LARGE - BIG - GREAT THE SCALE OF DECEPTION One of the most spectacular inventions of Semitic scribes is the Sumerian

adjective BIG. Proto-Semitic: *kVlVlAfroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology Meaning: 'be small, be light' Akkadian: qallu Hebrew: qll Arabic: qll [-i-] Harsusi: qel Soqotri: qel Akkadian: qallu G. to be small, light, slight, insignificant D. to diminish, alleviate +, belittle, scold, vilify, mock, dishonor * Cf. qallu, qallatu, qalli, qalluttu, qallalu, qullu See also : qallu Comparison with other Semitic languages :

Proto-Semitic : *qall Arabic : qalla to decrease Hebrew : qal

qallu light , small , slight See also : qallu, qalllu, qallu

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology Meaning: 'short' 1, 'a little' 2 , 'small (child)' 3

Mada: kla 3 [BaMd] Gudu: kul 1 [Kr N 292] Lame: kekelake 2 [Lk: 139] Notes: cp. ZBT kal 'decroitre (eaux)' [Sa] Proto-WChadic: *kalVlAfroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology Meaning: 'small' 1, 'thin' 2 Sura: kaal 2 [JgS] (*kal-kal) Dera=Kanakuru: kalla 1 [NmK] Notes: note a secondary laryngeal in Sura due to an emphatic k in anlaut Proto-Low East Cushitic: *kalAfroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology Meaning: 'thin, slender' Oromo (Galla): qalaa, qallaa Konso: qallaAkkadian scribes often switches the phonetic and semantic vlues from one Akkadian word to another to create new Sumerian words. GAL gal (kal2 gala8 gale) gal [BIG]. Akkadian workshop: Also: qal, rab2, rap2. It is a poor represented ideogram, so it is easy to identify the root of the Sumerian word gal < Akkadian qal. Clearly Akkadian qallu is a duplicated root qal- [small] which became in Sumerian gal [big] Sum. gal [BIG] (6612x: ED IIIa, ED IIIb, Ebla, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian, unknown) wr. gal; gu-la; gu-ul; gal-gal; ku-ul "(to be) big, great; (to be) retired, former; (to be) mature (of male animals)" Akk. rab Phonetically Akkadian rab is the opposite of Sumerian gal as the sounds r/l stand in contrast to g/b Therefore Sumerian gal is a pun of Akkadian rab in reverse. Clearly the Sumerian scribe wanted to have some fun creating an arificial language.

Semitic scribes transferred very often phonetic values from one ideogram to another. GAL [big] > KAL [strong, rare]

GAL gal (kal2 gala8 gale) gal [BIG]. Akkadian workshop: Also: qal, rab2, rap2.

KAL esi esi [DIORITE] (na4esi). esi [TREE] (eesi). kal (gal9) kal [RARE]. kalag (kalaga kala) kalag [STRONG]. la6 la [FLOODING]. lamma lammar [DEITY](dlamma,dlammazabar). rib (lip2 rub lib2 rip) rib [SURPASSING]. sag8 sag [GOOD]. sag [RARE]. sig15 (seg15) (see full listing) silim2 (silima2) silim [VESSEL]. subx(KAL) sub [UNMNG]. sun7 sun [HAUGHTY].

edu edu [SPIRIT]. ursub2 ursub [VESSEL](dugursub2). zurzub2 zurzub [VESSEL](dugzurzub2). Akkadian workshop: Also: dannu, elu, alad2, batum, dan, dana3, dun6, esig, eax(KAL), kalga, lab, lala2, lama3, lamassu, lammar, lap, mirx(KAL), nir6, qal4, rab4, sa14, si21, sunax(KAL), urub2, tan, tana, an, urrub2, zi8.

kalag [STRONG] (2398x: ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian) wr. kal-ga; kalag; kal-la "(to be) strong, powerful, mighty; to reinforce; to provide for" Akk. dannu; kubb [1] [2] [3] kal-ga kalag kal-la

