Bruhn Errata by Bill Gran PDF

Bruhn
Errata
Bill Gran
GRAN Corporation
A Companion to
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures

by Elmer F. Bruhn, PhD
Bruhn Errata
ii
Bruhn Errata
by
BILL GRAN
President, CEO & Super Genius
GRAN CORPORATION
First Edition
GRAN CORPORATION
2008
iii
Bruhn Errata
Copyright, 2008, by GRAN Corporation. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved.
ISBN 978-0-9816076-0-3
ISBN 0-9816076-0-8
GRAN Corporation Whitney, Texas
iv
Preface
Mestrius Plutarchus (Plutarch)

"The mind is not a vessel to be filled but a fire to be kindled."
Albert Einstein
Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.
Thomas Huxley
Try to learn something about everything and everything about something.
Bertrand Russell
Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty a beauty cold and
austere, like that of sculpture, without appeal to any part of our weaker nature, without the
gorgeous trappings of painting or music, yet sublimely pure, and capable of a stern perfection
such as only the greatest art can show. The true spirit of delight, the exaltation, the sense of
being more than Man, which is the touchstone of the highest excellence, is to be found in
mathematics as surely as poetry.
Sir Isaac Newton

"If I have seen farther than others it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants."
vi
Forward
Be honest work hard love everyone.

Martin Gran
Love all, trust a few.

William Shakespeare
Legal Department
While every effort has been made to assure that the information contained in the book is accurate and
correct, it is only intended to provide general information for amusement or educational use. It is not
intended to be a substitute for the readers own research and judgment and the author assumes no
liability for damages or losses caused by, directly or indirectly, the information contained within.
vii
viii
Dedication
Dedicated to the memory of James R. Gran, Elmer F. Bruhn, David J. Peery, William F. McCombs,
Stephen Prokofyevich Timoshenko, Francis R. Shanley, Paul Kuhn, Hardy Cross, Fred Seely, James
Smith, John Vincent Atanasoff, Clifford E. Berry and all of the giants in mathematics, science,
engineering and computer science.
The whole earth is the tomb of heroic men and their story is not given only on stone over their clay
but abides everywhere without visible symbol, woven into the stuff of other mens lives.
Pericles
ix
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to Dr. Charles (Ben) Basye, Sherman Burns, Glen Crawford, Keith Francois, Gary
Golubski, Mike Lewis, Lou Mavros, Bill Merrick, Rex Sanger the many contributors such as Jim
Baldwin, Chris Boshers, Chuck Lilly, Clint Smith, Joe Zuklic my extended family from Norway to
Hawaii all of the fine folks in and around Maquoketa and the state of Iowa. Takk s mye!
Finally, an ever grateful thousand thanks to all veterans past and present
TUSEN TAKK and GOD BLESS AMERICA!
xi
xii
Contents at a Glance
1.0
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLIGHT VEHICLE STRUCTURES ................................................ 1.1
2.0
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................... 2.1
3.0
NUMERICAL METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 3.1
4.0
CURVES.................................................................................................................................................... 4.1
5.0
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 5.1
6.0
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................... 6.1
xiii
xiv
Table of Contents
1.0
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLIGHT VEHICLE STRUCTURES ................................................ 1.1
PAGE A3.11 PROPERTIES OF A TWO-CELL WING BEAM SECTION ....................................................................... 1.1

PAGE A4.3 MOTION OF RIGID BODIES................................................................................................................. 1.2
PAGE A5.23 BEAM COLUMNS ............................................................................................................................. 1.2
PAGE A5.28 BIPLANE WING SPAR EXAMPLE ...................................................................................................... 1.3
PAGE A7.7 CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM ................................................................................................................ 1.4
PAGE A7.11 TRUSS WITH PINNED JOINTS ............................................................................................................ 1.5
PAGE A7.14 VIRTUAL WORK .............................................................................................................................. 1.6
PAGE A7.15 DUMMY UNIT LOAD ........................................................................................................................ 1.6
PAGE A7.16 TAPERED SHEAR BEAM ................................................................................................................... 1.7
PAGE A7.24 INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS - PIN JOINTED TRUSS........................................................................... 1.12
PAGE A7.25 INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS - LANDING GEAR UNIT ........................................................................ 1.15
PAGE A7.26 INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS TAPERED SHEAR BEAM .................................................................... 1.16
PAGE A7.29 METHOD OF ELASTIC WEIGHTS (MOHRS METHOD)..................................................................... 1.20
PAGE A7.30 MOHRS METHOD SEAPLANE CANTILEVER WING EXAMPLE ..................................................... 1.20
PAGE A7.31 MOMENT AREA METHOD SEAPLANE CANTILEVER WING EXAMPLE .......................................... 1.20
PAGE A7.32 MOMENT AREA METHOD FIXED BEAM ...................................................................................... 1.20
PAGE A7.39 INFLUENCE COEFFICIENT MATRIX - TRUSS ................................................................................... 1.22
PAGE A8.3 METHOD OF LEAST WORK FIXED BEAM ...................................................................................... 1.23
PAGE A8.8 METHOD OF DUMMY-UNIT LOADS, SINGLY REDUNDANT TRUSS ................................................... 1.24
PAGE A8.9 METHOD OF DUMMY-UNIT LOADS, SINGLY REDUNDANT TRUSS ................................................... 1.25
PAGE A8.11 METHOD OF DUMMY-UNIT LOADS, DOUBLY REDUNDANT TRUSS................................................ 1.25
PAGE A8.21 CONTINUOUS TRUSS ..................................................................................................................... 1.26
PAGE A8.23 TUBULAR TAIL FUSELAGE TRUSS ................................................................................................. 1.31
PAGE A8.25 IDEALIZED BOX BEAM .................................................................................................................. 1.37
PAGE A8.32 INFLUENCE COEFFICIENT MATRIX REDUNDANT TRUSS ............................................................. 1.40
PAGE A11.9 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD FIXED BEAM WITH SUPPORT DEFLECTIONS ......................... 1.42
PAGE A11.13 FUSELAGE SIDE TRUSS................................................................................................................ 1.43
PAGE A11.15 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD FIXED BEAM WITH VARIABLE INERTIA .............................. 1.44
PAGE A11.16 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD FIXED BEAM WITH VARIABLE INERTIA .............................. 1.45
PAGE A11.21 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD FRAME WITH MISSING DIAGONAL SHEAR MEMBER........... 1.48
PAGE A11.24 FIXED-END MOMENT COEFFICIENT, UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD FIGURE A11.49 ................. 1.49
PAGE A11.25 FIXED-END MOMENT COEFFICIENT, CONCENTRATED LOAD FIGURE A11.52 .......................... 1.49
PAGE A11.26 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD CONTINUOUS BEAM ........................................................... 1.50
PAGE A11.27 BIPLANE WING EXAMPLE ........................................................................................................... 1.51
PAGE A12.6 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD ELEVATOR BEAM EXAMPLE ........................................................ 1.53
PAGE A13.8 BEAM BENDING STRESSES NEUTRAL AXIS METHOD ................................................................. 1.53
PAGE A13.12 BEAM BENDING STRESSES .......................................................................................................... 1.53
PAGE A13.13 BEAM BENDING STRESSES .......................................................................................................... 1.54
PAGE A14.8 SHEAR FLOW IN A ZEE SECTION .................................................................................................... 1.54
PAGE A14.9 SHEAR FLOW IN A ZEE SECTION .................................................................................................... 1.54
PAGE A14.10 SHEAR FLOW IN A ZEE SECTION NEUTRAL AXIS METHOD ....................................................... 1.54
PAGE A15.11 SINGLE CELL WING BEAM MULTIPLE STRINGERS.................................................................... 1.55
PAGE A17.6 MEMBRANE STRESS AND DEFLECTION COEFFICIENTS .................................................................. 1.56
PAGE A17.7 LARGE DEFLECTION IN PLATES ..................................................................................................... 1.56
PAGE A19.17 BENDING AND SHEAR STRESS ANALYSIS TAPERED MULTIPLE STRINGER WING...................... 1.57
PAGE A19.19 ANALYSIS FOR SHEAR STRESSES IN WEBS AND SKIN .................................................................. 1.57
PAGE A20.5 FUSELAGE ANALYSIS EFFECTIVE CROSS SECTION ..................................................................... 1.58
PAGE A20.6 FUSELAGE ANALYSIS EFFECTIVE CROSS SECTION ..................................................................... 1.59
PAGE A20.8 FUSELAGE SECTION, ULTIMATE BENDING STRENGTH .................................................................. 1.59
PAGE A22.7 SHEAR LAG ANALYSIS OF BOX BEAMS ......................................................................................... 1.60
PAGE A22.13 STRESSES IN INNER BAYS ............................................................................................................ 1.61
PAGE A23.11 SINGLE BAY PINNED TRUSS ........................................................................................................ 1.61
PAGE A23.15 PINNED TRUSS............................................................................................................................. 1.61
PAGE B1.8 RAMBERG-OSGOOD STRESS-STRAIN CURVE ................................................................................... 1.62
PAGE C1.5 MOHRS CIRCLE FOR PRINCIPAL STRESSES ..................................................................................... 1.63
PAGE C1.5 TRI-AXIAL OR THREE DIMENSIONAL STRESSES .............................................................................. 1.64
xv
PAGE C1.9 OCTAHEDRAL SHEAR STRESS THEORY............................................................................................ 1.65

PAGE C2.2 NON-DIMENSIONAL COLUMN CURVES............................................................................................ 1.65
PAGE C2.13 STRENGTH OF COLUMNS USING COLUMN CURVES ........................................................................ 1.65
PAGE C2.13 STRENGTH OF COLUMNS WITH STABLE CROSS SECTIONS ............................................................. 1.65
PAGE C2.14 STRENGTH OF COLUMNS WITH STABLE CROSS SECTIONS ............................................................. 1.66
PAGE C2.15 STRENGTH OF STEPPED COLUMN .................................................................................................. 1.66
PAGE C2.16 COLUMN STRENGTH WITH KNOWN END RESTRAINING MOMENT................................................. 1.66
PAGE C2.17 COLUMN STRENGTH WITH KNOWN END RESTRAINING MOMENT................................................. 1.67
PAGE C2.17 COLUMNS WITH ELASTIC LATERAL SUPPORTS ............................................................................. 1.67
PAGE C2.18 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 1.67
PAGE C4.24 ULTIMATE STRENGTH IN COMBINED COMPRESSION, BENDING AND TORSION .............................. 1.67
PAGE C4.25 ULTIMATE STRENGTH IN COMBINED COMPRESSION, BENDING AND TORSION .............................. 1.68
PAGE C4.26 COMBINED COMPRESSION, BENDING, FLEXURAL SHEAR AND TORSION ....................................... 1.68
PAGE C5.4 CHART OF NON-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSIVE BUCKLING STRESS .................................................. 1.69
PAGE C5.7 BENDING BUCKLING COEFFICIENT OF PLATES ............................................................................. 1.69
PAGE C5.8 COMBINED BENDING AND SHEAR.................................................................................................... 1.69
PAGE C5.11 CANTILEVER WING SKIN, RIBS AND STIFFENERS ....................................................................... 1.70
PAGE C5.12 BUCKLING STRENGTH OF FLAT SHEET IN COMBINED STRESS SYSTEMS........................................ 1.70
PAGE C5.12 BUCKLING STRENGTH OF FLAT SHEET IN COMBINED STRESS SYSTEMS........................................ 1.71
PAGE C6.3 BUCKLING STRESS FOR HAT-SECTION STIFFENERS ......................................................................... 1.71
PAGE C7.6 RESTRAINT PRODUCED BY LIPS AND BULBS ................................................................................... 1.72
PAGE C7.10 SHEET EFFECTIVE WIDTHS ............................................................................................................ 1.75
PAGE C7.11 SHEET EFFECTIVE WIDTHS ............................................................................................................ 1.75
PAGE C7.15 FAILURE BY INTER-RIVET BUCKLING............................................................................................ 1.76
PAGE C7.26 COLUMN STRENGTH OF STIFFENER WITH EFFECTIVE SHEET ........................................................ 1.76
PAGE C7.27 COLUMN STRENGTH OF STIFFENER WITH EFFECTIVE SHEET ........................................................ 1.77
PAGE C8.24 BUCKLING STRENGTH OF MONOCOQUE CYLINDERS ..................................................................... 1.77
PAGE C9.12 ORTHOTROPIC CIRCULAR CYLINDERS ........................................................................................... 1.77
PAGE C9.14 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 1.77
PAGE C10.7 STIFFENER SIZE TO USE WITH NON-BUCKLING WEB .................................................................... 1.78
PAGE C11.11 WAGNER BEAM, CHECK OF WEB TO FLANGE RIVET ATTACHMENT............................................ 1.78
PAGE C11.12 LOWER FLANGE BENDING STRESSES........................................................................................... 1.78
PAGE C11.12 COMBINED FLANGE AXIAL STRESSES ......................................................................................... 1.78
PAGE C11.13 CRIPPLING STRESS FOR THE UPPER FLANGE................................................................................ 1.79
PAGE C11.14 NACA SYMBOLS ........................................................................................................................ 1.79
PAGE C11.15 THICKNESS AND FLANGE FLEXIBILITY FACTOR .......................................................................... 1.79
PAGE C11.17 AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM STRESS IN UPRIGHT OR WEB STIFFENER ........................................... 1.79
PAGE C11.18 WEB DESIGN ............................................................................................................................... 1.80
PAGE C11.19 SECONDARY BENDING MOMENT IN FLANGES ............................................................................. 1.80
PAGE C11.38 ALLOWABLE STRESS IN FUSELAGE SKIN - DIAGONAL TENSION .................................................. 1.80
PAGE C11.44 LONGERON TYPE FUSELAGE STRUCTURE.................................................................................... 1.80
PAGE C12.13 HEXAGONAL CELL CORE WRINKLING - BIAXIAL AND SHEAR INTERACTION .............................. 1.81
PAGE D3.6 SPLICE WITH FILLER........................................................................................................................ 1.82
PAGE D3.7 FRAMING CUTOUTS IN WEB ............................................................................................................ 1.82
PAGE D3.9 FRAMING CUTOUTS IN WEB ............................................................................................................ 1.82
PAGE D3.10 FRAMING CUTOUTS WITH DOUBLERS OR BENTS .......................................................................... 1.85
2.0
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................... 2.1
ERRATA ANALYSIS OF WING RIBS ................................................................................................................... 2.1

SCHRENKS METHOD OF SPANWISE AIR-LOAD DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................... 2.2
SPANWISE DISTRIBUTION OF INDUCED DRAG ..................................................................................................... 2.5
EXTERNAL LOADS ............................................................................................................................................... 2.8
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 2.13
BEAM SHEAR STRESSES .................................................................................................................................... 2.13
SHEAR FLOW IN THIN WEBS ............................................................................................................................. 2.13
SHEAR FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN BOX BEAMS ..................................................................................................... 2.13
TAPERED BEAMS ............................................................................................................................................... 2.13
BEAMS WITH VARIABLE FLANGE AREAS .......................................................................................................... 2.13
BEAMS WITH UNSYMMETRICAL CROSS SECTIONS ............................................................................................ 2.13
UNSYMMETRICAL BEAMS SUPPORTED LATERALLY .......................................................................................... 2.13
xvi
SHEAR FLOW IN UNSYMMETRICAL BEAMS ....................................................................................................... 2.13

BEAMS WITH VARYING CROSS SECTIONS.......................................................................................................... 2.14
CORRECTION OF WING BENDING MOMENTS FOR SWEEPBACK.......................................................................... 2.14
DISTRIBUTION OF CONCENTRATED LOADS TO THIN WEBS ............................................................................... 2.14
LOADS ON FUSELAGE BULKHEADS ................................................................................................................... 2.14
ANALYSIS OF WING RIBS .................................................................................................................................. 2.14
SHEAR FLOW IN TAPERED WEBS ....................................................................................................................... 2.14
DIFFERENTIAL BENDING ................................................................................................................................... 2.14
CUTOUTS IN SEMI-MONOCOQUE STRUCTURES.................................................................................................. 2.14
TRUSSES WITH SINGLE REDUNDANCY ............................................................................................................... 2.14
TRUSSES WITH MULTIPLE REDUNDANCY .......................................................................................................... 2.15
CIRCULAR FUSELAGE RINGS ............................................................................................................................. 2.15
IRREGULAR FUSELAGE RINGS ........................................................................................................................... 2.15
TORSION OF MULTI-CELL BOX BEAMS ............................................................................................................ 2.15
BEAM SHEAR IN MULTI-CELL STRUCTURES ..................................................................................................... 2.15
ANALYSIS OF PRACTICAL MULTI-CELL STRUCTURES ....................................................................................... 2.15
SHEAR LAG ....................................................................................................................................................... 2.15
SPANWISE VARIATION OF WARPING DEFORMATION ......................................................................................... 2.15
3.0
NUMERICAL METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 3.1
POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION.................................................................................................................................. 3.1

GAUSS-NEWTON METHOD OF NON-LINEAR REGRESSION ................................................................................... 3.5
THE NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD OF NON-LINEAR APPROXIMATION .............................................................. 3.12
TRIAL AND ERROR ............................................................................................................................................ 3.16
GAUSSSEIDEL ITERATION................................................................................................................................ 3.32
GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION - TRUSS WITH PINNED JOINTS .................................................................................... 3.35
FOURIERS SERIES METHOD - SPANWISE LIFT DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................... 3.57
THOMAS ALGORITHM........................................................................................................................................ 3.66
CHOLESKY DECOMPOSITION ............................................................................................................................. 3.66
LU DECOMPOSITION ......................................................................................................................................... 3.66
4.0
CURVES.................................................................................................................................................... 4.1
FASTENER SHEAR AND TENSION INTERACTION ................................................................................................... 4.1

LUG LOADS - AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE INTERACTION ........................................................................................ 4.4
JOHNSON-EULER COLUMN CURVES .................................................................................................................... 4.5
COZZONE-MELCON NON-DIMENSIONAL COLUMN BUCKLING CURVES .............................................................. 4.6
TANGENT MODULUS FROM THE RAMBERG-OSGOOD EQUATION......................................................................... 4.7
SECANT MODULUS FROM THE RAMBERG-OSGOOD EQUATION ........................................................................... 4.8
RAMBERG-OSGOOD STRESS-STRAIN CURVE ....................................................................................................... 4.9
COLUMN STRENGTH OF STIFFENER WITH EFFECTIVE SHEET ............................................................................. 4.10
DIAGONAL TENSION FACTOR ............................................................................................................................ 4.11
GRAPH FOR CALCULATING WEB STRAIN .......................................................................................................... 4.12
ALLOWABLE SHEAR CORRECTION CURVED WEBS ......................................................................................... 4.13
STIFFENER MINIMUM MOMENT OF INERTIA ...................................................................................................... 4.14
BUCKLING COEFFICIENTS.................................................................................................................................. 4.15
FLAT SHEET BUCKLING INTERACTION CURVES ................................................................................................ 4.21
ROUND TUBES INTERACTION CURVES ............................................................................................................ 4.26
COLLAPSING SHEAR STRESS - ROUND HOLES WITH FORMED 45 DEGREE FLANGES ......................................... 4.28
CURVED BEAMS ................................................................................................................................................ 4.29
LUGS ................................................................................................................................................................. 4.30
JOGGLES ............................................................................................................................................................ 4.35
MINIMUM LIP DIMENSIONS ............................................................................................................................... 4.36
MINIMUM BULB DIAMETER .............................................................................................................................. 4.37
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN TUBING ............................................................................................................... 4.38
CARRY-OVER FACTOR ...................................................................................................................................... 4.39
STIFFNESS FACTOR COEFFICIENT ...................................................................................................................... 4.40
FIXED-END MOMENT COEFFICIENT................................................................................................................... 4.41
COLUMN DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT .............................................................................................................. 4.42
RECTANGULAR PLATE....................................................................................................................................... 4.43
xvii
5.0
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 5.1
MMPDS-01 ........................................................................................................................................................ 5.1

FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION ...................................................................................................................... 5.1
EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY .............................................................................................................. 5.1
JOURNAL OF THE AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES ....................................................................................................... 5.2
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE - ANSI ....................................................................................... 5.2
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS - ASME............................................................................... 5.2
BOOKS................................................................................................................................................................. 5.3
NASA ASTRONAUTICS STRUCTURES MANUAL................................................................................................... 5.6
STRESS ANALYSIS MANUAL AFFDL-TR-69-42 ................................................................................................. 5.6
NACA REPORTS ................................................................................................................................................. 5.7
LUG ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................................. 5.12
MILITARY HANDBOOKS .................................................................................................................................... 5.14
6.0
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................... 6.1
GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................................ 6.1

