Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Compiled By
M.Tech., F.I.E., Chief Engineer (R&B) Quality Control, Andhra Pradesh and Member COT
D.V.Bhavanna Rao,
http://aproadbuildqa.blogspot.com
QUALITY CONTROL TESTS 1. PREPARATION OF DRY SOIL SAMPLES FOR VARIOUS TESTS (IS: 2720 PART 1 1983)
SCOPE This standard (Part I) covers the method of preparation of dry samples from the bulk soil sample received from the field for various laboratory tests. APPARATUS 1 Wooden Mallet : For breaking soil clods.
2 3
Trays : For air drying of soil of suitable size and of non-rusting material. Pulverizing Apparatus: Either mortar and rubber covered pestle or a mechanical device consisting of a mortar and a power driven rubber covered pestle suitable for breaking up the aggregation of soil particles without reducing the size of the individual grains. Pestle and mortar made of soft wood may also be used.
4 Sampler : A suitable riffle sampler or sample splitter for quartering the samples (see IS: 1607-1960 methods for dry sieving). 5 Sieves : Of sizes 75 mm, 63 mm, 37.5 mm, 19 mm, 13.2 mm, 9.5 mm, 6.7 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.00 mm and 425 micron {see IS: 460(part I)-1978 specification for test sieves: part I wire cloth test sieves (second division)}. 6 Drying Apparatus : a) Drying oven: Thermostatically controlled with interior of non corroding material to maintain the temperature between 105 0 to 1100 C. b) Other suitable drying apparatus.
7 Balance:
a) Capacity 10 kg and min. sensitivity 100 g. b) Capacity 1 kg and min. sensitivity 1 g c) Capacity 250 g and min. sensitivity 0.01 g
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2 Drying of the sample: The amount of drying depends up on the proposed tests to be conducted on the particular sample. The type, temperature and duration of drying of soil samples for different tests are given in table-I... When oven is used for drying, the temperature in the oven shall not exceed 110C (see note.). Chemical drying of samples should not be adopted for any tests.
Note: Soils containing Organic or Calcareous matter should not be dried at temperature above 60C.
3 Degree of Pulverization: The big clods may be broken with the help of wooden mallet. Further pulverization may be done in pestle and mortar. The pulverized soil shall be passed through the specified sieve for the particular test and the soil retained on that sieve shall be again pulverized for sieving, this procedure should be repeated until on further attempts at pulverizing very little soil passes through the specified sieve. Care should be taken not to breakup the individual soil particles (see table-I).
Table I Quantity of Soil Sample Required for Conducting the Tests. (Clauses 3.2, 3.3 & 4.1)
S. NO (1) i TEST (2) Water content Type Temperature and duration of drying. (3) Oven. 24 h Amount of soil sample required for test. (4) As given in table 2 50 g for fine grained soils 400g for fine, medium and coarse grained soils As given in table 3 270g 60g 100g 6 kg(15 kg if soil is susceptible to crushing) do 2 kg 1 kg Degree of Pulverization (IS Sieve size) (5) -Refer to part of IS 2720. (6) Part 2 part 3/section 1 part 3/section 2 part 4 part 5 Do part 6
ii
Specific Gravity
2 mm
iii iv v vi
Grain size analysis Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Shrinkage Factors Compaction a) Light Compaction b)Heavy Compaction c)Constant Mass Un-confined compressive strength. Triaxial compression (Unconsolidated) Triaxial compression (Consolidated)
19 mm 19 mm 4.75 mm --
vii
viii
ix
Do
1 kg / 5 kg
--
part 11
do
do
--
part 12
68
xi
Direct Shear
1 kg As per size of particle given below 75 mm 45 kg 37.5 mm 12 kg 19 mm 12 kg 9.5 mm 12 kg 4.75 mm 12 kg 500g 6 kg 2.5 kg (100 mm dia) / 5 kg (200 mm dia) 15 g 10 g
4.75 mm
part 13
xii
--
Part 14
Consolidation Properties CBR Permeability Field Moisture equivalent Centrifuge moisture equivalent Linear Shrinkage Chemical Tests a)Total Soluble Solids b)Organic Matter c)Calcium Carbonate
Air Drying/Oven 110o 5o C Air Drying Oven, 105 to1100C 24 h Air Drying Do
xviii
Do
450 g
do
part 20
10 g 100 g 5g 80-130 g 15 g 30 g 30 g
2 mm do ----425 microns --
xix
d) Cat ion exchange capacity e)silica Sesquioxide ratio f)pH value g)Total soluble Sulphates
xx xxi
250 g 1 kg / 5 kg
---
part 30 part 35
69
xxii
Permeability of Granular soils sand equivalent value Direct Shear Free Swell Index Swelling Pressure
1 kg / 5 kg
--
part 36
xxiii
1500 g
4.75 mm
xxiv
Air Drying
up to 120 g
above 4.75 mm
xxv
20 g
425 microns
xxvi
2 kg
2 mm
part 41
Quantity of Sample
1 The quantities of soil sample required for conducting various laboratory tests are given in table-I for guidance. When a smaller quantity has to be taken out of a bigger soil mass, representative sampling shall be done by quartering or riffling
Note: - For actual quantities corresponding part of IS 2720 shall be referred.
Note: - In the case of coarse gravel or gravelly soils, quartering by forming a cone shall not be done. The entire sample shall be thoroughly mixed and spread on a flat surface. The sample so spread shall be divided in to four quadrants and diagonally opposite quadrants mixed. This process shall be repeated till the desired quantity of sample is obtained. Table 2 Quantity of sample required for determination of water content Size of Particles more than 90% passing 425 micron IS Sieve 2 mm IS Sieve 4.75 mm IS Sieve 9.50 mm IS Sieve 19 mm IS Sieve 17.5 mm IS Sieve Minimum quantity of soil specimen to be taken for the test. Mass in Grams. 25 50 200 300 500 1000
Table 3 Quantity of Soil required for grain size analysis
Maximum Size of Material Present in Substantial Quantities mm 75 37.5 19 13.2 9.5 6.7 4.75
Depending upon the type, 100 to 200 g of the soil fraction passing the 2 mm IS Sieve will be required for the determination of the distribution of particles below 63-micron size.
