvessel.Requesttheaddresseeoftheletterto acknowledge its receipt. Chances are he will not do this, and he may even refuse to acceptthenotice.Inallprobabilityhewillserveyouwiththesamekindofnotice.Do notacceptoracknowledgeiteventhoughyoumayhavehithimamidshipsonaclearday when his vessel was at anchor! Never admit liabillity or that your vessel was at fault. Leavethat toyourcompanyinsurance departmentif theythink itnecessary. Don'tgive out any information and don't allow anyone, with the exception of the authorities' officials,toexaminethelogbooksorbellbooks. Noteinyourlogbookandinyourstatement: (a) Thatyoumadecertainastowhetheranyonewasinjuredoneithervessel. (b)Whethertheothervesselwasinneedofassistance.(Rememberthatifyoucanwith safetyyoumuststandbyheruntilsheisreportedoutofdanger). (c) Thatyouhadbilgesoundingstakenhourlyoroftener,asthoughtnecessary. (d)Theextentofdamagetoyourvesselasfarasknown. (e) Thenamesofwitnessesmenwhowereondeckatthetime.

QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Whatdoesmarineinsuranceindemnifythecompanyagainst? WhatiscoveredbytheProtectionandIndemnityClubs? Explainthetermshospitalizationandrepatriation. HowdoestheOwnerprovethatthedamageorlosshasoccurred? Whomakesuseofyourreportsorstatementsontheaccidents,injuries,etc.? Whatinformationshouldbeenteredinthelogbook? Whatshouldyoudoincaseofaninjurytoapersononboard? Whyareaccidentsongoingorleavingdrydockordocksingeneralsofrequent? Whatistheprocedurefollowedincaseofcargodamage? Whatshouldyoudoasmasterinsuchacase? Whatinformationontheweatherduringtheaccidentshouldbeenteredinthelog? Describe the procedures involved in reporting and recording the collision with anothervessel. Whyshouldyounotadmitanyliabilityorafault?Whoissupposedtodealwithit? Whatarethemostimportantparticularstobenotedintheship'slogbookorinthe master'sstatement?

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1.Givethewordsorphrasesreferringtothedefinitionsbelow: 1) CompanythatindemnifiestheOwneragainstdamagetoorlossofavesselorcargo ( ) 2.Societiescoveringtherisksoflossoflife,strikingdocksorshoreinstallations, expatriationexpenses,hospitalizationofcrew,etc.( ) 3.Bookwheretheimportantdetailsofthevoyageareenteredeveryday( ) 4.Ladderforboardingaship( ) 5.Puttingintoaportofrefuge,i.e.aportotherthanthoseprovidedintheC/Por voyageschedule( ) 6.Personsorcompanyengagedinstowingcargointheship'sholds( ) 7.Piecesofcanvasforcoveringthehatches,etc.( ) 8.Spaceintheshipwherewater,oilandmoisturearedrained( ) 9.ExpensesincurredbytheShipownerinconnectionwithrunningtheshipunder aC/Porothercontract( ) 10. Theactof throwingcargo and storesoverboardin orderto savethe vesse1 ( )

2. Completetheletter belowwiththeappropriate prepositionalphrases (in brackets) and state what the Master's intention is: (AT THE SAME TIME, AT A LATER DATE,INREPLY,HEREWITH,INCONNECTIONWITH) Repudiatingresponsibilityinthecollision DearSirs, to yourletterdated16.02.1986. thecollision betweenmyvesselandyourvesseloffHull,I repudiateall responsibility for the above collision and all the consequences arising therefrom. Ihold youresponsible for all damages caused tomy vessel andforalltherelativeconsequences. IreservemyOwner'srighttoreverttothismatter . Faithfullyyours, Master,MVNUTCRACKER IIGRAMMAR 1.Supplythemissingformoftheverbinbrackets:(ADVISE,ARISE,CAUSE,GET INTOUCH,OCCUR,PROTECT)

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1.Disputesintheseatrade asaresultoftheinfringementofthecontract of carriage, maritime regulations, and laws or as a consequence of accidents whichatseaorinports. 2.Theaccidents bytheactionofnaturalelements(wind,sea,current)or bymaritimeperils(accidentssuchascollisions,strikingdocks,fire,explosion, stranding,enginebreakdown,etc.) 3.Exonerationclause theOwnersfromcertainriskssuchaserrorsin navigationandinthemanagementofships. 4. As soon as an accident , the Master should the P&I Club's representative in theportand supply himwiththenecessary information and documents.Atthesametimehemust withtheshipagentandtheOwner. 2.Supplythemissingprepositions(FireReport): MVANALUISA(Santos Hamburg)presentlyberthed port Recife, reports fire hold sisal (Lloyd's Agents). ANA LUISA sailed Salvador 2315, May 10,Fortaleza her voyage NorthEurope. Vessel loaded thisportgeneralcargoand 1600,May11,firewasdiscovered No.5 hold, apparently started sisal cargo. Initially crew used water and subsequently carbon dioxide.As fire continued, vesselwas diverted Recife,arriving 0543May12andberthing 0700sameday.Assistance firebrigadewas providedandfirewasfinallyextinguished 1110today.Theholdistotally floodedanddischarge allcargostartingnow. 3. Cause III. Cause is also expressed by words (verbs, nouns) denoting cause or reason: 1) Theofficermustwriteastatementandmakeareportgivingthereasonforthe damage. 2) Thedamagewascausedbysaltwater. 3) Thetruecauseof thedamagewastheinadequatestowageofcargo. 4) Alargeproportionofcargoclaimsarisefromlackoforimproperdunnage. 5) For this reason each accident report must be supported by extracts from the logbook. 6) Thestatementoftheofficer gaverisetolargedisputes. Rephrasethesentencesbelowfollowingtheaboveexamplesfrom(l)to(6)where applicable: 1.Fireintheengineroomwascausedbycarelesswelding. 2.Thefireoccurredthroughthecarelesshandlingofthepumps. 3.Thetruecauseofthedamageisstillunknown. IIITRANSLATION TranslatethefollowingquestionsintoEnglish(tobeansweredandcompletedindrawing upanAccidentReport): 1. Kolikijebiogazbrodanapramcuinakrmi?

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2. Koje su pomorske karte bile koritene (naziv, broj, datum i izdava)? Dan zadnje korekcijeprijenezgode? 3. Koliko je kompasa bilo na brodu? Da li su bili ispravni? (in good order)? iro kompas?Magnetskikompas? 4. Jelivrstateretamogladjelovatina(affect)kompas? 5. Jeliopremazaspaavanjenabrodubilauskladusazakonskkimpropisima(statutory requirements)? 6. Koliki je bio broj vodonepropusnih predjela (compartment)? Da li su se pokazali (prove)korisnimusluajuovenezgode? 7. Da li su sredstva i oprema za gaenje (fire appliances) na brodu bili u skladu sa zakonskimpropisima? 8. Kojasekoliinatereta/balastaprevozila?Kojavrstatereta?Gdjesenalazio(carry)? 9. Jelibrodimaoteretanapalubi? 10. Jelibrodbioprekrcan?(overladen)? 11. Jeliteretbiopravilnosloen? 12. Dalisuskladitabilaventilirana? 13. Kakvojebilovrijemeprilikomnezgode? 14. Koja su navigacijska pomagala i sredstva bila na brodu, i koja su se koristila prije nezgode? 15. Kojijebiokursnasegbroda(ownship)?Kadajedrugibrodbioprimijeenprviput (observe)? 16. Kojajebilabrzinanaegbroda? 17. Ukojemsesmjeru(azimutu)nalaziodrugibrod? 18. Kakvisubiliradarskaudaljenostiazimutdrugogbroda? 19. Brojsvjetaladrugogbrodaivrsta? 20. Kojijebiokursdrugogbrodakadjeprimijeen? 21. Dalisumotoribiliusporeniilizaustavljeni? 22. Kojajebilabrzinanaegbrodakadajedolodosudara? 23. Dalisusvijetlila(show)propisnasvjetla,idalisudatipropisnisignalizamaglu? 24. Jelidrugibroddaosvojeimeiostaoublizini(standby)radipomoiposlijesudara? 25. Daliseglavnistrojpokvario(breakdown)prijepotonua? 26. Daliseprijepotonua(foundering)pokvariokormilarskiureaj? 27. Dalisusepokvarileilinisuradile(becomeinoperative)brodskepumpe? 28. Kadajedolodoputanjabroda(springaleak)? 29. Kadajebrodpoeokrcativodu,(shipwater)? 30. Kojijekursimaobrodprijepotonua? 31. Kojesumjerebilepoduzetedasesprijeinesrea?

