CELL CYCLE

CELL CYCLE

is a series of events that takes place in a

cell as it grows and divides.
A cell spends most of its time in what is
called as the INTERPHASE a part of the cell
cycle.
The Process of Cell Division
1. Growth, prepares for
division, divides (anywhere
from 6 hours to 100 days)

2.The CELL CYCLE

3 Parts
o Interphase
o Mitosis (PMAT)
- few minutes to several
days
o Cytokinesis
INTERPHASE

The cell grows and replicates its chromosomes to prepare for cell
division.

The cell then leaves interphase and finally undergoes cell division.
INTERPHASE

❑ Gap 1 (G1) Phase

-Cell increases in size
-cells produced RNA and synthesize proteins.
-important cell cycle control mechanism is activated
during this phase to ensure that everything is ready for
the next phase which is DNA synthesis.
INTERPHASE

❑ Synthesis (S) phase

-duplication of genetic material and chromosomes.
❑ Gap 2 (G2) phase
- The cell synthesizes proteins
- Duplicate some organelles
- Continues to increase its size
❑ G0
- It is a phase in which the cell cycle stop for specific kinds of cells.
- They are not actively preparing to divide.
- Quiescent stage or inactive stage
CELL DIVISION
CELL DIVISION
It’s a process by which a cells divide to form two new cells.
Three types of Cell Division or Cell reproduction in organisms.
a. PROKARYOTES (bacteria)
- Binary Fission-divides forming two new identical cells.
b. EUKARYOTES
1. Mitosis
- cell or organism growth
- replacement or repair of damaged cells
2. Meiosis
- formation of sex cells or gametes
 WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE?

❖ Cells divide for growth, development,

repair of worn out tissues and
reproduction.
❖ to facilitate the exchange of materials.
❖ to control DNA overloading
PROKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION

1. BINARY FISSION
THREE MAJOR STEPS
A. DNA REPLICATION
- DNA is copied resulting in two identical chromosomes
B. CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION
- chromosome separates and move towards end poles of cell.
C. CYTOKINESIS
- cytoplasm divides forming 2 cells.
NOTE: Each new daughter cell is GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to parent cell.
 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION
cell division that results in two daughter cells each having
the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent
cell.
1. MITOSIS
2 MAIN STEPS
A. MITOSIS
-Prophase------Metaphase-----Anaphase-----Telophase
B. CYTOKINESIS
- cytoplasm divides forming two new daughter cells
Each daughter cell is genetically identical to parent cell.
MITOSIS
2. Mitosis - Prophase
• Longest phase of MITOSIS
(50-60 % of total time required
for mitosis)
• Nuclear membrane starts to
disintegrate
• Chromosomes condense (become
visible) – seen as 2 identical
chromatids lying side by side held
together by centromeres
• Centrioles move to opposite poles
• Spindle fibers grow from
centrioles, attach at centromeres
3. Mitosis – Metaphase (hint “M”=middle)

• Chromosomes attach
to the spindle fibers
• Chromosomes line up in
the middle (aka
equator)
• Spindle fibers run
from centrosomes to
centromeres of the
chromosomes
4. Mitosis - Anaphase (hint “A” = away)

• Centromeres split
• Spindles retract and pull sister
chromatids apart
• Chromosomes move to opposite poles
(toward centrioles)
5. Mitosis - Telophase
• Chromosomes cluster at poles
• Chromosomes uncoil – back into
chromatin
• Nuclear envelope reforms around
each new nuclei
• Mitosis is done
• Cell membrane begins to pinch in the
middle