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3. Weigh the required quantity of material from the prepared sample. 4. Place the sieves over a clean tray one over the other in the ascending order of size. 5. Shake the sieve with a varied motion, backwards and forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and anti clockwise, and with frequent jerking, so that the material is kept moving over the sieve surfaces. 6. Do not force the material through the sieve by hand, except for sizes coarser than 20mm. 7. Break the lumps of fine particles, if any, with fingers against the side of the sieve. 8. Light brushing with a soft brush on the under side of sieve may be done to clear surface. 9. Find the individual weight of material retained on each sieve and record. 10. Calculate the percentage by weight of the total sample passing each sieve and report the results in Form EW- 1. B. Wet Sieve Analysis (for soil fraction passing 4.75 mm sieve and retained on 75 micron sieve) 1. Take a portion of the sample prepared by drying in oven and brought to room temperature. 2. Soak the sample in water and leave it for soaking overnight. 3. Wash out the finer fraction passing through 75 micron sieve. 4. Then dry it in oven for 24 hours and sieve the dry particles and find the percentage of soil passing through each sieve and report the results in form EW-1 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF SOIL Dry sieving
I.S. Sieve designation 75 mm 63 mm 37.5 mm 19 mm 13.2 mm 9.5 mm 6.7 mm 4.75 mm 2.00 mm 4.25 micron Weight of Sample retained (gm) Percent of Wt. Retained
gm
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Wet sieving
I.S. Sieve designation 2.36 mm 1.18 mm 600 425 75 Weight of Sample retained (gm) Percent of Wt. Retained
gm
Summary of Results Clay / silt (-75 micron) percent Sand (-4.75 mm + 75 micron) percent Gravel (-40 mm + 4.75 mm) percent
II. Test for the Determination of Liquid Limit By Cone Penetration Method-One Point Method IS: 2720 (Part 5)-1985
Apparatus 1 Cone Penetrometer It shall consist of a metallic cone with half angle of 15 0-3015 and 30.5 mm coned length. It shall be fixed at the end of a metallic rod with a disc at the top of the rod so as to have a total sliding weight of 80 0.5 g. The rod shall pass through two guides (to ensure vertical movement), fixed to a stand as indicated in Fig. It shall confirm to IS: 111961985. Suitable provision shall be made for clamping the vertical rod at any desired height above the surface of the soil paste in the trough. A trough 50 mm in diameter and 50 mm high internally shall be provided. 2 Balance sensitive to 0.01 g. 3 Containers non-corrodible and air-tight for moisture determination. 4 Oven thermostatically controlled with interior of non-corroding material to maintain the temperature between 1050C and 1100C. Soil Sample A soil sample weighing about 150 g from the thoroughly mixed portion of the soil passing 425 micron IS Sieve obtained in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part -1) 1983 shall be taken. Procedure About 150 g of the soil specimen obtained as in 3.2 shall be taken and worked into a paste with addition of distilled water. In case of clayey soils, it is recommended that the soil is kept wet and allowed to stand for a sufficient time (24 hours) to ensure uniform distribution of moisture. The wet soil paste shall then be transferred to the cylindrical trough of the cone Penetrometer apparatus and leveled up to the top of the trough. The Penetrometer shall be so adjusted that the cone point just
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touches the surface of the soil paste in the trough. The scale of the Penetrometer shall then be adjusted to zero and the vertical rod released so that the cone is allowed to penetrate into the soil paste under its weight. The penetration shall be noted after 5 seconds from the release of the cone. If the penetration is less than 16 mm, the wet soil from the trough shall be taken out and more water added and thoroughly mixed. The test shall then be repeated again till a penetration between 16 mm and 26 mm is obtained. The exact depth of penetration between these two values obtained during the test shall be noted. The moisture content of the corresponding soil paste shall be determined in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part -2) - 1973. Computations The water content is determined for the accepted trial. The liquid limit is computed from the following relationship WL = W c + 0.01 (25 D) (W c + 15) Where WL = liquid limit of the soil, Wc = moisture content of soil paste corresponding to penetration of D and D = depth penetration of cone obtained in mm. Report 1 The results of observations of the test shall be recorded suitably. 2 The liquid limit should be reported to the nearest whole number. The history of the soil sample, that is, natural state, air-dried, oven dried or unknown, the method used for the test and the period of soaking allowed after mixing of water to the soil shall also be reported.
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Or Palette Knives two, with the blade about 20 cm long and 3 cm wide (for use with flat glass plate for mixing soil and water). 3 Surface for Rolling ground glass plate about 20 x 15 cm. 4 Containers airtight to determine moisture content. 5 Balance sensitive to 0.01 g. 6 Oven thermostatically controlled with interior of non-corroding material to maintain the temperature between 1050C and 1100C. 7 Rod - 3 mm in diameter and about 10 cm long. Soil Sample A sample weighing about 20 g from the thoroughly mixed portion of the material passing 425 micron IS Sieve, obtained in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part I)-1983 * shall be taken. When both the liquid limit and the plastic limit of a soil are to be determined, a quantity of soil sufficient for both the tests shall be taken for preparation of the soil. At a stage in the process of mixing of soil and water at which the mass becomes plastic enough to be easily shaped into a ball, a portion of the soil sample in the plastic state should be taken for the plastic limit test. Procedure The soil sample shall be mixed thoroughly with distilled water in an evaporating dish or on the flat glass plate till the soil mass becomes plastic enough to be easily moulded with fingers. In the case of clayey soils, the plastic soil mass shall be left to stand for a sufficient time (24 hours) to ensure uniform distribution of moisture throughout the soil mass(See above Para). A ball shall be formed with about 8 g of this plastic soil mass and rolled between the fingers and the glass plate With just sufficient pressure to roll the mass into a thread of uniform diameter throughout its length. The rate of rolling shall be done till the threads are of 3 mm diameter. The soil shall then be kneaded together to a uniform mass and rolled again. This process of alternate rolling and the soil can no longer be rolled into a thread. The crumbling may occur when the thread has a diameter greater than 3 mm. This shall be considered a satisfactory end point, provided the soil has been rolled into a thread 3 mm in diameter immediately before. At no time shall attempt be made to produce failure at exactly 3 mm diameter by allowing the thread to reach 3 mm, then reducing the rate of rolling or pressure or both, and continuing the rolling without further deformation until the thread falls apart. The pieces of crumbled soil thread shall be collected in an air-tight container and the moisture content determined as described in IS: 2720 (Part II)-1973*. Report 1 The observations of test should be recorded suitably. 2 The moisture content determined as above, is the plastic limit of the soil. The plastic limit shall be determined for at least three portions of the soil passing 425 micron IS Sieve. The average of the results calculated to the nearest whole number shall be reported as the plastic limit of the soil. 3 The history of the soil sample (that is, natural state, air-dried, oven dried or unknown) and the period of soaking allowed after mixing of water to the soil shall also be reported.
