Terminology Centrosome - contains two centrioles. Chromatids two chromosomes held together by a centromere.

re. Centromere - holds two chromatids together

Terminology Continued
Spindle Fibers - microtubules that form between centrioles. Equator - center of the cell. Poles - oppposite ends of the cell.

Interphase
Carries on normal daily activities Replication - doubling the genetic materials occurs. Doubling of membranes and other organelles occur.

Stages of Mitosis

1. 2. 3. 4.

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Prophase
Chromatids become visible. Centrosome splits into two centrioles. Centrioles move toward opposite poles. Nuclear membrane disappears. Nucleolus disappears. Spindle fibers form.

Metaphase

Chromatids line up at the equator.

Anaphase
Centromeres separate. Chromatids are now called chromosomes. Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles.

Telophase
Final stage of mitosis. Nuclear membrane reappears. Nucleolus reappears. Chromatin becomes visible. Centrioles double to form a centrosome. Spindle fibers disappear. Cytokinesis occurs.

Cytokinesis
Begins during anaphase. Cell membrane begins to constrict in the middle of the cell. Cells are pinched off in the center forming two new cells.

Comparison between Plant and Animal Cells

Plant cells have no centriole Plant cells have no cytokinesis. Have a cell plate form instead

Differentiation
At fertilization - two cells unite to form one new cell - zygote. Zygote splits to form two, then four, then 8 and so on. (cells are the same) 3-8 weeks after fertilization - cell begin to specialize.

Differentiation Continued
By birth there are 200 different cells Differentiation - the process by which cells develop specialized functions. Occurs because genes cause some chemicals to become active and others to be silent.