73 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table. 1. (to be) strong, powerful, mighty (2398x/100%) ~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur a-ga kalag-ga OB Nippur Lu 632; kalag-ga OB Nippur Lu 771. LEX/Old Babylonian/Sippar [[kalag]] = = [KAL] = da-an-nu-um MSL 14, 122-127 09 1011. LEX/Old Babylonian/unknown [lu2 kalag-ga] = da-an-nu-um OB Lu-Azlag A 163; lu2ag4 kalag-ga = a li-ib-ba-u da-an-nu lu2-azlag B and C Seg.2, 164. ELA/ED IIIb/unknown 1(a@c) kal-ga-ni Nik 1, 003 o viii 9; 1(a@c) dingir kal-ga Nik 1, 007 o ii 1; 1(barig) dingir kal-ga Nik 1, 016 o i 9; dingir kal-ga-ka-ra Nik 1, 295 o ii 1. ELA/Old Akkadian/Adab he2-i-kalag Adab 0942 1. ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu 1(a@c) gegu-za kalagku3-sig17 gar-ra RTC 227 o i 2. ELA/Old Akkadian/Nippur 1(a@c) an-kal-ga OSP 1, 059 r i 5. ELA/Ur III/Adab lugal kalga MVN 03, 271 2. ELA/Ur III/Asmar [nita] kal-ga OIP 043, 142 2 i 2. ELA/Ur III/Drehem lugal kal-ga AAS 053 i 2; lugal [kal-ga] AJSL 29, 136, no. 7 i 2; lugal kalga AnBiblica 12, 276 i 2. ELA/Ur III/Dur-Kurigalzu lugal kal-ga Ripon College 1999=EC.74.1 2. ELA/Ur III/Eshnunna [nita] kal-ga JCS 28, 179 i 2. ELA/Ur III/Girsu nitakal-ga AfO 24, pl. 17 Truro 1 r iv 10; nita kal-ga Amherst 022 env i 2; nita kal-ga Amherst 044 env o i 2. ELA/Ur III/Nippur lugal kal-ga BE 03/1, 065 i 2; lugal kal-ga Fs. Gordon 1, 131 1 i 3; lugal kal-ga JCS 19, 028 3 i 2. ELA/Ur III/Susa lugal kal-ga MDP 28, 505 i 2.ELA/Ur III/Umma nita kal-ga AAS 038 i