(1 )
(2)
(3)
(4)
(7)
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1 2 3 4
25 22 25 24
90 87 71 26
V. Plasticity Index
Calculation : The plasticity index is calculated as the difference between its liquid limit and plastic limit. Plasticity index (I p) = liquid limit (WL) plastic limit (Wp). Report : The difference calculated as indicated in 7.1 shall be reported as the plasticity index, except under the following conditions: a) In the case of sandy soils plastic limit should be determined first. When plastic limit cannot be determined, the plasticity index should be reported as Np (non-plastic). b) When the plastic limit is equal to or greater than the liquid limit, the plasticity index shall be reported as zero. Plasticity Index (PI): For above samples: 1). PI = 32 17 = 15 2). PI = 30 15 = 15 3). PI = 71 36 = 35 4). PI = 43 22 = 21
VI Determination of Free Swell Index of Soils IS: 2720 (Part 40): 1977
1. Take two samples of dry soil. 10 gm each 2. Take two 100 ml graduated glass cylinders. 3. Pour the soil sample in each cylinder 4. Fill distilled water in one cylinder and kerosene in the other cylinder upto 100 ml marks. 5. Remove the entrapped air by gently shaking or stirring with a glass rod. 6. Leave the samples to settle and allow sufficient time (24 hours or more) for the soil samples to attain equilibrium state of volume. 7. Read the final volume of soil in each cylinder. 8. Determine the differential free swell index Sd using the formula
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Volume of soil in water - volume of soil in kerosene Sd= Volume of soil in kerosene 9. If the value of Sd is 50 percent or more, the soil is expansive and not suitable for use as embankment fill material. (For EW-5(a)) Swell Index Test
Sample No. Final volume of soil in water Vw Final volume of soil in in Kerosene Vk Free Swell Index Vw V k X 100 Sd = Vk
xlOO
Note: permissible LimitMax 50 percent. Precautions 1) Pour the soil specimen in both the graduated glass cylinder gently, so that no soil particle remains stuck to the wall of the cylinder. 2) Sufficient time should be given to both the soil specimen to attain the final equilibrium position of volume without any future change in the soil volumes. This may take 24 hours or more. 3) For highly swelling soils, the weight of soil specimen may be taken as 5g or cylinders of 250ml. capacity may be used. A relation between differential free swell (%) and degree of expansiveness of soil is given below: Differential free swell (%) < 20 20-35 35-50 Degree of expansiveness Low Moderate High
> 50 Very High If the degree of expansiveness of soil at a site is damageable to the structure to be constructed there, it is recommended to take suitable measures for foundation design to the same. In such cases, the foundation should be constructed under the supervision of a geotechnical engineer.
VII. Determination of Field Density and Dry Unit Weight By Sand Replacement Method
Object and scope. The object of the test is to determine the dry density of natural or compact soil, in-place, by the sand replacement method. Materials and equipment: (i) Sand pouring cylinder of about 3 litre capacity, mounted above a pouring cone and separated by a shutter cover plate and a shutter, (ii) Cylindrical calibrating container, 10 cm internal diameter and 15 cm internal depth, fitted with flange approximately 5 cm wide and about 5 mm thick (iii) Glass plate, about 45 cm square and 1 cm
76
thick, (iv) Metal tray with a central circular hole of diameter equal to the diameter of the pouring cone, (v) Tools for excavating hole, (vi) Balance accurate to 1 g, (vii) Container for water content determination, (viii) Clean, closely graded natural sand passing the 1mm IS Sieve and retained on the 600-micron IS Sieve. Test Procedure (A) Determination of mass of sand filling the cone 1. Fill the clean closely graded sand in the sand pouring cylinder upto a height 1 cm below the top. Determination the total initial mass of the cylinder plus sand (M1). This total initial mass should be maintained constant throughout the tests for which the calibration is used. 2. Allow the sand of volume equivalent to that of the excavated hole in the soil (or equal to that of the calibrating container), to run out of cylinder by opening the shutter. Close the shutter and place the cylinder on glass plate. 3. Open the shutter and allow the sand to run out. Close the valve when no further movement of sand is observed. Remove the cylinder carefully. Weigh the sand collected on the glass surface. Its mass (M2) will give the mass of sand filling the pouring cone. Repeat this step at least three times and take the mean mass (M2). Put the sand back into the cylinder, to have the same constant mass (M1).
(B) Determination of bulk density of sand 4. Determine the volume (V) of the calibrating container by filling it with water full to the brim and finding the mass of water. This volume should be checked by calculating it from the measured internal dimensions of the container. 5. Place the sand-pouring cylinder concentrically on the top of the calibrating container, after being filled to constant mass (M1 ). Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the container. When no further movement of sand is seen, close the shutter. Remove the pouring cylinder and find its mass (M3) to nearest gram. 6. Repeat step (5) at least thrice and find the mean mass M3. Put the sand into the sandpouring cylinder. (C) Determination of dry density of soil in-place 7. Expose about 45 cm square area of the soil to be tested and trim it down to level surface. Keep the tray on the level surface and excavate a circular hole of approximately 10 cm diameter and 15 cm deep and collect all the excavated soil in the tray. Find the mass (M) of the excavated soil. 8. Remove the tray, and place the sand-pouring cylinder, so that the base of the cylinder concentrically covers the hole. The cylinder should have its constant mass M1. open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the hole. Close the shutter when no further movement of the sand is seen. Remove the cylinder and determine its mass (M4). Keep a representative sample of the excavated soil for water content determination. Tabulation of observations. The observations are tabulated as illustrated in Table 3.10.
TABLE 3.10 Data and Observation Sheet for Determination of Dry Density by Sand Replacement Method
(a) Determination of Mass of sand in the cone 1. Mass of sand (+cylinder) before pouring M1 2. Mean mass of sand in cone M2 10550 g 445 g
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(b) Determination of bulk density of sand 3. Volume of calibrating container V 1000 ml 4. Mean mass of sand (+cylinder) after pouring M3 8655 g 5. Mass of sand filling calibrating container = M1 - M3 - M2 1450 g 1.45 g/cm3 6. Bulk Density of sand S =1450 / 1000 (c) Bulk density of soil 7. Mass of wet soil from the hole M 2234g 8. Mass of sand (+cylinder) after pouring in the hole M4 8512g 9. Mass of sand in the hole = M1 - M4 - M2 1593g 2.03 g/cm3 10. Bulk density of soil() = 2234 / 1593 X 1.45 (d) Water content determination 11. Container No 11 12. Mass of container + wet soil 62.48 g 13. Mass of container + dry soil 57.76 g 14. Mass of container 21.43 g 15. Mass of dry soil 36.33 g 16. Mass of water 4.72 g 17. Water content (w) Ratio 0.13 18. Dry density d =__ _2.03_ 1.8 g/cm3 1+w 1+0.13 Reference to Indian standard: IS: 2720-1974 (Part XXVIII) by sand replacement method):
3. Puddle the sample thoroughly in water and transfer the slurry to the 4.75 mm sieve, which divides the gravel fraction from the sand fraction. Wash the slurry with jet of water. Collect the
78
materials retained on 4.75 mm sieve and the material passing through it in separate containers. Keep the material retained on 4.75 mm sieve in the oven. 4. Wash the material passing through the 4.75 mm sieve through a 75-micron sieve so that silt and clay particles are separated from the sand fraction. Collect the material passing through 75-micron sieve and the material retained on it in separate containers, and keep them in the oven. 5. Sieve the dried material, retained on 4.75 mm sieve (step 3), through the following set of sieves: 63 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, and 4.75 mm by hand sieving. While sieving through each sieve, the sieve shall be agitated so that the sample rolls in irregular motion over the sieve. The material from the sieve may be rubbed, if necessary, with the rubber pestle in the mortar taking care to see that individual soil particles are not broken and re-sieved to make sure that only individual particles are retained. The mass of material retained on each sieve should be recorded. 6. Sieve the dried material, retained on 75-micron sieve (step 4), through the following set of sieves: 2 mm, 1mm, 600 micron, 425 micron, 300 micron, 212 micron, 150 micron and 75 micron size. The set of sieve should be arranged one above the other and fitted to a mechanical sieve shaker such that the 2 mm sieve is at the top and the 75-micron sieve is at the bottom. A cover should be placed on the top of the 2 mm sieve, and a receiver should be placed below the 75-micron sieve. A minimum of 10 minutes sieving should be used. The soil fraction retained on each sieve should be carefully collected in containers and the mass of each fraction determined and recorded. Alternatively, the material retained on 75 micron sieve (step 4), may not be dried, but be washed through a set of sieves specified in step 6, nested in order of their fineness with the finest (75 micron) at the bottom. Washing should be continued until the water passing through each sieve is substantially clean. The fraction retained on each sieve should be emptied carefully with out loss of material in separate container and oven-dried. The oven-dried fraction should be weighed separate and their mass should be recorded. 7. The material passing 75-micron sieve (step 4) may be used for sedimentation analysis. Tabulation of observations. The test observations and results are recorded as illustrated in Table below. Calculations. The percentage of soil retained on each sieve is calculated on the basis of total mass of soil sample taken and from these results the percent passing through each of the sieve is calculated, as illustrated in Table below.