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LESSONTWENTY MARINEINSURANCE

Insurance is a means of protection against loss, whereby the cost of the loss, whichwouldotherwisefallupontheowners,istakenoverbytheinsurer. The document embodying the contract of insurance is called a policy. An InsurancePolicyisawrittencontractwherebytheinsurer(aninsurancecompany),onthe basisofanagreedpaymenttermedthepremium,undertakestomakegoodtotheinsured, any loss or damage to the property specified therein. The document is signed by the insureronly. MarineInsuranceistheinsuranceofinterests(propertyandearnings)thatmaybe imperilledinamaritimeadventure.Goodsareasaruleinsuredagainstvariousrisksfrom the momenttheyleavethesuppliers'storehousesuntil theyenter thestorehousesof the consignees. Shipsalsoareinsuredthemomenttheystartbeingbuiltuptothemomentwhen theyareput outofcommission. RiskcoveredbyMarineInsurance 1.) Totalloss:alossthatmakesthepropertyvaluelesstotheinsured.Totallossmaybe: a) actualtotalloss,wherethesubjectmatterinsuredisdestroyedorsodamagedas toceasetobeathingofthekindinsured.Examples:avesselpostedasmissing orhidessodamagedastobecomeputridandthereforevaluelessashides b) constructive total loss occurs when the subjectmatter insured is reasonably abandonedonaccountofitstotallossappearingtobeunavoidable,orbecauseit could not be preserved from actual loss without an expenditure which would exceeditsvaluewhenpreserved. 2.) Particular average a loss less than total to cargo or ship signifies damages or a partial loss sustained by ship, goods or freight through some accidental cause. Such damage occurs, for instance, if crated bicycles are corroded by sea water or if tobacco becomessoakedwithseawater. 3.)Generalaverageconsistsofavoluntarysacrificeorofextraordinaryexpenses,forthe commonsafetyoftheadventure. Claims Whenalossoccurs,theinsuredmustnotifytheinsurersandtakestepstosaveas muchaspossibleoftheobjectsinsured.Moreover,theinsuredmustcallinasurveyorto examinethedamagedgoodsandissueasurveyreport,statingthecauseandextentofthe damage,usuallyinpercentages. Atthesametimetheinsuredsendsformalnoticeofthedamage(aletterofprotest) totheOwnerinordertoreserveforhimselforhisunderwriterstherighttosuehimfor thedamage. Ifthelossisrecoverableunderhispolicy,theinsuredfilesanoteofclaimagainst theinsurersupportedbythefollowingprincipaldocuments: AcopyoftheInsurancePolicy(toprovethatthegoodswereinsured)

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 AcopyoftheBillofLading(toprovethatthegoodswereshipped) AcopyoftheSurveyReport(toprovethatthegoodsweredamaged) Theletterofprotestsenttotheowner(toprovethathehasreservedforhimselfand theinsurertherighttosuethecarrier) Theinvoice Aclaimreleaseanddischarge.

QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. WhatistheInsurancePolicy? Whatisinsuredinmarineinsurance? Whatperioddoestheinsuranceofgoodsintransportcover? Howlongareshipsgenerallyinsured? Whataretheriskscoveredbymarineinsurance? Givesomeexamplesofactualtotalloss. Whendoestheconstructivetotallossoccur? WhatarethelossesreferredtoasParticularAverage? WhatdoesGeneralAverageconsistof? Explaintheprocedurefollowingaloss,i.e.anaccidentatsea?Thedutiesofthe insuredandtheinsurer. Whatarethedocumentstobepresentedalongwithaclaimagainsttheinsurer?

EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1.Fillintheblankspaceswiththewordsfromthelistbelow:(PREMIUM,ACTUAL TOTAL LOSS, UNDERWRITERS, BROKER, LLOYD'S, PERILS, POLICY, INSURER,INSURANCE) 1.Themostfamousinsurancemarketintheworld, ofLondon,hasmany aspects.Itisasocietyof ,acorporation,aworldcenterofmarine intelligence,andaspecialistpublishinghouseformaritimeandlegalaffairs. 2.Ingeneralpracticetheinsureddoesnotdealdirectlywiththeunderwriters,but negotiatesthroughaninsurance . 3.Whenthesubjectmatterof isdestroyedorsodamagedthatitcannot be considered a thing of the kind insured, such a loss is defined as . 4.Theinsuredpaysasumofmoneytotheunderwriterknownas . 5.Maritime includefire,war,capture,jettison,barratry,etc. 6.Thepartythatundertakestoindemnifytheinsuredunderaninsurancepolicyis calledtheor. 7.TheInsurance isawrittendocumentofcontractwheretheunderwriter undertakestoindemnifytheinsuredforthelossordamageuptoacertainlimit.

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2. State which of the following terms in brackets are defined below: (ACTUAL TOTAL LOSS, CARGO OUTTURN REPORT, PARTICULAR AVERAGE, INSURANCE BROKER, GENERAL AVERAGE, MARITIME PERILS, CONSTRUCTIVETOTALLOSS,UNDERWRITER,POLICY) 1. A right claimed by the assured for the property lost, where recovery is unlikely: . 2.Onewhoagreestocompensateanotherpersonforlossfromaninsuredperilin considerationofpaymentofapremium: . 3.Kindofriskwherethepropertyhasbeencompletelydestroyed,amissingship forexample: . 4.Acontractofinsurance: . 5.Ahazardorriskatsea: . 6.Anaccidentallosstotheshiporcargoorfreight: . 7. A voluntary sacrifice or extraordinary expenses for the common safety of a maritimeadventure: . 8.Reportofthequantityofcargodischargedfromaship: . 9. An intermediary whonegotiates insurance contracts with the underwriters on behalfoftheshipowner,i.e.theassured: . 3. Supply the missing word from the list below: (SHIPMENT, PRINCIPAL, COMMENTS,BILLOFLADING,DELIVERY,DAMAGE) LETTER of the Receivers (Forwarders) to the Ship Agent concerning loss of and damagetocargo: Re: bags..........,B/L.......... ExMV.from,dated.. Ontaking oftheabovementionedthefollowingremarkswere made:112bagstorn,stained,slack,partofcontentsmissing. For this shipment we possess a clean and on behalf of our wemustholdyouresponsibleforthis andshortage. Whileawaitingyour weremain, Yourstruly,...........(InternationalForwarders)

IIGRAMMAR 1. Supply the right form of the verb in the order of appearance: BE, TAKE, SEE, BREAK,BE,BE,PUT,DAMAGE,DO,ESTIMATE,DESTROY,INCLUDE,BE, ARRANGE MASTER:Ah!Goodmorning,Agent.I gladtoseeyou. aseat.

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AGENT:Whatisityouwantedto meabout? MASTER:Youareawareofasmallfirewhich outwhileyouwereaway, you? AGENT:Yes,Iam.What thecauseofthefire? MASTER: Ashortcircuitintheelectricalwiring.The fire undercontrol immediatelybutacertainnumberofpackages ordestroyedbythe fireandheat. AGENT: youexpectgreatlosses? MASTER: The losses are at $ 13,000. Here is the list of what was damagedor . Aseventualloss intheInsurancePolicy, I mostgratefulifyouwill fortheinsurerstovisitourshipassoonas possible. 2. Supply the missing prepositions and conjunctions (kind of the latter indicated in brackets): AGENT:WhounderwrotethePolicy?Lloyd'swasn'tit? MASTER:Yes,we'reinsured Lloyd'sunderwriters.Pleasemake the necessary arrangements a quick settlement ourinsuranceclaim (result)wecouldleave delay. AGENT: course,Master,I'llgoout (purpose)getintouch theunderwritersandshalltrytoarrangethatvisit. MASTER:Thetelephoneis atthegangway. AGENT:Well,Master,Ihavespoken theunderwriters.They seemwilling paydamages (contrast, restriction) first they will have an adjuster visit your ship (purpose)carryoutaninspectionandestimatethevalue the damaged or destroyed goods. As you know, the underwriters employafirm adjusters (relative)jobistoassess thelossordamage. MASTER:Whenistheadjusterlikelytoarrive? AGENT:Late theafternoon,Ithink. MASTER:Iwouldlikeyoutobehere (time)theadjustercomes. AGENT: I'll do my best to be time. I hope I'll manage it. Unfortunately,Ihaveanotherinsuranceclaimtodeal . IIITRANSLATION 1.Partikularnahavarijajegubitaknastaoizsasvimsluajnihrazloga(accidental),kaoto sunasukanje,poar,sudar,itd. 2.Upartikularnojhavarijigubitaksnosi(bear)vlasnikoteeneimovine(property),npr. brodailitereta. 3. Partikularna havarija stoga predstavlja sluajan gubitak, koji se tie (concern) samo vlasnikaoteeneimovine. 4.Generalnahavarijajegubitakkojijenastao(incur)namjernoilidobrovoljnouvrijeme ugroene(peri1)sigurnostipomorskogpothvata(adventure).

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5.Ugeneralnojhavarijiuestvujubrod,teretivozarina. 6. Kada se u sluaju generalne havarije iskrcaj zavri, primalac sastavlja (draw up) Izvjetajoiskrcanomteretu(OutturnReport). 7. Izvjetaj o iskrcanom teretu pokazuje (show) koliinu iskrcane robe i njeno stanje. Sastavljasenaosnovibrojakihlistia. 8. Ako izvjetaj potpisuje zapovjednik ili Prvi asnik palube bez primjedaba (qualification),onmoesluiti(stand)umjestozajednikogpregleda(jointsurvey). 9. Kada primalac podnosi unaprijed zahtjev/reklamaciju (lodge a claim) on najee unaprijedznadabrodneeprihvatitinikakvuodgovornost(liability). 10. Brod mora dokazati (prove) osiguratelju da se ne snosi odgovornost za tetu ili gubitak(beliablefor).