2; nita kal-ga AAS 056 i 2; nita kal-ga AnOr 01, 059 i 2. ELA/Ur III/Ur lugal kalga NYPL 263 env o i 2; lugal kal-ga NYPL 264 env i 2;nita kal-ga UET 3, 0009 i 2. ELA/Ur III/Uruk lugal kal-ga BagM 23, 79, W 25045 i 3.ELA/Ur III/unclear nita kalga AR RIM 04 21 i 2; lugal kal-ga AUCT 3, 323 i 3; [lugal kal]-ga AUCT 3, 499 i 2. ELA/Ur III/unknown nita kal-ga RA 73, 190 i 2; nita kal-ga Christie's nr.81 i 2. ELA/Early Old Babylonian/unknown lugal kal-ga BIN 09, 108 i 3; lugal kal-ga BIN 09, 109 i 3; lugal kal-ga BIN 09, 111 i 3; lugal kal-ga BIN 09, 125 i 2; lugal kalga BIN 10, 110 i 2; lugal kal-ga BIN 10, 147 i 5; lugal kal-ga BIN 10, 152 i 2. unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu 1(barig) dingir kal-ga DP 116 o i 3; 1(barig) dingir kalga DP 117 o i 11;1(barig) dingir kal-ga CT 50, 035 7'. unknown/ED IIIb/Uruk kalga dumu dnin-sun2-ka-raAoF 21, p. 5ff. 6. unknown/ED IIIb/unknown iti x-SAG kalga MS 2181/40 o ii 2; iti E-SAGkal-ga MS 2181/41 o ii 2; iti e sag kal-ga MS 2181/43 o ii 2. unknown/Old Akkadian/unknown e2 an me me kal-ga PBS 09, 011 19. unknown/Ur III/Drehem nita kal-gaAleppo 011 4; nita kal-ga Aleppo 012 4; nita kal-ga Aleppo 052 i 2. unknown/Ur III/Girsudul-gi nita kal-ga lugal uri5kima ASJ 17, 229 118 r iv 4; nita kal-ga MVN 17, 036 2;nita kal-ga MVN 17, 058 2. unknown/Ur III/Nippur lugal kal-ga BBVO 11, 280, 6N-T405 i 2; lugal kalga BBVO 11, 294, 6N-T618 15. unknown/Ur III/Umma [lugal] kal-ga ArOr 62, 230 I 863 i 2; nita kal-ga ASJ 19, 215 42 i 2; [lugal kal-ga] DoCu 235 i 2. unknown/Ur III/Ur lugal kal-ga SANTAG 7, 066 7. unknown/Ur III/unknown nita kal-ga MVN 15, 180 i 2; lugal kal-ga MVN 15, 368 i 2. unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown dii-[pi2]-iqd en-lil2-rain-na-ab-kala-ge TIM 04, 13 12; in-na-ab-kal-la-ge-ne BE 06/2, 28 25; dina-ra-am-tumama-ne-ne-ra in-na-ab-kala-ge-ne BE 06/2, 48 30; ibila eba i3-ba u3 siki-ba nu-mu-na-ab-kala-ge BE 06/2, 48 31. See: a kalag; gi kalag; im kalag; inim kalag; kugbabbar kalag; manu kalag; saKU kalag; akanka kalag. 2. to reinforce 3. to provide for Akk. dannu "strong, powerful, mighty, great"; kubb. See ETCSL: kalag=to be strong.

gal [BIG] (6612x: ED IIIa, ED IIIb, Ebla, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian, unknown) wr. gal; gu-la; gu-ul; gal-gal; ku-ul "(to be) big, great; (to be) retired, former; (to be) mature (of male animals)" Akk. rab See ha gal hur[scratch the groin], ni gal gur[awesome]. [1] gal

[2] [3] [4] [5]