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118 82 56 35 23
Note
Dry Sieve Analysis. If the soil sample contains little or no fines (passing 75 micron sieve), dry sieve analysis may be carried out. Dry sieving through 4.75 mm sieve first separates the gravel fraction and sand fraction. The material retained on 4.75 mm size is further sieved through the following set of sieves: 2mm, 1 mm, 600 micron, 425 micron, 300 micron, 212 micron, 150 micron and 75 micron sizes. 2. The permissible maximum mass of sample on the 200 mm diameter sieves should be as follows: IS Sieve Designation 600 micron 200 micron 75 micron Maximum mass of sample (g) 160 55 25
Note 3. If the soil contains greater amount of fines (finer than 75 micron size), the dried soil fraction passing through 4.75 mm sieve (step 6) should be soaked in water containing two grams of sodium hexameta phosphate (or one gram of sodium hydroxide and one gram of sodium carbonate) per litre of water. The soaked specimen should then be washed thoroughly over the nest of sieves specified in step 6.
1. Take about 18 Kg of air dried sample for 1000 cc mould (40 Kg for 2250 cc mould) . Sieve the soil through 20mm and 4.75mm IS Sieves and calculate the ratio of fraction passing 20mm IS Sieve and retained on 4.75mm IS Sieve. Use 100mm dia mould if percentage retained on 4.75mm sieve is less than 20, and 150mm dia if soil percentage retained on 4.75mm sieve is more than 20. Discard the soil retained on 20mm sieve.
Add enough water to bring its water content to about 7 per cent (sandy soils) or 10 percent (clayey soils) less than the estimated optimum moisture content. Keep this soil in an air tight container for about 20 hours, for maturing.
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2. Clean the mould and fix it to the base. Take the empty mass of the mould and the base, nearest to 1 g. 3. Attach the collar to the mould. The inside of the mould may be greased thoroughly. 4. Mix the matured soil thoroughly. Take out about 2 kg of the soil and compact it in the mould in three equal layers, each layer being given 25 blows from the rammer weighing 2.6 kg dropping from a height of 310 mm, if 1000 ml mould is used. If however, the 2250 ml mould is used, about 5 kg of soil should be taken and should be compacted in three equal layers, each layer being given 56 blows from the rammer weighing 2.6 kg dropping from a height of 310 mm. The blows should be uniformly distributed over the surface of each layer. Each layer of compacted soil should be scored with a spatula before putting the soil for the succeeding layer. The amount of soil used should be just sufficient to fill the mould leaving about 5 mm to be struck off when collar is removed. Find the penetration resistance of compacted soil, using the Proctors needle. 5. Remove the collar, and cut the excess soil with the help of a straight edge. Clean the mould from outside, and weigh it to the nearest gram. Eject out the soil from the mould, cut it in the middle and keep a representative soil specimen for water content determination. 6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for about five or six times, using a fresh part of the soil specimen and after adding a higher water content than the proceeding specimen.
Fig.a
Fig.b
Table : Data And Observation Sheet For Proctors Test (Light Compaction)
Determination No. (a) Density Mass of mould + compacted soil (g) Mass of mould Mass of compacted soil Bulk density () Dry density (d) (g) (g) g/cm3 g/cm
3
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(b) Water content Container No. Mass of container + wet soil Mass of Container + dry soil Mass of water Mass of container Mass of dry soil Water content (w) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%)
Calculations: 1. The dry density of the compacted soil is calculated as follows: d = (1+w) A curve showing the relationship between dry density and water content is plotted. The water content corresponding to the maximum dry density is found from the curve. For the data tabulated above, the optimum water content is found to be 20% corresponding to maximum dry density of 1.64 g/cm3. The corresponding dry unit weight = 1.64 x 9.81 = 16.09 kN/m3. 2. The voids ratio for each determination is found from the equation: e = G w - 1 d 3. On the same plot, a curve is drawn between penetration resistance and water content (Fig. b). (b) Heavy Compaction (Modified Proctors Tests) The equipment required for the heavy compaction test is the same as that required for the light compaction except that the rammer has a falling mass of 4.89 kg and has a drop of 45 cm. The soil is compacted in five equal layers, instead, of three. Each layer is given 25 blows of the rammer if the 1000ml mould is used, and 56 blows if 2250cc mould is used.
X. Determination of California Bearing Ratio Value As per IS: 2720 (Part-16) -1979
1. Concept and Significance California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test originally developed by California Division of Highways (U.S.A) is one of the most commonly used methods to evaluate the strength of subgrade soil for design of pavement thickness. CBR value as defined by IS: 2720 (Part XVI)1979 is the ratio of the force per unit area required to penetrate a soil mass with a circular plunger of 50 mm diameter at the rate of 1.25 mm/minute, to that required for corresponding penetration of a standard material. Standard load is that load which has been obtained from tests on a crushed stone whose CBR value is taken to be 100 per cent. The ratio is usually determined for penetration of 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm. The results of this test cannot be related accurately with fundamental properties of the material but are useful in design of flexible pavements. 2. Objective To determine the California Bearing Ratio of the subgrade soil. 3. Apparatus The apparatus as per IS: 2720 (Part XVI) 1979 comprises of the following: (i) Mould. A metallic cylinder of 150 mm internal diameter and 175 mm height; provided with a detachable metal extension collar 50 mm in height. It also has a detachable perforated base plate of 10 mm thickness. The perforations in the base plate do not exceed 1.5 mm in diameter. (ii) Steel cutting collar, which can fit flush with the mould. (iii) Spacer disc. A metal disc of 148 mm diameter and 47.7 mm in height.