COMPOSITES........................................................................................................................................................ 6.4
NACA SYMBOLS DIAGONAL TENSION ............................................................................................................. 6.7
AERODYNAMICS ................................................................................................................................................ 6.10
xviii
Introduction
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures by Elmer Franklin Bruhn may as well have been
written in Latin when I purchased my first copy more than twenty-five years ago. It is arguably the most
comprehensive book on aircraft stress analysis ever written.
While many of the methods in Bruhn have been overshadowed by Finite Element Analysis, they
provide valuable insight into the fundamentals of aircraft design and an appreciation for the men and
women that designed aircraft before John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry invented the electronic
digital computer at Iowa State University.
You won't find many aircraft stress analysts using the Moment Distribution (Hardy Cross) Method,
Slope Deflection Method or the Methods of Elastic Weights, Dummy Unit-Loads, Moment Areas, Virtual
Work or Influence Coefficients. While some of the methods are more than fifty years old, the lessons
are timeless.
This book is a compilation of the mistakes, omissions and typographical errors my teammates and I
have discovered in the last two decades. Keep in mind that Bruhn was written before electronic
calculators and spreadsheets were invented. Note the slide rule disclaimer on page A13.13, column 2:
The calculations in this example being done on a slide rule can not provide exact checks.
The examples in Bruhn are condensed. The book could easily be expanded to fill a five volume set. I
would organize it differently ... but as Marge and Homer Simpson might say, "It's easy to criticize ... and
FUN TOO!"
If you insist on punishing yourself and throwing your life away by pursuing a career in aeronautical or
aerospace engineering ... if you just can't get enough "chick repellent" ... study Analysis and Design of
Flight Vehicle Structures by Elmer F. Bruhn and the first edition of Aircraft Structures by David J. Peery.
A lot of subjects are still Greek to me, but in the last thirty years I have learned this much pseudo-Latin:
Illegitimi Non Carborundum.
Mange Takk!
xix
xx
1.0 Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures

Page A3.11 Properties of a Two-Cell Wing Beam Section
Table 9, Page A3.11
Stringer
Number
Stringer
Area
Astr
(in2)
Effective
Skin
Area
(in2)
Total
Area
A
(in2)
y
(in)
Ay
(in2)
Ay2
(in3)
x
(in)
Ax
(in2)
Ax2
(in3)
Ixy =
Axy
(in4)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0.110
0.110
0.300
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.240
0.070
0.070
0.130
0.110
0.110
0.110
0.240
0.031
0.031
0.080
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.050
0.100
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.110
0.141
0.141
0.380
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.290
0.170
0.170
0.280
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.350
4.00
6.05
7.00
7.37
7.55
7.50
7.30
6.90
6.50
-3.30
-4.90
-5.95
-7.40
-8.13
-8.62
-8.87
0.563
0.851
2.660
1.241
1.271
1.263
1.229
1.162
1.885
-0.561
-0.833
-1.666
-2.294
-2.520
-2.672
-3.105
2.252
5.151
18.620
9.147
9.599
9.473
8.974
8.018
12.253
1.851
4.082
9.913
16.976
20.490
23.034
27.537
-33.15
-29.28
-24.85
-21.18
-16.60
-12.60
-8.60
-4.00
-0.35
-33.25
-29.28
-24.85
-18.70
-12.42
-6.10
-0.35
-4.665
-4.120
-9.443
-3.567
-2.795
-2.122
-1.448
-0.674
-0.102
-5.653
-4.978
-6.958
-5.797
-3.850
-1.891
-0.123
154.640
120.642
234.659
75.543
46.404
26.735
12.455
2.694
0.036
187.946
145.744
172.906
108.404
47.819
11.535
0.043
-18.659
-24.928
-66.101
-26.287
-21.106
-15.914
-10.572
-4.648
-0.660
18.653
24.390
41.400
42.898
31.302
16.300
1.087
3.693
-1.525
187.368
-58.184
1348.205
-12.843
58.184
15.753 in
3.693
1.525
0.413 in
3.693
0.413 in 2
Ix A y 2 A y 187.368 in4 3.693 in2
186.738 in4
Iy A x 2 A x 1,348.205 in 4 3.693 in2
15.753 in 2
Ixy Ixy A x y 12.843 in 4 3.693 in2
15.753 in 0.413 in
tan 2
2 Ixy
Iy Ix
Ixp Ix
cos 2
36.867 in4
2 36.867 in 4
0.301
431.604 in 4 186.738 in 4
2 = -0.292 radians = 16.758
431.604 in 4
Iy
Ixp 186.738 in 4 0.989
= -0.146 radians = -8.379
sin 2
sin
= -0.146
cos = 0.989
2 Ixy sin cos
2 431.604 in 4 0.146 2
Ixp 181.308 in 4
1.1
36.867 in 0.146 0.989

4
Bruhn Errata
Page A4.3 Motion of Rigid Bodies
v v0
Column 1, Equation 3
2 a s
should be
v 2 v0
2 a s
Thanks to SparWeb on the www.eng-tips.com website.
Page A5.23 Beam Columns

Table A5.I, Case III, Distributed Load, No End Moments
I use the following
C1 w j2 tan
2j
f x w j2 instead of
C2 w j2
w j2 cos 1
j
C1
L
sin
j
C2 w j 2
f x w
Page A5.23 Beam Columns

Table A5.I, Case V, Concentrated Side Load, No End Moments
Equation for Point of Maximum Bending Moment
tan
x C1
j C2
Maximum Span Bending Moment
Mmax C1 C2
Should be
If b
If b
j
2
j
2
1
2
Maximum Bending Moment
Mmax
W j sin
L
sin
j
a
j
Mmax
W j sin
L
sin
j
a
j
Point of Maximum Bending Moment
at x L
sin b
j
1.2
j
2
at x a
Page A5.28 Biplane Wing Spar Example
Column 2, Substituting in equation (A)
tan
D2 D1 cos
D1 sin
L
j
L
j
50180 55505 x .26981 65156
1.2192
55505 x .96290
53441
50,198 55,523 0.26952 65,162
1.2187
55,523 0.962996
53,469
should be
Figure A5.67
w = 20 lb / in
w
w2 =
P
4,419
lb
10 lb/in
P
4,419
M1
3,314
in-lb
R1
946.7
M max
lb
D1
x
cos
j
M2
8,640
R2
1,500.0
w j2
x
x
M C1 sin C2 cos f w
j
j
in-lb
lb
36 in
100 in
L
D2 D1 cos
x
j
tan
L
j
D1 sin
j
70 in
D1 M 1 w j 2
D2 M 2 w j 2
Th
w j 2 cos 1
j
C1
L
sin
j
C2 M 1 w j 2
P
1
E I j2
EI
P
Tv
Figure A5.68
w = 20 lb / in
See Table A5.1, Case IV, page A5.23
P
4,419
lb
P
M1
3,314
R1
in-lb
946.7 lb
M max
D1
x
cos
j
100 in
1.3
w j2
M2
8,640
R2
in-lb
1,500 lb
4,419
lb
Bruhn Errata
Page A7.7 Castiglianos Theorem

Note: Do NOT use Castiglianos theorem for non-linear problems.
Member
OA
AB
AC
OC
Length
L
Area
A
Modulus
E
( feet )
( in2 )
( psi )
40
50
63.25
84.85
4.70
0.875
0.875
4.70
2.90E+07
1.35E+07
1.35E+07
2.90E+07
AE
136.3
11.813
11.813
136.3
Load,
S
S2 L / A E
( lb )
(x P2 x 10-6)
-1.5 P
2.5 P
1.581 P
-2.121 P
0.660
26.455
13.385
2.801
43.302
Strain Energy
1 S2 L
43 .30 P 2 x 10 6
lb ft
2 AE
2
Castiglianos Theorem
43.30 P x 10 6
U
2
P
2
43.3 x 10 06 P feet
Example
For P = 10,000 lb
Deflection
= 10,000 lb ( 4.33 x 10 -5 ) feet = 0.433 feet = 5.2 inches
1.4
P2 x 10-6
lb - ft
Page A7.11 Truss with Pinned Joints

Elmer F. Bruhn, Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, page A7.11.
1,000 lb
1,000 lb
1,000 lb
a
10,500
2,250
2,250
-1,000
-8,750
5,000
2,000
-3,750
-5,250
-5,250
2,000
u2
u1
2,000 lb
1.5
2,000 lb
-1.25
1.25
-0.75
0
0
-0.75
1.0
1.0
1.0
1 lb
1 lb
Check the last two columns in Table A7.3 for slide rule errors.
Member
Length,
L
( in )
ab
bc
cd
ef
fg
gh
be
bg
dg
bf
cg
dh
30
30
30
30
30
30
50
50
50
40
40
40
0.456
0.293
0.293
0.511
0.511
0.331
0.967
0.331
0.511
0.293
0.293
0.293
AE
L/AE
Load,
S
Unit
Load,
Unit
Load,
S u1 L
AE
S u2 L
AE
( x10-6 )
( x10-6 )
( lb )
u1
u2
( x103 )
( x103 )
4.785
3.074
3.074
5.366
5.366
3.480
10.150
3.480
5.365
3.074
3.074
3.074
6.270
9.759
9.759
5.591
5.591
8.621
4.926
14.368
9.320
13.012
13.012
13.012
10,500
2,250
2,250
-5,250
-5,250
0
-8,750
5,000
-3,750
2,000
-1,000
2,000
1.50
0
0
-0.75
-0.75
0
-1.25
1.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.405
0
0
2.097
2.097
0
5.131
8.552
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2.796
-2.796
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S =
27.3
-5.6
S u1 L
27.3
0.027 inch
A E
1,000
1.5
S u2 L
5.6

0.006 inch
A E
1,000
Bruhn Errata
Page A7.14 Virtual Work

I prefer to use G for shear modulus rather than Es .
total
Vv
dx
AG
etc.
Page A7.15 Dummy Unit Load

Example Problem 19
Ive added the x coordinates to Figure A7.22.
100 lb
50 lb
Unit Load
10 in
10 in
A
x
Again, I prefer G to Es .
Vv
dx
AG
1.6
Tt
dx
GJ
Page A7.16 Tapered Shear Beam

Method of Virtual Work
Determine the deflection at Point G.
Free Body Diagram
Shear Flow vs. Position

120.0
Shear Flow, q ( lb / in )
120
97.2
100
80.3
80
67.5
60
0
10
20
30
40
Location, x ( in )
1.7
50
60
Bruhn Errata
Shear Flow
1.8
Real Loads
Virtual Loads
Data
Member
(Flange)
( in )
( in2 )
AB
BC
CD
EF
FG
GH
DH
CG
BF
20.017
20.017
20.017
20.017
20.017
20.017
15.000
16.667
18.333
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.08
0.08
E = 10.0 E6
G = 3,846,154 psi
P = 1,800 lb
1.9
Bruhn Errata
Spar Caps and Stiffeners

1
Member
Si
Sj
ui
uj
(Flange)
AB
BC
CD
EF
FG
GH
DH
CG
BF
3P
2.184 P
1.201 P
-3 P
-2.184 P
-1.201 P
1P
0P
0P
2.184 P
1.201 P
0P
-2.184 P
-1.201 P
0P
0P
0P
0P
2.000
1.092
0
-2.000
-1.092
0
0
1.000
0
2ui + uj
6
ui + 2 uj
6
L/AE
0.849
0.364
0
-0.849
-0.364
0
0
0.333
0
0.697
0.182
0
-0.697
-0.182
0
0
0.167
0
13.34
13.34
13.34
13.34
13.34
13.34
30.00
20.83
22.92
1.092
0
0
-1.092
0
0
0
0
0
10
Columns
Columns
(2)(6)+(3)(7)
(8) x (9)
4.069 P
1.013 P
0P
4.069 P
1.013 P
0P
0P
0P
0P
54.30 P
13.52 P
0P
54.30 P
13.52 P
0P
0P
0P
0P
( x 106 )
S 135.64 P
Spar Webs
1
Shear Flow
Shear Flow
Panel Area
6
Columns
Member
q avg
q avg
1/Gt
(Web)
( lb / in )
( lb / in )
( in2 )
( x 106 )
A-B-E-F
B-C-F-G
C-D-G-H
0.0409 P
0.0491 P
0.0600 P
0.0455
0.0545
0
383.33
350.00
-
8.125
8.125
-
Real
Virtual
(2)(3)(4)(5)
5.792 P
7.615 P
0P
13.41 P
x 10-6
Deflection at Point G
S u dx
L
AE
AE
S u dx
AE
qq
dx dy
Gt
S u
S u
Si ui Si u j
j i j j
6
6
3
3
qq
A
dx dy qavg q avg
Gt
Gt
G = ( 135.64 P + 13.41 P ) 10-6 = 139.04( 1,800 lb ) 10-6 = 0.268 inch

See Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, pages A7.16 and A15.27.
1.10
G = 0.268 in
x 10-6
Shear Flow in Tapered Webs

See Aircraft Structures, First Edition, pages 197-200
Shear Flow vs. Position

120.0
97.2
100
80.3
80
67.5
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Location, x ( in )
300
100
50
200
150
100
50
-5
-2.5
200
150
100
50
0
0
2.5
Height from Centerline, h
5
( in )
7.5
10
-10
-7.5
-5
-2.5
250
Tensile Stress
150
250
Tensile Stress
Tensile Stress
250
(psi)
350
300
(psi)
350
300
200
-7.5
Tensile Stress vs. Position
350
300
250
-10
350
(psi)
(psi)
Tensile Stress
Shear Flow, q ( lb / in )
120
200
150
100
50
0
0
2.5
7.5
10
-10
-7.5
-5
-2.5
0
0
2.5
( in )
1.11
5
( in )
7.5
10
-10
-7.5
-5
-2.5
2.5
5
( in )
7.5
10
Bruhn Errata
Page A7.24 Influence Coefficients - Pin Jointed Truss

Deflections at points B, C, E and F given:
A1 = 0.217 in
A2 = 0.217 in
A3 = 0.109 in
A4 =0.171 in
A6 = 0.109 in
A7 = 0.171 in
A8 = 0.370 in
A9 = 0.109 in
Graphic
1.12
A5 = 0.370 in
E = 10 E6 psi
Unit Load Distribution

Column 1
Column 2
1 lb
A
1 lb
B
-1.00
1.00
1.25
0.849
0
1.131
-0.75
3
-1.00
0.20
0.40
-1.031
5
-0.825
5
-1.649
Column 3
A
Column 4
1.00
1.25
0.849
0
1.131
-0.75
3
0
0.20
0.40
-1.031
5
-0.825
8
5
-1.649
F
1 lb
1 lb
0
0
0
0
0
-1.000
1.131
-0.825
0.20
[ G im ] =
1.00
0
-1.00
1.25
-1.031
-0.750
0.849
-1.649
0.40
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.131
-0.825
0.20
1.00
0
0
1.25
-1.031
-0.750
0.849
-1.649
0.40
Transpose
[ G im ]
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
1.25
0
1.25
1.13
0
-1.031
0
-1.031
-1
-0.75
0
-0.75
1.131
0.85
1.131
0.85
-0.82
-1.65
-0.82
-1.65
0.20
0.40
0.20
0.40
Bruhn Errata
Flexibility Coefficients
[ a ij ] = 1 / E
92.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
92.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
137.61
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
146.20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55.72
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
183.49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
165.41
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55.72
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
229.36
Multiply
[ a ij ] [ G im ]
0
92.17
0
92.17
0
0
0
0
0
-137.61
0
0
0
182.75
0
182.75
0
-57.43
0
-57.43
-183.49
-137.61
0
-137.61
187.13
140.35
187.13
140.35
-45.95
-91.89
-45.95
-91.89
45.87
91.74
45.87
91.74
Matrix Triple Product
[ G im ] [ a ij ] [ G im ]
= 1/E
442.3
390.5
258.8
390.5
390.5
928.0
252.9
790.4
258.8
252.9
258.8
252.9
390.5
790.4
252.9
790.4
Deflections
1
2
3
4
= 1/E
442.3
390.5
258.8
390.5
390.5
928.0
252.9
790.4
258.8
252.9
258.8
252.9
2,500
2,000
800
450
390.5
790.4
252.9
790.4
0.227
0.339
0.147
0.312
in
Three Load Cases

B
442.3
390.5
258.8
390.5
2,500
-1,200
1,800
390.5
928.0
252.9
790.4
2,000
-800
1,470
258.8
252.9
258.8
252.9
800
-2,100
-1,200
390.5
790.4
252.9
790.4
450
-1,750
-1,100
442.3
390.5
258.8
390.5
2,500
-1,200
1,800
390.5
928.0
252.9
790.4
2,000
-800
1,470
258.8
252.9
258.8
252.9
800
-2,100
-1,200
390.5
790.4
252.9
790.4
450
-1,750
-1,100
C
E
F
= 1/E
= 1/E
1.14
= 1/E
2,269,486 -2,070,007
630,039
3,390,247 -3,125,245
894,179
1,473,615 -1,498,906
248,846
3,115,017 -3,015,154
691,885
0.227
-0.207
0.063
0.339
-0.313
0.089
0.147
-0.150
0.025
0.312
-0.302
0.069
in
Page A7.25 Influence Coefficients - Landing Gear Unit
a 44 = L 3 / 3 E I = 15,552 / E I
rounded up
Polar Moment of Inertia J = I x + I y = 2 I
15,600 / E I
for E = 10 E6 psi and G = 3,846,154 psi
E I / G J = ( 10 * I ) / ( 3.846154 * 2 I ) = 1.30
G J = E I / 1.30
a 22
L AB 1.30 3 in 3.90
GJ
EI
EI
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
[ a ij ] = 1 / E I
a 77
0
3.900
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
L BC 1.30 36 in 46.80
GJ
EI
EI
0
0
0
15,552
648
0
0
0
0
0
0
648
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
36
0
648
0
0
0
0
0
0
46.800
0
0
0
0
0
0
648
0
15,552
[ G73 ] = 3 cos 20 = 2.819
[ G im ]
instead of
1
0
0
0.342
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
-0.940
0.342
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
[ G62 ] = cos 20 = 0.940 instead of 0.937
2.810
0
0
1
0
0
1.026
2.819
1
Transpose
[ G im ] T
0
0
1
0.3420
0
0
3
0
0
0
-0.9397
1.0261
0
0.3420
2.8191
0
0
1
Multiply
[ a ij ] [ G im ] T = 1 / E I
9
0
0
0
3.896
0
0
0
9
7,263
0
0
329.6
0
0
[ G im ] [ a ij ] [ G im ] T
= 1/EI
9
0
0
0
3.900
0
1.15
0
0
9
0
-33.829
684.9
0
15.991
131.8
0
-608.921
16,216.9
Bruhn Errata
Page A7.26 Influence Coefficients Tapered Shear Beam

Thin Web Aluminum Beam
Determine the deflection at Point G (See Bruhn page A7.26)
Free Body Diagram
Spar Webs
Spar Caps and Stiffeners

Spar Caps
Stiffeners
BF
CG
HI
18.333
16.667
15.00
in
Ai
0.080
0.080
0.050
in2
in2
Aj
0.080
0.080
0.050
in2
44.48
/ E
a ii
76.39
69.44
100
/ E
22.24
22.24
/ E
a ij
38.19
34.72
50
/ E
44.48
44.48
/ E
a jj
76.39
69.44
100
/ E
AB
BC
CD
20.017
20.017
20.017
in
ai i = L / 3AE
Ai
0.150
0.150
0.150
in2
ai j = L / 6AE
Aj
0.150
0.150
0.150
a ii
44.48
44.48
a ij
22.24
a jj
44.48
1.16

Matrix Form
[ G im ]
1
0.0667
1.2010
0
0.0540
2.1837
0
0.0446
3
0
0
0
1
0.0600
1.0919
0
0.0496
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0.0545
1
Transpose
[ G im ] T =
1
0
0
0.067
0
0
1.201
0
0
0
1
0
0.054
0.060
0
2.1837113
1.092
0
0
6.94
0
126.91
141.01
0
57.54
28.32
4.45
0
0
1
0.045
0.050
0.055
3
2
1
Multiply
[ a ij ] [ G im ] T =
10
0
0
138.94
0
0
31.08
4.86
0
1.17
0
0
7.64
116.80
129.77
142.75
36.40
22.65
8.90
Bruhn Errata
1.18
[ G im ] [ a ij ] [ G im ] T
10 / E
303.5
149.0
42.8
149.0
98.1
29.7
42.8
29.7
24.3
Deflections
H
G
10 / E
H
G
303.5
149.0
42.8
1,800
149.0
98.1
29.7
42.8
29.7
24.3
546,352
=
10 / E
268,275
0.546
=
76,994
0.268
in
0.077
Deflection at Point G
G = 0.268 in
See Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, pages A7.22, A7.26 and A15.27.
1.19
Bruhn Errata
Page A7.29 Method of Elastic Weights (Mohrs Method)
Column 1, Figure A7.42a
Add
M max
wL2
8
Then the area for this parabolic segment
to the moment diagram.
A=2/3bh
h
2 L wL2

3 2 8
wL3

24
3/8 b
b
w L3 L
w L3 3 L 1
5
center
24 16 E I
384
24 2
wL4
EI
Page A7.29 Mohrs Method - Cantilever Wing Example

Column 2, Figure below Table A7.6 I believe the values of the reactions have been swapped. I calculate
the left reaction at 299,679 lb (vs. 299,090) and the right reaction at 225,919 lb (vs. 226,570).
Page A7.30 Mohrs Method Seaplane Cantilever Wing Example

Column 1, Example Problem 34, should divide each c by 1,000. Using 20.02 in lieu of 20, I get a deflection of
C (divided by 1,000) equal to 517,867 / E I. Using 266.67 (267), 576.47 (576) yields 433.33 instead of 433
and 123.53 instead of 124. This gives me a tip deflection (divided by 1,000) of 102,310,667 / E I in lieu of
102,200,000 / E I.
Page A7.31 Moment Area Method Seaplane Cantilever Wing Example

Column 2, Example Problem 35, Last Paragraph.
and subtract deflection of a with respect to tangent at C . should be
and subtract deflection of A with respect to tangent at C.
Using values in the previous problem, 19.98 for 20 and 719.98 for 720 gives me a tip deflection
(divided by 1,000) of 102,310,667 / E I in lieu of 102,180,000 / E I.
Page A7.32 Moment Area Method Fixed Beam