gu-la gu-ul gal-gal ku-ul

239 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table. 1. (to be) big, great (6612x/100%) ~ LEX/ED IIIa/unknown PA:DU6 ab2-udu gal ED Lu A 101; DUN3 gal ED Lu A 103; PA:dimgal ED Lu A 107; U gal ED Lu A 110; sandax(SAA) gana2 gal ED Lu A 115;MU&KAK&MU gal ED Lu A 121; HAL:DUR gal ED Lu A 124; A gal ED Lu A 37; TAGgal ED Lu A 45; PA:USAN gal ED Lu A 95; gal ab ED Officials 62. LEX/ED IIIb/Nippur3(u@c) la2 1(a@c) IB gal-gal TMH 5, 141 2. LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur izu2 gu-lanimbar OB Nippur Ura 1 93; gi ni2 gal-gal OB Nippur Ura 2 160; siki bar gu-la OB Nippur Ura 4 Seg.6, 215'; mu-lah5 gal OB Nippur Lu 652; gal-le-e OB Nippur Lu 72.LEX/Old Babylonian/Sippar [[ gi-nu11 gal]] = ni-i-nu-gal = [GI.IR.GAL] = [...] OB Diri Sippar Seg.4, 4; [[ gi-nu11 gal]] = = = x-[...] OB Diri Sippar Seg.4, 5. LEX/Old Babylonian/unknown lu2 gu-[la] = [ra-bu-um] OB Lu-Azlag A 147; lu2 e sipar3 gal = aa-ma-an-di-ni ra-bi-tim OB Lu-Azlag A 189; lu2 al-gu-la = ra-[bu-u2] lu2azlag B and C Seg.2, 28; lu2 gu-la = ra-bu-um lu2-azlag B and C Seg.2, 131. ELA/ED IIIb/Girsu tug2-du8 gal AoF 22,110f. o v 11; 5(ban2@c) zu2-lum ge si4 gal-gal VS 27, 080 o i 2; 8(a@c) la2 1(barig@c) um2-sikil gal-gal gur-sag-gal2 VS 14, 006 o i 1.ELA/ED IIIb/Nippur muhaldim gal TMH 5, 011 o iii 10; LU2-TUG2 gal TMH 5, 109 4;3(u@c) 5(a@c) gi-ur3 gal-gal OSP 1, 094 o i 1. ELA/ED IIIb/Umma 1(barig@c) ni u2gal e3 1(barig@c) RGK 20050520j o i 8; gal5la2 gal RGK 20050520n r iii 10; 2(iku@c)gu-la RGK 20050520n o iii 6. ELA/ED IIIb/unknown 4(u@c) 3(a@c) ma2 gal-gal Nik 1, 012 o i 3; gal dam-gar3 Nik 1, 017 o vi 4; 2(barig@c) 2(ban2) um2-sikil gal-gal Nik 1, 046 r i 8. ELA/Old Akkadian/Adab [U+LAGAB-U+LAGAB] 1(barig@c) gu2-gu2 gal Adab 0624 13; x gal Adab 0675 9; GAN2 ma-da gu-[la] Adab 0699+0823 12. ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu [...] gal-la RTC 264 r i 1; diri 3(u) la2 1(di) tug2 aktum gal RTC 276 r ii 12; 1(ge2) tug2 aktum gal RTC 285 11. ELA/Old Akkadian/Nippur 2(a@c) pisan-gi gal-gal OSP 2, 075 8; kikiri6 gu-la OSP 2, 081 8; U+LAGAB 2(barig) 1(a@c) 3(barig@c)1(ban2@c) e gur gal sar OSP 2, 082 13; kikiri6 gu-[la] OSP 2, 104 o iv 7. ELA/Old Akkadian/Umma 4(bur3@c) a-gal MAD 4, 149 5. ELA/Old Akkadian/Ur kin2! da-gal UET 2 supp 16 o i 1; gal-un UET 2 supp 16 o iv 3. ELA/Old Akkadian/unclear dumu da-gu-la-ke4!MC 4, 58 5. ELA/Old Akkadian/unknown e2-kiib gu-la-a MAD 4, 105 2. ELA/Lagash II/Girsu[...] 1(di) tug2 aktum gal MVN 06, 431 3; gurum2 gekiri6 ge gal-gal MVN 07, 176 4; x kur-gu4-um aga3-us2 gal MVN 07, 386 10. ELA/Ur III/Adab 1(a) gur e2gal gu-lagiri3 i-ri-ib MVN 03, 376 7. ELA/Ur III/Drehem mu en unu6 gal dinanna ba-hun Aegyptus 17, 56, 101 3; mu en unu6 gal dinanna ba-hun Aegyptus 19, 238, 10 7; mu en unu6 galdinanna ba-hun Aegyptus 27, 36, no. 26 4. ELA/Ur III/Girsu urd nane aga3-us2 gal AAS 166 3; u-ku-bu-um aga3-us2 gal AAS 169 8'; bu3-