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Surcharge weights: One annular metal weight and slotted weights each of 2.5 kg and 147 mm in diameter with a central hole 53 mm in diameter. (v) Dial gauges. Two dial gauges reading to 0.01 mm. (vi) IS sieves of sizes 47.5 mm and 20 mm. (vii) Penetration plunger. A metallic plunger having a diameter of 50 mm and at least 100 mm long. (viii) Loading machine with a capacity of at least 5000 kg and equipped with a platform that can move vertically at a rate of 1.25 mm/min. (ix) Miscellaneous apparatus like mixing bowl, straight edge, scales, soaking tank, drying oven, filter paper, dishes and calibrated measuring jar. Procedure Preparation of test specimen. (iv) 1 Preparation of Undisturbed Specimen Fit to the mould, the steel cutting edge of 150 mm internal diameter. Push the mould into the ground as gently as possible till the mould is full of soil. Remove the soil from sides and bottom. Trim the excessive soil from top and bottom. 2 Preparation of Remoulded Specimen Remoulded samples are prepared such that the dry density obtained from proctor compaction tests, the water content of remoulded samples is either the optimum water content or the field moisture as the case may be, the remoulded sample are compacted either statically or dynamically. The test material should pass 20mm IS sieve and retained on 4.75mm IS sieve. If coarser material is retained on 20mm sieve, it should be discarded and an equal amount of material retained on 4.75mm sieve and passing through 20mm sieve should be replaced. 3 Statically Compacted Specimen (i) Calculate the amount of soil required such that it fills the mould (excluding collar) at the desired density after compaction. (ii) Calculate the amount of water to be added to give desired water content. (iii) Mix the soil thoroughly with water. (iv) Fix the extension collar to the mould and clamp it to the base plate. (v) Fix the mould with soil, gently pressing it with hands so that it does not spill out of the mould. (vi) Place a coarse filter paper over the leveled soil surface and then insert the space disc. (vii) Place the assembly on the pedestal of compression machine and compact the soil until the top of the spacer disc is flush with the top of the collar. 4 Dynamically compacted specimen (i) Sieve the material through 20 mm IS sieve (ii) Take about 4.5 kg or more of representative sample for fine grained soils and about 5.5 kg for granular soils in a mixing pan. (iii) Add water to the soil in the quantity such that the moisture content of the specimen is either equal to field moisture content or OMC as desired. (iv) Mix together the soil and water uniformly. (v) Clamp the mould along with the extension collar to the base plate. (vi) Place the coarse filter paper on the top of the spacer disc. (vii) Pour soil-water mix in the mould in such a quantity that after compaction about 1/5 th of the mould is filled
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(viii)
Give 56 blows with the rammer weighing 2.6 kg dropping through 310 mm in three layers (light compaction) or 4.89 kg dropping through 450 mm in 5 layers (heavy compaction) evenly spread on the surface. Scratch the top layer of compacted surface. Add more soil and compact in similar fashion. Fill the mould completely in five layers. Remove the extension collar and trim off the excess soil by a straight edge Remove the base plate, spacer disc and the filter paper and note down the weight of mould and compacted specimen. Place a coarse filter paper on the perforated base plate. Invert the mould containing compacted soil and clamp it to the base plate.
5. Testing the Specimen (i) Place the mould containing the specimen, with base plate in position, on the testing machine. (ii) Place the annular weight of 2.5 kg on the top surface of soil. (iii) Bring the penetration plunger in contact with soil surface and apply a load of 4 kg so that full contact between soil and plunger is established. This should be taken as zero load. (iv) Place the remainder surcharge weight so that total surcharge weight equals to 5 kg. (v) Set the reading of dial gauges to zero. (vi) Apply load so that penetration rate is 1.2 mm per min. Record the load at penetration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mm. The maximum load has to be recorded if it occurs at less than 12.5 mm. (vii) Collect about 20 to 50 g of soil to determine the water content 6. CBR Test on Soaked Specimen To perform CBR test on soaked specimen, the sample excluding base plate and spacer disc is weighed. A filter paper is placed on the sample with a perforated plate on it. Over it a surcharge weight 2.5 or 5 kg is placed and the sample is soaked in water tank for 4 days. The sample is then allowed to drain off water in a vertical position for about 15 minutes. The sample is weighed again to calculate the percentage of water absorbed. It is then tested following the normal procedure. 7 Computation of Test Results (i) Plot the load penetration curve with the load as ordinate and penetration as abscissa. Sometimes the initial portion of the curve is concave upwards due to surface irregularities. In such a case apply a correction. Draw tangent at the point of greatest slope. The point where this tangent meets the abscissa is the corrected zero reading of penetration. (ii) (iii) From the curve, determine the load value corresponding to the penetration value at which the CBR is desired.
Compute CBR value as follows: Test load corresponding to chosen penetration (PT) CBR value = x 100 Standard load for the same penetration (PS) Usually the CBR value is calculated for 2.5 mm and 5 mm penetration. Generally the CBR value at 2.5 mm penetration will be greater than that at 5 mm and in such a case the former is taken for design purposes. If the 5 mm value is greater the test is repeated, if the same results follow, the CBR value corresponding to 5 mm penetration is adopted for design purposes.
84
Note: The test must always be performed on remoulded sample of soils in the laboratory. Where ever possible the test specimen should be prepared by Static Compaction but if not possible Dynamic method may be used as an alternative. In-Situ tests are not recommended for design purpose as it is not possible to satisfactorily simulate the critical conditions of dry density and moisture content in the field.
4. On completion of sieving note down the weight of material retained on each sieve. 5. Report the results as cumulative percentage by weight of sample passing each of the sieves. (Form SB - 1) Sieve Analysis of Aggregate
I.S. Sieve designation Weight of Sample retained (gm) Percent of Wt. Retained Cumulative Percent of Wt. retained (%) Percentage of Wt. Passing
85
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
86
Take the weight of surface dry aggregates (W3). Place the aggregates in oven at a temperature of 100C to 110C for 24 1/2 hours. Remove the aggregates in oven, cool in air and weigh (W4). i) W4 Sp. Gravity = ---------------------W3 - (W1 W2) W4 Apparent Sp. Gravity = ---------------------W3 - (W1 W2)
ii)
W3 W 4 iii) Water absorption (Percent of dry weight) = ---------------- X 100 W4 13. Report results in Form GB - 5.
87
3. Take the required quantity of the aggregate sample in the container and place it loosely inside the container. 4. Close the container and determine its weight (W2) 5. Keep the container with the lid removed in an oven maintained at a temperature of 110C 5C for 24 hours. 6. After drying. remove the container and allow it to cool to room temperature. 7. Determine weight of the dry sample with lid (W3) 8. Calculate the water content in percentage using the formula. W2 W3 W = ---------------- X 100 W2 W3 9. Report the results in Form SB - 3. Moisture Content of Aggregates
Sample No. (i) (ii) (iii) Average Moisture Content (%) Tin No. Wt. of Tin (gm) (W1) Wt. of Tin + wet aggregate (gm) (W2) Wt. of Tin + dry aggregate (gm) (W3) Loss of Water(gm) (W2) (W3) Wt. of dry soil (gm) (W2) - (W1) Moisture content (%)
XIV. Determination of Flakiness Index and Elongation Index Values Concept and Significance: Flakiness Index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles in it whose least dimension (thickness)is less than three fifths (3/5 th) of their mean dimension. The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3mm. Object To determine the flakiness of coarse aggregate sample Apparatus 1. Balance should have an accuracy of 0.10% of the weight of test sample 2. Metal gauge confirming to IS 2336 (Part I) 1977 3. I.S Sieves 63mm, 50mm, 40mm , 31.5mm ,25mm,20mm,16mm, 12.5mm , 10.0mm and 6.3mm. Procedure 1. The sample has to be carefully and properly sieved. 2. Nine fractions are to be collected with the following specifications:
Passing through I.S Sieve 60 mm 50 mm 40 mm 31.5 mm 25 mm Retained on I.S Sieve 50 mm 40 mm 31.5 mm 25 mm 20 mm
88
20 mm 16 mm 12.5 mm 10 mm
16 mm 12.5 mm 10 mm 6.3 mm
3. Every Piece of each fractional sieve shall be gauged for a minimum thickness with the help of the ISI gauge or in bulk using a set of sieves having standard elongated slots. 4. Thus, each fraction is to be separated into 2 parts: One consisting of pieces which pass through the corresponding slot in the standard gauge and the other consisting of pieces which do not pass through the corresponding slot in the standard gauge. 5. Each part is separately weighed. Sum of both the weights gives the total weight of each fraction. Observations and Calculations:
Flakiness
Wt.of fraction of the sample S .No Passed Retaine Throug d On h 63.0 50.0 40.0 50.0 40.0 25.0 Total Weigh t in gms 4030 11820 21880 37730
Index
Wt.of fraction Passing through Thickness guage in gms 383 1217 2341 3941
Thickness Guage
Allowable Percentage
1. 2. 3.