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UNITTWENTYONE
GENERALAVERAREANDTHEYORKANTWERPRULES

Theorigin oftheword Average"is lost inthe mistsoftime. Varioustheories havebeenputforwardtoexplainitsderivation,butingeneral,underthelawandpractice of all maritime nations, it may be taken to mean material damage or pecuniary loss sufferedinthecourseofmaritimeadventure. The terms Particular and General denote the character of the loss. Broadly speaking,theyaredefinedasfollows: ParticularAverageisapartialloss GeneralAverageisapartialloss 1. duetopurelyaccidentalcauses.e.g., 1. voluntarily and reasonably incurred stranding,fire,collisionsetc. intimeofperil forthesafetyofthe jointadventure 2. whichis borneby theownersof the 2. which is contributed to by the property damaged, e.g., ship or owners of all property saved, e.g., cargo,asthecasemaybe. ship,freightandcargo. ParticularAverage,then,isanaccidentallosswhichconcernsonlytheownerof thepropertydamagedand,ifthecauseofthedamageisaninsuredperil,hisunderwriters. GeneralAverage,ontheotherhand,istheresultofavoluntaryact,andthelossis subject tocontributionby theownersof all theproperty savedbytheGeneral Average act. These interests are usually the ship, the freight, and the cargo respectively. The liabilitytocontributetoGeneralAveragearisesprimarilyoutofthecarriageofgoodsby sea. ExamplesofGeneralAverageSacrificesandExpenditure: Itwillbenotedaccordingtosubsection(1)oftheAct,aGeneralAveragelossmay be in the nature of a sacrifice or an expenditure. The following are examples of sacrificesandexpenditurewhichmaybeadmittedinGeneralAverageunderEnglish lawandpractice:

SACRIFICES I.CargoandFreight
LossduetothefollowingcausesisadmissibleinGeneralAverage: 1.Jettisonfromunderdeck. 2.Jettisonfromondeck. 3.Waterorothermeansusedtoextinguishafireonboardship.

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4.Dischargeandreshipmentforthepurposeoffloatingastrandedshipwhenina positionofperil.

II.Ship'sMaterials
5.Masts,spars,sailsorriggingcutawayforthecommonsafety. 6.Chainsandanchorsslippedtoavertathreateningperil. 7. Damage to a vessel's machinery, ropes, winches, windlass and other gear sustainedinendeavourstofloatastrandedshipwhen inapositionofperil. 8. Damage done inthe efforts to extinguisha fireonboard orin theprocessof jettisoningcargo.

EXPENDITURE
9.Expensesincurredinfloatingastrandedshipinperil. 10.Inwardexpensesenteringaportofrefugetorepairdamagetoship. 11. Cost of discharging cargo at a port of refuge for the purpose of repairing damagetoship. 12.Costofwarehousing,reshipmentofcargoandoutwardexpensesleavingthe portofrefuge. TheYorkAntwerpRules,1974. ThefirststepstowardsinternationalagreementonGeneralAverageweretakenin1860, andthefirsteditionoftheRules,knownastheYorkRules,wasdrawnupin1864.Asa resultofsubsequentinternationalconferences,theYorkRuleswereextendedandbecome the YorkAntwerp Rules. The Rules were revised by subsequent conference in 1890, 1924 and 1949 and the present version, known as the YorkAntwerp Rules 1974, was approved at a conference of the Committ Maritime International held in Hamburg in March1974. YORKANTWERPRULES(Extracts) RULEA. Thereisageneralaverageactwhen,andonlywhen,anyextraordinarysacrifice,or expenditureisintentionallyandreasonablymadeorincurredforthecommonsafety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritimeadventure. RULEI.JettisonofCargo No jettison of cargo shall be made good as general average, unless such cargo is carriedinaccordancewiththerecognisedcustomofthetrade. RULEII. ExtinguishingFireonShipboard Damagedonetoashipandcargo,oreitherofthem,bywaterorotherwise,including damagebybeachingofscuttlingaburningship,inextinguishingafireonboardthe

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ship,shallbemadegoodasgeneral average:exceptthatnocompensationshallbe madefor damagebysmokeorheathowevercaused. RULEIII. VoluntaryStranding Whenashipisintentionallyrunonshoreforthecommonsafety,whetherornotshe mighthavebeendrivenonshore,theconsequentlossordamageshallbeallowedas generalaverage. RULEIV.SalvageRemuneration Expenditureincurredbythepartiestotheadventureonaccountofsalvage,whether undercontractorotherwise,shallbeallowedingeneralaveragetotheextentthatthe salvage operations were undertaken for the purpose of preserving from peril the propertyinvolvedinthecommonmaritimeadventure RULEV. DamagetoMachineryandBoilers Damage caused to any machinery and boilers of a ship which is ashore and in a position of peril, in endeavouring to refloat, shall be allowed in general average whenshowntohavearisenfromanactualintentiontofloattheshipforthecommon safety at the risk of such damage: but where a ship is afloat no loss or damage causedbyworkingthepropellingmachineryandboilersshallinanycircumstances bemadegoodasgeneralaverage.

QUESTIONS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Whatisthegenerallyacceptedmeaningoftheterm"average"? What kind of losses are accepted as particular average as compared with those acceptedasgeneralaverage? Whomdoesparticularaverageconcern? WhatarethetwoadjectivesbywhichP/AandG/Acanbedifferedessentially? Whatisthenatureoflossingeneralaverage(twofold)? Givesomeoftheexamplesofthesacrificeacceptedasgeneralaverage? Whataretheexpenditurescoveredbygeneralaverage? GiveashortaccountofthehistoryoftheYorkAntwerprules? Reinterpret Rule A of the YorkAntwerp rules. State the main conditions for declaringgeneralaverage. Whencanjettisonofcargobeallowedingeneralaverage?(RuleI) Is fire admitted as general average? What losses caused by fire can, however, be admittedasgeneralaverage?(RuleII) Whatisunderstoodby"voluntarystranding"?(RuleIII) Towhichextentissalvageremunerationallowedbygeneralaverage?(RuleIV) Whenisthedamagecausedtomachineryandboilersallowedingeneralaverage andwhennot?(RuleV)

ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY
1.Decidewhichofthefollowingstatements(a.orb.)aretrue:

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Thelosses,damagesorexpensesshallbeallowedasgeneralaverage: 1.(a)iftheyareadirectconsequenceofthegeneralaverage (b)iftheyoccurredthroughdelayonthevoyagelateron 2.(a)whenthereisanaccidentaldamageorloss,suchasfire (b) ifthedamageistheresultofanIntentionalactofsacrifice 3.(a)ifthecargowasdamagedbyfire (b)ifthecargowasdamagedbyactionstakentoextinguishfire,orwithsmoke 4.(a)inthecaseofavoluntarystranding,i.e.ifthevesseltooktheground (b)inthecaseofstrandingoraccidentalgrounding 5.(a)ifthemachinerywasdamagedinanattempttorefloatastrandedship,or ashiplyingonasandyground (b)ifthemachinerywasdamagedbyoverrunningtheengineswhiletheship wasafloat,instandingboisterousweather 6.(a)inthecaseofdischargingthecargointheportofrefugeforrepairpurposes (b)inthecaseofhandlingordischargingthecargoforthepurposeofstowingthe cargowhichshiftedduringthevoyage. 2.Fillinthemissingwordlistedbelow:(CENERALAVERAGE,LOSS,SHIPMENT, AGENT,KNOWLEDGE) Damage or caused to goods loaded without the of the Shipowner orhis ,wilfully misdescribed, undeclared or wrongfully declaredontheoccasionofthe shallnotbeallowedas ,butsuch goodsshallremainliabletocontribute,ifsaved. 3.Givethetermscorrespondingtoeachofthebelow: 1. An agreement signed by all the parties in the maritime adventure acknowledgingtheirabilitytopayashareofthelossunderG.A.: 2. A person who computes the contributions due from various interests when makinggoodaG.A.loss: 3.Thevaluesofpropertysavedbyageneralsalvageactonwhichthecontribution byeachinteresttothelosscalculated: 4.ExpenditureincurredbytheshipownerinconnectionwithaG.A.actoranact ofSalvage: 4. Provide the blank spaces with the appropriate term listed below: (PARTIES, LOSSES, CONTRIBUTION, PROPERTY, VALUE, TERMINATION, ADJUSTEMENT,BALANCE) Uponthe oftheadventurethe admissibleingeneral average are assessed and apportioned over the net arrived values of the saved plus the of the sacrificedpropertywhichhasbeenadmittedin generalaverage.Thelossadmittedingeneralaveragefortheaccountofeachof the totheadventureiscomparedwiththe dueforhim,

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anda ,eithertobepaidortoreceiveisarrivedat.This,then,istheprocess ofgeneralaverage .