Figure A7.47
PaLa
should be
PaLa
L
1.20

Page A7.32 Moment Area Method Fixed Beam
200 lb
100 lb
P1
MA
P2
a
9 in
MB
b
12 in
c
9 in
Moment vs. Position

1,600
1,530
Simply Supported
M2
M1
1,200
1,170
994.5
Moment, M (in-lb)
800
760.5
Fixed
400
459
351
0
0
-400
10
15
20
25
30
-410
-536
-800
MA
-819
-1,071
-1,200
MB
Position, x (in)
Simply Supported
Area 1
Area 2
Area 3
Area 4
MA
MB
1,170
12
14,040
180
12
2,160
765
9
6,885
0.5
30
15 Ma
0.5
30
15 Mb
M1
M2
Due to P1
630
270
585
9
5,265
Due to P2
540
1,260
x bar
6.00 in
15 in
17.00 in
24.00 in
10.00 in
20.00 in
1,170
1,530
31,590
210,600
36,720
165,240
150 Ma
300 Mb
SM
Fixed
1
15 Ma + 15 Mb + 28,350
= 0
150 Ma + 300 Mb + 444,150
= 0
MA
MB
0.1333
-0.0667
-0.0067
0.0067
15
150
-28,350
-819
=
-444,150
-1,071
MA = -819 in-lb
versus
MA = -816 in-lb
MB = -1,071 in-lb
versus
MB = -1,074 in-lb
1.21
15
300
in-lb
in-lb
MA
MB
=
=
-28,350
-444,150
=0
=0
Bruhn Errata
Page A7.39 Influence Coefficient Matrix - Truss

Bruhn A7.39
P1
1
P2
2
Load Case 1
10
1.5 A
1.5 A
P1 = 1,000 lb
P2 = 500 lb
P3 = 800 lb
P4 = 400 lb
Load Case 2
2A
10
1.5 A
5
10
P4
P3
P1 = 300 lb
P2 = 700 lb
P3 = 400 lb
P4 = 600 lb
Influence Coefficients
[ a ij ] = 1 / E
10.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.67
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.67
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.67
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.00
[ G im ]
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1.414
-1
0
1
0
-1
1.414
-1
-1
1.414
-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.414
-1
0
1
0
0
1.414
-1
-1
1.414
-2
0
Transpose
[ G im ]
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
1.414
0
1.414
0
-1
0
-1
1.22
-1
-1
0
-1
1.414
1.414
1.414
1.414
-1
-2
-1
-2
0
0
0
0
Multiply
[ a ij ] [ G im ]
0
10
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
-6.667
0
0
0
20
0
20
0
-6.667
0
-6.667
-6.667
-6.667
0
-6.667
20
20
20
20
-5
-10
-5
-10
0
0
0
0
[ G im ] [ a ij ] [ G im ] T
39.95
44.95
33.28
44.95
= 1/E
44.95
106.57
38.28
99.90
33.28
38.28
33.28
38.28
44.95
99.90
38.28
99.90
Deflections
mk
39.95 44.95
44.95 106.57
33.28 38.28
44.95 99.90
33.28
33.28
33.28
38.28
44.95
99.90
38.28
99.90
39.95 44.95
44.95 106.57
33.28 38.28
44.95 99.90
33.28
33.28
33.28
38.28
1,000
500
800
400
300
700
400
600
Greatest Deflection of Point 4

6
For E = 10.0 x 10 psi

10 106
44.95
99.90
38.28
99.90
1,000
500
800
400
300
0.011
0.017
700

400
0.009
600
0.017
Load Case 1
1 0.011 in
2 0.017 in
3 0.009 in
4 0.017 in
2 0.016 in
3 0.007 in
4 0.016 in
Load Case 2
1 0.008 in
Page A8.3 Method of Least Work Fixed Beam

Column 1, Last equation should be 2 P L instead of 2 PL and P L instead of PL .
1.23
0.008
0.016
0.007
0.016
Bruhn Errata
Page A8.8 Method of Dummy-Unit Loads, Singly Redundant Truss
100 ''
173.21 ''
45.00
30.00
h
0.20
100 ''
0.20
0.40
1,000 lb
Column 1, second table u = 1.224 should be 1.225 or 1.2247
Member
AO
BO
CO
Length,
L
Area,
A
Load,
S
(in)
(in^2)
(lb)
Unit
Load,
ux
141.42
100
200
0.20
0.20
0.40
0
1,000
0
1.2247
-1.3660
1
True Load
S u x L / A ux 2 L / A
S =
1.24
0
-6.8E+05
0
1,060.7
933.0
500.0
-6.8E+05 2,493.67
S+Xu
(lb)
335.5
625.8
273.9
Page A8.9 Method of Dummy-Unit Loads, Singly Redundant Truss

Column 2, second table u = 0.578 should be 0.577 or 0.5774
Member
AO
BO
CO
Length,
L
Area,
A
Load,
S*
S ux L / A
(lb)
Unit
Load,
u
(in)
(in^2)
141.42
100
200
0.20
0.20
0.40
335.5
625.8
273.9
0
0.5774
-1.1547
0
180,667
-158,135
22,531.5
Page A8.11 Method of Dummy-Unit Loads, Doubly Redundant Truss

4
2
c
465 lb
523 lb
900 lb
415 lb
2,000 lb
Table A8.3
Member
ae
be
ce
de
Length,
L
Area,
A
Load,
S
(lb)
Unit
Load,
ux
Unit
Load,
uy
(in)
(in^2)
86.53
72.00
80.50
93.72
0.20
0.10
0.20
0.30
0
2,000
0
0
0.806
-1.565
1
0
True Load
S ux L / A S uy L / A u x 2 L / A
uy2 L / A
ux uy L/A
S+Xu
(lb)
899.95
465.19
522.59
414.71
(x10E-6)
(x10E-6)
1.154
-1.728
0
1
0
-22.54
0
0
0
-24.89
0
0
281.23
1,764.00
402.49
0.0
576.30
2,151.15
0
312.41
402.58
1,947.98
0
0
S =
-22.54
-24.89
2447.73
3039.85
2350.56
1.25
Bruhn Errata
Page A8.21 Continuous Truss

Column 2
Loading for column { g i2 } of the matrix [ g im ]
[ g i2 ]
0
-0.5
-0.56
-0.56
-0.56
0.25
0.25
1 lb
should be
0
[ g i2 ]
0
-0.5
-0.56
For
0.56
0.56
-0.56
0.25
A 1-7 = 1.00 in
0.25
1 lb
A 8-15 = 0.50 in
A 16-31 = 1.00 in
Member Flexibility Coefficient

L 1-7 / A 1-7 = 20 / 1.00 = 20
L 8-15 / A 8-15 = 20 / 0.50 = 40
L 16-31 / A 16-31 = 22.361 / 1.00 = 22.361
ai = 1/E
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36
1.26
Matrix [ g im ]
[ g i1 ]
0.50
-1.118
1.118
-0.56
-0.50
0.56
-0.56
-0.75
1 lb
0.56
-0.25
0.56
0.56
-0.56
0.25
0.50
-0.56
0.56
0.56
0.25
-0.56
0.56
-0.56
0.50
0.50
0.25
1 lb
-0.50
0.50
0.50
1 lb
[ g i4 ]
0.25
-0.50
-0.56
[ g i3 ]
0.50
1.50
[ g i2 ]
0.56
-0.25
-0.56
-1.118
1.118
-0.75
-0.50
0.50
1.50
1 lb
Figure A8.30a
0
0.50
0.50
[ g i3 ]
0
0.56
-0.56
-0.25
0.56
-0.56
-0.75
-0.56
0.56
-0.56
-0.75
0.56
-0.25
1.27
Bruhn Errata
Figure A8.30b
Missing the 1# label
0.50
0.50
[ g i5 ]
0
0.56
-0.56
0.56
-0.56
-0.25
-0.56
-0.75
0.56
-0.56
-0.75
0.56
-0.25
Calculations
Bruhn, page A8.22
1
E
[ a rs ] = [ g ri ] [ a ij ] [ g js ] =
1
E
[ a rn ] = [ g ri ] [ a ij ] [ g jn ] =
[ a r s ] -1
[ a r s ] -1 [ a r n ] =
0.00738 0.00043
0.0074
0.0004
0.0004
0.0074
- [ a r s ] -1 [ a r n ]
1
E
-7.951
0
0.00043 0.00738
-7.951
0
-15
0
18,432
0
-15
0
-7.951
135.9 -7.951
-7.951 135.9
-15
0
0
-7.951
136.1 7.962
7.962 136.1
0.0587
0.1108
0.0065
0.0034
0.0034
0.0065
0.1108
0.0587
1.28
0
-15
-0.0587 -0.1108 -0.0065 -0.0034

-0.0034 -0.0065 -0.1108 -0.0587
[ g im ]
[ G im
1
0.50
0
0
0
0
0
-0.5
-0.75
-0.25
0
0
0
0
0
] = 1.118
-1.118
-0.559
0.559
-0.559
0.559
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.25
0.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.559
0.559
0.559
-0.559
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.25
0.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.559
0.559
0.559
-0.559
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.50
1
0
0
0
0
0
-0.25
-0.75
-0.50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.559
-0.559
0.559
-0.559
-1.118
1.118
[ a r s ] -1 [ a r n ] [ g i r ]
0
0.029
0.059
0.031
0.003
0.002
0
0
-0.015
-0.044
-0.045
-0.017
-0.003
-0.001
0
0
0
0.033
-0.033
0.033
-0.033
-0.031
0.031
-0.031
0.031
-0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.002
0
0
+-
0
0.055
0.111
0.059
0.006
0.003
0
0
-0.028
-0.083
-0.085
-0.033
-0.005
-0.002
0
0
0
0.062
-0.062
0.062
-0.062
-0.058
0.058
-0.058
0.058
-0.004
0.004
-0.004
0.004
0
0
0
0.003
0.006
0.059
0.111
0.055
0
0
-0.002
-0.005
-0.033
-0.085
-0.083
-0.028
0
0
0
0.004
-0.004
0.004
-0.004
0.058
-0.058
0.058
-0.058
-0.062
0.062
-0.062
0.062
0
0
0
0.002
0.003
0.031
0.059
0.029
0
0
-0.001
-0.003
-0.017
-0.045
-0.044
-0.015
0
0
0
0.002
-0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.031
-0.031
0.031
-0.031
-0.033
0.033
-0.033
0.033
0
0
1
0.529
0.059
0.031
0.003
0.002
0
-0.50
-0.765
-0.294
-0.045
-0.017
-0.003
0
0
1.118
-1.118
-0.526
0.526
-0.526
0.526
-0.031
0.031
-0.031
0.031
-0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.002
0
0
0
-0.445
0.111
0.059
0.006
0.003
0
0
0.222
0.167
-0.085
-0.033
-0.005
-0.002
0
0
0
-0.497
0.497
0.621
-0.621
-0.058
0.058
-0.058
0.058
-0.004
0.004
-0.004
0.004
0
0
0
0.003
0.006
0.059
0.111
-0.445
0
0
-0.002
-0.005
-0.033
-0.085
0.167
0.222
0
0
0
0.004
-0.004
0.004
-0.004
0.058
-0.058
0.058
-0.058
-0.621
0.621
0.497
-0.497
0
0
0
0.002
0.003
0.031
0.059
0.529
1
0
0
-0.003
-0.017
-0.045
-0.294
-0.765
-0.50
0
0
0.002
-0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.031
-0.031
0.031
-0.031
0.526
-0.526
0.526
-0.526
-1.118
1.118
Example
For P1 = P2 = P3 = P4 = 1,000 lb
1,000
1,118
-1,118
-500
1,000 lb
90
-1,018
1,018
179
100
-545
-100
-135
179
179
-179
-179
1,000 lb
90
-100
100
1,018
-135
-1,018
-545
1,000 lb
1.29
1,000
-1,118
1,118
-500
1,000 lb
Bruhn Errata
Member Forces for Unit Applied External Loads

Elmer F. Bruhn, Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, page A8.22.
Check the signs on the member forces with a white background:
[ G im ] =
1
0.529
0.059
0.031
0.003
0.002
0
-0.500
-0.765
-0.294
-0.045
-0.017
-0.003
0
0
1.118
-1.118
-0.526
0.526
-0.526
0.526
-0.031
0.031
-0.031
0.031
-0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.002
0
0
0
-0.445
0.111
0.059
0.006
0.003
0
0
0.222
0.167
-0.085
-0.033
-0.005
-0.002
0
0
0
-0.497
0.497
0.621
-0.621
-0.058
0.058
-0.058
0.058
-0.004
0.004
-0.004
0.004
0
0
0
0.003
0.006
0.059
0.111
-0.445
0
0
-0.002
-0.005
-0.033
-0.085
0.167
0.222
0
0
0
0.004
-0.004
0.004
-0.004
0.058
-0.058
0.058
-0.058
-0.621
0.621
0.497
-0.497
0
0
1.30
0
0.002
0.003
0.031
0.059
0.529
1
0
0
-0.003
-0.017
-0.045
-0.294
-0.765
-0.500
0
0
0.002
-0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.031
-0.031
0.031
-0.031
0.526
-0.526
0.526
-0.526
-1.118
1.118
Page A8.23 Tubular Tail Fuselage Truss
D
B
P1
K
C
F
P2
P3
G
H
15
35
25
11.43
25
1.31
Bruhn Errata
Figure A8.31
Member
Number
AB
BC
BD
CD
DE
FG
GH
HI
IJ
GJ
JK
AG
BG
BH
HC
IC
DI
DJ
EJ
AD
FJ
GI
DG
BJ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Length
L
Area
A
L/A
( in )
( in2 )
( in-1 )
35.474
25.420
9.200
25.420
35.474
35.474
25.341
5.000
25.341
9.200
35.474
40.415
15.000
27.569
11.700
11.700
27.569
15.000
40.415
37.369
37.369
26.233
17.597
17.597
0.565
0.499
0.165
0.499
0.565
0.565
0.565
0.165
0.565
0.165
0.565
0.630
0.165
0.500
0.395
0.395
0.500
0.165
0.630
0.565
0.565
0.500
0.165
0.165
62.79
50.94
55.76
50.94
62.79
62.79
44.85
30.30
44.85
55.76
62.79
64.15
90.91
55.14
29.62
29.62
55.14
90.91
64.15
66.14
66.14
52.47
106.65
106.65
Joint Coordinates
Joint
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
0
2.90
7.50
12.10
15.00
0
2.90
5.00
10.00
12.10
15.00
25.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
25.00
0
5.00
8.57
8.57
5.00
0
0
35.00
60.00
35.00
0
0
35.00
60.00
60.00
35.00
0
1.32
Statics
Page A8.23, Column 2
Joint C
Joint C
C
B
x
7.5
2.9
y
20
20
z
60
35
C
D
x
7.5
12.1
y
20
20
z
60
35
BC
#2
i
-4.6
j
0
k
-25
CD
#4
i
4.6
j
0
k
-25
a
0.180962
79.57419
b
0
90
-0.9834901
169.5742
25.41968 in
25.41968 in
a
-0.180962
100.426
b
0
90
-0.98349
169.574
C
H
x
7.5
5
y
20
8.57
z
60
60
C
I
x
7.5
10
y
20
8.57
z
60
60
HC
# 15
i
-2.5
j
-11.43
k
0
IC
# 16
i
2.5
j
-11.43
k
0
cos
cos
11.70021 in
cos
a
b
-0.213671 -0.976906
102.338 167.662
11.70021 in
0
90
cos
1.02364
SFx = 0
a
b
0.213671 -0.976906
77.66241 167.6624
1.02364
0.21367 q16 0.21367 q15 +0.180962 q4 0.180962 q2 + P2 = 0

0.21367 q16 0.21367 q15 + 0.18096 q4 0.18096 q2 = - P2
SFy = 0
0.97691 q15 0.97691 q16 + P1 = 0

0.97691 q15 + 0.97691 q16 = P1
q15 + q16 = 1.02364 P1
SFz = 0
0.98349 q2 0.98349 q4 = 0
q2 + q4 = 0
1.33
0
90
Bruhn Errata
Joint B
B
A
x
2.9
0
y
20
25
z
35
0
B
C
x
2.9
7.5
y
20
20
z
35
60
AB
#1
i
-2.9
j
5
k
-35
BC
#2
i
4.6
j
0
k
25
a
0.180962
79.57419
b
0
90
0.9834901
10.42581
35.47408 in
cos
a
-0.08175
94.6892
25.41968 in
0.140948 -0.986636
81.8973 170.622
cos
B
D
x
2.9
12.1
y
20
20
z
35
35
B
G
x
2.9
2.9
y
20
5
z
35
35
BD
#3
i
9.2
j
0
k
0
BG
# 13
i
0
j
-15
k
0
a
0
90
b
-1
180
0
90
9.2
in
15
in
a
1
0
b
0
90
0
90
B
H
x
2.9
5
y
20
8.57
z
35
60
B
J
x
2.9
12.1
y
20
5
z
35
35
BH
# 14
i
2.1
j
-11.43
k
25
BJ
# 24
i
9.2
j
-15
k
0
cos
cos
27.56909 in
cos
a
b
0.076172 -0.414595 0.906813

85.6314 114.494 24.9315
SFx = 0
17.59659 in
cos
a
b
0.522829 -0.852438
58.47782 148.4778
0
90
0.08175 q1 + 0.18096 q2 + q3 + 0 q13 + 0.07617 q14 + 0.52283 q24 = 0

0.08175 q1 0.18096 q2 q3 0.07617 q14 = 0.52283 q24
SFy = 0
0.14095 q1 + 0 q2 + 0 q3 q13 0.41460 q14 0.85244 q24 = 0

0.14095 q1 + q13 + 0.41460 q14 = 0.85244 q24
SFz = 0
0.98664 q1 + 0.98349 q2 + 0 q3 + 0 q13 + 0.90681 q14 + 0 q24 = 0

0.98664 q1 0.98349 q2 0.90681 q14 = 0
q1 0.99681 q2 0.91910 q14 = 0
1.34
and so on
Joints
q2
q4
q 15
q 16
P1
2
3
SFx = 0
SFy = 0
SFy = 0
SFz = 0
-0.18096
0
0
-0.98349
0.18096
0
0
-0.98349
-0.21367
-0.97691
1
0
0.21367
-0.97691
1
0
1
-1.02364
q7
q8
q 14
q 15
4
5
6
SFx = 0
SFy = 0
SFz = 0
-0.08287
-0.14088
-0.98655
1
0
0
-0.07617
0.41459
-0.9068126
0.21367
0.97691
0
7
8
9
SFx = 0
SFy = 0
SFz = 0
10
11
12
SFx = 0
SFy = 0
SFz = 0
SFz = 0
q3
q4
13
14
15
SFx = 0
SFy = 0
SFz = 0
-1
0
0
-0.18096
0
0.98349
q6
q7
16
17
18
SFx = 0
SFy = 0
SFz = 0
-0.08175
-0.14095
-0.98664
0.08287
0.14088
0.98655
q9
19
20
21
SFx = 0
SFy = 0
SFz = 0
-0.08287
0.14088
0.98655
22
23
24
GI
DG
BJ
q22 = q22
q23 = q23
q24 = q24
P1
P2
-1
P3
P2
P3
-1
q8
q9
q 16
q 17
q 22
-1
0
0
0.08287
-0.14088
-0.98655
-0.21367
0.97691
0.00000
0.07617
0.41459
-0.90681
-0.27065
-0.13609
-0.95301
q1
q2
q3
q13
q14
q24
1
0
0
0
-1
0
0.07617
-0.41459
0.90681
-0.919095
0.52283
-0.85244
0
0
q5
q17
q18
q20
0.08175
0.14095
-0.98664
-0.07617
-0.41459
0.90681
0
-1
0
-0.32380
0.13380
-0.93662
q10
q12
q13
q22
q23
1
0
0
-0.07175
0.49486
-0.86601
0
1
0
0.27065
0.13609
0.95301
0.52283
0.85244
0
q10
q11
q18
-1
0
0
0.08175
-0.14095
-0.98664
0
1
0
-0.08175 0.18096
0.14095
0
-0.98664 0.98349
1
-0.996811
q19
q21
q24
0.071755 -0.3238015 -0.52283