Not >15 %
ELONGATION INDEX: Elongation Index is weight of elongated particles divided by total nonflaky Particles. The gauge length would be 1.8 times the mean size of aggregate. For an aggregate passing through 50mm sieve but retained on 40mm sieve, the mean size is 45mm and limit for the length of 45, works out to be 1.8 x 45 = 81mm.
Elongation I n d e x
Weight of Non-flaky material 3647 10603 19539 33789 Length Guage 63.0 - 50.0 50.0 - 40.0 40.0 - 25.0 Wt. of Fraction Retained on 126 273 676 1075 Allowable Percentage Length gauge in gms
S.No 1. 2. 3. Total
Elongation Index =
89
The Flakiness Index shall be less than 15% for coarse aggregates for road works (Clause.1007 of MOST Specification.) The Flakiness Index shall be less than 35% for coarse aggregates for concrete works (Clause.1007 of MOST Specification.) The Flakiness Index shall be less than 25% for stone chipping. The Combined Flakiness and Elongation Indices shall be less than 30% for combined mix aggregates (bituminous works)
sample
consists
of
Aggregate size 10.0mm to 12.5 mm .The aggregates should be dried by heating at 100-110 C for a period of 4 hours and cooled. 1. The Aggregates passing through 12.5mm sieve and retained on 10.0mm sieve comprises the test material. 2. Pour the aggregates to fill about just 1/3rd depth of measuring cylinder. 3. Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of the tamping rod. 4. Add two more layers in similar manner , so that the cylinder is full.
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5. Strike off the surplus aggregates. 6. Determine the net weight of the aggregates to the nearest gram (W1). 7. Raise the hammer until its lower face is 380mm above the surface of the aggregate sample in the cup and allow it to fall freely on the aggregate sample. Give 15 such blows at an interval of not less than one second between successive falls. 8. Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.36mm IS sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute. Weigh the fraction passing the sieve to an accuracy of one gram (W2). Also weigh the fraction retained on the sieve.
9. Note down the observations in the pro-forma and compute the aggregate impact value. 10. The mean of two observations, rounded to the nearest whole number is reported as the aggregate Impact value. 5. Precautions. 1. In the operation of sieving the aggregates through 2.36mm sieve the sum of weights of fractions retained and passing the sieve should not differ from the original weight of the specimen by more than one gram.
W1 x100
IRC has recommended the following AI values for different types of road construction
Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Type Of Pavement Bituminous surface dressing penetration Macadam, Carpet Concrete, and cement concrete wearing course. Bitumen-bound-Macadam, base course WBM base course with bitumen surfacing Cement Concrete Base Course Maximum Aggregate Impact Value % 30 35 40 45
91
3. Water bath: A water bath maintained at 25.0 + 0.1 C containing not less than 10 Lt. of water, the sample being immersed to a depth not less than 100mm from the top and supported perforated shelf not less than 50mm from the bottom of the bath. 4. Penetration Apparatus: It should be with a calibrated accuracy upto 1/10th of a millimeter. 5. Thermometer: 0 to 44 degrees and readable up to 0.20 C. 6. Time Measuring device: With an accuracy + 0.1 sec.
4. Procedure 1. Preparation of test specimen: Soften the material to a pouring consistency at a temperature not more than 60 C for Tars and 90 C for Bitumen. Stir it thoroughly until it is homogeneous and free from air bubbles and water. Pour the melt into the container to a depth at least 10 mm in excess of the expected penetration and allow it
92
to cool to room temperature. Then place it along with the transfer dish in the water bath at 25.0C + 0.1 and allow it to remain for 1 to 1 hour. 2. Clean the needle with Benzene, dry it and load with the weight. The total moving load requires is100+0.25gms, including the weight of the needle carrier and super-imposed weights. Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface of the sample. Make the pointer of the dial to read zero or note the initial dial reading. Release the needle for exactly five seconds. Adjust the penetration machine to measure the distance penetrated. Make at least 3 readings at points on the surface of the sample not less than 10mm apart and not less than10mm from the side of the dish. (After each test return the sample and transfer dish to the water bath and wash the needle clean with benzene and dry it). There should be no movement of the container while needle is penetrating into the sample. The sample should be free from any extraneous matter. The needle should be cleaned with benzene and dried before each penetration.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
5. Precautions 1. 2. 3.
6. Record of observations and calculations: Example: S.No. 1. Details Penetrometer dial reading (i) Initial (ii) Final 2. Penetration value 0 86 86 0 84 84 84 171 87 Test 1 Test2 Test3
Mean penetration value = (86+84+87)/3 = or Say 86 Penetration at 25 degree C, 100g, 5seconds in 1/100 cm shall be as under for the different grades of materials (as per IS: 73-1961 Table-II). Grade of material S 35 S 45 S 65 S 90 S 200 Penetration 30 40 40 50 60 70 80 100 175 225
93
5. Note the temperature at which a flash first appears at any point on the surface of the material. 6. Continue heating until the bitumen ignites and burns for 5 minutes. Record this temperature as fire point. Ex: Property Flash Point Fire Point Test 1 185 238 2 188 240 3 179 234 Mean 184 237
Note: Paving bitumen shall not be heated beyond the flash point. For paving bitumen of all the five grades (i.e, S.35 to S.200) the flash point is 175C. XVIII. Determination of Softening Point of Bitumen 1. Heat the bitumen to a temperature between 125C and 150C. 2. Heat the rings at same temperature on a hot plate and place it on a glass plate coated with glycerine. 3. Fill up the rings with bitumen. 4. Cool it for 30 Minutes in air and level the surface with a hot knife. 5. Set the ring in the assembly and place it in the bath containing distilled water at 5C and maintain that temperature for 15 Minutes.
94
6. Place the balls on the rings. 7. Raise the temperature uniformly at 5C per minute till the ball passes, through the ring. 8. Note the temperature at which each of the ball and sample touches the bottom plate of the support. 9. Temperature shall be recorded as the softening point of the bitumen. [Form Bl-1(C)] Softening Point of Bitumen
1 2 3 4 4.1 Grade of bitumen Approximate softening point Liquid used in water bath (water I Glycerin) Period of air cooling (minutes) Period of cooling in water bath (minutes) Sample No. 1 Ball No. 1 2 3 Sample No. 2 Ball No. 4
Test Property Temp at which sample touch bottom plate ( oC) Mean Value, Softening point
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
95
Test temperature, oC Period of air cooling, (minutes) In Air In water bath before trimming In water bath after trimming Briquette number (a) (b) (c)
Mean Value
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.