II.GRAMMAR
1.Supplythemissingpreposition: the laws all maritimenations a shipowner has a right holdthecargo destinationuntiltheowner ithaspaid hiscontributioningeneralaverage,orthenetbalanceduefromhimthe adjustment. This was the system the olden days. Then it became usual to entrustthesecalculations anindependentperson,i.e.anaverageadjuster. Theshipowner'srighttoholdthecargowasmet theprovision an alternative security, either ,the form a deposit or a form undertaking. Nowadays G.A. security is most usually provided by means Lloyd'sform AverageBond.Thisisanagreementsigned allthe interestedpartiesacknowledgingtheirliabilitytopayashare theloss generalaverage. 2.Supplytheappropriate conjunctionsorprepositionalphrasesasrequired(meaning givenin brackets) (WHICH, IN ORDERTO, BECAUSEOF, WHEREAS, FOR THEPURPOSEOF,DUETO,THAT) DeclarationofGeneralAverage: M/V"SEACREST" (purpose)completetheSeaProtestlodgedinthePortofSiracusa,No. 10 on13thOctober19 ,I,GeorgeShipper,MasteroftheM/V"SeaCrest",(relative) had todeviate totheport ofSiracusaasport ofrefugeon account of firein the engineroomon10thOctober19 ,andherewithdeclare

GENERALAVERAGE
in respect of all the extraordinary expenses and disbursements (relative) have beenormaybeincurred(reason) deviation,compulsorydischarging,warehousing and reloading of cargo, because of unseaworthiness of the vessel, (purpose) common interest of both the vessel and her cargo, (contrast) the corresponding contributionofthevesselandcargowillbedeterminedsubsequentlybyGeneral AverageAdjusters. I also declare that (reason) heavy natureof the damage, respectively the durationofitsrecovery,IwascompelledtointerruptthecommencedvoyageNo. 5/ (generalcargoloadedatRijekaforLagos)andputintotheportofSiracusa.

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Master Capt.G.Shipper 3.Reportedspeech(Statements).Considerthefollowingsentences: (l)TheMaster declaresthathehastoputintotheportofrefuge thathewillhavetoputintotheportofrefuge thathehadtoputintotheportofrefuge. (2)TheMasterdeclaredthathehadtoputintotheportofrefuge thathewouldhavetoputintotheportofrefuge thathehadhadtoputintotheportofrefuge (la)Zapovjenikizjavljujedamoraskrenutiulukupribjeita daemoratiskrenuti ulukupribjeita dajemoraoskrenutiulukupribjeita (2a)Zapovjednikjeizjaviodamoraskrenutiulukupribjeita daemoratiskrenuti ulukupribjeita dajemoraoskrenutiulukupribjeita Putthesentences(statements)belowintothereportedspeechfollowingthepatternsof exampleNo.(2): l.TheAgentsaid:"Theshiphasdelaysinarrival". 2.TheChiefOfficerexplained:"Inotedtheaccidentinthelogbook". 3.TheBoatswainclaimed:"Thecargohasnotbeensecuredwell". 4. The Average Adjuster added: "Tug assistance will notbe admittedunder the generalaverage". 5.Theagentmaintains:"Thefeehasalwaysbeenchargedat2percent".

III.TRANSLATION
1. Ako iznos tete nije velik, trai se (require) samo Lloyd'sov obrazac "Average Bond". 2.Brodarovigubiciitrokovi: trokovi popravka na motoru nastali (sustained) zbog operacija odsukanja (refloating) trokovi iskrcaja, skladitenja (storing) u bare i ponovnog ukrcaja (reloading) tereta,kojijebioiskrcandabiseolakao(lighten)brod nagradazaspaavanjetegljaimauodsukavanjubroda Gubicivlasnikatereta: vrijednostizbaenogteretaradiodsukanja gtetanateretuuslijed(owingto)forsiranog(forced)iskrcaja,slaganjaiponovnog krcanja 3.Izdaciugeneranoavariji(seesupplement

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taksezapeljarenje asistencijategljaa luketakseipristojbe trokoviprivezivanja zarade i namirnice (provisions) za zapovjednika i brodsku posadu za vrijeme produenogputovanjazbogkvaranaglavnomstroju gorivopotroenozavrijemeproduenogputovanja ekstratrokoviprivezivaauteglju(linesmen) usluge pomorske agencije: pomo (attendance) u vezi s prijavom generalne havarije, razmjena kontakata s lukim vlastima, naruiteljem, slagakim poduzeem, brodarem, asistencija i usluge tegljaa, imenovanje inspektora, pripremarauna agencijske usluge razno (sundry, miscellaneous): prijevoz posade, telefon (meugradskirazgovorilongdistancecalls),teleks,telegrafi,radiotelegrami provizijaod2%naizdatkeuG.A. kamateod4.5%godinjenanaknade(allowance)iizdatkeizG.A. 4. MB nasukao se (ground) na stjenovito dno, dok je plovio u balastu, na putovanjuzaNorfolk,pozicija .Dnosprijeda(Forwardbottom)izmeusudarne pregradei30.rebrajakooteeno.Oteenikaljunitankovi,aoblinji(adjacent) tankovi dvodna naplavljeni. Molimo da obavijestite brodara u Hamburgu i da odmahdoetenabrodidoneseteLloyds'ovstandardniobrazacNoCureNoPay. Zapovjednik.(napisatiuoblikuteleksa). 5.Zapovjednikjeizjavio(declare)dajeodmahprijaviogeneralnuhavariju. 6.Agentjemisliodabrodneestiiulukupribjeitabezpomoitegljaa. 7.Vjerovalismodabrodploviuzadanomkursu.

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UNITTWENTYTWO

LLoyds STANDARDFORMOF

SALVAGEAGREEMENT
(APPROVEDANDPUBLISHEDBYTHECOMMITEEOFLLOYDS) NOCURE NOPAY

extracts Onboardthe Dated 19 . .

ItisherebyagreedbetweenCaptain ,forandonbehalfoftheOwnersof the hercargofreightbunkersandstoresand forandbehalf of(hereinaftercalled"theContractor"): 1. (a) The Contractor agrees to use his best endeavours to salve the and/or her cargo bunkersandstoresandtakethemtoorotherplacetobehereafteragreedorifno placeisnamedoragreedtoaplaceofsafety.TheContractorfurtheragreestouse hisbestendeavours toprevent the escapeofoilfromthevesselwhileperforming theservicesofsalvingthesubjectvesseland/orhercargobunkersandstores.The services shall be rendered and accepted as salvage services upon the principleof "nocurenopay"exceptthatwherethepropertybeingsalvedisatankerladenor partlyladenwithacargoofoilandwithoutnegligenceonthepartoftheContractor and/orhisServantsand/orAgents(1)theservicesarenotsuccessfulor(2)areonly partiallysuccessful(3)theContractorispreventedfromcompletingtheservicesthe ContractorshallneverthelessbeawardedsolelyagainsttheOwnersofsuchtanker his reasonably incurred expenses and an increment not exceeding 15 per cent of such expenses but only if and to the extent that such expenses together with the incrementaregreaterthananyamountotherwiserecoverableunderthisAgreement. Within the meaning of the said exception to the principle of "no cureno pay" expensesshallinadditiontoactualoutofpocketexpensesincludeafairrateforall tugscraftpersonnelandotherequipmentusedbytheContractorintheservicesand oilshallmeancrudeoilfueloilheavydieseloilandlubricatingoil. (b) The Contractor's remuneration shall be fixed by arbitration in London in the mannerhereinprescribedandanyotherdifferencearisingoutofthisAgreementor the operations thereunder shall be referredto arbitration inthe same way. In the event of the services referred to in this Agreement or any part of such services havingbeenalreadyrenderedatthedateofthisAgreementbytheContractortothe

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said vessel and/or her cargo bunkers and stores the provisions of this Agreement shallapplytosuchservices. (c) It is hereby further agreed that the security to be provided to the Committee of Lloyd's the Salved Values the Award and/or Interim Award and Appeal of the Arbitratorand/orArbitrator(s)onAppealshallbein currency.IfthisClause isnotcompletedthenthesecuritytobeprovidedandtheSalvedValuestheAward and/orInterimAwardand/orAwardonAppealoftheArbitratorand/orArbitrator(s) onAppealshallbe PoundsSterling. 4. The Contractor shall immediately after the termination of the services or sooner in appropriatecasesnotifythecommitteeofLloyd'sandwherepracticabletheOwnersof theamount for whichherequires security (inclusiveof costsexpensesand interest). UnlessotherwiseagreedbythepartiessuchsecurityshallbegiventotheCommittee of Lloyd's and security so givenshall be in a form approvedby theCommittee and shallbegivenbypersonsfirmsorcorporationresidentintheUnitedKingdomeither satisfactorytotheCommitteeofLloyd'soragreedbytheContractor. 5. Pending the completion of the security as aforesaid the Contractor shall have a maritimelienonthepropertysalvedforhisremuneration.Thesalvedpropertyshall notwithouttheconsentinwritingoftheContractorberemovedfromtheplace(within the terms of Clause 1) to which the property is taken by the Contractor on the completiononthesalvageserviceuntilsecurityhasbeengivenasaforesaid. 8.Anyofthefollowingpartiesmaymakeaclaimforarbitration:(1)TheOwnersof theship.(2)TheOwnersof thecargoor anypart thereof.(3)TheOwnersof any freightseparatelyatriskoranypartthereof.(4)TheContractor.(5)TheOwnersthe bunkersand/orstores.(6)AnyotherpersonwhoisapartytothisAgreement. 16. Notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained should the operations be only partially successful withoutany negligenceor wantofordinaryskill andcareon the part of the Contractor his Servants or Agents and any portion of the vessel her appurtenances bunkers stores and cargo be salved by the Contractor he shall be entitledtoreasonableremunerationandsuchreasonableremunerationshallbefixedin caseofdifferencebyArbitrationinmannerhereinbeforeprescribed. 17. TheMasteror otherpersonsigning this Agreementonbehalf of the property tobe salvedentersintothisAgreementasAgentforthevesselhercargofreightbunkersand storesandtherespectiveownersthereofandbindseach(butnottheonefortheother orhimselfpersonally)tothedueperformancethereof. ForandonbehalfoftheContractor ForandbehalfoftheOwnersofpropertytobesalved