ka u3 u-u2-u2 lu2 getukul gu-laAAS 173 3. ELA/Ur III/Lagash da-anum2 lu2 getukul gu-la Rochester 152 7. ELA/Ur III/Nippur mu en unu6 gal dinanna ba-hun AUCT 3, 445 2; mu en unu6 gal dinanna ba-hun-ga2 BE 03/1, 011 9; mu en unux(TE) gal BE 03/1, 018 7. ELA/Ur III/Susa mu galku3 elam-e3 MDP 10, 71 121 3; bala gu-la MDP 10, 71 121 1; mu en unu6 galdinanna ba-hun MDP 10, 73 125 4; iti GAN2x x x bala gu!-la! MDP 23, 164 303 2; muen unu6 gal dinanna ba-hun MDP 28, 071 454 3; bala gu-la MDP 28, 505 2. ELA/Ur III/Umma [x] gal x [...] bala-a AAS 033 6; 2(ban2) 3(u) 2(di) 2/3(di) sila3 zi3 gu2 galAAS 065 10; u4-sakar gu-la AAS 152 3. ELA/Ur III/Ur 1(ge2) 2(u) 7(di) ge gal bar-da geig-e3 MVN 01, 117 1; 1(u) 6(di) ge gal [x] MVN 01, 117 11; mu di-bi2-dsuenlugal-e bad3 gal mudu3 MVN 03, 261 5. ELA/Ur III/Wilayah 3(u) 4(di) gu2 gal JCS 38, 035 09 1. ELA/Ur III/unclear 1(di) ge gal AAS 127 1; 1(ge2) 1(u) 5(a) 3(barig)1(ban2) 8(di) 1/3(di)! sila3 gu gal gur AAS 200 o iii 7; [x] x x U U gal AUCT 2, 225 o i 18'. ELA/Early Old Babylonian/Nippur bad3 galgal 2(di)-a-bi SAOC 44, 16 25. ELA/Early Old Babylonian/unknown mu us2-sa unir gal dinanna ba-dim2 BIN 09, 004 3; mu u-nirgal dinanna ba-dim2 BIN 09, 005 5; mu bad3 gal i-ti-il-pa2-u-nu mu-du3 BIN 09, 068 4. ELA/Old Babylonian/Nippur mu mu x bad3 gal ki lugal-e UCP 9-2-1, 069 10; bad3gal gu2 i7idigna OB Contracts, pl. B5-6 no. 12 26; ni2 gal-a-ni [...] bi2-[...] ARN 100 15;urudalan gal-gal 3(di)-a-bi ARN 007 29. unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown inim gal = x-[...] MSLSSI, 17-27 iii 1; ka ir2-ir2 gal = pi-i zi-qiit [pat]-ri! MSLSSI, 17-27 iii 25;[[gal]] = = GAL = ma-a-du-um RA 09, 77-78 i 19; [[[gal]]] = = [GAL] = ra-bu-u2-umRA 21, 178 ii 9. unknown/ED IIIb/Adab x gal BIN 08, 026 o ii 4. unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu2(a@c) ma-sa2 gal-gal ku6 DP 051 o i 1; <x> ma-sa2 gu-la ku6 DP 051 2'; 4(ban2@c)gaarx(LAK490) gal-gal DP 051 r ii 3. unknown/ED IIIb/Lagash nun nita ensi2 gal-ke4BiMes 03, 13 i 3; dingir-bi dningur7 nu nunuz u2 gal BiMes 03, 26 ii 5; dingir-bi dnin-gir2-su ur-sag gal en-lil2la2 BiMes 03, 26 ii 9. unknown/ED IIIb/Nippur sagi gal OSP 1, 119 4; da-ba-lae gal i3-ga-mu-zu ASJ 16, p. 43-46 prism xv 11; gal i3-ga-mu-zu ASJ 16, p. 43-46 prism xix 3. unknown/ED IIIb/unclear lu2 ME gal-le2 BIN 08, 011 r i 5; 1(a@c) galKAGA BIN 08, 011 o i 3; gal x LAGAB! BIN 08, 159 o iv 5'. unknown/ED IIIb/unknown3(barig@c) e ur TUR gal dub BIN 08, 060 o ii 1; gula BIN 08, 115 2; 1(a@c)2(barig@c) gur lu2 gu-la BIN 08, 163 3. unknown/Old Akkadian/Adab 5(a@c) ma-a-lum zabar gal OIP 014, 103 6; ugarx(SIG7) gal sukkal OIP 014, 163 5; 1(a@c) agangal i3-nun du10-ga OIP 014, 178 3; 1(a@c) gurdub gu2-gu2 gal OIP 014, 182 2.unknown/Old Akkadian/Girsu gekiri6 gu-la ITT 2, 05725 2; GAN2 ad-da-[...] gal-un RTC 151 3. unknown/Old Akkadian/Umma 1(ban2@c) 2(a@c) sila3 ga-ar3 gal MCS 9, 247 23.unknown/Old Akkadian/unknown 2(a@c) gurdub gal ku6 dar-ra Bridges p. 459 o ii 6;2(a@c) ziz2 gurdub gal Bridges p. 459 o ii 8; 1(u) 2(di) gurdub gal bappir Bridges p. 459 o ii 12; 3(a@c) gurdub gal munu4 Bridges p. 459 o ii 15. unknown/Ur III/Drehemgal5la2 gal Aleppo 013 4; mu en unu6 gal dinanna Aleppo 018 5; 5(a) gu2 ge gal! Aleppo 095 2. unknown/Ur III/Girsu 1(di) udu dli9-si4 gu-la ASJ 10, 033 6; 1(di) udu ur-dnin-gir2-su gu-la ASJ 10, 033 2; ab-za-lum lu2 getukul gu-la ASJ 10, 257 20 2.unknown/Ur III/Lagash u-ga-ti lu2 getukul gu-la Rochester 151 7. unknown/Ur III/Nippur[mu ...] bad3 gal ba-du3 BBVO 11, 265, 5N-T436+ 15; mu en unu6 gal an-na ba-hun-ga2 BBVO 11, 270, 6N-T082 4; mu bad3 gal badu3 BBVO 11, 271, 6N-T120 2.unknown/Ur III/Umma mu en unu6 gal dinanna ba-