0.49486 -0.1338023 0.85244
-0.866005 -0.936616
0
q22
1
q23
q24
q22
q23
q24
1
1
1
1
Matrix [ C ij ]
0.181
0
0.983
0.181
0
-0.983
0.083
-0.141
-0.987
1
0
0
-1
0
0
0.083
0.141
0.987
0
-1
0
0.083
0.141
0.987
0
-1
0
0.072
-0.495
0.866
0.082
-0.141
-0.987
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0.082 0.181
-0.141
0
1
0.997
1
0
0
1
0
0
0.082
0.141
0.987
0.083
-0.141
-0.987
0.181 0.082
0
0.141
-0.983 -0.987
0.214 -0.214
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0.076 0.214
0
0
-0.415 0.977
0
0
0.907
0
0
0
0
0
-0.214 -0.076
0
0
0.977 -0.415
0
0
0
0.907
0.076
0
0
0
-0.415
0
0
0
0.919
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.076
0
0
0
-0.415
0
0
0
0.907
0
0
-1
0
0.324
-0.134
0.937
0.324
0.134
0.937
-0.072
-0.495
0.866
0
-1
0
1.35
Bruhn Errata
Inverse of [ C ij ] Matrix
-2.754
2.763
-0.275
2.763
-2.754
-0.483
3E-16
4E-17
3E-16
-3E-19
0.5508
-0.825
2E-16
-9E-04
2E-16
0.8295
1.2344
-0.825
-0.107
0.8252
0.0009
-0.466
-0.507
0.5084
-0.051
-0.508
0.746
0.089
-3E-17
-4E-18
-3E-17
4E-20
-0.101
-1.107
-2.763
0.2705
-2.763
-1.107
2.4475
-3.862
0.5
-3.862
0.0044
1.611
1.6892
0
0.0019
0
-0.005
-1.693
1.6894
0
0
-0.002
0.0045
-0.148
0.2321
-0.023
0.2321
0.0937
-0.98
1.0968
-0.042
0.3244
-0.001
-0.133
-1.107
-2.763
0.2705
-2.763
-1.107
2.4475
-3.862
-0.5
-3.862
0.0044
1.611
-2E-16
-6E-16
6E-17
-6E-16
-1.694
-0.834
-8E-16
-1E-16
-1.689
8E-19
0.9502
-0.093 5E-16
-0.232 -5E-16
0.0227
1
-0.232 -5E-16
0.1488 -2.365
-0.567
0
-0.324
0
-0.042
0
-1.097
0
0.0004
0
1.0158
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-5E-16 1E-48 -7E-17
0
0
5E-16 -1E-48 1E-16
0
-0.082 -4E-17 1E-49 -1E-17
0
0
5E-16 -1E-48 1E-16
0
0.1933 2.3649 -7E-33 -0.818
0
0
0
-1.245 -0.178 2.0758
0
0
0
7E-17
0
0
0
0
9E-18
0
0
0
0
7E-17
0
0
0
0
-8E-20
1
0
0
1.419 0.2027 -2.365
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.8416 -2.076
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.083
0
0.196 2.3649
8E-17
0
2E-16
0
-2E-17
0
2E-16
0
8E-17
0
1.2455 0.5397
3E-16
0
3E-17
0
3E-16
0
-3E-19
0
-1.419 -0.615
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.341
0.3882
-3E-16
-2E-16
2E-16
3E-16
-0.388
0.6276
-1E-16
-5E-34
0
0
0
0.2885
-0.256
0.8977
0.5
0.5
0.8977
-0.256
0.4138
0.0046
-0.005
0
0
0
0.0627
0.0714
4E-17
2E-17
-2E-17
-4E-17
0.0714
-0.115
0.252
0
0
0
0
-0.996
-1.586
4.2015
2.34
-2.34
-4.202
1.5858
-2.564
1E-16
2E-17
0
0
0
-0.003
0.5239
-1.838
0
0
0
0
0
-0.005
0.0047
0
0
0
0.0824
0.0584
-0.09
-0.197
0.1966
0.3529
-0.133
0.2154
0.0007
0.0022
0
0
0
-0.996
-1.586
4.2015
2.34
-2.34
-4.202
1.5858
-2.564
1E-16
2E-17
0
0
0
-0.588
-3E-16
8E-16
5E-16
-5E-16
-1.838
0.5239
-0.847
-0.005
0.0047
0
0
0
-0.628
0
-0.133
0
0.3529
0
0.1966
0
-0.197
0
-0.09
0
0.0584
0
-0.095
0
0.0007 -2.491
0.0022
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.878 -0.125 1.4629
-0.141
0
0
3E-17
0
0
0
0
-7E-17
0
0
0
0
-4E-17
0
0
0
0
4E-17
0
0
0
0
7E-17
0
0
0
-1
-0.143
0
0
0
1.6166 0.2309
0
0.2037 2.4912 -8E-33 0.2064
0
0
0
0
0
-2.491
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0216 -1.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2064 2.4912
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.8777 0.3804
1E-16
0
-3E-16
0
-2E-16
0
2E-16
0
3E-16
0
-1E-16
0
-1.617 0.2309
0
0
0
0.2064
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Unit Stress Distribution Determinate Structure [ g im

[ P1
P2
P3
q22
q23
g ir ]
page A8.24
q24 ]
External Load
-1
1.024
-0.845
0
-0.001
-1
0.271
0.136
0.953
0.523
-0.852
0
0.523
-0.852
0
0.271 -0.523
0.136 -0.852
0.953
0
0
0
0
and so on
1.36
Redundant Load
0
0.849
1.264
-0.845
-0.109
0.845
0.001
-0.477
2.75
-2.76
0.27
-2.76
2.75
0.48
-3E-16
-4E-17
-3E-16
3E-19
-0.551
1.11
2.76
-0.27
2.76
1.11
-2.45
3.862
0.5
3.862
-0.004
-1.611
-0.39
-0.97
0.09
-0.97
-0.39
1.37
-1.354
-0.175
-2.320
0.193
1.080
0
0
0
0
0
-1.085
0
0
0
-0.523
1.236
0
0
0.523
0
-1.236
-2.147
-2E-16
-3E-17
-2E-16
3E-19
2.446
0.295
-0.262
0.919
0.512
0.512
0.919
-0.262
0.424
0
0
0
0
0
0.341
-0.388
3E-16
2E-16
-2E-16
-3E-16
0.388
-0.628
0.000
5E-34
0
0
0
0.996
1.586
-4.202
-2.340
2.340
4.202
-1.586
2.564
0.000
0.000
0
0
0
-0.668
-0.556
1.474
0.821
-0.821
-1.474
0.556
-0.899
0.000
-0.475
1
0
0
0.088
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.302
0
1
0
-1.513
0.852
3E-16
1E-16
-1E-16
-3E-16
9E-17
1.378
-1.302
1.302
0
0
1
Page A8.25 Idealized Box Beam

30 ''
P6
1,000 lb
P5
P4
600 lb
1,000 lb
10 ''
P3
0.330 in2
typical
600 lb
P2
400 lb
20 ''
P1
400 lb
2.5 ''
20 ''
20 ''
15 ''
0.120 in2
typical
For E = 10 E6 psi
G = 3.85 E6 psi
Length
Area
Thickness a i i
a jj
Upr & Lwr Skin
( h1 / h2 ) 2 a ii
2 a jj
h1
h2
( in )
( in )
( in )
( in2 )
( in )
Bay 1 Skin
25
30
20
550 in2
0.032
44,643
/ E
31,002
/ E
62,004
/ E
Bay 2 Skin
20
25
20
450 in2
0.025
46,753
/ E
29,922
/ E
59,844
/ E
Bay 3 Skin
15
20
20
350 in2
0.020
45,455
/ E
25,568
/ E
51,136
/ E
Bay 1 Spar Web
7.5
10.0
20
175 in2
0.065
6,993
/ E
3,934
/ E
Bay 2 Spar Web
5.0
7.5
20
125 in2
0.050
6,494
/ E
2,886
/ E
Bay 3 Spar Web
2.5
5.0
20
75 in2
0.040
4,870
/ E
1,218
/ E
Panel
S/Gt
Matrix
ai j = 1 / E
[ a ij ] = 1 / E
1,218
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
51,136
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,218
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
134.5
0
0
0
0
24.64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
134.5
0
0
0
0
24.64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,886
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
59,844
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,886
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.37
0
0
0
24.64
0
0
0
0
80.7
0
0
0
0
14.69
0
0
0
0
0
24.64
0
0
0
0
80.7
0
0
0
0
14.69
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,934
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
62,004
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,934
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.69
0
0
0
0
27.62
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.69
0
0
0
0
27.62
Bruhn Errata
Tapered Bar
L = 60 inches
A i = 0.120 in
i i = 0.7310
i j = 0.5569
A j = 0.330 in
A i / A j = 0.364
j j = 0.4558
a i i = [ L / ( 3 A i E ) ] i i = 121.84 / E
a i j = [ L / ( 6 A i E ) ] i j = 46.41 / E
a j j = [ L / ( 3 A j E ) ] j j = 27.62 / E
a j j = 27.62 / E
See Bruhn page A7.23
Figure A7.34c Tapered Member Coefficients

1
0.9
ii
0.8
ij
0.7
jj
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Ai/Aj
1.38
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

My Results
(Bruhn, page A8.26)
[ a rs ] = [ g ri ] [ a ij ] [ g js ]
[ a rs ] =
1,000,000 / E
[ g js ] = [ g ir ]
0.3873
0.1935
0.0513
0.1935
0.2895
0.0722
0.0513
0.0722
0.1254
[ a rn ] = [ g ri ] [ a ij ] [ g jn ]
[ a r n ] = 1,000,000 / E
[ a rs ]
-1
0.0349
-0.0031
0.0100
-0.0016
0.0016
-0.0251
0.0248
-0.0052
0.0126
-0.0022
0.0022
-0.0081
0.0081
-0.0039
0.0048
-0.0023
0.0023
-0.03484
-2.5649
5.7284
-0.00308
-2.2472
-0.1097
-2.2472
0.01001
9.3106
-0.00158
0.00158
-0.02514
0.02485
-0.00516
0.01260
-0.00223
0.00223
-0.00812
0.00812
-0.00386
0.00475
-0.00228
0.00228
0.0697
-0.0708
-0.0017
-0.0060
0.0002
-0.00017
0.0364
-0.0345
0.0130
-0.0358
0.0036
-0.0036
0.0153
-0.0159
0.0240
-0.0148
0.0160
-0.0160
[ G sn ] = - [ a rs ]
[ G sn ] =
-0.0348
3.8781
-2.5649
0.03493
-0.1097
= E / 1,000,000
[ a rn ] =
[ g jn ] = [ g im ]
-1
[ a rn ]
True Stresses
[ G im ] = [ g im ] - [ g ir ] [ G rm ]
[ G rm ] = [ G sn ]
1.39
Bruhn Errata
Page A8.32 Influence Coefficient Matrix Redundant Truss
Influence Coefficients
a
ij
432 0
0
0
0 720 0
0
0
0
402 0
0
0
0 312
b
0.10 in
0.20 in
c
2
0.20 in
0.30 in
6
Using my values for L / A from Problem 3 on page A8.11
a
ij
0
0
432.67 0
0
720
0
0
0
0
402.49
0
0
0
0
312.41
2,000 lb
Member
[ g ir ]
0.8062
-1.5652
1
0
1.1541
-1.7285
0
1
0.8062
1.1541
-1.5652
-1.7285
ae
be
ce
de
Transpose
[ g ri ]
1
0
0
1
Multiply
[ a ij ] { g ri }
= 1 / E
348.83
499.34
-1,126.98
-1,244.52
402.49
0
1.40
0
312.41
Length,
L
Area,
A
True Load
( in )
( in )
S+Xu
( lb )
86.53
72.00
80.50
93.72
0.20
0.10
0.20
0.30
900.16
465.31
521.91
415.51
Determinate Stress Distribution
[ g 41 ] = 0.280 should be [ g 41 ] = 0.208
0.450
0.232

0.260
0.280
gim TRUE
should be
or 0.207 depending on significant digits of [ g i r ] etc.
gim TRUE
0.450
0.233
0.261
0.207
Dividing the forces from Example Problem 3 on page A8.11 by 2,000 yields the distribution above. Using a
percentage will give you the same distribution.
Redundant Forces
First
Second
Third
Problem 3
( Cut )
( Guess )
( True )
( True )
( page A8.11 )
0
1
0
0
0.400
0.258
0.400
0.0672
0.4500
0.2326
0.2613
0.2074
0.391
0.202
0.227
0.180
899.95
465.19
522.59
414.71
= 1/E
-1,127.0
-1,244.5
9.77
-100.35
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
{ g im }
2,302.44 lb
[ a rn ]
Note:
a
rn
CUT
g a g
CUT
g a g
CUT
ri
ij
jn
1126 1

1245 E I
should be
a
rn
CUT
ri
ij
jn
1126 1

1245 E
1.41
lb
Bruhn Errata
Page A11.9 Moment Distribution Method Fixed Beam with Support Deflections
Column 1, Figure A11.18
The d dimension is missing an arrow.
d
2
and
L
2
should be
Below Figure A11.18, to avoid any possible confusion
ML L ML 5
L
4EI 6 4EI
6
should look something like this:
ML L
ML 5
4 M L2

L
24 E I
4EI 6
4 EI 6
where the area of each moment curve
Therefore
1 L M
ML

2 2 EI
4EI
M L2
6EI
M
E I
M L
4 E I
M L
4 E I
L/6
L/2
5L/ 6
1.42
M
E I

Page A11.9 Moment Distribution Method Continuous Beam with Deflected Supports
Column 2, The fixed-end moments for a trapezoidal loading from Table A11.4
Table A11.4
should be
Table A11.1 (page A11.3)
Page A11.13 Fuselage Side Truss

Example Problem #8
P1
120
M1
3,200
lb
Assume
50% Fixity
in-lb
12''
29.25
12
38.50
34.00
41.25
Engine
Engine
Mount
Mount
P2
100
34.50
lb
34.50
Assume
50% Fixity
10''
10
A
M2
2,400
19.25
in-lb
20
30.00
Landing
Landing
Gear
Gear
Example Problem #8, Table A11.2
30.50
D
M3
-2,400
34.00
in-lb
Second instance of member CD in Column 1 should be CE.
Upper tubes are longer than the lower tubes yet AB and FG are both 34.50 inches long. Using DF = 30.50
inches (instead of 30 inches) and EG = 38.50 inches (instead of 38 inches) I get the following lengths:
ED = 35.42 inch instead of 35.40 inch
BC = 39.51 inch instead of 39.50 inch
CE = 40.92 inch instead of 41.00 inch
DG = 46.05 inch instead of 46.00 inch

FI = 48.44 inch instead of 48.50 inch
Moments (in-lb)
Mab = -1,614.5
Med = -111.7
Mac = -785.3
Mfd = 206.3
Mba = -1,863.1
Meg = -201.2
Mca = -51.3
Mdg = 452.7
Mbc = -652.5
Mge = -117.4
Mbe = -684.2
Mgd = 192.0
Mcb = -159.9
Mfg = -67.0
Meb = 397.5
Mfi = -47.8
Mcd = -212.7
Mgf = -51.3
Mce = -1.5
Mif = -13.7
Mdc = 1,098.3
Mgi = -22.1
Mec = -100.2
Mhf = -25.4
Mde = 207.3
Mig = -6.3
Mdf = 641.7
Mfh = -88.7
1.43
Bruhn Errata
Page A11.15 Moment Distribution Method Fixed Beam with Variable Inertia
Table A11.3
Trial M / I Curve
Static M / I Curve
Beam
Portion
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Trial M / I Curve
Avg Ord.
Mom. Arm
Moment
Avg Ord.
Mom. Arm
Moment
Avg Ord.
Mom. Arm
yx
yx
Moment
yx
106.7
397.6
770.9
1,120.0
1,440.0
1,760.0
1,614.5
974.5
420.0
100.0
8,704.2
2.67
6.31
10.16
14.10
18.07
22.06
26.13
30.23
34.35
38.67
284
2,508
7,835
15,787
26,027
38,827
42,182
29,459
14,427
3,867
181,202
110
132.7
142.7
130.0
110.0
90.0
67.3
40.6
17.5
4.2
845.0
2.06
6.06
10.01
14.05
18.06
22.07
26.13
30.23
34.35
38.67
226.7
804.8
1,429.1
1,826.7
1,986.7
1,986.7
1,757.6
1,227.5
601.1
161.1
12,007.9
6.7
24.8
48.2
70.0
90.0
110.0
123.6
117.0
90.8
62.5
743.6
2.67
6.31
10.16
14.10
18.07
22.06
26.02
30.06
34.12
38.13
17.8
156.8
489.7
986.7
1,626.7
2,426.7
3,217.0
3,516.0
3,098.9
2,383.3
17,919.4
It appears that the orientations of the trapezoids from the moment diagram were not considered when
calculating xbar for some areas. I calculate xbar from the left of each area using xbar = 2/3 (x2-x1) for the
triangular portion of areas with the point on left side and xbar = 1/3 (x2-x1) for the triangular portion of
areas with the point on the right side. My guess is that x bar = 2/3 (x2-x1) was used throughout the analysis
regardless of the orientation of the trapezoid.
Static M / I Curve: The sum of the average ordinate, y is wrong in Bruhn. Adding up the values in his
table yields 8,704 instead of 8,504. This gives a value for x bar = 179,809 / 8,704 = 20.66 inch instead of
21.15 inch. The last four values in my column for Moment Arm, x take into account the x bar discussion
above. xbar = 181,202 / 8,704.2 = 20.82 inch.
Trial MA / I Curve: The last eight values in the column for Moment Arm, x take into account the x bar
discussion above. xbar = 12,008 / 845.0 = 14.21 in
Trial MB / I Curve: The last three values in the column for Moment Arm, x take into account the x bar
discussion above. xbar = 17,919.4 / 743.6 = 24.10 in
Fixed End Moments
My numbers yield MA = -341.7 in-lb and MB = 782.3 in-lb
Carry Over Factors
My numbers yield COFBA = 0.543 and COFAB = 0.670
Constant, c
cBA = 0.721 and cAB = 0.877
Stiffness Factors
KBA = 0.721 I / L and KAB = 0.877 I / L
1.44
Page A11.16 Moment Distribution Method Fixed Beam with Variable Inertia
P = 100 lb
a
24 in
b
16 in
Figure A11.27
Figure A11.27 Inertia vs. Position
1.5
1.2
1
1.0
0.75
(in 4 )
Moment of Inertia, I
2.0
0.75
0.55
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.55
12
16
20
24
28
0.5
0.0
0
32
36
40
Position, x (in)
Figure A11.28
Figure A11.28 Moment vs. Position (Simply Supported)

1,200
Moment, M
(in-lb)
960
1,000
800
720
800
640
480
600
480
320
400
240
160
200
0
0
12
16
20
Position, x
1.45
24
(in)
28
32
36
40
Bruhn Errata
Figure A11.29
Figure A11.29 Trial MA vs. Position

0
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
0
40
-10
-20
-40
(in-lb)
Trial Moment, M
-20
-30
-40
-60
-50
-60
-80
-70
-80
-100
-90
-100
-120
Position, x (in)
Figure A11.29 Trial MB vs. Position

0
Trial Moment, M
0
-20
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
-10
-20
-40
-30
-40
-60
-50
-60
-80
-70
-80
-100
-90
-100
-120
Position, x (in)
Figure A11.30a
Moment / Inertia at x = 24 inches should be 1,920 not 1,420
Figure A11.30a Moment / Inertia Curve (M / I)

2,500
1,920
Moment / Inertia
2,000
1,600
1,309
1,280
1,500
960
1,000
640
582
500
20.82
213
200
12
16
20
Position, x
1.46
24
(in)
28
32
36
40

Figure A11.30b
Figure A11.30b -MA / I vs. Position

0
-20 0
12
-M A / I
-40
16
20
24
28
32
0
40
36
-8
-27
14.21
-60
-55
-80
-80
-100
-120-100
-100
-120
-140
-160
-120
-145
-140
Position, x
(in)
Figure A11.30c
Figure A11.30c -MB / I vs. Position

0
-20
12
16
20
24
-40
-M A / I
28
32
36
40
-13
24.10
-36
-60
-50
-60
-80
-75
-80
-100
-100
-120
-107
-120
-140
Position, x
-127
(in)
Moment / Inertia Diagram
Moment / Inertia Curve (M / I)

1,920
2,000
1,600
Moment / Inertia, M / I
1,500
1,280
960
500
1,309
1,258
1,000
582
1,578
967
938
618
213
200
0
-500-342
298
240
640
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
0
40
-142
-128
Position, x (in)
1.47
-391
Bruhn Errata
Page A11.21 Moment Distribution Method Frame with Missing Diagonal Shear Member
Example Problem #3, Figure A11.42
Member bh is missing an inertia value. I use a value of 2 in my solution.
10.0 lb
Distibution Factors
10.0 lb
10.0 lb
DF = K / S K
0.800
0.384
0.384
0.571
0.200
0.136
0.169
0.286
0.624
0.239
0.096
0.143
0.133
0.192
0.220
0.156
0.136
0.500
h
0.592
Moments from
Hardy Cross
g
0.46710.0 lb0.400
Moments from Hardy Cross

-4.273
a
10.0 lb
-25.107
45.413
b
10.0 lb
36.767
-19.097
c
10.0 lb
-2.254
d
-25.107
b
36.767
-2.254
-4.273
4.273
-8.689
f
0.57610.0 lb0.096
45.413
-11.617
-17.670
e
0.50010.0 lb
-19.097
c
-0.585
2.839
4.273
-8.689
-11.617
-17.670
-0.585
2.839
4.406
-1.136
-11.748
-17.370
-6.328
2.030
-11.748
-17.370
34.171
28.980
4.406
-1.136
h
-3.270
g
-22.424
-3.270
g
-22.424
Final Moments
-35.3
35.3
36.4
28.980
-2.030
10.0 lb
303.6
-18.6
g
-185.2
-95.9
-145.9
-95.9
-145.9
-97.0
-143.4
-97.0
-143.4
282.2
239.3
g
-185.2
-157.7
c
-4.8
-4.8
-52.2
16.8
-52.2
239.3
1.48
23.4
23.4
-43.6
-16.8
-43.6
-16.8
f
282.2
2.030
10.0 lb
375.0
b
h
-27.0
-5.283
-207.3
-9.4
-27.0
34.171
10.0 lb
-18.6
d
-9.4
-2.030
10.0 lb
303.6
-157.7
c
-71.7
36.4
-5.283
10.0 lb
-207.3
375.0
b
-71.7
35.3
10.0 lb
Final Moments
-35.3
a
-6.328
16.8
Page A11.24 Fixed-End Moment Coefficient, Uniformly Varying Load Figure A11.49
Figure A11.49 The curves are derived from NACA TN-534, Table C, page 44.
I have ended CA at L / j = 4.1 (dashed curve to L / j = 4.5) and C B at L / j = 4.6 per Graph
IV on page 48 of NACA TN-534.
Page A11.25 Fixed-End Moment Coefficient, Concentrated Load Figure A11.52