QUESTIONS
1. 2. 3. Whatarethepartiestothesalvageagreement? ExplaintheprincipleNoCure NoPay. WhatdoestheContractor(i.e.thesalvingvessel)undertaketodoinLine(1a)?
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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

WhendoestheprincipleNoCure NoPaynotapply?(1a) Whatareoutofpocketexpenses?(1a) Whereisthecontractor'sremunerationfixed?(1b) How does this Agreement apply to the services already rendered before the Agreement?(1b) What must theContractornotify tothe Committee ofLloyd's immediately after theterminationofthesalvageservices?(Line4) What is a maritime lien and when is it applied under the Salvage Agreement?(Line5) Whoorwhichpartiesmaymakeaclaimforarbitration?(Line8) Is the Contractor entitled to the remuneration if his services have been only partiallysuccessful?(16) Ifso,onwhatconditionandtowhatextent?(16) WhoseAgentdoestheMasterbecomebysigningtheSalvageAgreement?(17)

ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY
1. State which of the terms in brackets is described by the sentences below: (ARBITRATION, CONTRACTOR, MARITIME LIEN, NO CURE NO PAY, SALVAGEAGREEMENT,SALVAGEAWARD,SECURITY) 1. The principle of pure salvage whereby the salvor who fails in his task receives no rewardforhisefforts. 2.Adocumentgoverningthetermsandconditionsofassistanceinsavingaship orgoodsfromthedangersofthesea. 3.Aclaimofthemasterandcrewonthevesselforthepaymentofwagesdue. 4.Thesubmittingofmattersofcontroversytojudgementbypersonsselectedby allpartiestothedispute. 5.Aship,personorcompanyactingasthesalvorinthesalvageagreement. 6. A guarantee to cover the costs of salvage and salvage award, given by the OwnertotheCommitteeofLloyd's. 7. The decision given by an arbitrator for services rendered successfully in a salvageoperation. 2. Fittheomittedwordsinthe followingtext:(CONCERNED,ENDEAVOURS, RECEIVED, ASSISTANCE, CLAUSE, TERMS, NO CURE NO PAY, PROPERTY, COMPLETED,SUCCESS,SECURITY,CARGO,AMOUNT,OWNER,AGENT) Whereavesselfindsherselfinneedof anditisnotpossibleordesirable toacceptassistanceonfixed ,theMastershoulddohisbesttoarrange thehelptobe undertheLloyd'sFormofSalvageagreement .The Master should alsorequest the advice ofhis andof thenearest Lloyds .In IoftheAgreementtheContractoragreestousehis best tosalvetheshipand ,theremunerationintheevent of tobeLstg.Immediatelyaftertheservicesare ,theContractor

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hastonotifytheCommitteeofLloyd'softhe inwhichherequiresthe securitytobegiven.Pending(i.e.until)thecompletionofthe Contractor hasamaritimelienonthesalved .Aftertheexpiryof42daysfromthe date of completion of the security, the Committee of Lloyds call upon the parties to pay over the amount of the security, unless a claim for arbitrationhasbeen withinthatperiod. 3.Inserttheappropriatewordsorphrasesinthefollowingtelexes: 1.(MEANWHILE,OWINGTO,IMMEDIATELY,AVAILABLE) MV "Starlight", Call Sign ............., cargo canned food in containers on the voyageforNewOrleansisdisabledandadriftoffHouston damageto steeringgear,pos...........,plscableifadequatetug totowustoportof refugeforrepairs. askedHoustonagentforonetugrequireurgent answer inordertobeabletocancelHoustontug.Master. 2. (AWAITING, PROCEED, ASSISTANCE, SALVAGE ACREEMENT, TELEX) your of.............,tugboatMighty cantowardsyouwithin7 hoursfor undernocurenopayLloyd'sstandardformof .No towagecompanieswouldagreetotowundertowageagreement. your agreement.WilkinsSalvageCo.Houston. 3.(MEANWHILE,WHICH,BECAUSE) MV "starlight" call sign, regret cannot accept salvage agreement no threateningdamage. receivedmessagefromsistershipSunlight nowproceeds towardsus.Master. 4.(EXPECT,DECLARED,REQUIRED,PUTINTO,ENTERED,NOTIFY) MV Starlight cargo canned food in containers for New Orleans due to steeringgeardamage Houston20Apriltemporaryandpermanent repairs. seaprotestand generalaverage. Please consigneesbeforeaveragebondsandaverageguarantee are beforedischargingoperationsstart.Master.

IIGRAMMAR
I.Indirectspeech Commands.Considerthefollowingpairofsentences: (1)TheMasterordered:"Callforimmediatetugassistance" (la)TheMasterorderedtheradiooperatortocallforimmediateassistance. Makethefollowingcommandsindirectasin(la): 1.(ChiefOfficer),say"Singleupforwardtoonespringandbreastline.
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2.(Agent,suggest):"Signthesalvageagreementassoonaspossible. 3.(CoastalRadio):Arrangelaunchingpassengersandcrewinlifeboats. 4. (M/V WEST, M/W OAK: recommend): Lower your lifeboats before my arrival. 5. (Coastal Radio to Master of M/V SYREN, order): Take command of Search and Rescueofthecrewfromthesinkingvessel.

IIITRANSLATION
l.MBOceanTrader,naputovanjuizOslazaOdesu,ubalastu,dodirnuojemorsko dno (touch ground) u 02,40, 4. svibnja kod otoja Faroes zbog zakazivanja kormilarskogureaja. Brod seodsukaovlastitimpogonom i neputa (leak). Uz pomo ribarskog broda "Harpoon" otegljen je u luku zaklonita kamo je stigao u 07.30 sati. Ronioci su pregledali (inspect) udubine (dents) u limovima na dnu brodaioteenjekormila.Zatimjebrodizvuennanavoz(slip)radipopravka,gdje sejouvijeknalazi. 2.l.RekaomijedapotpiemobrazacNoCure NoPay. 2.Preporuilismoimdaokrenubrodpremavjetru. 3.Krcateljjerekaoslagateljudateretodmahukrca. 4.Obalnastanicajenaredilazapovjednikudasepripremizaprihvattegljaa. 5.Lukikapetanjenarediodasebrodzadri(detain)uluci.

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SALVAGECLAIM
Lawyer: Captain, let's now settle the matter of rendering salvage services to your vessel. Please look through the documents andput your signature.The award is quitereasonable,don't youthinkso? Master: I'mafraidIdon'tfollowyouatall,Mr.Sharp.Whatkind ofsalvagedoyoumean? Lawyer:Well,Captain,thesepapersshowalltheservicesrendered toyourshiponDecember12thand13thinaccordancewith yourpersonalrequestontheLloyd'ssalvageagreementterms. Master: Idon'trememberanysuchrequest. Lawyer:Youcertainlydon'tdenythefactofyourgrounding intheportwaterswhileproceedingoutwards,doyou? Master:OfcourseIdon't.I've,neverintendedto.Weactuallyran aground inapositionathwartthechannel. Lawyer: And you were obviously unable to free yourselves, otherwiseyouwouldnothavecalledforassistance. Master: Well,Iwouldnotbesopositiveaboutthat. Lawyer:Whydidn'tyoufreeyourvesselwithoutassistance then? Master: Thefirstattemptofthetugdidnotsucceedasthetidewas falling rapidly at the time. On the morning when the tide wasmuchhigherourvesselwasrefloatedquiteeasily.We didinfactcallforassistancefromthePortAuthority. Lawyer: Well Captain, you did need assistance, you called for it anditwasdulyrenderedtoyou.That,inmyopinionismost essential. A port tug was sent to the scene. The Harbour Masterhimselfwasdirectingthesalvageoperation. Master: You are quite right, except in using the term "salvage" which is absolutely out of place here. You have only forgotten to mention the position in which the vessel ran ashore.
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Lawyer:AsfarasIknow,ithasnothingtodowithwhatweare actuallydiscussing. I musthowever admit that the position isshownontheplanandthediagramoftheaccident. Master: As a matter of fact it has. Let me remind you that my vessel completely obstructed the entry to and exit from the port. Lawyer:Idon'tquitefollowyourreasoning. Master: It's all very simple. The towing company has a statutory duty to remove any stranded ship which represents an obstruction to navigation. They have a right to recover only the expenses of doing so from the Owners, but neither the Towing Company nor any individual, including the HarbourMaster, have anyrighttosalvageaward.
QUESTIONS:

1. WhatdidtheLawyerwanttodiscusswiththeMaster? 2. Whendidtheshiprunagroundandwhere? 3. Howwastheshiprefloated? 4. DidtheMasteractuallycallforassistance? 5. Wastheassistancerenderedtohisship? 6. Why could the Towing Company not claim the right to the salvage awardin thiscase? 7. WhichexpensesdidtheMasteraccepttobebornebytheOwners?