hun AR RIM 07 10 r iv 16; mu [en]unu6 gal dinanna ba-hun ASJ 16, 109 15 2; mu en unu6 gal an-na ba-hun ASJ 19, 216 46 1. unknown/Ur III/unclear 1(a) gu2 gal gur DoCu 263 3; mu en unu6 gal dinannaunuki bahun Hirose 403 2; mu en unu6 gal dinanna ba-hun Luomo 68 8. unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown gena2 gu-la TLB 5, 05 2. ~ XLEX/ED IIIa/unknown gal kiri6 ED Lu A 109; tidimx(TI) gal ED Lu A 117; luhunirx(GAL) ED Lu A 119; gal BADDI@t ED Lu A 12; HUB2 gal ED Lu A 120; PA:URUDUgal ED Lu A 123; MES:KEDA gal ED Lu A 126; LUH gal ED Lu A 18; AB gal ED Lu A 25; AK gal ED Lu A 34; IM gal ED Lu A 35; GA2DIME gal ED Lu A 40; GA2UD ME galED Lu A 43; SI-KAK-BI gal ED Lu A 58; EZEN gal ED Lu A 73; enkudx(ZAG) gal ED Lu A 80; labx(DU6) gal ED Lu A 87; gal MU&KAK&MU ED Officials 45; gal dilmun ED Officials 51. LEX/Old Babylonian/unknown u3 KAR2&KAR2 gal ID ED Geography B 99; I galED Geography B 40; I sila3 gal ED Geography B 41. LEX/unknown/unknown gaar2 galSLT 015 prism ii 12. ELA/ED IIIb/Girsu ku6 GAN2 ka gal-kam VS 14, 132 o ii 3; 2(a@c)ERIM durx(U.ANE) gal-gal VS 25, 066 o i 1; 2(di)ERIM nita kunga2 gal-gal VS 27, 001 o i 1; udu! gal!-gal MVN 10, 101 1. ELA/ED IIIb/Nippur ki dam-gar3 gal-ta OSP 1, 017 r i 1. ELA/Old Akkadian/Adab 1(barig@c) gu2-gu2 gal Adab 0624 14; U+LAGAB1(barig@c) [gu2-gu2 gal] Adab 0624 10; [U+LAGAB x] gu2gu2 gal Adab 0646 r ii 2;GAN2 e2 ah2 gu-la Adab 0692 2. ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu 3(a@c) su7 gal STTI 138 4.ELA/Ur III/Drehem siskur2 gu-la AnOr 07, 154 r ii 11; 1(di) sar numun sum 1(di) sila3sag sum 2/3(di) sila3 gu-la [x]ta PDT 2, 0911 o ii 10; 1(u) 5(di) sila4 siskur2 gu-lae3-e3-a SET 088 r i 12. ELA/Ur III/Girsu kal-la-mu aga3-us2 gal AAS 169 8; a2 gu4hun-ga2 u3 lu2 hunga2 gal! Berens 022 o ii 14; [...] lu2 getukul gu-la Berens 085 10.ELA/Ur III/Nippur mu us2-sa bad3 gal NATN 139 4; sagi gal TMH NF 1-2, 352 2. ELA/Ur III/Umma ki-su7 gu-la a-a3-la2-mah e a-ta du8-a AAS 028 r ii 6; ki-su7 gu-la aa3-la2-mah-ta BCT 2, 193 3; ki-su7 gu-la [...] BIN 05, 119 o iii 20. ELA/Ur III/Ur [x] gebanurha-lu-ub2 gu-la UET 3, 0828 6; U+LAGAB 4(barig) gu2 gal UET 3, 1082 o ii 3; 1(di)ge gal ha-luu [...] PI ba-[...] UET 3, 1122 2; U+LAGAB 1(barig) 5(ban2) 5(di) sila3gu2 galgal UET 3, 1395 o i 7; [...] gal ma2!-tag [x]-bi za-gin3 [...] UET 3, 1498 o iv 24;gal zalum-u dub dub UET 9, 0668 x; [...] gu-la UET 9, 1332 x. ELA/Ur III/unclearU+LAGAB 3(ban2) e sa gu2 gal TSU 108 r ii 11. ELA/Early Old Babylonian/unknown mugenig2-umbin gu-la ge-dal-e3 BIN 10, 044 2. unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu 1(a@c)um[urudu] gu-la RTC 022 r i 1; [2(a@c) ERIM durx(U.ANE) kunga2 gal-gal] MVN 03, 004 o i 1. unknown/ED IIIb/unknown 2(a@c) ERIM durx(U.ANE) kunga2 gal-gal HSS 03, 30 i 1. unknown/Ur III/Drehem siskur2 ki-su7 gu-la a-a3-la2-mah Aleppo 413 3;siskur2 ki-su7 gu-la a-a3-la2-mah MVN 15, 233 3; mu en unu6 gal anna Rochester 055 5. unknown/Ur III/Girsu U+LAGAB 1(a) 2(barig) gu2 galgal SNAT 261 r ii 3; 5(di)sila3 zi3 a-ad-da lu2 getukul gu-la i-ma-a-ki-ta duni SAT 1, 111 1; 5(di) id-gur2 i3-ge u4 5(di)-kam a3 iri 1(u) gin2 i3 kaskale3 a-bu-da-ab aga3-us2 gal saharki-HAR-inigki-e3 gen-na SAT 1, 139 1; 1(di) id-gur2 i3 a3 iri a-bu-ni-a aga3-us2 gal i-ma-a-ki-e3 du-ni SAT 1, 141 2; 4(di) id-gur2 i3-ge u4 2(di)-kam u-la-a dumu nu-banda3 u3 dingir-ba-ni ag a3-us2 gal i-ma-a-ki-ta du-ni SAT 1, 144 2; U+LAGAB1(buru) 4(iku) 1/2(iku) GAN2 ab-sin2 gal TCTI 2, 02795 8. unknown/Ur III/Umma ki-su7gu-la a-a3-la2-mah gub-ba MVN 16, 0951 2; ki-

