HOW DO LIT TLE ELEP HANTS GROW UP TO BE

BIG ELEPHANTS?
WHY DO ANIMALS SHED THEIR SKIN?
 The process of asexual
reproduction begins after a
sperm fertilizes an egg.
THREE REASONS WHY CELLS REPRODUCE
BY ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

1. GROWTH
2. REPAIR
3. REPLACEMENT
Skin cancer - the abnormal growth
of skin cells - most often develops
on skin exposed to the sun.

Cell that reproduce by asexual

reproduction reproduce constantly.
Eukaryotic Cells
Somatic cells Sex Cells
•Cells that •The ONLY cells
make your that are not
organs and somatic –
tissues sperm and egg
(Gametes)
Cell Division

In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two major

stages.
The first stage, division of the cell nucleus, is called
mitosis.
The second stage, division of the cell cytoplasm, is
called cytokinesis.
Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is the series of events
that cells go through as they grow and
divide.
Interphase is the period of growth that
occurs between cell divisions.
Cell spends most of its life in this
phase.
Interphase
occurs before mitosis begins
• Chromosomes are copied (# doubles)
• Chromosomes appear as threadlike
coils (chromatin) at the start, but each
chromosome and its copy(sister
chromosome) change to sister
chromatids at end of this phase
Interphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Cell Cycle
During the cell cycle:
1. a cell grows
2. prepares for division
3. divides to form two daughter cells, each of which begins
the cycle again
 Cell Cycle
• The cell cycle consists of four phases:
• G1 (First Gap Phase)
• S Phase (Synthesis Phase)
• G2 (Second Gap Phase)
• M Phase (Mitotic Phase)
Events of the Cell Cycle
During G1, the cell
• increases in size (cell grows)
• synthesizes new proteins and organelles (cell develops)
Events of the Cell Cycle
During the S phase, (DNA replication)
• chromosomes are replicated
• DNA synthesis takes place
Once a cell enters the S phase, it usually completes the rest of
the cell cycle
Events of the cell cycle
The G2 Phase (Second Gap Phase)
• organelles and molecules required for cell division are
produced
• Once G2 is complete, the cell is ready to start the M
phase—Mitosis
Cell Cycle
CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINT
• It is a stage where the cell examines internal &
external cues & decides whether to go through
with cell division or not.
• A critical control point in the Cell Cycle where
“stop” and “go-ahead” signals can regulate the cell
cycle.
• Animal cells have built-in “stop” signals that halt
the cell cycles and checkpoints until overridden by
“go-ahead” signals.
• Three major checkpoints are found in the G1. G2
and M phases of the Cell Cycle.
THREE MAJOR CHECKPOINTS:

• G1 Checkpoint
• G2 Checkpoint
• Spindle Checkpoint
 The G1 Checkpoint – the Restriction
Point
• The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is large enough to divide
and that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting
daughter cells.
• If a cell receives a “go-ahead” signal at the G1 checkpoint, it will
usually continue with the Cell Cycle.
• If the cell does not receive the “go-ahead” signal, it will exit the
Cell Cycle and switch to a non-dividing state called G0.
• Most cells in the human body are in the G0 phase.
The G2 Checkpoint

• Ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been

successfully completed.
The Metaphase Checkpoint

• Ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached

to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore.
 Why does interphase happen?
• cell must grow in order for extra
organelles and DNA have room in cell
DNA
• Chromatin – long, thin strands made up of DNA
and protein. The protein helps the DNA to stay
together when chromosomes form.
• Chromosomes -
Genetic information is passed from one
generation to the next on chromosomes.
Before cell division, each chromosome is
duplicated, or copied.
CHROMOSOMES – Condensed Chromatin
Chromosomes
Chromosomes
Sister chromatids
•Each chromosome
consists of two
identical “sister”
chromatids.
•Each pair of
chromatids is
attached at an area
called the
centromere.
Mitosis – cell division
• Occurs in body cells – somatic cells
• Forms two identical daughter cells –
exactly like the original
• Biologists divide the events of mitosis
into four phases: (PMAT)
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
Mitosis
 Spindle
Prophase forming

•Prophase is the first

and longest phase of
mitosis.
•The centrioles
separate and take up
positions on opposite
sides of the nucleus.
Prophase
The centrioles lie in a
region called the
centrosome.
The centrosome helps to
organize the spindle, a
fanlike microtubule
structure that helps
separate the
chromosomes.
 PROPHASE
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Spindle fibers

Centrioles

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Metaphase
•The second phase of
mitosis is metaphase.
•The chromosomes line
up across the center of
the cell.
•Microtubules connect
the centromere of each
chromosome to the
poles of the spindle
 METAPHASE
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Anaphase
•The third phase of
mitosis.
•The sister chromatids
separate into individual
chromosomes.
•The chromosomes
continue to move until
they have separated
into two groups.
 ANAPHASE
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Telophase
•The fourth and final
phase of mitosis.
•Chromosomes gather at
opposite ends of the cell
and lose their distinct
shape
•A new nuclear envelope
forms around each
cluster of chromosomes
Summary of Telophase
• Chromosomes reach opposite poles of cell
• Chromatids unwind back into chromatin
• Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reappear
reforming the nucleus
• Spindle fibers disappear
• New double membrane (cell membrane )
gain to form between 2 nuclei (cell
pinches)
• Animal cell – cleavage
• Plant cell – cell plate
Cytokinesis – cytoplasm division

•During cytokinesis, the

cytoplasm pinches in
half.
•Each daughter cell has
an identical set of
duplicate chromosomes
Cell Cycle