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EXERCISES ICOMPREHENSIONANDVOCABULARY 1. Completethefollowingtextwiththetermsinthebrackets: (OWNERS,AGREEMENT,HARBOURMASTER,SALVAGE, ONBOARD,TERMS) A: The Harbour Master claims, however, that there was an oral betweenhimandthepilot yourshipatthattime.The pilotsaidthathehaddiscussedthetermsof withyou. B: I admit that the did offer the salvage agreement tothepilot,butIasMasteroftheshipneverassentedtothemasit wouldhavebeenagainsttheinterestsofmy . 2. Read the text of this Unit closely and find the verbs which form collocations(verb+objectnoun)withthefollowingnouns: (MATTER, SALVAGE SERVICE, SIGNATURE, ASSISTANCE, SALVAGE OPERATION, ENTRY TO THE PORT, EXPENSES, RIGHTTOSALVAGEREWARD): example: tosettlethematter,etc. Rewritethesentenceswherethesecollocationsoccurandtranslate themintoourlanguage.

IIGRAMMAR 1. Word Forms. Complete the following sentences as required: (AGREE, AGREEMENT PROCEED, PROCEDURE ASSIST, ASSISTANT,ASSISTANCE) 1. wasrenderedonlytwohoursuponcall. 2.Theshipmay outwards. 3.Inclearingashipastrict mustbefollowed. 4.Theshipwas bytwotugs. 5.Haveyousignedthesalvage ? 6.Thepartieshave toenterthesalvageagreement. 7.The engineerinspectedthedamage.
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2. IndirectSpeechQuestions.Studythefollowingpairsofsentences: (1)TheAgentasked:"Wastheshipdamagedheavily?" (la)TheAgentaskedwhethertheshiphadbeendamagedheavily. (2)TheMasterasked:"Willtheshipbedetained?" (2a)TheMasteraskediftheshipwouldbedetained. (3)Hewantedtoknow:"Howmanytankshasshe?" (3a)Hewantedtoknowhowmanytanksshehad. Note that indirect questions are introduced by WHETHER, IF, or QUESTIONWORDS(Howmany,where,when,who,etc).

Makeupindirectquestionsonthebasisoftheinformationbelow.The verbinthebracketsshouldfirstbeinthepresentandtheninthepast tense,e.g.: (Pilot,ask): "Areyoureadytoproceedalongside?" (a)Thepilot askswhethertheyarereadytoproceedalongside. (b)Thepilot askedwhethertheywerereadytoproceedalongside. 1.(lawyer,ask):"Wastheaccidentveryserious?" 2.(lawyer,ask):"Wheredidtheaccidenthappen?" 3.(captain,wonder):"Whatwilltheofficialsurveyshow?" 4.(surveyor,inquire):"Arethetanksdesignedfordangerouscargo?" 5.(master,ask):"Doyourequiretugassistance?" 6.(master,ask):"Whenwilltheberthbeavailable? 3.Supplytherightpreposition: Aletteronsalvageoperations DearSirs, Further myletterof12thOctoberthisistoadviseyou ourgrounding yourportwaters.Thevesselwasoutwardbound, proceeding thefairway theriverduringthe commencement theebbtide.Abreast GunwalePointshe touched groundandfetchedupalmost (poprijeko)the channel
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blockingalltraffic radiomessage assistance.

theriver.Owing thePortAuthority

theaboveIsenta myrequestnecessary

Yoursfaithfully, QQ,Master

III.TRANSLATION 1.l.Zanimamedalietemoipristatibezpomoitegljaa. 2.Pitaojedaliezatraitipomoodsusjednihbrodova. 3.Spasavalakibrodjepitaoda lismopotpisali Lloyd'sovobrazac No curenopay. 4. Htio bih znati kada je izdana garancia (security) i u kojoj valuti (currency). 5.Zanimalogajetkojeodrejenzaarbitranosucauimebrodara. 6.Traiojegdjemoekrcatigorivo. 7.Pitaojedaliutojlucimoekrcatigorivo.

2. MB "DICK": Ovdje m/b "Dick" Imam poar. Moja je pozicija.....stupnjevajug,.....stupnjevaistok.Poarje u strojarnici. Naplavljujem(flood) strojarnicu sa CO2. Imam12putnikai21lanaposade. Isle Point Radio: M/b "Dick", ovdje Isle Point Radio. Uhvatili (pick up) smo va signal pogibelji (distress). Svi brodovi u blizini obavijeteni su o nesrei (disaster). Preuzimamo rukovoenje operacije spaavanja. Javite daliuspijevateugasiti (putout)poar. MB "DICK": Nita ohrabrujue (encouraging).Poar se proirio naskladitebr.3. Isle Point Radio: aljemo vam vatrogasnu jedinicu (brigade) da vam pomogne. Savjetujemo vam da spustite amce za spaavanjeismjestiteunjihputnikeiposadu. MB "DICK": Pripremeza sputanje amaca utoku. Bojimse da ima nastradalih (casualties). Zahtijevam medicinsku pomo.

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Teglja MIGHTY: Ovdje "Mighty", jak vjetar i valovi onemoguavaju tegljaima da pristupe zapaljenom (burning)brodu.Nemoemopoetisagaenjemdokse nevrijeme ne smiri (ease). Drugi tegljai prikupili putnikeiposaduizamacazaspaavanje.

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UNITTWENTYFOUR

TELEXES,FAXES,(1) COMMUNICATIONINVARIOUSMATTERSOFSHIPMANAGEMENT

Sailingfromtheportofloading
e.g.l."mvribaleftrijekamorning13thwithcompleteshiploadof11.300mtcementin fourholdsstopetaweatherpermitting yours21st stopplease arrangepneumatic orgrabdischargingstoprevertingexactetamaster"

Notifyingexpectedarrival
e. g. 2. "mv lovrata eta 101000 loading2ooo mt moreless baled for ploe stop please arrangeimmediateberthingandurgentsupplyof2otdomaster" e.g.3."msoslianchoredpilotstationo91235waitingberthinginstructionspilotand tugplsarrangeurgentsupply5otfw" e.g.4."mscipalowingboisterousweatherandgeneratortroubleamendedeta12thlate master"

Delayedarrival
e.g.5."mvtunaduetoenginetroublearrivaldelayedto12th1000master" e.g.6."mvliganjfogboundneweta15th1000master" e. g. 7. "mt sipa 38ooo crude oil for rijeka sailed from ... oil terminal 11o8oo ship detained bykings navy.will revertwith four andtwo days and 24 hoursnotice master" e.g.8."mtsipatwodaysnotice201600master"

Tankerreadiness
e. g. 8. "mt sipa off ravenna terminal 221200 cabled readiness 221430 moored 221600 ballast discharge commenced 221730 loading commenced simultaneously expectcompletion23o4oomaster"

Passingastrait
e.g.9."mtsipapassedhormuzstrait12IlooItcargo16oooomtcrudeoil15ooofueloil plscablerotationandfirstdischargeportmaster" Orderingbunkers,stores,provisions e. g.10. "mv ribaeta12th eveningpls arrangesupply50 mt mdo15tdo60 fw tobe deliveredbybargeatanchormaster" e.g.11."mvbarakudaarrivedpylos16/41230hrssailed21/41000hrsetavenice18/4 o13ohrsstoprytlx16/4acceptyoursuggestionforloading5pcsbayo5and4pcs on deck also crew can carry out lashing on those pcs stop after commencing dischargingplsarrange1coilofwire14mm25pcsshackles10pcsturnbuckles 100pcsclipsandsometimberboardsbregardsmaster"

Accidents,salvage,detention
e. g. 12. "mv shark while manoeuvring in suez canal 28o93o near ras ... struck and damaged ...co.oilpipelinebecauseofsteering gear failure stopvessel detained

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by canal authorities for enquiry stop canal authorities require deposition first classbankguaranteeusdollars6oooostoppleasesendsurveyoranddivermaster" e. g. 13. "mv mighty refloated with assistance of two tugs and own propulsion machinerynodamagewhatevertoshiporcargobuttowropesbrokenfearengine overheating troubles agent madras cabled advising to start discharge as cargo insurers have issued form of average bond. receivers telexed they would be prepared tosign averagebond assoonas practicable accordingly agreed tostart unloadingtodayafternoonshiftseaprotestenteredlocalharbourmaster" e.g.14."pleasebeadvisedaspermaster'smsgof...theabvvslwasstopped11/11by... navy stop detained searched and released on 13/11 at 23oo hrs stop eta port ... pilotstnon15/11at1200hrsbestrgdsagent" e. g.15. "ms feeblycargo 8030 tons wirecoils3ooo tonssteelplatescollidedwithcv stronglyposn1215N3023Wvslsufferedheavydamageinwayofframes53and 54shiplistedsuggesttowagetoportofrepairmaster" ABBREVIATIONS: abv bestrgds bregards cv do eta fo fw hrs it mdo moreless mt ms msg mv pcs pls posn rytlx stn vsl above bestregards bestregards containervessel dieseloil estimatedtimeofarrival fueloil freshwater hours localtime marinedieseloil moreorless metricton motorship message motorvessel pieces please position referenceyourtelex station vessel

QUESTIONS COMPREHENSION
1. 2. 3. Whatisa"completeshipload"'?(e.g.1) Whodoyouthinkisthetelexaddressedto?(e.g.2) WhendidtheMV"Osli"arriveatanchor?(e.g.3)

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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

WhywastheETAforMS"Cipal"amended?(e.g.4) Couldyougiveonepossiblereasonfordetainingtheship?(e.g.7) Whatismeantbytheterm"rotation"ine.g.9? WhatkindofcargoistheMVBarakudacarryingine.g.11? Whatarethewire,shackles,turnbucklesandclipsusedfor?(e.g.9) Whydidthecanalauthoritiesdetainthevessel?(e.g.12) HowwastheMV"Mighty"refloated"(e.g.13) Whathappenedwiththeshipaftershehadbeendetained?(e.g.14) Whatwasthepositionofthetwovesselsincollisions?