Figure A11.52 The curves are derived from NACA TN-534, Table D, page 45.
For L/j = 1.0 and a/L = 0.8 I am assuming that the value 1.2015 should be 1.0215.
For L/j = 1.0 and a/L = 0.9 I am assuming that the value .9654 should be .9854.
Page A11.25 Fixed-End Moment Coefficient for MA, Concentrated Load Figure A11.54
Figure A11.54 The curves are derived from NACA TN-534, Table E, page 46.
For L/j = 2.0 and a/L = 0.5 of MA I am assuming that the value 1.0370 should be 1.0570.
Page A11.25 Fixed-End Moment Coefficient for MB, Concentrated Load Figure A11.55
Figure A11.55 The curves are derived from NACA TN-534, Table E, page 46.
For L/j = 5.0 and a/L = 0.3 I am using the value 0.6846 instead of 0.6746.
1.49
Bruhn Errata
Page A11.26 Moment Distribution Method Continuous Beam

Figure A11.57
Effect of Axial Load on Moment Distribution
It looks like the Joint C balance is wrong and the errors follow through Joint D.
Fixed
51.5
96
72
Stiffness Factor, K
0.00817
0.00363
0.01201
0.01201
1.0E+100
SK / K
0.232
0.768
1.000
Carry Over Factor
0.720
0.624
0.624
Fixed End Moment
-884.1
862
-862
464
-464
22.0
Balance Joint B
Carry Over to C
Balance Joint C
(WAS) 243.8
88.8
Carry Over
(WAS) 314
293.6
183.1
Balance Joint D
Carry Over to D
Final Moments
(WAS) 148
15.8
(WAS) 146
280.8
-280.8
280.8
-884.1
884.1
-757.5
757.5
This yields values of 183.1 vs. 148, 280.8 vs. 314 and Final Moments of 757.5 vs. 705.8 and 280.8
versus 314.
Page A11.26 Column Distribution Factor Figure A11.56

Figure A11.56 The curve is derived from NACA TN-534, Table B, page 43.
I use the title for the abscissa in the NACA Technical Note of Column Distribution Coefficient instead of
Column Distribution Factor.
1.50
Page A11.27 Biplane Wing Example
Figure A11.58
C'
B'
A'
Cabane Struts
Fuselage
Lift Strut
Lift Strut
Figure A11.59
Axial Beam Loads, Front Beam
-507
C'
P1
-7,052
-1,006
-1,006
B'
-2,187
P2
-2,187
A'
-1,006
P3
P4
-1,006
P5
-507
-7,052
Beam A-B and Center Span A-A'

-11,758
-9,571
A'
Air Load, w
(lb/in)
-38,400
-220
-200
-180
38,400
-202
-202
-142
-42
-42
42
42
142
-160
202 -140
202
0
16
32
32
31
31
32
32
-120
16
0
-20,855
-7,559
20,855
-20,855
20,855
-38,400
38,400 in-lb
Distributed Air Load vs. Position

40
30
20
10
0
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
Position, x
20
40
(in)
Bi-Plane Wing After ten iterations I get the following moments:

M = 38,400 in-lb
-8,565
M = 20,855 in-lb
1.51
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Bruhn Errata
Solution
0.1498
0.0919
0.2355
0.2355
0.0919
0.1498
SK / K
0.281
0.719
0.719
0.281
COF
0.618
0.589
0.589
0.618
Fixed End Moments
-38,400
28,540
-28,540
19,175
-19,175
28,540
-28,540
38,400
First Balancing
9,860
2,629
6,736
-6,736
-2,629
-9,860
6,091
-3,966
3,966
-6,091
-596
-1,528
1,528
596
900
-900
-253
-647
647
253
381
-381
-107
-274
274
107
161
-161
-45
-116
116
45
68
-68
-19
-49
49
19
29
-29
-8
-21
21
12
-12
-3
-9
-5
-1
-4
-2
-1
-2
-38,400
38,400
-20,855
20,855
-20,855
20,855
-38,400
38,400
Carry Over
Second Balancing
Carry Over
Third Balancing
Carry Over
Fourth Balancing
Carry Over
Fifth Balancing
Carry Over
Sixth Balancing
Carry Over
Seventh Balancing
Carry Over
Eighth Balancing
Carry Over
Ninth Balancing
Carry Over
Tenth Balancing
Final Moments
1.52
Page A12.6 Slope Deflection Method Elevator Beam Example

Column 2,
K E I L 10,000,000 x 0.03339 40 8347
should be
K E I L 10,000,000 0.03339
/ 40 8,347
Column 2, just above equation (4),
M43 2 K 2 4 3 3 MF45
should be
M43 2 K 2 4 3 3 MF45
Page A13.8 Beam Bending Stresses Neutral Axis Method

Column 2, Stress on Stringer 1 There is a minus sign missing.
b1
0.002355 x 38000 .00046 x 713000 ...
should be
b1 0.002355 38,000 0.00046 x 713,000 ...

Column 2, Stress on Stringer 9
b9 238.5 15.39
3868 6.89 30320 # / in2
b9 238.5 15.39
3,868 6.89 30,320 lb / in2
should be
Page A13.12 Beam Bending Stresses

Column 1
Figure A13.17 Stainless Steel and Aluminum Alloy need to be reversed ( flipped, exchanged ) to match
the analysis.
Note the difference between Fig.A13.17 and Fig.A13.18 when the stiffness ratios are calculated and
substituted.
Thanks to Jeremy deNoyelles.
Column 2
In the equation for Iy, 0.165 should be 0.1615. I x = 28.27 should be 28.33
See the slide rule disclaimer on p. A13.13, column 2.
Thanks to Chris Boshers.
1.53
Bruhn Errata
Page A13.13 Beam Bending Stresses

-100 00
should be
-10,000
-100,00
should be
-10,000
c 0.1797 x 5000 0.0296 100 00
x 0.0403 100,00 .0296 x 5000 y
should be
c 0.1797 x 5,000 0.0296 10,000
x 0.0403 10,000 .0296 x 5,000 y
Page A14.8 Shear Flow in a Zee Section
Column 2, Table A14.3

Portions 1 and 4: ix = .000017 should be ix = 0.000083
Six = 0.0477 should be Six = 0.0459
Ix = .6035 should be Ix = 0.6036
Page A14.9 Shear Flow in a Zee Section

Column 1
2 = 25 - 32.2 or = 12 - 46.1 should be 2 = 25 + 32.2 or

= 12 + 46.1
Column 2.
Solution by Neutral Axis Method = 42 + 46 and in Figure A14.28

a = 87 + 17
Page A14.10 Shear Flow in a Zee Section Neutral Axis Method

Vn = 10000 x sin 45 - 29 = 7130 lb should be Vn = 10,000 sin ( 45 + 29 ) = 7,130 lb
Page A14.10 Shear Flow in a Zee Section The K Method

k1 = -7.406
k2 = 3.257
k3 = 34.25
I calculate
I calculate
I calculate
k1 = -7.408
k2 = 3.258
k3 = 34.264
1.54
Page A15.11 Single Cell Wing Beam Multiple Stringers

See Figure A15-27 and Figure A15-28. Check Column 13 in Table A15.1.
Pz = 1,000 lb
2"
Px = 400 lb
2
3
2
1
3"
10
11
12
10
13
11
12
13
14
15
14
15
16
16
Table A15.1
qy
-0.485
qz
-5.264
Acell
493.0
q
-35.96
10
11
12
13
14
Total
Area*
A
Arm
Z
ZA
Arm
X
XA
SZA
S XA
qy
S xA
qz
S zA
qxz
S xA + S zA
qxz m
Final
q
(in2)
(in2)
(in2)
(in)
(in2)
(in3)
(in)
(in2)
(in3)
(in3)
(in2)
(lb/in)
(lb/in)
0.0
-36
0.141
4.396
0.619
-17.41
-2.450
0.619
-2.450
1.189
-3.256
2.067
55.2
114.1
-33.9
0.141
6.446
0.907
-13.54
-1.905
1.526
-4.355
2.114
-8.031
5.917
44.2
261.5
-30.0
0.380
7.396
2.810
-9.11
-3.462
4.336
-7.817
3.795
-22.826
19.031
32.0
609.0
-16.9
0.168
7.766
1.308
-5.44
-0.916
5.644
-8.733
4.240
-29.710
25.471
38.2
973.0
-10.5
0.168
7.946
1.338
-0.86
-0.145
6.982
-8.878
4.310
-36.754
32.444
33.0
1,070.7
-3.5
0.168
7.896
1.330
3.14
0.529
8.312
-8.349
4.053
-43.754
39.700
33.2
1,318.1
3.7
0.168
7.696
1.296
7.14
1.202
9.608
-7.147
3.470
-50.576
47.106
40.2
1,893.7
11.1
0.168
7.296
1.229
11.74
1.977
10.836
-5.170
2.510
-57.044
54.534
32.6
1,777.8
18.6
0.290
6.896
2.000
15.39
4.463
12.836
-0.707
0.343
-67.571
67.228
251.8
16,928.0
31.3
16
0.350
-8.411
-2.944
15.39
5.387
9.892
4.680
-2.272
-52.074
54.346
46.0
2,499.9
18.4
15
0.310
-8.224
-2.549
9.64
2.988
7.343
7.668
-3.723
-38.654
42.376
48.2
2,042.5
6.4
14
0.310
-7.734
-2.398
3.32
1.029
4.945
8.697
-4.222
-26.033
30.255
46.4
1,403.8
-5.7
13
0.310
-7.004
-2.171
-2.96
-0.918
2.774
7.780
-3.777
-14.603
18.380
47.6
874.9
-17.6
12
0.280
-5.554
-1.555
-9.11
-2.551
1.219
5.229
-2.538
-6.417
8.956
36.6
327.8
-27.0
11
0.170
-4.504
-0.766
-13.54
-2.302
0.453
2.927
-1.421
-2.387
3.808
42.6
162.2
-32.2
10
0.170
-2.904
-0.494
-17.51
-2.977
-0.040
-0.050
-36
Member
S
* From Table 9, page A3.11
1.55
32,256.9
Bruhn Errata
Page A17.6 Membrane Stress and Deflection Coefficients

TABLE A17.2
Membrane Stress and Deflection Coefficients
a/b
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
n1
0.318
0.411
0.228
0.160
0.125
0.100
0.068
0.052
0.370
0.336
0.304
0.272
0.23
0.205
n2
Coefficient n2 for a/b = 1.0 should be 0.411 instead of 0.356. Reference NACA TM 965.
NACA TM-965
Rectangular Shell Plating Under Uniformly Distributed Hydrostatic Pressure
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094451_1993094451.pdf
.............................................................................................................................M. Heubert and A. Sommer

Page A17.7 Large Deflection in Plates
Figure A17.3 on page A17.3
a is the long side
Figure A17.5 on page A17.5
a is the short side
Equation (20) is probably incorrect.
1
a
E t3
b
a4
a
w max
1 Et
3
4 w max
3
n1 a
SparWeb suggests:
E t3
q w max
4
a
E t
3
w max 3 4
n b
1
Equation (21) is probably incorrect:
q a4
1 w max
4
a t
E t
1 w
a
3 max
n1 t
b
See Theory of Plates and Shells by Stephen Timoshenko.

1.56
Page A19.17 Bending and Shear Stress Analysis Tapered Multiple Stringer Wing
Column 1, For Station 20
K1 50 / 230.3 x 10.30 502 50 / 235500 .0002125

K1 50 / 230.3 1,030
should be
50 / 234,709 .0002130
K 2 1030 / 235500 .004378 should be K 2 1,030 / 235,500 .004374
Column 2,
b .00098 x 285000
.0002125 x 1300000
.004378 x 1,300,000 .0002125 x
285000 z
should be
b 0 .000978 285,000
.0002130 1,300,000
b 3.3 x 5639 z
x 0 .004374 1,300,000 .0002130 285,000
should be
b 1.83 x 5,625.5 z
Stresses at Station 47.5
K1 35.4 / 157.4 x 700 35.42 35.4 / 108950 .000324
should be
K1 35.4 / 157.4 700 35.42 35.4 / 108,927 .000325
K 2 700 / 108950 .00643 should be K 2 700 / 108,927 0.006426
K 3 157.4 / 108750 .001447 should be K 3 157.4 / 108,927 0.001445

b .001447 x 215000
.000324 x 1,000,000
.00643 x 1,000,000 .00324 x
215000 z
should be
b 0 .001445 215,000
b 14.5 x 6360 z
.000325 1,000,000
should be
x 0 .006426 1,000,000 .000325 215,000
b 14.3 x 6,356 z
Page A19.19 Analysis for Shear Stresses in Webs and Skin

Column 2
Moment of External Loads about the Center of Gravity of Station 20
12000 x 33.3 2700 x 11.8 390000 41800 in.lb.
12,000 x 33.3 2,700 x 11.8 390,000 22,260 in lb
cg
should be
cg
1.57
Bruhn Errata
Page A20.5 Fuselage Analysis Effective Cross Section

Table A20.1
Table A20.1
Trial No. 1 - Stringers
Trial No. 2 - Stringers
2a
10
11
12
Stringer
No.
Area
A
Area
A
Arm
z'
A z'
A z' 2
wt
Aeff
Aeff z
Az2
2
4
6
8
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.224
0.120
0.224
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.088
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.120
0.224
0.120
0.224
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.088
24.2
22.0
18.2
13.3
6.9
0
-3.2
-6.9
-10.1
-13.3
-15.8
-18.2
-20.3
-22.0
-23.7
-24.2
-24.9
3.65
3.32
2.74
2.00
1.04
0
-0.72
-0.83
-2.26
-1.60
-2.53
-2.18
-3.25
-2.64
-3.79
-2.90
-2.19
88.27
72.95
49.92
26.66
7.18
0
2.29
5.71
22.85
21.23
39.94
39.75
65.93
58.08
89.87
70.28
54.56
27.55
25.35
21.55
16.65
10.25
3.35
0.15
-3.55
-6.75
-9.95
-12.45
-14.85
-16.95
-18.65
-20.35
-20.85
-21.55
-29,925
-27,535
-23,408
-18,085
-11,134
-3,639
1.009
1.052
1.141
1.298
1.655
2.894
0.032
0.034
0.037
0.042
0.053
0.093
0.152
0.154
0.157
0.162
0.173
0.213
0.224
0.120
0.224
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.088
4.196
3.896
3.373
2.690
1.773
0.712
0.034
-0.426
-1.512
-1.194
-1.992
-1.782
-2.712
-2.238
-3.256
-2.502
-1.896
115.59
98.75
72.69
44.78
18.17
2.39
0.01
1.51
10.21
11.88
24.80
26.46
45.97
41.74
66.26
52.17
40.87
-12.14
715.47
2.626
-2.838
674.2
2.49
Skin
in
Tension
Table A20.2
Trial No. 1 - Buckled Sheets
1
10
11
Buckled
Sheet
b'
cr
Aeff
Arm
z'
A z'
A z' 2
1
3
5
7
9
11
2.262
4.024
4.024
4.024
6.024
6.512
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
11
11
24
38
38
38
-8,989
-8,989
-4,120
-2,602
-2,602
-2,602
-31,900
-30,300
-26,000
-20,200
-12,900
-4,100
0.282
0.297
0.158
0.129
0.202
0.635
0.020
0.038
0.020
0.017
0.039
0.132
24.9
23.7
20.3
15.8
10.1
3.2
0.51
0.91
0.41
0.26
0.39
0.42
12.65
21.46
8.41
4.14
3.97
1.35
2.91
51.97
0.267
Trial No. 2 - Buckled Sheets

1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Buckled
Sheet
b'
a = K t b'
az
a Z2
1
3
5
7
9
11
28.25
27.05
23.65
19.15
13.45
6.55
-30,685
-29,382
-25,689
-20,801
-14,609
-7,115
0.293
0.306
0.160
0.125
0.178
0.366
2.252
3.981
3.911
3.789
5.556
4.930
0.021
0.039
0.020
0.015
0.032
0.058
0.60
1.05
0.47
0.29
0.43
0.38
16.85
28.52
11.23
5.56
5.73
2.48
0.185
3.22
70.36
1.58
Page A20.6 Fuselage Analysis Effective Cross Section

Table A20.3
Stress in Stringers
Table A20.3
1
Element
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0.021
0.153
0.039
0.154
0.020
0.157
0.015
0.162
0.032
0.174
0.058
0.216
az
28.250
27.367
27.050
25.167
23.650
21.367
19.150
16.467
13.450
10.067
6.550
3.167
S
0.604
4.178
1.068
3.877
0.481
3.354
0.294
2.669
0.431
1.750
0.382
0.684
19.77
Stringer
Ref.
2
4
6
8
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
27.367
25.167
21.367
16.467
10.067
3.167
-0.033
-3.733
-6.933
-10.133
-12.633
-15.033
-17.133
-18.833
-20.533
-21.033
-21.733
-29,285
-26,931
-22,865
-17,621
-10,773
-3,389
35
3,994
7,419
10,843
13,518
16,086
18,333
20,153
21,972
22,507
23,256
From my calculations:
Trial No.
SA
S A z
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.513
5.612
5.636
5.636
5.637
5.637
5.637
5.637
5.637
5.637
-18.468
-17.704
-17.517
-17.467
-17.448
-17.442
-17.440
-17.439
-17.439
-17.439
bar
-3.3501
-3.2142
-3.1811
-3.1722
-3.1688
-3.1677
-3.1673
-3.1672
-3.1672
-3.1671
I NA
1,473.03
1,489.19
1,492.59
1,494.38
1,494.95
1,495.13
1,495.19
1,495.21
1,495.22
1,495.22
Page A20.8 Fuselage Section, Ultimate Bending Strength

Table A20.4, Column 7, Stringer No. 8
1
Arm Z = 10.0 should be 0.0

Column 2, Calculation of Ultimate Resisting Moment
Mx 36500 x 3252 / 35.7 0.7

should be
Mx
36,500 3,252
35.7 0.7
1.59
Bruhn Errata
Page A22.7 Shear Lag Analysis of Box Beams
a 10
1
rs
3.285 1.505 0.656 0.183

1.505 4.219 1.000 0.279
0.656 1.000 4.687 0.495
0.183 0.279 0.495 5.519
3.286 1.506 0.656 0.183

1.506 4.219 1.000 0.279
0.656 1.000 4.686 0.494
0.183 0.279 0.494 5.518
should be
a 10
1
rs
Gim
Gim
gim
gir
1
rs
rs
0.07692
0
0.07692
0.03453
0
.03453
0.92300
0.92300
0
0.92300
0.41439
0.50861
0.41439
0.41439
0
0.07692
0
0.07692
0.03134
0.03134
0
1.84610
0
1.84610
1.84610
0.79046
1.05564
0.79046
0.79046
0

0.07692
0
0.07692
0.02402
0.02402
0
2.76900
0
2.76900
1.07874
1.69026
2.76900
1.07874
1.07874
0.07692
0.07692
0
0.01004
0.01004
0
3.69200
0
3.69200
1.19928
2.49272
3.692
1.19928
1.19928
0
1.60
Page A22.13 Stresses in Inner Bays
q8
q9
q10
q11
q
19
q21
q22
.0295
.00676 .00676
.1006
.0791 .0208 .01753 .0095
.0013 .0411 .00401

.0230
.1135 .00675 .00675

.0422
.2409
.2409
.00676 .00676
.964
.9355 .3444
3.087
2.379 1.473 .2284

.3625
P1
P2
q12 "
q14 "
should be
q8
q9
q10
q11
q
19
q21
q22
0.02948
0.10060
0.07911 0.02084
0.00126 0.04108
0.11342
0.04220
0.24090
0.24058
0.96255
3.08824
2.37776 1.47345
0.00676
0.01753
0.00402
0.00676
0.00676
0.93541
0.22841
0.00676
0.00949
0.02301
0.00676
0.00676
0.34450
0.36250
P1
P2
q12 "
q14 "
Page A23.11 Single Bay Pinned Truss

6
Table A23.3, AE/L = 1.607 x 10 should be 1.06066 x 10 if the areas are to be the same as
2
Problem #1 on page A8.7 for E = 30E6 psi. I use cross-sectional areas, Aab = 1.0 in , Abd =
2
2
2
2
2
1.0 in , Adc = 1.0 in , Aca = 1.0 in , Acb = 2.00 in and Aad = 1.50 in .
2
For E = 10E6 psi. use cross-sectional areas, Aab = 3.0 in , Abd = 3.0 in , Adc = 3.0 in , Aca =
2
2
2
3.0 in , Acb = 6.00 in and Aad = 4.50 in . These will yield the same A E / L.
Page A23.15 Pinned Truss

Line 2, Equation (75)
A = 60 t2
should be
A = 60 t
1.61
Bruhn Errata
Page B1.8 Ramberg-Osgood Stress-Strain Curve

The Ramsberg and Osgood
Equation (3)
Ramberg and Osgood proposed a
should be
f
E
f

F0.7
F0.7
F0.7
should be
E
f
3 f
F0.7
F0.7
7 F0.7
This is obvious when you plot the equation as Figure B1.14 on page B1.9.
Figure B1.14 Stress-Strain in the Inelastic Range

1.40
n
2
E
f
3 f

F0.7 F0.7 7 F0.7
1.20
n
3
n2
1.00
5
10
20
50
f / F 0.7
0.80
n2
0.60
0.40
0.20
Ramberg & Osgood Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters , NACA T.N. 902
0.00
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
E / F0.7
1.62
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Page C1.5 Mohrs Circle for Principal Stresses

