CELL CYCLE AND

CELL DIVISION
Cell cycle
• A cell cycle is a series of events that takes
place in a cell as it grows and divides. A cell
spends most of its time in what is called
interphase, and during this time it grows,
replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for
cell division. The cell then leaves interphase,
undergoes mitosis, and completes its
division.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
• There are two primary phases in the cell cycle:
• Interphase: This phase was thought to
represent the resting stage between
subsequent cell divisions, but new research
has shown that it is a very active phase.
• M Phase (Mitosis phase): This is where the
actual cell division occurs. There are two key
steps in this phase, namely cytokinesis and
karyokinesis.
• The interphase further comprises three
phases:
• G0 Phase (Resting Phase): The cell neither
divides nor prepares itself for the division.
• G1 Phase (Gap 1): The cell is metabolically
active and grows continuously during this
phase.
• S phase (Synthesis): The DNA replication or
synthesis occurs during this stage.
• G2 phase (Gap 2): Protein synthesis happens in
this phase.
• There are four stages in the M Phase,
namely:
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
cell division
• The life span of most of the individual
cells is limited. Many worn out and die.
These are replaced by identical cells by
process of cell division.
• Cell division is an ongoing process in the
life span of an individual. There are two
types of cell divisions, mitosis and
meiosis.
• By cell division we mean the process of
making new body cells by mitosis. In
this process a parent cell divides into
two or more daughter cells. It is a
process of multiplication of cell. The
process may be mitosis or meiosis.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that
helps in production of egg and sperm
cells.
MITOSIS
Prophase
• The first event takes place in the cytoplasm,
occurring during later part of interphase in or around
small structures called centrioles. Two pairs of
centrioles begin to move apart with the mitotic
tubules growing between them and pushing them
apart, at the same time tubules grow radially away
from each of the centriole pairs forming a spiny star
called the aster, at each end of the cell. The complex
of microtubules is called spindle. The mitotic spindle
and two pairs of centrioles together are called
mitotic apparatus
Metaphase
• The chromosomes get neatly arranged
end-to-end along the equator of the
cell. The centrioles reach at opposite
poles of the cell and their mitotic
spindle fibers extend from them.
• The mitotic spindle fibers attach to each
of the sister chromatids.
Anaphase
• The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the
mitotic spindle fibers in such a way that one
chromatid is pulled to one pole and the other
chromatid to the opposite pole.
Telophase
• The two sets of chromosomes are pulled
completely apart. Mitotic apparatus disappears.
The single cell then pinches in the middle to form
two separate daughter cells with a full set of
chromosomes in nucleus.
Cytokinesis
• The cell divides into two cells midway between two
nuclei-cytokinesis