96
97
4. Procedure a) Percentage basis (for SDBC, DBM, BM etc.,) 1 Weigh about 500 gm sample of asphalt mix and record the same. 2. Place the sample in the bowl and cover the sample (i.e. immersed with Benzene) and allow it to soak for one day. 3. Next day cut the filter paper to size, weigh it and place it in position. Pour the Benzene soaked mixes in the centrifuge and fix it. 4. Place a beaker under the outlet. 5. Rotate the centrifuge gradually to increase the speed to 3600 rpm. Rotate until the solvent ceases to flow from the outlet. 6. Repeat the procedure, till the solvent coming out of outlet is same that of Benzene without any sediments or colour. 7. Remove the filter, dry it in air, and brush the loose particles into the centrifuge. 8. Dry the filter and contents in the centrifuge in an oven to 98 to 105 C. 9. Obtain the weight of filter and dry aggregates separately. Record of observations: Wt. of sample Initial wt. of filter paper Final wt. of filter Paper Wt.of retained fines(filter paper) Wt. of aggregates after BT.Extraction Total Wt. of aggregates + fines Wt. of bitumen (Wb) = w1 g = w2 g = w3 g = (w3-w2) g = w4 g = (w3-w2) + w4 g = w1- ((w3-w2) + w4) g
98
Bitumen content %
= Wb/w1 x 100
b) Area basis (for BTWC,BTSD, MSS etc.,) 1. In the field, cut the bitumen carpet of a standard size ie. say 15x15 cm, simultaneously recording the thickness(X mm). 2. 3. The weight of the above sample is to be found and recorded. Further the procedure is same as that of % process. Accordingly the experiment is continued. Wt. of sample Initial wt. of filter paper Final wt. of filter Paper Wt. of retained fines (filter paper) Wt. of aggregates after BT. Extraction Total Wt. of aggregates + fines Wt. of bitumen (Wb) (for x mm thick observed) Wt. of bitumen for 20mm thick (Wc) Wt. of bitumen in Kgs/10sqm (of 20mm thick) = (Wb x 20) / X = Wc / 2.25 X 100 = w1 g = w2 g = w3 g = (w3-w2) g = w4 g = (w3-w2) + w4 g = w1- ((w3-w2) + w4) g
Record of observations:
99
S. No
Weigh Total t of Wt. of chips Chips after (7)+(8) Test (gms) (gms) 8 946 9 947.40
Thic knes s in mm
1 1.
2 1.756
3 BTSD+S C
11 20
2.
0.064
MSS
1048
4.35
5.27
0.92
1000
1000.92
47.07
22
42.79
19.02
19.00 Kgs/10m2
3.
4.075
SDBC
838
4.61
5.99
1.38
801
802.38
35.62
4.25
4.50+0.3%
4.
4.075
B.M
680
4.67
5.91
1.24
657
658.24
21.76
3.20
3.25+0.3%
100
Obtain the material that passes through 25-mm sieve and is retained on 12.5-mm sieve. Dry, clean and heat the binder and aggregates to 150-175 C and 120 150C respectively and mix with 5 per cent binder by weight of aggregate. After complete coating, allow the mixture to cool at room temperature in clean dry beaker. Add distilled water to immerse the coated aggregates. Cover the beaker and keep it undisturbed in a thermostatic water bath at a temperature of 40C for a period 24 hours. Estimate the extent of stripping by visual examination while the specimen is still under water and express as the average percent area of aggregate surface uncoated.
Three samples may be tested simultaneously so as to arrive at an average value. The stripping value is expressed to the nearest whole number.
5. Precautions: 1. The aggregates should be thoroughly dried before mixing with binder. 2. Distilled water should be used for the test. 3. Mix-up of the two separate samples should be uniform. 6. Record of observations and calculations:
S.No 3 1. Details Percentage of area of aggregate uncoated by immersion in water Sample 1 15 % Samlple 2 20 % Sample 3 15%
Average stripping value = (15+20+15)/3 = or 17% 7. Interpretation of results: The results of the stripping test give an indication regarding susceptibility of aggregates to the action of water, or moisture. The more the stripping value, the poorer are the aggregates from point of view of adhesion. APSS Table: 1508-8 has specified the maximum stripping value of 25 % for aggregates to be used in bituminous road construction. MOST Tables 500.8 has specified minimum retained coating 95%.
100
3. Apparatus 1. Specimen Mould Assembly comprising mould cylinders 10cm diameter by 7.5 cm height, base plate and extension collars. They are designed to be interchanged with either end of cylindrical mould. Three mould cylinders are recommended.
101
2.
Specimen extractor for extracting the compacted specimen from the mould. A suitable bar is required to transfer load from the extension collar to the upper proving ring attachment while extracting the specimen. Water bath with thermostatic control. Thermometers of range up to 200 C with sensitivity of 2.5 C and Miscellaneous equipment like containers, mixing and handling tools etc.
3. 4. 5.
4. Preparation of Test Specimen 1. Measure out 1200 gm of aggregates blended in the desired proportions. Heat the aggregates in the oven to the mixing temperature (155 165 C). 2. 3. 4. 5. Add pre-determined quantity of bitumen at the mixing temperature (130-150 C) and mix the materials in a heated pan with heated mixing tools. Return the mixture to the oven and reheat it to the compacting temperature (120C). At no time shall the difference in temperature between the aggregates and the binder exceed 15C. Place the mixture in a heated Marshall mould with a collar and base. Spade the mixture around the sides of the mould. Place filter papers under the sample and on top of the sample. Place the mould in the Marshall Compaction pedestal. Compact the material with 75 blows of the hammer (or as specified), invert the sample. and compact the other face with the same number of blows. After compaction, invert the mould with the collar on the bottom. Remove the base and extract the sample by pushing it out the extractor. Allow the sample to stand for a few hours to cool at room temperature.
6. 7. 8. 9.
5.Test Procedure 1. The aggregates are tested and their apparent specific gravites, Aggregates Impact values and Flakiness and Elongation Index water absorption values are recorded. 2. 3. 4. Bitumen 80/100 grade is tested for its grade, from penetration test. A 80/100 grade bitumen indicates that its penetration value lies between 80 and 100. Take approximately 4 Kg of each aggregate and conduct gradation test individually. Normally the weight of sample to be prepared is about 1200 gm in practice. So in a sample of 1200 gm weight, the weight of mix aggregate and bitumen will be 1152 and 48 gm, for a bitumen content of 4 %. Conduct mix gradation trials in various proportions, till MOST table 500-20 & 500-22 Satisfied. With the attained suitable mix gradation of aggregate, take mix gradation of aggregate sample as detailed below for different binder contents (1200gm - W1).
S.No 1 2 3 Binder Content (W2) 4.00% (48gms) 4.50% (54gms) 5.00% (60gms) Mix aggregate Weight (W1-W2) 1152gm 1146gm 1140gm
5. 6.