I believe that the angle theta should equal 19.33 degrees instead of 18 degrees 50 minutes.
tan 2 '
2 x 12000
.8
1000 20000
tan 2 '
2 12,000
10,000 20,000
should be
= 19.33 degrees
0.675 radians
The figure for Mohrs circle on page C1.5 might look like:
Mohr's Circle - Example Problem 2
z
n x
25,000
x z
xz
2
20,000
2
Shear Stress Component,
xy
15,000
xz
10,000
maz
5,000
p2
-30,000
-25,000
-20,000
-15,000
-10,000
-5,000
-5,000
5,000
-10,000
-15,000
-20,000
-25,000
Normal Stress Component, p or x (psi)
1.63
10,000
p1
15,000
20,000
Bruhn Errata
Page C1.5 Tri-Axial or Three Dimensional Stresses

Article C1.10
Missing
xz2
term.
Equation (14) is:
3 x y z 2 x y y z z x xy2 yz2
x y z 2 yz xz xy x yz2 y xz2 z xy2 0

It should be:
3 x y z 2 x y y z z x xy2 yz2 xz2
x y z 2 yz xz xy x yz2 y xz2 z xy2 0
1.64
Page C1.9 Octahedral Shear Stress Theory

Right Hand Column For a triaxial stress system,
1
2
f x f z 2 f z f y 2 f y f x 2 6 f s xz
f s zy f s yx
should be
1
2
f x f z 2 f z f y 2 f y f x 2 6 f s xz 2
f s zy f s yx
2
or another way to write the Von Mises Effective Stress:
1
2
y z
z x
6 xy y z zx
2
Page C2.2 Non-Dimensional Column Curves

Right Hand Column, Section C2.5
non-dimentional column curves have been derived by Cozzone and Melcon (See Ref. 3).
should be
non-dimensional column curves have been derived by Cozzone and Melcon (See Ref. 2).
Page C2.13 Strength of Columns using Column Curves

L = 24.9
should be
24.49 in
L / r = 41
should be
40.9
etc.
Page C2.13 Strength of Columns with Stable Cross Sections

Right Hand Column, Case 2
subjected to a temperature of 600 F should be subjected to a temperature of 300 F
1.65
Bruhn Errata
Page C2.14 Strength of Columns with Stable Cross Sections

Column 1
Px = .618 should be x = 0.618 in
L = L, sin c = 1 should be L = L, since c = 1
My guess is that Dr. Bruhn meant to use room temperature values (see page B1.11) for the first part of
the example
From Table B1.1, n = 8.8, Ec = 7,800,000 and F0.7 = 29,000 should be
From Table B1.1, n = 16.6, Ec = 10,500,000 and F0.7 = 72,000
Room temperature values
B = 1.365
Fc / F0.7 = 0.537
Fc = 38,635 psi
Compare to 450 F values
B = 1.005
Fc / F0.7 = 0.736
Fc = 21,344 psi
Page C2.15 Strength of Stepped Column

Left Hand Column
B becomes or 10 as shown
2
B becomes or 9.87 as shown

2
should be
Right Hand Column

L / = 54.5
P = 26,300
F2 = 59,500
54.9
26,311
59,556
For Portion 2
f1 / F0.7 = 0.826
0.827
Et / E = 0.675
0.731
Et = 0.675 x 10,500,000 = 7,090,000
E I1 / E I2 = 4.7
4.31
B = 5.6
5.92
Et = 0.731 x 10,500,000 = 7,670,000
Page C2.16 Column Strength With Known End Restraining Moment

Figure C2.34
Height of truss is missing. It should be 25 inches.
= 258,000
(257,551)
L / E I = (258,000 x 30) / 29,000,000x .0367 = 7.28

should be
L / E I = 2.58
L / E I = (257,551 x 30) / 29,000,000 x .03867 = 6.89
2.56
1.66
Page C2.17 Column Strength With Known End Restraining Moment

Left Hand Column
K 1 L3
q
EI
should be
K ' L3
q
EI
Page C2.17 Columns With Elastic Lateral Supports

Left Hand Column, Last Sentence
in the problem dealing with a tapered column. should be in the problem dealing with a stepped
column.
Page C2.18 References

References
Cozzone S Melcon
should be
Cozzone & Melcon
Page C4.24 Ultimate Strength in Combined Compression, Bending and Torsion

Right Hand Column
One should be a prime
Rb1 Rst 1 Rc
2
should be
Rb ' Rst 1 Rc
2
R ' b .20
should be
Rb' 0.20
1.67
Bruhn Errata
Page C4.25 Ultimate Strength in Combined Compression, Bending and Torsion

Right hand column
My solution gives Mmax = 1,339.9 in-lb versus 1,347 in-lb which yields the following interaction curve:
Figure C4.36 Compression, Bending and Torsion
1.0
T
T
M
M
0.9
P
P
0.8
0.7
Rb' Rst 1 Rc
2
0.6
Rc
Rb' Rst
2
0.5
Rb
M .S.
0.4
0.3
0.2
Rst
0
Rc
0.1
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.1
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Rc
Page C4.26 Combined Compression, Bending, Flexural Shear and Torsion

Figure C4.40
Rc Rst
Rb Rs 1.0
2
Rc Rst
should be
1.68
Rb Rs 1
2
Page C5.4 Chart of Non-Dimensional Compressive Buckling Stress

Figure C5.8 Chart of Non-Dimensional Compressive Buckling Stress Clamped Edges
The equation listed under the figure is for a long plate with simply supported edges instead of clamped.
E
s
2E
3 Et
1 0.5 1
Es
1
2
1 e2

2
1
should be
3 Et
E
s 0.352 0.324 1
E
Es
3 Et
0.352 0.324 1
Es
2 1 e2

2
1
1
2
Es 1 e 2

2
E 1
or if you wish
or as it should be on page 49 of NACA TN 3781

The plasticity reduction factor for a long plate with simply supported edges is
E 1 e2
s
2
E 1
0.500 0.250 1 3 E
1
2
E
s
while for a long clamped plate
E 1 e2
s
2
E 1
0.352 0.324 1 3 E
1
2
E
s
Page C5.7 Bending Buckling Coefficient of Plates

Figure C5.15 Bending-Buckling Coefficient of Plates as a Function of a/b
Abscissa should range from 0.3 to 2.3 instead of 3 to 23. Thanks to R.L. Hurwitz.
Page C5.8 Combined Bending and Shear

First column, Section C5.10
Rs is the stress ratio due to torsional shear stress and R st is the stress ratio for transverse or flexural
shear stress.
should be
Rst is the stress ratio due to torsional shear stress and R s is the stress ratio for transverse or flexural
shear stress.
1.69
Bruhn Errata
Bending, Cantilever Wing - Skin Buckling
Page C5.11 Cantilever Wing Skin, Ribs and Stiffeners

q
q32
32
Bottom
of Column 1 From Art. C5.12 the interaction equation is Rc + Rs = 1 which is RL + Rs = 1
2
Bottom of Column 2
q
q34
q23
q23
q1=0
200
q21
4.05 Z A
49 .3
200q
49.3
Bending,
Skin
21 -Z
should
be Cantilever
q Wing
A Buckling
4.05 Z A
q32
t = 0.035 inWing - Skin Buckling

Bending, Cantilever
Panel A
Panel C
q23
5.0 in
5.0 in
q32
7.0 in
q1=0
q1=0
t = 0.035 in
Panel C
5.0 in
q32
q34
8.5 in
q43
q43
8.5 in
q21
t = 0.035 in
5.0 in
q32
5.0 in
5.0 in
3.715 in
3.715 in
q32
t = 0.051 in
q21
t = 0.035 in
tq
= 0.035
23
q34q34
q21
q1=0
q21
q23
16.5 in
q32
2
q32
ringer Area, A = 0.18 in
q34
q21
q1=0
q23
q1=0
q32
q32
in
q32
q21
q34
q21
q23
q23
q23
q32
2
fc = 2 P / A = 1,400 lb / 16.5
3.74
in in = 374 psi
2
Area, A = 0.18 in
ngle Area, A = 0.25 inStringer
q32
16.5
2 P / A =in-lb
1,4004.233
lb / 3.74
= 374 psiin4 = 444 psi
fc = Mx z / Ixfc== 5,170
ininin
/2 49.30
Angle Area,
in in2
Stringer
Area,AA= 0.25
= 0.18
q = ( V / Ix ) S Z A
fc = Mx z / Ix = 5,170 in-lb 4.233 in / 49.30 in24 = 444 psi
q=
Angle Area, A = 0.25
in(2V / Ix ) S Z A
fc = 2 P / A = 1,400 lb / 3.74 in = 374 psi

fc = Mx z / Ix = 5,170 in-lb 4.233 in / 49.30 in4 = 444 psi
q = ( -200 / 49.3q )=S( -200

Z A/ 49.3
= - 4.0568
Z A S ZA
) S Z A = -S4.0568
q = ( V / Ix ) S Z A
q1 = 0 (Symmetry)
q1 = 0 (Symmetry)
qq
= ((-4.0568
Z A = )- S
4.0568
4.2325
) 2.5 ( 0.035
21 =
-200 /) S49.3
Z A( =
- 4.0568
S Z) =A-1.50 lb / in
q21 = ( -4.0568 ) S qZ23A= -1.50

= - 4.0568
( 0.035
-1.50
lb lb
/ in
- 4.0568 S( Z4.2325
A = 1.50) -2.5
4.0568
( 3.715 )) =
0.18
= -4.22
/ in
A = -4.22
- 4.0568)( 0.18
4.2325 =
) 5.0
( 0.035
-7.22 lb / in
0A(Symmetry)
q23 = -1.50 - 4.0568qq321S=Z-4.22
=- 4.0568
1.50 S- Z4.0568
( 3.715
-4.22
lb)/=in
q34 = -7.22 - 4.0568 S Z A = -7.22 - 4.0568 ( 3.69 ) 0.25 = -10.96 lb / in
) S- Z4.0568
A = - 4.0568
( 4.2325
2.5 ( 0.035
) = -1.50
q32 = -4.22 - 4.0568q21
S =Z (A-4.0568
= -4.22
( 4.2325
) 5.0 () 0.035
) = -7.22
lb / lbin/ in
q
q43
t =x 0.051 in
t = 0.051 in
q32
3.69 in
t = 0.051 in
qq3232
q32
3.69 in
t = 0.035 in
7.0 in
q32
q34
5.0 in
Panel A
q43
Panel A
t = 0.051 in
5.0 in
7.0 in
q32
q21
3.69 in
q23
q21
Panel C
q32
t =q340.051
in
q32
23
5.0qin
q21
3.715
q23 in
q34
q43
q34
q32
q32
= -10.96 - 4.0568 S Z A = -10.96 - 4.0568 ( 3.69 / 2 ) 0.051 ( 3.69 ) = -12.37 lb / in
43
4.0568
S Z A =( 3.69
1.50 -) 4.0568
3.715 ) lb
0.18
q34 = -7.22 - 4.0568q23
S =Z -1.50
A = --7.22
- 4.0568
0.25 =( -10.96
/ in= -4.22 lb / in
q32 = -4.22 - 4.0568 S Z A = -4.22 - 4.0568 ( 4.2325 ) 5.0 ( 0.035 ) = -7.22 lb / in
q43 = -10.96 - 4.0568 S Z A = -10.96 - 4.0568 ( 3.69 / 2 ) 0.051 ( 3.69 ) = -12.37 lb / in

q34 = -7.22 - 4.0568 S Z A = -7.22 - 4.0568 ( 3.69 ) 0.25 = -10.96 lb / in
q43 = -10.96 - 4.0568 S Z A = -10.96 - 4.0568 ( 3.69 / 2 ) 0.051 ( 3.69 ) = -12.37 lb / in
1.70

Page C5.12 Buckling Strength of Flat Sheet in Combined Stress Systems
Column 1, first equation
Total fs = 163 + 854 = 917 psi should be
Rs = 0.368
M .S.
Total fs = 163 + 854 = 1,017 psi
Rc + Rs = 1.042
2
0.906
0.906
0.368
1 0.04
Page C6.3 Buckling Stress for Hat-Section Stiffeners
Figure C6.7
Ref 12 should be Ref 5
It was Reference 12 in NACA TN-3782, page 17:
NACA TN-3782, Figure 6, page 31
NACA TN-3782
Bruhn Figure C6.7, page C6.3
Handbook of Structural Stability Part II - Buckling of Composite Elements
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=239713&id=4&qs=N%3D4294809390 .......................... Herbert Becker
Charts for the Calculation of the Critical Compressive Stress for Local Instability of Columns with Hat Sections
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Volume 21, No. 6, June 1954
1.71
Van Der Maas, Christian J.
Bruhn Errata
Page C7.6 Restraint Produced by Lips and Bulbs

Equation C7.8
IL
AL
3
bf t
bf t
2.73
2.73
should be
IL
bf t f
AL
5
bf t f
Equation C7.9
b
0.910 L
t
2.73
0.910
IL
bf t f
bL
tf
b
L
t
b
5 f
t
AL
5
bf t f
b
b
L 5 f
tf
tL
b
0.910 L
tf
should be
2.73
t L bL
bf t f
3
3
b
0.910 L
tf
bL t L
5
bf t f
bL
tf
bL
tf
bf
tL
bf
tL
Buckling line is plotted bL / tL vs. bf / tf . This may explain why Figure C7.11 is plotted as b L / t vs. bf / t.
In other words, the two curves may be plotted on the same graph when tL = tf .
When the thickness of the lip equals the flange thickness you can use Figure C7.11.
1.72
Figure C7.12
Minimum bulb dimensions required for buckle as simply supported plate
should be
Minimum Bulb Dimensions Required for Flange to Buckle as a Simply Supported Plate
When the thickness of the lip differs from the thickness of the flange, buckling of the lip should be
a separate check.
Note:
Some believe
IL
t b
L L
3
should be
IL
t b
L L
12
If the above equation is satisfied, then the lip element stabilizes the vertical flange element (b f & tf leg). In
other words, the vertical leg is simply supported on both ends for the crippling, Fcc calculation.
Thanks to Joe Zuklic.
1.73
Bruhn Errata
Page C7.6 Restraint Produced by Lips and Bulbs
Right Column, second and third line instead of 0.388 and 3.617
Joe Zuklic calculates compressive buckling coefficients of 0.389 and 3.615.
For v = 0.3
Simply Supported Plate
K = 4.0 From Figure C5.2C on page C5.2

2
fcr
2K E t

12 1 2 b
Simple Free Edges
2 K
2 4.0
3.615
12 1 2
12 1 0.302
K = 0.43 From Figure C5.2E on page C5.2
(or 0.42 or 0.416 depending on the source)

2
fcr
2K E t

12 1 2 b
2 K
2 0.43
0.3886
12 1 2
12 1 0.302
For v = 0.33
Simply Supported Plate K = 4.0 From Figure C5.2C on page C5.2

2
fcr
2K E t

12 1 2 b
Simply Supported Free
2 K
2 4.0
3.692
12 1 2
12 1 0.332
(or 0.42 or 0.416 depending on the source)

2
2K E t
fcr

12 1 2 b
2 K
2 0.43
0.3969
12 1 2
12 1 0.332
1.74
Page C7.10 Sheet Effective Widths

Right Hand Side
Simply Supported (for = 0.3)
K = 4.0 From Figure C5.2C on page C5.2
2 4.0 E
Fcy
12 1 2
2K E t
fcr

12 1 2 b

we
we
12 1 2 Fcy
4 2 E
we
we
0.5259
we
1.90
t
0.2766 cy
E
Fcy
E
Fcy
Effective Width
w e 1.90 t
Fcy
From test data for light stringers
w e 1.70 t
Fcy
Page C7.11 Sheet Effective Widths

Right Hand Side
Fixed Free Edges (for = 0.3)
2 0.43 E t
Fcy
12 1 2 w e
we
we
0.623
t
2K E t
fcr

12 1 2 b
we
12 1 2 Fcy
0.43 2 E
2.573 cy
E
1.604
we
Effective Width
Fcy
E
w e 0.623 t
1.75
Fcy
E
Fcy
Bruhn Errata
Page C7.15 Failure by Inter-Rivet Buckling
Right Column, Equation (C7.24)
c2
Fir
12 1 2
ts
should be
c 2 Et
Fir
12 1 2
ts
Page C7.26 Column Strength of Stiffener With Effective Sheet

Left column
w = .965
should be
0.960 in
Figure C7.36
The peak of the curve for S / = 3.0 is too high.
The figure should look like
Figure C7.36
Curves for the Determination of ( / o ) 2 = F c / F ST
3.0
S 2 w t

1
1
2
o Ao

Fc
2
FST
o
wt
1
Ao
2.5
( / o ) 2 = F c / F ST
2.0
S
o
3.0
1.5
2.8
2.6
2.4
1.0
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
0.5
1.2
1.0
Thesis b y R.J.White: The Ultimate Compressive Strength of Thin Sheet Metal Panels, Appendix A, C.I.T. 1935
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
w t / Ao
1.76
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0

Right column
.2063
0.205
1.05
1.117
= .548
0.565
L / = 44.8
43.4
Fc = 26,050
26,357 psi

Left Column
Revised effective width
26,050
should be
Failing Load = 3675
w = .99 in
should be
w = 0.948 in
26,357
should be
3,708
Page C8.24 Buckling Strength of Monocoque Cylinders

Figures C8.25 C8.28, pages C8.24 and C8.25 are not applicable to general design. Thanks to SparWeb.
Page C9.12 Orthotropic Circular Cylinders

Table C9.1 Bending equation should be
b
g 4.80
d
2
2
2
s t s t s s

f t f t b
14
NACA 3786, page 33, equation (46)
NACA 3786, Table 1, page 63 also lists the equation incorrectly.

Page C9.14 References

Column 2, References
(2) Gerard & Becker Handbook of Structural Stability Part III - Buckling of Curved Plates and Shells
NACA Technical Note 3883
should be
NACA Technical Note 3783
1.77
Bruhn Errata
Page C10.7 Stiffener Size to Use with Non-Buckling Web
Equation C10.8, Section C10.10 is missing brackets. Thanks to Dave Kubala.
Iv
2.29d V h w
t
33 E
43
Iv
should be
2.29 d V h w
t
33 E
43
Page C11.11 Wagner Beam, Check of Web to Flange Rivet Attachment
Pr
Vcr IF
V
tu
h
h I
tu tan a
h
12
2
244
210
12850
12850
Pr
x .933 3

28.56
28.56
28.56 270.5
12
2
2
244 210
12,850
12,850
Pr
0
.
933
28.56
28.56
28.56 270.5
Page C11.12 Lower Flange Bending Stresses
fb
12200 x 17.42
662800 x 19.06
270.5
210
fb
12,200 17.42
662,800 19.06
270.5
210
should be
Page C11.12 Combined Flange Axial Stresses

fc 35167 10770 45337 psi
should be
fc 35,167 10,170 45,337 psi
1.78
should be
12
Page C11.13 Crippling Stress for the Upper Flange
A
g t2
Fcy
E
c
12
0.675
70,000
2
4 x .1562 10,300,000
12
.572
From Fig. C7.7 we read Fcs / Fcy = .90, hence Fcs = 0.90 x 70000 = 63000 psi. compression.
For a tee section Figure C7.8 (page C7.5) is applicable and the cutoff is 0.80 F cy . (Without bulbs, g = 3.)
A
g t2
Fcy
E
c
12
70,000 1 2
0.570

10,300,000
0.675
0.15625 2
From Figure C7.8 we read Fcs / Fcy = 0.839, hence Fcs = 0.839 ( 70,000 psi ) = 58,730 psi compression.
Cutoff = 0.80 ( 70 ksi ) = 56 ksi
Therefore, Fcs = 56 ksi.
Page C11.14 NACA Symbols

Q
static moment about neutral axis of parts of cross-section as specified by subscripts. in.
should be
First Area Moment about Neutral Axis of Parts of Cross-Section as Specified by Subscripts ( in )
Page C11.15 Thickness and Flange Flexibility Factor

t
thickness
Delete the extra parenthesis )
wd
flange flexibility factor
Delete the parenthesis ( .
Flange Flexibility Factor defined by expression (19a) in NACA TN-2661
Page C11.17 Average and Maximum Stress in Upright or Web Stiffener

Column 1, Section C11.20
fu
k fs tan a
Au
.05
dt
See NACA TN-2661, page 19, equation (30a).
NACA TN-2661
should be
fu
k fs tan a
Au
0.50
dt
Thanks to Spero Papantos.
A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part I : Methods of Analysis
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=5043 ............... Paul Kuhn, James P. Peterson, L. Ross Levin
1.79
Bruhn Errata
Page C11.18 Web Design

Section C11.23, column 2, eq 62. See NACA TN 2661, equation 33a, page 27. Thanks to Joe Zuklic.
fs max = fs ( 1 + k C1 ) ( 1 + k C2 )
should be
fs max = fs ( 1 + k C1 ) ( 1 + k C2 )
Page C11.19 Secondary Bending Moment in Flanges

Equation (69)
1
k fs t d 2 C3
12
should be
Mmax
1
k fs t d 2 C3 tan a
12
See NACA TN 2661, page 50. Thanks to SuperStress on the www.eng-tips.com website.
Page C11.38 Allowable Stress in Fuselage Skin - Diagonal Tension

4
Example problem in Section C11.34. From page A20.8, the effective moment of inertia, I = 3,252 in
4
(3,257 in by my calculations) instead of 2,382. This affects the stringer stresses ( f p max , fp avg ) and the
shear flow in the panels ( q 2-3 and q 3-4 ).
The moment arms, z for the calculation of the first area moment, Q for stringers 2, 3 and 4 should be
34.56, 31.06 and 26.76 inches respectively instead of 38.3, 36.4 and 32.9 inches using z 0.76 in
from page A20.8. ( I calculate z 0.81 in ) This would impact the calculations for the shear flow in the
panels.
Page C11.44 Longeron Type Fuselage Structure

Column 1, near the bottom
Fig. C11.37 Example Problem
C11.37 Example Problem
should be
1.80
Page C12.13 Hexagonal Cell Core Wrinkling - Biaxial and Shear Interaction
At the bottom of the right hand column it appears that a square root symbol is missing
M .S.
2
Ra Ra
Rs
0.18
should be
M .S.
M .S.
2
Ra
Ra
4 Rs
1 0.02
2
0.762
0.732
0.543
1 0.02
Interaction Equations
Ra Rs
Cell Core Buckling Biaxial and Shear Interaction
Ra Rs
Cell Core Wrinkling Biaxial and Shear Interaction
Cell Core Wrinkling - Biaxial and Shear Loading

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Ra
0.6
0.5
M.S. = -0.02
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
RS
1.81
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Bruhn Errata
Page D3.6 Splice with Filler
Column 1, Figure D3.18

7075-T6 Slum.
should be
7075-T6 Alum.
Bearing allowables Bearing In .072 = 1630# and Bearing In .081 = 1840#

are apparently based on Fbru = 145 ksi which seems high for 7075-T6 Sheet.
Case II
Using Fbru = 135 ksi I calculate:
Bearing in 0.072 inch sheet = 1,519 lb and
Bearing in 0.081 inch sheet = 1,709 lb
The number of fasteners required does not change in this example if F bru is greater than 132,128 psi.
Page D3.7 Framing Cutouts in Web

Column 1, last line, as shown in Fig. C3.20 should be as shown in Fig. D3.20.
Page D3.9 Framing Cutouts in Web

Dont interpret the dashes as minus signs in any of the example cutouts.
1.82
Figure D3.21
Before Cut-Out
a = 12 in
b = 12 in
c = 12 in
1q
1q
1q
1q
1q
1q
e = 7 in
1q
1q
1q
f = 3 in
d = 5 in
qo
qo
Self-Balancing Internal Loads
-0.438 q
0.875 q
-0.438 q
0.500 q
-1 q
0.500 q
-0.438 q
0.875 q
-0.438 q
Final Shear Flow Distribution
0.563 q
1.875 q
0.563 q
qo
qo
1.500 q
0.563 q
1.500 q
1.875 q
1.83
0.563 q
Bruhn Errata
Figure D3.23
Before Cut-Out
a = 12 in
b = 12 in
1q
1q
1q
1q
1q
1q
c = 12 in
d = 5 in
qo
qo
1q
e = 7 in
f = 3 in
-0.875 q
0.875 q
1q
-1 q
-0.875 q
0.875 q
0q
0.125 q
1.875 q
qo
qo
2q
0.125 q
1q
1.875 q
1.84

Figure D3.24
Figure D3.24 (b)
Middle lower bay should have the shear flow, qo reversed.
qo
-qo
should be
The upper and lower arrows in the bay should be reversed.