EXERCISES
I In telex or telegram writing no fullstops or commas are normally used for separating sentences. The word "stop" is sometimes used, though more frequentlyintelegrams.Studye.g.13andplacetheword"stop"asrequiredto separateeachindividualsentence. Veryoftenauxiliaryverbs(be,have)areomittedinpassivesentencesorinthe perfect tenses. Sometimes even subjects are omitted. Also omitted are prepositionsandarticles.StudyexamplesNo.3and11andsupplythemissing articlesandprepositions. Articles and prepositions are omitted for economy of time/space. Study examples5and11andsupplythemissingarticlesandprepositionsasrequired. Inexamples5,7,auxiliaryverbshavebeenomitted.Supplytherightformsof theauxiliaryverbandcompletethesentencesofthesametelexes. Extensive use of present participles (ing forms) is made in telexes or cablegramstoshortenthesentences,c.f.(e.g.1): ...weatherpermitting...whichisequivalentto: ...iftheweatherpermits... Transform thepresent participle forms into full verb forms. First check the meaningandtypeofsentence: e.g.l."reverting" e.g.2."loading" e.g.3."waiting" e.g.11."manoeuvring" e.g.13."advising" weshallrevertwith...

II

III

IV

VIRewritethedatesineachtelexusingletters. TRANSLATETHEFOLLOWINGTELEXES/TELEGRAMS:

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1.Uvezisnaimjueranjimteleksomnastaviteplovidbuzafamagustugdje va eta treba biti 6/3 u 2000 sati. Prekrcaj (work)zapoinje odmah po dolaskujer ukrcaj/iskrcaj mora zavriti do petka 7/3. Nakon famaguste va je red vonje (schedule) kako slijedi: rijeka 10/3, trst 12/3, zatim livorno, genova za new york, baltimore. 2. Stigli smo u kuwait 3/7 23.00 sati prevaljen put dammam kuwait 227 milja vrijeme15 sati10minprosjenabrzina 14,82vora,prosjena potronjaza (per) 24satatekanafta29tdizel1,8tstanjebunkera(rob)podolaskutekanafta820t dizelgorivo201,30tvezani4/70045satizavrilitrgovakeoperacije4/707,45sati isplovili4/70830satistanjegorivapriodlaskutekogorivo820tdizelgorivo1,8t etadubai5/72l00sati.pozdravzapovjednik. 3.MB"Trilja"eta081630radiukrcajakompletnogteretajunogvoa(citrusfruit)za splitmolimvasdaotomeobavijestitekrcateljazapovjednik. 4. MB "Riba" skrenuo je u luku Cadiz zbog problema s motorom oekujem da e isplovitirano12/4molimvasdaotomeobavijestite(advise)primaocezapovjednik. 5.Tanker"Golub"sa45000tonasirovenaftezaBantryBayisploviojeizArapskog zaljeva 111020 naknadno emo vam javiti (reverting) obavijest o prispjeu, zapovjednik.

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UNITTWENTYFIVE
TELEXES,FAXES(2)

COMMUNICATIONINVARIOUSMATTERSOFSHIP MANAGEMENT Messagesbyportauthorities

e.g.16.(Ownertoship'sAgent)pleaseproceedfollowingtlxtomv...: withreferencetoportcircularno.:...dated...wewishtoinformyouthattheport authorityof...hasamendedsomepointsofthenotificationofthearrivalofvessels asfollows: nameofvsl(inLatin) nationality(flagofvsl) kindofcargoanditsweight(nocodesorabbreviations) thenextportinwhichthevslisgoingtodischargeafterleavingportof... lastportscalledbyvslconsecutivelybeforeherarrival totaltonnageofvsl volumeofhatchesandpassengercabins reasonofvslscalling(loading,discharging,bunker,other) vsl'sestimatedtimeofdeparture" "Theporturgesyoutoadheretotheabovementionedanddrawsyourattentionthat anyfalseinformationonyourpartwillcausetheapplicationofrulesandinstructions ofthemarineauthorities."regds,owner e. g. 17. "it has been noted that the vessel ... eta ... has violated port rules and regulationspart...sect....latesubmissionoffinalloadingadvicethefinesapplicableforthis infringementarelaiddownintherulesandregulationsthemaximumtimemaybeimposed ifanimmediateexplanationisnotforthcomingregds,portdirectorgeneral"

Delayduetostrike,congestionintheport
e.g.18.(mastertoowner)"mvribavoy12/87 arrivedinroads: 12109/8707.45 pilotonboard: 12/09/8709.30 berthed: 12/09/87lo.45 bunkerso/b:fo: 190do:146 draftfw: 8.05aft:8,40 dockersuniondecidedaspotstriketodaywhichexpectedtoendtonightandwork will resumenormally tomorrow 06.30. therefore vsl willcomplete/sail 14/09p.m. one daylaterthanpreviouslyplannedshallkeepyouinformed,regdsmaster" e.g.19.(agenttoowner)"restrikeat...port confirming our todayphone conv asof 18th at12.oo hrs the strike of overtime is overstopt/.forcegangsareavailableasflws weekly fmmondaytofriday4thshift saturday lst 2nd 3rdshift sunday lst 2ndshift

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mv "riba" concerned arr port of ... 19th at 19.00 hrs abt owing to terminal congestion will be berthed on 20th evening or 21st daybreak with etd 21st late afternoont/foreshewilltakebunkeravailablefor20thearlyafternoonstopwill keepyoucloselyinformedrgdsship'sagent" e.g.20.Delayduetorepairofdamage(mastertoowner) pleasenotethattotaltimelostordertorepairdamagedcylinderownersaccount asflws: 1. from 18.00 hrs 31/12 (time of completion operations at port) until 20.00 hrs pilotontryingperformrepairsinsideport2hoom 2.fm2115hrs31/12pilotoffuntil2350hrswaitingroadsandcompletedrepairs 2h15mtotaltimelost 4h15m doconsumedduringthisperiodonownersaccounto.4tons sailedfrom...portroad2350hrs31/12eta...port2/ol 0600hrsthen...port15/1morning.master" Clarificationofcargodocuments(receivertoshipper) e.g.21.re:msribavoy6/86etahouston upon checking docs of abv vsl we note flg discrepancies however pls clarify urgently: aa)contrno....port.../port...stowedino67602bdocswerenotrcvd bb)b/lno.nosofpackagesnotreflectedinb/landmanifest cc)b/Ino.port.../port...notreflectedconsigneenotifynameinb/Iand mnfst brgds,"ship'sagent" Checkingfreespaceonboard:Ownertoagent(formaster) e.g.22."formasterands.cargomv"riba" re: loading empty containers at ... port for port of ... we are in receipt of your telefax cont.stow. plan dated ... as we understand from same stow.plan you havemorefreespacefor93teustoloademptyctnrsatportof...asfollows:... plsnotifyyoureta...portandconfirmabove.brgds, owner Shiftingofcontainers(ownertomaster) e.g.23."re:cv"riba"voy25/86 2x40 ctnr no. ... and no. ... loaded new york on position o6 l0 04 and o6 15 02 as leghorn cargo but manifested as neaples nyne b/I no. ... are to be discharged neaples.ship'setaleghorn14/10,neaples16/10... 4x2o four ctnrs nos. ........, ......, ......., ......., loaded new orleans as karachi on positions........,........., ........,manifestedasbombaycargonobob/lno.......will bedischargedbombayaftershiftingfourmadrasctnrs.brgds,owner" Poorportperformance(breakdownofshorecrane) e.g.24."owingtoseveralstoppagesofshorecraneduring2ndshifton13/3werenot able to complete loading within planned time. as of sunday only one shift

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available. will start loading again on monday 16/3 expect to complete and sail aroundnoontimewillrevertbestregardsmaster" Cancellationofcalls(ownertoship'sagent) e.g.25."plsbeinformedthatduetoinsufficientcargoonboardfordischargeat portAwewereforcedtocancelourcallatyrs1/1/85stopconsequentlypleaseadviseport authority stop similarly inform rcvrs that cargo will be discharged at port B and transhipped shortly to port A stop do not therefore submit cgo docs to port/customs and stevedoressince vsl rotation cancelled stop we apologisefor inconveniencecausedstop rgdsowner"

Takingoverthegoods
e.g.26.lvplsbeinformedthatthecargoincontNo....cannotbetakenoveratthe portof...astheb/lwerenotstampedandsignedthereforeadvisetheowner'sagentbytelex to"releasethegoodsagainstoriginalb/l"tomv...withoutshipper'sindorsement,rgds ABBREVIATIONS: abv above abt about arr arrival b/l billoflading bregs bestregards rs/rgds bestregards cgo cargocgodocscargodocumento cont container contr container ctnr,ctnrs container,containers conv conversation docs documento eta estimatedtimeofarrival etd estimatedtimeofdeparture ets estimatedtimeofsailing flg following flws (as)follows fm from fw forward h hour hrs hours info'd informed mnfst manifest ms motorship mv motorvessel no number nobo NewOrleansBombay nyne NewYorkNeaples o/n onboard P.M. postmerldiam cvd received

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rcvrs re. regds s.cargo sect. stow.plan teus t/fore tlx voy. vsl yrs

receivers referenze regards supercargo section stowageplan twentyfootequivalentunits therefore telex voyage vessel yours(i.e.yourportyourtelexetc.)