102
7. 8. 9.
At least three specimens for each combination of aggregates and bitumen should be prepared. After preparation of the specimen it has to be weighed first in air and then in water. The differences of the weight are the volume of the specimen (or) take the thickness of the specimen on four sides and take the average and calculate the volume of the specimen.
10. The specimen is then immersed in hot water bath at a testing temperature of 60 C for 30minutes. 11. The specimen is then removed, fixed in the breaking head assembly and mounted on the testing machine. 12. Place the flow meter over one of the posts and adjust it to read zero. And also the dial gauge in proving ring is set to read zero. 13. The machine is set to operation by applying load, until the maximum load reading is obtained. 14. Record the maximum load reading. At the same instant, obtain the flow meter reading. Reverse the machine and remove the specimen tested. 15. Care must be taken to ensure that the elapsed time from the water bath to the maximum load determination should not generally exceed 30 seconds. 16. The stability values obtained above are correlated if the height of specimen tested is other than 63.50 mm or by its volume using correlation factors as shown below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
200-213 214-225 226-237 238-250 251-264 265-276 277-289 290-201 302-316 317-328 329-340 341-353 354-367 368-379 380-392 393-405 406-420
5.50 5.00 4.55 4.17 3.825 3.57 3.33 3.03 2.78 2.50 2.27 2.08 1.92 1.79 1.67 1.56 1.47
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
421-431 432-443 444-456 457-470 471-482 483-495 496-508 509-522 523-535 536-546 547-559 560-573 574-585 586-596 597-610 611-625
1.39 1.32 1.25 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.76
103
Example: Semi-Dense Bituminous Concrete 25mm thick (MOST: 511) 1) Individual sieve analysis of aggregates: i)Sample :-11.2 mm Table 500-20 (Grading-I)
Sieve size 13.2 mm 11.20 mm 5.60 mm 2.80 mm 710 Micron 355 Micron 180 Micron 90 Micron Total Weight. Wt.Retained(g ) Nil 1490 2110 435 725 4760 Wt. of Passing(g) 4760 3270 1160 725 % Wt.of Passing 100.00 68.70 24.37 15.23 -
(30%) = 344 gms (45%) = 516 gms (25%) = 286 gms 1146 gms
Limits 100 88-100 42-64 22-38 11-24 7-18 Rema rks
Sieve size 13.2mm 11.20 mm 5.60 mm 2.80 mm 710 Micron 355 Micron
104
42 27 30 1146
57 30 -
4.97 2.62 -
5-13 3-9 -
Trail No:2.
11.2 mm (20%) = 229 g 6.70 mm (50%) = 573 g 2.80stone dust (30%) = 344 g Total 1146 g
% Wt.of Passing (gms) 100 92.75 56.33 31.88 14.85 10.04 6.11 3.32 Limits 100 88-100 42-64 22-38 11-24 7-18 5-13 3-9 Remark s Satisfied O.K
Sieve size 13.2mm 11.20 mm 5.60 mm 2.80 mm 710 Micron 355 Micron 180 Micron 90 Micron (-)90 Total Weight.
3. Specific gravity:S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Wt. of Jar Details (w1) Wt. of Jar + Sample (w2) Wt. of Jar + Sample + Water (w3) Wt. of Jar + Water (w4) 11.20 mm 168 gm 731 gm 1022 gm 664 gm Sample Size 6.7mm 2.8mmStone Dust 168 gm 168 g 709 gm 1006 gm 664 gm 435 g 838 g 664 g
2.746
2.718
2.871
The theoretical specific gravity of mix (Gt) is calculated as below: Gt = 100 ---------------------------------------W1 W2 W3 W4 ------ + ------ + ------ + ------g1 g2 g3 g4
Where W1 w2 w3 w4 = = = = % by weight of coarse aggregate (11.2 mm) % by weight of fine aggregate (6.7 mm) % by weight of fines (dust) % by weight of bitumen in total mix
g1 = Apparent specific gravity of coarse aggregate g2 = Apparent specific gravity of fine aggregate
105
Sp.GR. of Mix(GT) 100 --------------------------------------20 50 30 4.50 ----- + ------ + ------- + ------2.746 2.718 2.871 0.98 =2.456
Density and voids determination for SDBC requirement as per MOST:511, Table No:500-21
Date of Castin g/Testi ng 11-06-01 -doSp.G r of mix 2.456 2.456 Binder Conte nt % 4.50 4.50 Height of Specim en cm 6.38 6.39 Wt.of Specime n gms 1183 1188 AVG % of voids in the mix Vv= (Gt-Gb) x 100 Gb 4.07 3.80 3.93 % of voids in mineral aggt. VMA= Vv+Vb 14.91 14.66 14.78 Bulk Density Gb 2.360 2.366 2.363 Vol. of Bitumen Vb = Gbxw4 G4 10.84 10.86
Trail No 1. 2.
% of voids in the Aggt. filled with Bitumen VFB = Vb/VMAx 100 72.70 74.08 73.39
Marshall Stability Value Measur ed Correcti on 1.04 1.04 Correcte d 997 1077 AVG:1037
1. 2.
11-6-01 10-6-01
4.50 % 4.50 %
330 355
959 1036
106
or Bulking in fine aggregates by displacement in water. Bulking of sand:- Increase in bulk volume of a quantity of sand in moist condition over the volume of the same quantity of sand when completely inundated. Procedure: In a 250ml measuring cylinder pour the damp sand (consolidating by shaking) until it reaches 200ml mark. Then fill the cylinder with water and stir the sand well.(The water shall be sufficient to submerge the sand fully). It will be seen the sand surface is now below its original level. Suppose the surface is at the mark y ml, the percentage of bulking of the sand shall be calculated from the following formula; Bulking % = 100(200-y)/y Note: The percentage of bulking of sand shall be rounded off to the nearest whole number. Therefore the volume of sand used shall be more than the quoted volume by above % in the specification.
TOTAL
265.21
107
100 Allowable Limits: 2.00 to 3.50 % TESTS ON BRICKS First Class Bricks: The tolerance on the specified dimensions shall not exceed + 3% Second Class Bricks: The tolerance on the specified dimensions shall not exceed + 8% Physical Characteristics: When tested in accordance with IS: 3495 1966 the Bricks shall conform to the requirements as follows:
Sl. No 1. 2. 3. Characteristics Compressive strength Absorption after 24 hr immersion in cold water Efflorescence Requirements Not less than 40 Kg/Cm2 Not more than 20% by wt. Not more than moderate
XXVII.
Object: To determine water absorption of Bricks (APSS 102). Pre-conditioning: Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 100 -110C till a constant weight is obtained. Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its dry weight (W1). Procedure: Immerse completely the dried specimen in clean water at temperature of 27 + 5 C for 24 hr. Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with a damp cloth and weigh the specimen (W2). Complete the weighing in 3 minutes after the removal of specimen from water. Water absorption: (W2 W1) x 100 W1 Ex:
S.No Size of Brick Dry weight Wet weight Weight of % of water
108
1. 2. 3.
Note: Water absorption of Bricks after 24hr. immersion shall not be more than 20% by weight.
109