Before Cut-Out
a = 12 in
b = 12 in
c = 12 in
d = 5 in
1q
1q
qo
1q
qo
1q
e = 3 in
1q
f = 7 in
-0.875 q
0.875 q
0q
1q
-1 q
0.125 q
1.875 q
qo
1q
qo
2q
Page D3.10 Framing Cutouts With Doublers or Bents

First column, fourth paragraph from the bottom
Th se allowables apply
should be
These allowables apply
1.85
Bruhn Errata
1.86
2.0 Aircraft Structures

The first edition of Aircraft Structures by David J. Peery is another classic book on aircraft stress
analysis. The following pages list topics from the book that are a good start to any stress analysts
education.
Errata Analysis of Wing Ribs

Section 8.3, page 192
qba = 274 lb/in
qac = 374 lb/in
qbc = 566 lb/in
Incorrect.
Three Equations, Three Unknowns
222 qba 168 qac 90,000

20 qba 20 qac 2,000
4 qba 6 qac 10 qbc 9,000
In Matrix Form
0
222 168
20
20
0
4
6 10
qba
qac
q
bc
90,000
= 2,000
9,000
Invert Matrix
0
222 168
20
20
0
4
6 10
0
0.00256 0.02154
0.00256 0.02846
0
0.00256 0.00846 0.10
Solve
qba
qac
q
bc
0
0.00256 0.02154
0
0.00256 0.02846
0.00256 0.00846 0.10
qba = 188 lb/in
qac = 288 lb/in
90,000
187.7
2,000 = 287.7
9,000
652.3
qbc = 652 lb/in
2.1
Bruhn Errata
Schrenks Method of Spanwise Air-Load Distribution

David J. Peery Aircraft Structures, First Edition pages 228-232
NACA TN-948
A Simple Approximation Method for Obtaining the Spanwise Lift Distribution
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094469_1993094469.pdf ...................... O. Schrenk
INPUT
Figure 9.14
Geometry
b/2
240
in
c1
102
in
c12
63.75
in
y1 - y4
23.040
in
23.04
y5 - y8
21.960
in
21.96
y9 - y12
15.000
in
15.00
Taper
0.625
to 1
38,340
in2
0.25
4 x
23.04 ''
4 x
21.96 ''
4 x
15.00 ''
120
100
80
Flap Deflection
f
60
40
30.00
20
Angle of Zero Lift

From
-1.20
To
-8.00
0
0
20
40
60
Symbols
Table 9.1
Span
y
2y/b
Chord
c
( in )
2 y
1
0
0.042
0.096
0.192
0.288
0.384
0.476
0.567
0.659
0.750
0.813
0.875
0.896
0.917
0.938
1.000
102.0
100.0
98.3
94.7
91.0
87.4
83.8
80.3
76.8
73.3
69.2
63.0
60.0
55.8
49.5
0
1
0.999
0.995
0.981
0.958
0.923
0.880
0.824
0.753
0.661
0.583
0.484
0.444
0.400
0.348
0
( in )
0
10.00
23.04
46.08
69.12
92.16
114.12
136.08
158.04
180.00
195.00
210.00
215.00
220.00
225.00
240.00
4S
Col 4
101.7
101.6
101.2
99.8
97.4
93.9
89.5
83.8
76.5
67.3
59.3
49.2
45.2
40.6
35.4
0
cci
ci
101.85
100.81
99.77
97.25
94.20
90.65
86.63
82.04
76.67
70.28
64.24
56.12
52.60
48.22
42.45
0
0.999
1.008
1.015
1.027
1.035
1.037
1.034
1.022
0.998
0.959
0.928
0.891
0.877
0.864
0.857
0
2.2
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
DATA
Figure 9.14
Simpson's Rule
SaaR c
59,335
S/2
19,170
aw0
3.10
m0
0.10
per degree
m0 / 2
0.050
per degree
6.01
to 1
30.00
in2
4 x
23.04 ''
4 x
21.96 ''
4 x
15.00 ''
c clb vs. Span Position

20
15
b 2
a w0
10
m0 a aR c dy
0
b 2
1.33
m0 c dy
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
-5
-10
-15
Postion, y ( in )
Table 9.2
Span
y
Chord
c
aaR
( in )
from ref. line
0
23.04
46.08
69.12
92.16
102.0
98.3
94.7
91.0
87.4
6.80
6.80
6.80
6.80
6.80
693.7
668.5
644.1
618.9
594.4
3.71
3.71
3.71
3.71
3.71
92.16
114.12
136.08
158.04
180.00
87.4
83.8
80.3
76.8
73.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
195.00
210.00
225.00
240.00
69.2
63.0
49.5
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
aaR c
clb
c clb
c clb
( in )
faired
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.185
18.90
18.21
17.55
16.86
16.19
18.90
18.21
17.49
11.85
1.29
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.130
0.015
-3.10
-3.10
-3.10
-3.10
-3.10
-0.155
-0.155
-0.155
-0.155
-0.155
-13.53
-12.97
-12.43
-11.89
-11.34
1.29
-7.32
-11.08
-11.80
-11.34
0.015
-0.087
-0.138
-0.154
-0.155
-3.10
-3.10
-3.10
-3.10
-0.155
-0.155
-0.155
-0.155
-10.71
-9.75
-7.66
0
-10.72
-9.65
-7.67
0
-0.155
-0.153
-0.155
0
zero lift
2.3
clb / c
240
Bruhn Errata
Figure 9.16
CL = 1.72
2
cl for CL = 1.72
1.6
1.2
Cl
cla1
0.8
cl for CL = 1.0
0.4
clb
0
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
-0.4
Spanwise Position, y ( in )
Table 9.4
( deg. )
( radians )
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
0.00
0.39
0.79
1.18
1.57
2y/b
m/m
cs / c
sin q
ci
0
1.9245
1.3600
1.1670
1.0000
0
0.383
0.707
0.924
1.000
0
0.736
0.962
1.078
1.000
y4
y3
y2
y1
y0
( in )
1.000
0.924
0.707
0.383
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
53.0
75.0
87.4
102.0
2.4
Spanwise Distribution of Induced Drag

INPUT
Figure 9.14
Geometry
b/2
240
in
c1
102
in
c12
63.75
in
y1 - y4
23.040
in
y5 - y8
21.960
in
y9 - y12
15.000
in
Taper
0.625
to 1
38,340
in2
4 x
23.04 ''
A1
A3
A5
0.7664
0.0313
0.0185
B1
B3
B5
1
0
0
180 /
57.30
DATA
Assume Angle of Attack

aa
1.00
6.01
to 1
Slope of Section Lift Curves

ms
0.1000
4 x
15.00 ''
C0
C2
C4
C6
C8
C10
0.819
-0.371
-0.231
-0.129
-0.088
0
Cl
0.10
/ radian
ms
5.730
2.6178
-0.1400
-0.1017
-0.1400
3.5937
-0.2826
-0.1017
-0.2826
4.6820
A1
A3
A5
2
0
0
0.383
0.016
0.009
0.016
0.280
0.017
0.009
0.017
0.215
2
0
0
=
=
=
0.7664
0.0313
0.0185
A1 / CL
A2 / CL
A3 / CL
0.1740
0.0071
0.0042
= aa
/ radian
C2 - C 4
C2 - C 6
C2 - C 8
C4 - C 6
-0.1400
-0.2416
-0.2826
-0.1017
P1
P3
P5
1.309
1.797
2.341
cs ms
4 b
0.3044
Solve for A
radian
Aspect Ratio
A
4 x
21.96 ''
per degree
B1
B3
B5
Coefficient of Lift for the Entire Wing
CL
c s m s b A1
4.404
4S
Table 9.4
( deg. )
( radians )
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
0.00
0.39
0.79
1.18
1.57
2y/b
m/m
cs / c
sin q
ci
0
1.9245
1.3600
1.1670
1.0000
0
0.383
0.707
0.924
1.000
0
0.736
0.962
1.078
1.000
y4
y3
y2
y1
y0
( in )
1.000
0.924
0.707
0.383
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
53.0
75.0
87.4
102.0
2.5
Bruhn Errata
Table 9.5
Table 9.5
y = b / 2 cos
sin
sin 3
sin 5
0.1740 sin
0.0071 sin 3
0.0042 sin 5
SAn sin n
c cl
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
90
0
1
-1
1
0.1740
-0.0071
0.0042
0.1711
100.00
72
74.2
0.951
-0.588
0
0.1655
-0.0042
0
0.1613
94.28
54
141.1
0.809
0.309
-1
0.1408
0.0022
-0.0042
0.1388
81.10
36
194.2
0.588
0.951
0
0.1023
0.0068
0
0.1090
63.73
18
228.3
0.309
0.809
1
0.0538
0.0058
0.0042
0.0637
37.25
Table 9.6
Table 9.6
y
ccl
Chord Length, c
cl
aa = 1 / 4.41
cl / mo = cl / 5.73
aa = aa - cl / mo
cdi = cl ai
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
101.85
102
0.999
0.227
0.174
0.053
0.053
46.1
97.3
94.7
1.027
0.227
0.179
0.048
0.049
92.2
90.7
87.4
1.037
0.227
0.181
0.046
0.048
136.1
82.0
80.3
1.022
0.227
0.178
0.049
0.050
Plot
1,000 c
0
46.08
92.16
136.08
180
195
200
210
215
220
225
230
235
52.7
49.1
47.7
49.8
57.7
61.6
62.9
65.4
66.8
67.7
67.8
67.2
64.5
0.053
0.049
0.048
0.050
0.058
0.062
0.063
0.065
0.067
0.068
0.068
0.067
0.064
2.6
180
70.0
73.3
0.955
0.227
0.167
0.060
0.058
195
63.3
69.2
0.915
0.227
0.160
0.067
0.062
210
54.8
63.0
0.870
0.227
0.152
0.075
0.065
215
51.1
60.0
0.852
0.227
0.149
0.078
0.067
220
46.7
55.8
0.838
0.227
0.146
0.081
0.068
225
41.4
49.5
0.837
0.227
0.146
0.081
0.068
Graph
110
Schrenk's
Method
0.010
100
Fourier's
Method
90
0.008
70
Lift per Unit Span, c c
( lb/in )
80
0.006
60
cdi
Induced Drag
cdi
50
0.004
40
30
0.002
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Spanwise Position, y
2.7
( in )
160
180
200
220
240
Bruhn Errata
External Loads
GRAN
External Loads
Corporation
Aircraft Structures
David J. Peery
page 264-270
2006 All Rights Reserved
INPUT
200
0.00238 slug / ft3
Gross Weight
8,000
lb
266.25
ft2
Wing Area
86
Limit Maneuver Load Factor
6.00
g
Mean Aerodynamic Chord
-3.00
g
86
in
Slope of Lift Curve

m
0.10
per radian
Distance to Tail
Lt
Design Diving Speed
Vd
400
Effectiveness Factor
n C za
0.68
Gust Vertical Velocity
50
ft / sec
1.4667
SV2
26
ft / sec per mph
deg
20
n C za
deg
-17
1.4667
Positive Stalling Angle

Negative Stalling Angle
1.4667
2W
Angle of Attack
a
200
in
mph
2
SV
C za
2
W
0.002378 slugs / ft 1.4667

3
ft / sec per mph
ft / sec per mph
SV2
2W
ft / sec per mile
0.00256
0.00256
C za
SV2
W
deg
DATA
Normal Force
Lift
Drag
Effective Gust Vertical Velocity
KU
34
ft / sec
Cza
-1.1990
26 deg
Factor
Assume
1.25
26
deg
Positive Stalling Angle
m
W/S
n
n
Dn
0.0762
30
0.1767
-0.1021
0.00862
Cza
/ deg
lb / ft
-3
-3
V x 10
V x 10
2.0755
23,207
lb ( STA 0 )
V avg
2,456
lb ( STA 0-20 )
2,389
in-kips ( STA 0 )
20
184.3
mph
CL
1.670
212.1
knots
CL
2.0875
270.3
0.00238
ft/sec
slugs / ft
OUTPUT
V
-17 deg
2.8
q
3
86.855
0.603
CL
deg
x 1.25
lb/ft
lb/in
1.12 CL
2.132
2
5.091
cd
5.091
Conv.
1.467
0.00256
ft/sec per mph
Tables 10.1 and 10.2
Table 10.1
a
26
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-17
CL
Table 10.2
CD
2.132
1.670
1.285
0.900
0.515
0.130
-0.255
-0.640
-1.025
-1.180
0.324
0.207
0.131
0.076
0.040
0.023
0.026
0.049
0.092
0.115
CM
0.0400
0.0350
0.0280
0.0185
0.0070
-0.0105
-0.0316
-0.0525
-0.0770
-0.0860
26
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-17
CD sin
CL cos
Ct
Cza
Drag
Lift
Tail
Airplane
0.1420
0.0708
0.0339
0.0132
0.0035
0.0000
-0.0023
-0.0085
-0.0238
-0.0336
1.9162
1.5693
1.2412
0.8863
0.5130
0.1300
-0.2540
-0.6303
-0.9901
-1.1284
0.0172
0.0151
0.0120
0.0080
0.0030
-0.0045
-0.0136
-0.0226
-0.0331
-0.0370
2.0755
1.6551
1.2872
0.9075
0.5195
0.1255
-0.2699
-0.6614
-1.0470
-1.1990
Figure 10.9
Figure 10.9
2.5
CL
Cza
1.5
Ct
0.02
CL
C za
Ct
0.01
0.5
-17
26
-0.5
-0.01
-1
-0.02
-1.5
-0.03
-2
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
Angle of Attack a , ( degrees )
2.9
20
25
30
Bruhn Errata
Table 10.3
Table 10.3
1
Station
cdi1
1.12 CL2 cdi1
cd
cd sin a
cla1
cl cos a
cn
0.01 + (3)
(4) sin a
Fig 9.16
(6) cos a
(5) + (7)
Fig 9.20
220
200
180
160
0.068
0.063
0.058
0.053
0.345
0.320
0.294
0.271
0.355
0.330
0.304
0.281
0.156
0.145
0.133
0.123
0.880
0.924
0.964
0.996
1.687
1.771
1.847
1.909
1.843
1.916
1.981
2.032
140
120
100
80
60
0.050
0.047
0.046
0.046
0.047
0.252
0.240
0.235
0.235
0.241
0.262
0.250
0.245
0.245
0.251
0.115
0.110
0.107
0.107
0.110
1.019
1.032
1.038
1.037
1.032
1.952
1.978
1.988
1.987
1.977
2.067
2.088
2.096
2.094
2.087
40
20
0
0.049
0.052
0.055
0.251
0.264
0.279
0.261
0.274
0.289
0.114
0.120
0.127
1.024
1.013
0.998
1.962
1.942
1.913
2.077
2.062
2.040
Figure 9.16
1.6
cla1
Cl
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Spanw ise Position, y ( in )
Induced Drag per Unit Span, c
di
Figure 9.20
0.08
0.07
0.06
cdi
Induced Drag
0.05
0.04
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Spa nwi s e P os i t i on, y ( i n )
2.10
140
160
180
200
220
240

Data
184.3
86.9
lb / ft2
0.603
lb / in2
mph
Table 10.4
Station
( in )
( in )
cn
Shear
Increment
Shear
c cn
c cn q/144
DV
( in )
( lb / in )
( lb )
( lb )
277.8
5.6
50.0
1.843
936.9
24.3
1,478.3
53.9
1,725.9
88.4
1,872.4
125.8
1,984.4
165.5
2,084.5
207.2
2,173.6
250.7
2,253.6
295.7
2,326.8
342.3
2,394.6
390.2
2,455.8
439.3
92.1
55.6
66.0
1.916
126.4
76.3
73.3
1.981
145.2
87.6
76.5
2.032
155.4
93.8
79.7
2.067
164.8
99.4
82.9
2.088
173.0
104.4
86.1
2.096
180.4
108.8
2.094
187.0
112.8
92.4
2.087
193.0
116.4
95.6
2.077
198.6
119.8
98.8
2.062
203.8
122.9
Station
102.0
2.040
cn
( in )
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
50.00
66.00
73.31
76.50
79.69
82.88
86.07
89.26
92.45
95.64
98.83
102.02
1.843
1.916
1.981
2.032
2.067
2.088
2.096
2.094
2.087
2.077
2.062
2.040
208.1
125.5
297.9
463.4
670.6
921.3
1,217.1
1,559.3
20,722.3
2,484.5
172.1
18,295.1
2,427.2
20
83.7
15,933.1
2,362.0
40
29.9
13,641.5
2,291.6
60
5.6
11,426.0
2,215.5
89.3
9,294.4
2,131.6
80
( in-kip )
7,257.0
2,037.4
100
M/1000
( in-kip )
5,325.7
1,931.3
120
DM /1000
3,512.3
1,813.4
140
Vavg
( lb )
1,873.9
1,638.4
160
555.7
1,318.2
180
0
555.7
200
Moment
Bending
Increment Increment
240
220
Average
Shear
1,949.5
23,206.8
2,388.8
c cn
c cn q/144
DV
Vavg
DM /1000
M/1000
( in )
( lb / in )
( lb )
( lb )
( lb )
( in-kip )
( in-kip )
92.1
126.4
145.2
155.4
164.8
173.0
180.4
187.0
193.0
198.6
203.8
208.1
55.57
76.26
87.58
93.76
99.37
104.37
108.79
112.76
116.40
119.80
122.92
125.53
556
1,318
1,638
1,813
1,931
2,037
2,132
2,216
2,292
2,362
2,427
2,485
0
556
1,874
3,512
5,326
7,257
9,294
11,426
13,642
15,933
18,295
20,722
23,207
0
937
1,478
1,726
1,872
1,984
2,084
2,174
2,254
2,327
2,395
2,456
5.6
24.3
53.9
88.4
125.8
165.5
207.2
250.7
295.7
342.3
390.2
439.3
0
6
30
84
172
298
463
671
921
1,217
1,559
1,950
2,389
2.11
Bruhn Errata
V-n Diagram
Figure 10.10
7
n C za
SV2
2W
0.00256
2.0755
266 .25 ft V
2
8,000 lb
2
0.0001767 V
Structural Damage
n=6
F
4
Stall
Normal Load Factor, n
( g's )
Vd = 400
2
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
-1
Stall
-2
-3
n=-3
D
E
-4
Velocity, V (mph)
2.12
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