su7 gu-la a-a3-la2-mah gub-ba MVN 16, 1239 2; ki-su7 gu-la a-a3-la2-mahta MVN 16, 1277 3. unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown mu bad3 gal kar-[dutu] IM 051847 15; bad3 didli gal-gal e-mu-ut-ba-lum SAOC 44, 46 25. ~ e[house]LEX/ED IIIa/unknown gal e2 ED Lu A 108; GAL E2 ED Lu A 127. ELA/ED IIIb/Girsu3(u@c) geu3-suh5 gal-gal VS 14, 056 o i 1. ELA/Ur III/Girsu a-ru-a lu2-melam2 nu-banda3 ma2 gal-gal STA 10 o iv 17'. ELA/Ur III/Nippur 5(di) dug agan gal NATN 069 1. unknown/Ur III/Girsu subi su ge gal e2 ba-a-la2 TCTI 2, 03527 6; bi2-la-num2aga3-us2 gal-gal MVN 20, 124 1. unknown/Ur III/Umma 2(di) ur2 geasal2 gal SAT 2, 0223 2. unknown/Old Babylonian/Nippur ki-e3-e3 igi-bi e-sir2 gu-la SAOC 44, 37 4. ~ mu[snake]LEX/ED IIIa/unknown gal mu ED Officials 44. ~ pa[branch] dim[post]LEX/ED IIIa/unknown gal pa dim ED Officials 61. 2. (to be) retired, former 3. (to be) mature (of male animals) Akk. rab "big; noble, chief of...". [2005] C. Wilcke, RAI 48 439. [2002] J. Hoyrup, Lengths Widths Surfaces 44. [1995] R. Englund, OrNS 64 394. [1981] P. Steinkeller, ASJ 3 83 n29. See ETCSL: gal=to be big.