QUESTIONS COMPREHENSION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Whyisthenotificationofthearrivalofshipssometimesamendedincertainports? Whatarethepossiblereasons?(e.g.16) Whomustadheretotheportrulesandregulations?(e.g.16) Whyhasthevesselviolatedtheportrulesandregulations?(e.g.17) Whatdothefiguresinthefirstpartoftelexno.18represent? Whenwastheovertimestrikeintheportover?(e.g.19)Didthisstrikecauseany delaytotheship? Whobearsthecostofdieseloilconsumptioninthecaseofe.g.20? Whatwerethediscrepanciesshowninthecargodocumentsine.g.21? Whatisacontainerstowageplan?(e.g.22) Explainthemeaningofthefigures:2x40and4x20ine.g.23. Whywastheloadingofthevesselnotcompletedasplanned(e.g.24) WhywasthecallattheportAcancelled?(e.g.25). Whycannotthecargoincont.No. ...betakenover?Onwhatconditioncanthe goodsbereleased?(e.g.26)

EXERCISES I Separateeachsentenceine.g.25bytheword"stop". II Supply the missing words (prepositions, articles) and the full verb forms in the sentencesofe.g. III Divide the text of telex no. 17 into three sentences. In the first one the phrase "becauseof"isleftout.Putitintotherightplace. IV Findtheclosingsentencespromisingtoprovidefurtherinformationlateron.See examples16,18,19,24. V Change the opening phrase in e.g. 22 "we are in receipt of" into a full verb sentence. VI Study the dates written in all the telexes of Unit 24 and 25 and state the differencesintheformofwriting.Whatarethepossibleproblems?

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TRANSLATETHEFOLLOWINGTELEXESINTOENGLISH: l. (zapovjednik brodaru) Brod "Riba" stigao je i usidrio se 20. travnja ispred luke Lagos u 2200. Zbog toga to je luka kompletno zatvorena (closed) za promet predviamo (anticipate)da emoseprivezati oko190020/4 iodmahnakontoga zapoetiiskrcaj.Bitemosvamaustalnomkontaktu(keepadvised).Zapovjednik. 2. (zapovjednikbrodaru)Stiglismo napeljarsku stanicu luke New York (Ambrose) 6/101548satizavrenoputovanje(passage).PreliudaljenostRijekaNewYork... milja, vrijeme plovidbe ... sati ... minuta, prosjena brzina 13.80 v. Prosjena potronjaza24satatekogorivo26,8tdizelgorivo1,90tstanjebunkera(rob)po dolaskutekogorivo690dizel180t.PremauputstvimaizNewYorkasidrilismo nasidrituAmbrose6/101548oekujemovez.Pozdravzapovjednik. 3.(brodarzapovjedniku)UvezisjueranjimteleksomnastaviteplovidbuzaKopar gdjevamjeeta06/6u2000.Lukeoperacije(work)ezapoetiodmahpodolasku neprekidno do zavretka iskrcaja/ukrcaja u nedjelju 8/6. Nakon Kopra va red plovidbe(schedule)jekakoslijedi:Trst9/6,prvaidrugasmjena,Rijeka10/6prva smjenaskontinuiranimradom,zatimLivorno,Genova,Savannah.Pozdrav,brodar. 4.(agentzapovjedniku)Unastavku(furtherto)naranijeobavijestiaonamjetovas moramo obavijestiti da u naoj luci imamo jo uvijek mnogo problema (face problems). Luki radnici jo uvijek trajkaju, pa ne moemo dobiti (obtain) dizaliarezakontejnerskedizalice.Nasutranjemsastanku0900odluitesedali (whether) e se trajk nastaviti ili da li e se ponovno zapoeti (resume) radom sutraudrugojsmjeni.Javitemoseimbudemomogli.Pozdrav,lukiagent. 5.(brodaragentu)PremainformacijiodagentauLivornuContenerbr....LeHavre Port Sudan sloen na poziciji 051006a grekom slagatelja iskrcan je u Livornu umjestokontejneraRotterdamLivorno(bezoznaka).Drugisekontejnerjonalazi (remain) na brodu. Ako je tako dovezite ga natrag u Rotterdam i izbriite nepostojei (nonexistent) kontejner iz Hamburga iz dokumenata i plana tereta. Pozdrav,brodar. 6. (brodar zapovjedniku) Veza na tel razgovor 12/12 s agentom Djakarta. Hitno obavijestiteagentaDjakartavaetakojiobaveznomorabiti13/12neprijel000lt. TakoerjaviteplaniskrcajateretaSingapur.Pozdrav,brodar. 7. (brodar agentu) Veza mb "riba" gore navedeni brod ima dozvolu (clearance) za ulazakulukuLagossidrite13/10.ukolikobrodneuspije(failtoarrive)stiidotog dana, brod e morati ekati za dozvolu pet dana. Molim da o tome obavijestite zapovjednika. 8.(brodarzapovjedniku).AgentMarseillemanifestiraoukrcajpunihkontejnerakako slijedi:75x40,90x20.Molimopotvrditepozicijeagentu.Pozdrav. 9.(agentzapovjedniku)Vezaradiogram9/2.vaetaulukuAtrebabiti10/280.000za sadaimamoinformacijudaetevezdobitiodmahpodolasku.Pobrinitese(ensure) dastigneteranijekakotozahtijevajulukevlasti. pozdrav. 10. (brodar zapovjedniku) javite hitno da li ste predali agentu messina dokumente livornazalukezaljeva. 11.(brodarzapovjedniku)iskrcajpraznihkontejnera(empties)Kopar:bay2desnosve, bay 4sve, ukrcajpuniKopar:dammam 20/20,13/40, Karachi12/20,11/40. pune

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kontejnere za Milano iskrcati u Veneciji. Sve ostale hc i o/t iskrcati u Kopru. s obzirom na izvreni tramak (shifting) praznih Taranto nastojte se javiti veeras prekovhf.pozdrav. 12. (zapovjednik brodaru) brod "riba" stigao port said 15/1/1340 vezani1730 uli u konvoj16/1/0200prolisuez1800etaaden18/1/0900pozdrav. 13. (brodar agentu) brod predvien (scheduled) za ukrcaj u rijeci 1/5. va alotment 70/40.konanulistukontejneraposlatilinijido28/41200sati.prihvadamokont.za jeddah,kuwait.pozdrav. 14.(zapovjednikbrodaru)mb"riba"20ruajn12pozicija3314N18l0Wvjetarsw6/8 moresw45brzina16v.etagibraltar22/91600etamarseille24/903.00molim odobrenje zanabavuu marseilleu slijedeeg: zelena palubna boja 5o lit, peroklin 87330lit,.elo14mmzasoheamacamet300.pozdrav,zapovjednik. 15. (zapovjednik brodaru) mb "riba" eta livorno 11/11 07300 stop stanje u luci neizmijenjeno stop luke operacije (work) na brodovima vezanih na terminalu odvijaju (go on) se veoma sporo. javit u se s najnovijim informacijama (revert with)stoppozdravzapovjednik. 16.(zapovjednikagentu)ovimevasobavijetavam(pleasebeadvised)dajenabrod dana ... zaustavio (detain) brod ratne mornarice ... te da je pretraio (search) i oslobodio(release)nabroddana...u...sati.etaluka...pilotskastanicadana...u... satipozdravzapovjednik 17.(agentzapovjedniku)vaallotmentbitedo70teu.molimovasdapoaljeteplan krcanjakakobismonanajboljinainiskoristili(utilize)brodskiprostor.agent. 18. (primalac krcatelju) Prilikom pregleda (on scrutinising) dokumentaciju gore navedenog broda primjetili (note) smo slijedee, pa vas molimo da hitno date objanjenje(clarify): l.teretnicabr....nijemanifestirana(notreflectedinmnfst)brojkoleta 2.molimovasdanamdate(advise)tonepozicijekontejnerapoteretnicibr..... jerseneslau(nottallyingwith)manifestom. 3.nismodobilideklaracijuzaopasniteret(hazardouscargodeclaration)zaluke... i ... molimo da javite (advise) hitno toan broj kontejtnera s opasnim teretom ukrcanihu vaoj luci kako bismo mogli o tome (accordingly) obavijestiti luku iskrcaja. 19. (zapovjednik agentu) Oekujemo da emo stii u vau luku 22/715.00. Molimo vasdaosiguratevez(makearrangementsforberthing)iiskrcajodmahpodolasku. Pozdrav,zapovjednik. 20. (zapovjednik agentu) Brod "riba" skrenuo je (put into) u luku Vancouver zbog kvara na motoru (engine breakdown). Oekujem da emo isploviti u zoru 7/8. Molimdaotome(accordingly)obavijestiteprimaocatereta.Pozdrav,zapovjednik.

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