kal-la [strong] gu-la [big]

Akk. kubb Akk. rab

Sumerian kal-la [strong] / gu-la [big] were considered partial allophones, they shared the ideogram: la [hang] For that matter the phonetic value of Akk. rab was transferred to the ideogram RIB It means that Sumerian cognates were created by a Semitic shaped mind. rib [SURPASSING] (62x: ED IIIb, Old Babylonian) wr. rib; ri-ba "(to be) surpassing, outstanding; (to be) strong, massive" Akk. equ; tuqu KAL =

[1] [2]

rib ri-ba

19 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table. 1. (to be) surpassing, outstanding (62x/100%) ~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Sippar [[rib]] = = [KAL] = u-tu-qum MSL 14, 122-127 09 1012; [[rib]] = = = e-qum MSL 14, 122-127 09 1013. ELA/ED IIIb/Girsu 2(u@c) 4(a@c) ge-ur2gegi-gid2 x-bi da-rib-ba VS 27, 082 o i 2; 1(u@c) gegi-gid2 ge-ur2 ge-zi-ge-nu2-dim2 rib-ba VS 27, 082 o i 3. ELA/Ur III/Drehem 2(di) gu4 niga ri-ba-na CTMMA 1, 009 4; 1(di) ma2 kiib3 bi-in-gubi-i kuruda re-ba-a MVN 02, 100 1; 5(geu) 2(ge2)abra ri-ba-a YOS 04, 056 11. ELA/Ur III/Girsu ur-u3 dumu ri-ba 1(ge2) 1(u) 4(di)OTR 160 r i 2; u3 ri-baa LB 0610 o ii 14. ELA/Ur III/Ur 1(di) ri-ba-da-[da] UET 3, 1452 5. unknown/Ur III/Nippur ri-ba-a BBVO 11, 295, 6N-T632 2. 2. (to be) strong, massive Akk. equ "solid, massive"; tuqu "surpassing, outstanding". [2004] P. Attinger and M. Krebernik, St Schretter 68 n143. See ETCSL: rib=to be outstanding.