Chapter 5, pages 100-112
Beam Shear Stresses

Example 1, page 117
Shear Flow in Thin Webs

Example 1, page 126
Example 2, page 128
Shear Flow Distribution in Box Beams

Example 1, page 136
Tapered Beams
Example 1, page 143
Beams With Variable Flange Areas

Example 1, page 149
Beams With Unsymmetrical Cross Sections

The K Method
Example 1 page 159, Example 2, page 161
Unsymmetrical Beams Supported Laterally

Example 1, page 159
Example 2 page 161
Shear Flow in Unsymmetrical Beams

Example, page 170
2.13
Example 3, page 129
Bruhn Errata
Beams with Varying Cross Sections
Example, page 170
Correction of Wing Bending Moments for Sweepback

Example, page 178
Distribution of Concentrated Loads to Thin Webs

Example 1, Figure 8.3, page 184
Loads on Fuselage Bulkheads

Example 1, page 188
Analysis of Wing Ribs

Section 8.3, Example 1, page 191-193 Example 2, page 193-194
Shear Flow in Tapered Webs

Section 8.4, page 197-202
Differential Bending
Cutouts in Semi-Monocoque Structures

Section 8.5, pages 202-210
Trusses with Single Redundancy

Examples 1 and 2, pages 457-459
2.14
Trusses with Multiple Redundancy

Example 1, page 466
Circular Fuselage Rings

Irregular Fuselage Rings

Torsion of Multi-Cell Box Beams

Beam Shear in Multi-Cell Structures

Example, page 494
Analysis of Practical Multi-Cell Structures

Example, page 498
Shear Lag
Numerical Example, Section 17.15, page 506
See also Section A19.18 beginning on page A19.24 Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures
Spanwise Variation of Warping Deformation

2.15
Bruhn Errata
2.16
3.0 Numerical Methods

Polynomial Regression
Determine the equation of a sixth order polynomial that best fits the following data:
Data
Polynomial Regression
Poly. (Data)
10
y = 1.0955x - 3.5198x + 18.441x - 33.438x + 1.1827x + 4.5053x + 3.0076

R2 = 0.9999
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
y a0 a1 x a2 x 2 a3 x 3 a4 x 4 a5 x 5 a6 x 6
Point Data
Given 20 data points
ni
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ni
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1.0
-9.00
1.1
-12.00
1.2
-14.79
1.3
-17.60
1.4
-20.00
1.5
-21.30
1.6
-21.40
1.7
-19.74
1.8
-15.70
1.9
-8.80
3.00
0.1
3.43
0.2
3.78
0.3
3.64
0.4
3.40
0.5
2.30
0.6
1.00
0.7
-0.70
0.8
-2.90
0.9
-5.59
3.1
Bruhn Errata
Reference
Numerical Methods for Engineers, Second Edition, page 347
Steven C. Chapra & Raymond P. Canale
Least Squares Procedure
a 0 n a1
a0
a0
a0
a2
a1
a1
3
i
a2
m 1
i
a3
a2
2
i
a1
2
i
a2
am
4
i
m 2
m 1
m 2
x y
i
m
i
am
am
am
3
i
3
i
2m
i
2
i
yi
m
i
yi
Sixth Order
m=6
n = 20 points
a 0 n a1
a0
a0
a0
a0
a0
a0
x
x
x
x
x
x
2
i
3
i
4
i
5
i
6
a2
x
a x
a x
a x
a x
a x
a1
3
i
5
i
4
i
a4
x
a x
a x
a x
a x
a x
6
i
i
8
5
i
6
i
x
a x
a x
a x
a x
a x
7
i
10
11
i
12
Data
Sx = 19.0
Sx7 = 259.7
Sy = -149.0
Sx4y = -881.4
Sx2 = 24.7
Sx8 = 449.4
Sxy = -238.1
Sx5y = -1,423.2
Sx3 = 36.1
Sx9 = 787.2
Sx2y = -360.9
Sx6y = -2.339.8
Sx4 = 56.3
Sx10 = 1,392.4
Sx3y = -557.5
S(y-ybar)2 = 1,775.45
Sx5 = 91.3
Sx11 = 2,482.8
Sx6 = 152.5
Sx12 = 4,457.4
3.2
10
x y
x y
x y
x y
x y
x y
i
11
x
a x
a x
a x
a x
a x
6
6
i
a6
10
a6
5
i
a5
x
a x
a x
a x
a x
a x
4
a5
4
i
a4
3
i
a3
a3
x
a x
a x
a x
a x
a x
a2
2
i
Matrix Form
Seven Equations, Seven Unknowns
19 .0 24 .7
20
19 .0 24 .7 36 .1
24 .7 36 .1 56 .3
36 .1 56 .3 91 .3
56 .3 91 .3 152 .5
91 .3 152 .5 259 .7
152 .5 259 .7 449 .4
36 .1
56 .3
91 .3
152 .5
56 .3
91 .3
152 .5
259 .7
91 .3 152 .5
259 .7
449 .4
152 .5 259 .7
449 .4
787 .2
259 .7 449 .4
787 .2 1,392 .4
449 .4 787 .2 1,392 .4 2,482 .8
787 .2 1,392 .4 2,482 .8 4,457 .4
a0
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
a6
149 .0
238 .1
360 .9
557 .5
881 .4
1,423 .2
2,339 .8
Invert Matrix
Using MINVERSE in Excel
A 1
19 .0 24 .7
20
19 .0 24 .7 36 .1
24 .7 36 .1 56 .3
36 .1 56 .3 91 .3
56 .3 91 .3 152 .5
91 .3 152 .5 259 .7
152 .5 259 .7 449 .4
0.9
10 .6
36 .1
56 .3
91 .3
152 .5
259 .7
449 .4
787 .2
39 .5
152 .5
91 .3
152 .5
259 .7
152 .5
259 .7
449 .4
259 .7
449 .4
787 .2
449 .4
787 .2 1,392 .4
787 .2 1,392 .4 2,482 .8

1,392 .4 2,482 .8 4,457 .4
56 .3
66 .4
91 .3
55 .8
22 .8
3.6
10 .6
254 .0
1,224 .9
2,361 .5
2,158 .1
935 .3
154 .8
39 .5 1,224 .9 6,482 .1 13,178 .4 12,472 .7
5,542 .1
934 .7
66 .4 2,361 .5 13,178 .4 27 ,696 .6 26,831 .1 12,130 .8 2,073 .6
55 .8 2,158 .1 12,472 .7 26,831 .1 26,440 .7 12,112 .8 2,092 .3
22 .8
935 .3
5,542 .1 12,130 .8 12,112 .8 5,607 .2
976 .8
3.6
154 .8
934 .7
2,073 .6 2,092 .3
976 .8
171 .4
3.3
Bruhn Errata
Multiply (using MMULT in Excel)

a0
a
1
a2
a3
a
4
a5
a6
10 .6
39 .5
66 .4
55 .8
22 .8
3.6
0.9
10 .6
254 .0
1,224 .9
2,361 .5
2,158 .1
935 .3
154 .8
39 .5 1,224 .9 6,482 .1 13,178 .4 12,472 .7

5,542 .1
934 .7
66 .4 2,361 .5 13,178 .4 27 ,696 .6 26,831 .1 12,130 .8 2,073 .6
55 .8 2,158 .1 12,472 .7 26,831 .1 26,440 .7 12,112 .8 2,092 .3
935 .3
5,542 .1 12,130 .8 12,112 .8 5,607 .2
976 .8
22 .8
3.6
154 .8
934 .7
2,073 .6 2,092 .3
976 .8
171 .4
3.0076
4.5053
1.1827
33 .4375
18 .4411
3.5198
1.0955
a0
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
a6
Solution
Sixth Order Polynomial Equation
y 3.0076 4.5053 x 1.1827 x 2 33.4375 x 3 18.4411 x 4 3.5198 x 5 1.0955 x 6

Error of Polynomial Regression
Standard Error of the Estimate
y
n
Sr
Sy
i 1
a0 a1 x a 2 x 2 a3 x 3 a 4 x 4 a5 x 5 a6 x 6
Sr
n m 1
0.23275
0.1338
20 6 1
Coefficient of Determination
St
R2
y
n
i 1
1,775 .5
St S r
1,775 .5 0.23275
0.9999
St
1,775 .5
3.4
0.23275
149 .0
238 .1
360 .9
557 .5
881 .4
1,423 .2
2,339 .8
Gauss-Newton Method of Non-Linear Regression

Reference:
Numerical Methods for Engineers, 2nd Edition, page 360 Steven C. Chapra & Raymond P. Canale
y a 1 e
Find the coefficients for
0.25
0.75
1.25
1.75
2.25
0.28
0.57
0.68
0.74
0.79
bx
given the following data points:
b x
Initial Guess
Let
a = 1.00
b = 1.00
Partial Derivatives
y
xe
b
[ Z ] Matrix
First column is the partial derivative with respect to a inserting x values.
Second column is the partial derivative with respect to b inserting x values.
0.22120
0.52763
0.71350
0.82623
0.89460
0.19470
0.35427
0.35813
0.30410
0.23715
3.5
y
a xe
b
b x
Bruhn Errata
Transpose of [ Z ]
Z T
0.22120

0.19470
0.52763
0.35427
0.71350
0.35813
0.82623
0.30410
0.89460
0.23715
Transpose of [ Z ] multiplied by [ Z ]
0.22120
0.19470
0.52763
0.35427
0.71350
0.35813
0.82623
0.30410
0.89460
0.23715
0.22120
0.52763
0.71350
0.82623
0.89460
0.19470
0.35427
2.3194
0.35813 =
0.9489
0.30410
0.23715
0.9489
0.4404
Solve for Vector { D }

Subtract first column of [ Z ] from values of y:
0.280
0.22120
0.05880
0.04237
0.570
0.52763
0.680 0.71350 0.03350
0.08623
0.740
0.82623
0.89460
0.10460
0.790
Transpose of [ Z ] Multiplied by { D }
Z T D =
0.22120
0.19470
0.52763
0.35427
0.71350
0.35813
0.82623
0.30410
Solve for { DA }
[ Zj ]T [ Zj ] { DA } = [ Zj ]T { D }
2.3194
0.9489
0.9489
0.15336
{ DA } =
0.4404
0.03657
3.6
0.89460
0.23715
0.05880
0.04237
0.15336
0.03350 =
0.03657
0.08623
0.10460

T
Invert [ Zj ] [ Zj ]
2.3194
0.9489
0.9489
0.4404
{ DA } = { [ Zj ] [ Zj ] }
T
7.8447
19 .1738
3.6407

7.8447
-1
[ Zj ] { D }
7.8447 0.15336
0.27148
19 .1738 0.03657
0.50193
3.6407
7.8447
{ DA } =
Calculate the Sum of the Errors Squared
y a 1 e
bx
for a = 1.00 and b = 1.00

2
( y ycalc ) = ( 0.280 0.2212 ) = 0.00346 and so on
For x = 0.25, y = 0.28
1
2
3
4
5
ycalc
( y - ycalc )2
0.25
0.75
1.25
1.75
2.25
0.28
0.57
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.22120
0.52763
0.71350
0.82623
0.89460
0.00346
0.00179
0.00112
0.00743
0.01094
0.0247506
Second Guess
Modify the initial guess by adding values from { DA }
From above
0.2715
0.5019
DA
a = 1.00 0.2715 = 0.7285

b = 1.00 + 0.5019 = 1.5019
Repeat procedure for a = 0.7285 and b = 1.5019
3.7
Bruhn Errata
Partial Derivatives
Let
a = 0.7285
b = 1.5019
1.5019 x
y
0.7285 x e
b
1.5019 x
[ Z ] Matrix
First column is the partial derivative with respect to a with x values inserted.
Second column is the partial derivative with respect to b with x values inserted.
0.31304
0.67582
0.84701
0.92780
0.96593
0.12512
0.17713
0.13932
0.09204
0.05585
Transpose of [ Z ]
Z T
0.31304

0.12512
0.67582
0.17713
0.84701
0.13932
0.92780
0.09204
0.96593
0.05585
Transpose of [ Z ] Multiplied by [ Z ]
Z T
0.31304

0.12512
0.67582
0.17713
0.84701
0.13932
0.92780
0.09204
0.96593
0.05585
3.8
0.31304
0.67582
0.84701
0.92780
0.96593
0.12512
0.17713
3.0660
0.13932 = 0.4162

0.09204
0.05585
0.4162
0.0780
Solve for Vector { D }

Subtract first column of [ Z ] from values of y:
0.280
0.31304
0.67582
0.570
0.680 0.84701
0.740
0.92780
0.96593
0.790
0.03304
0.10582
0.16701
0.18780
0.17593
Transpose of [ Z ] Multiplied by { D }
Z T D =
0.31304
0.12512
0.67582
0.17713
0.84701
0.13932
0.92780
0.09204
0.96593
0.05585
0.03304
0.10582
0.56750
0.16701 =
0.07326
0.18780
0.17593
Solve for { DA }
[ Zj ]T [ Zj ] { DA } = [ Zj ]T { D }
0.4162
0.56750
{
DA
}
=
0.0780
0.07326
3.0660
0.4162
Invert [ Zj ] [ Zj ]
3.0660
0.4162
0.4162
0.0780
{ DA } = { [ Zj ] [ Zj ] }
T
1.18228
6.30646
{ DA } =
1.1823

6.3065
-1
6.3065
46 .4553
[ Zj ] { D }
6.30646 0.56750
0.20896
46 .45534 0.07326
0.17577
3.9
Bruhn Errata
Calculate the Sum of the Errors Squared
y a 1 e
bx
for a = 0.7285
b = 1.5019
( y ycalc ) = ( 0.280 0.22806 ) = 0.00270 and so on
For x = 0.25, y = 0.28
1
2
3
4
5
ycalc
( y - ycalc )2
ycalc
( y - ycalc )2
0.25
0.75
1.25
1.75
2.25
0.28
0.57
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.22120
0.52763
0.71350
0.82623
0.89460
0.00346
0.00179
0.00112
0.00743
0.01094
0.22806
0.49235
0.61707
0.67593
0.70370
0.00270
0.00603
0.00396
0.00411
0.00745
0.02475
0.02424
Third Guess
Modify guess by adding values from { DA }
From above
0.20896
0.17577
DA
a = 1.00 0.2090 = 0.7910

b = 1.5019 + 0.1758 = 1.6777
Repeat procedure for a = 0.7910 and b = 1.6777 and so on
Summary
Guess
1.00
0.72852
0.79104
0.79185
0.79187
1.00
1.50193
1.67770
1.67527
1.67515
1
2
3
4
5
ycalc
( y - ycalc )
0.22120
0.52763
0.71350
0.82623
0.89460
S
ycalc
( y - ycalc )
0.00346
0.00179
0.00112
0.00743
0.01094
0.22806
0.49235
0.61707
0.67593
0.70370
0.02475
ycalc
( y - ycalc )
0.00270
0.00603
0.00396
0.00411
0.00745
0.27099
0.56627
0.69390
0.74906
0.77290
0.02424
3.10
ycalc
( y - ycalc )2
0.00008
0.00001
0.00020
0.00009
0.00027
0.27094
0.56643
0.69431
0.74965
0.77360
0.00008
0.00001
0.00020
0.00009
0.00027
0.00066
0.00066
ycalc
( y - ycalc )
0.00008
0.00001
0.00019
0.00008
0.00029
0.27095
0.56644
0.69431
0.74964
0.77359
0.00066
Graph
y 0.7919
1.6751x
Data Points
Gauss-Newton Method
Equation
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
3.11
1.5
2.5
Bruhn Errata
The Newton-Raphson Method of Non-Linear Approximation

Beam Maximum Displacement
Example: Find the location of the maximum displacement for a simply supported-fixed beam.
w
x = 0.4215 L
R1
R2
max
L
Newton-Raphson Equation
x1 f x0 f ' x0 x1 x0
xn1 xn
f xn
f ' xn
d
w L4
1 9 z2 8 z3 0
dz 48 E I
Given
8 z3 9 z 2 1 0
Let
Initial Guess
Using an initial guess of x = 0.30 L
Summary
0
1
2
3
4
5
xn
f (xn)
xn+1
f ' (xn)
0.3
0.406
-3.24
0.425308642
0.425309 -0.012523034 -3.314257 0.421530108
0.421530 1.6807E-05 -3.323039 0.421535165
0.421535 2.85674E-11 -3.323027 0.421535165
0.421535
0
-3.323027 0.421535165
0.421535
0
-3.323027 0.421535165
0.4215352
-3.3230275
0.421535165
Answer
x = 0.4215 L
3.12
(xn+1 - xn) / xn
0.417695473
-0.008884217
1.19985E-05
2.0394E-11
0
0
0
-1,234
Cubed Root of 1,234

Newton-Raphson Method of Non-Linear Approximation
INPUT
Try
OUTPUT
x0
20
-1,234
10.72601
Equation
OUTPUT
x3 1,234 = 0
x
Answer: x = 10.726
10.72601
x1 f x0
f'
x0 x1 x0
x n 1 x n
f xn
f ' xn
xn
f (xn)
f ' (xn)
xn+1
(xn+1 - xn) / xn
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
14.36167
11.56872
10.78591
10.72635
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
10.72601
6766
1728.201024
314.3011642
20.7877504
0.11458382
3.54622E-06
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1200
618.7724
401.5055
349.0075
345.1635
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
345.1422
14.36166667
11.56871566
10.78590912
10.72634665
10.72601468
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
10.72601467
-0.281916667
-0.194472625
-0.067665812
-0.005522249
-3.0949E-05
-9.57919E-10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.13
Bruhn Errata
Interaction Curves
The Newton-Raphson Method is handy for finding the Margins of Safety from interaction curves. The
interaction curve below can be solved algebraically for the Margin of Safety.
Example:
fs = 3,100 lb
Fs = 4,650 lb
ft = 5,200 lb
Rs = fs / Fs = 3,100 lb / 4,650 lb = 0.667
Rs Rt
2
M .S .
1
Rs Rt
2
Ft = 6,470 lb
Rt = ft / Ft = 5,200 lb / 6,470 lb = 0.804
0.667 2
0.804
1 -0.04
General Curve
Interaction Equation - Combined Shear and Tension

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
RT
0.6
0.5
M.S. = -0.04
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
RS
For Rs RT
10
1 it would be very conservative to use the M.S. calculation above.
An Excel spreadsheet can then make quick work of what was a graphical method. (see next page)
3.14

Titanium Hi-Lok
Interaction Curve
Rs RT
Example:
fs = 3,100 lb
Answer:
10
1
Fs = 4,650 lb
ft = 5,200 lb
Ft = 6,470 lb
Rs = fs / Fs = 3,100 lb / 4,650 lb = 0.667
Rt = ft / Ft = 5,200 lb / 6,470 lb = 0.804
Rs = 0.769
Rt = 0.927
M.S. = 0.769 / 0.667 1 =+0.15
M.S. = 0.927 / 0.804 1 = +0.15
or

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
RT
0.6
0.5
M.S. = + 0.15
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
RS
An Excel Spreadsheet based on the Newton-Raphson Method takes the pain out of using interaction
equations that cannot be solved algebraically. Thanks to Chuck Lilly and Chris Boshers.
3.15
Bruhn Errata
Trial and Error

Im not sure you would call trial and error a numerical method, but it is a simple and effective tool. The
following Visual Basic for Applications, VBA example yields an approximate solution using a Do Loop.
Interaction Curves
Function Rs(Rs1 As Single, Rt1 As Single, m As Single, n As Single) As Single
Declarations
Dim Delta As Double
Dim Diff As Double
Dim Rt As Single
Dim Rtemp As Double
Dim Slope As Single
Dim y As Single
Initial Value for Rs
Rs = 0#
Screen Updating Off

Application.ScreenUpdating = False
Loop
Do
Increment Rs
Delta = 0.0001
0.9
Rtemp = Rs + Delta
0.8
y = Slope * Rs
0.7
Slope = Rt1 / Rs1

0.6
Solve for Rt
Rt = (1 - Rtemp ^ n) ^ (1 / m)
RT
y = Slope * Rs
0.5
M.S. = + 0.15
0.4
Rs = Rtemp
0.3
Rs = Rtemp
0.2
Convergence
0.1
Diff = Rt - y
0
0
0.1
0.2
Loop Until Diff < 0.00001
0.3
0.4
0.5
RS
Screen Updating On
Application.ScreenUpdating = True
End Function
3.16
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Excel Spreadsheet
GRAN
Fastener Interaction Curves - Combined Shear and Tension
Corporation
MMPDS-01 Fastener Strength
Made in America
INPUT
STEEL LOCKBOLTS
1
Type
1.25
Rs
Fastener Type
Equation
1. Custom
Rt
Rs
1.25
2. General
Rt
Rs
3. AN3 Series Bolts
Rt
Rs
4. 7075-T6 Lockbolts
Rt Rs
5. Steel Lockbolts
Rt Rs
10
10
2.25
1.00
Shear Applied
fs
10
Table I
Fitting Factor
FF
Rt
Interaction Equation
See Table I
3,100
2.25
lb or psi
Notes:
Shear Allowable
For Shear and Tension Interaction of AN3 Series Bolts, see MMPDS-01, page 8-125.
For Shear and Tension Interaction of 7075-T6 Lockbolts see MMPDS-01, page 8-110.
Fs
4,650
lb or psi
For Shear and Tension Interaction of Steel Lockbolts see MMPDS-01, page 8-110.
Tension Applied
ft
5,200
lb or psi

Tension Allowable
Ft
6,470
lb or psi
0.9
0.8
DATA
0.7
0.667
Shear
Rt
0.804
Tension
0.6
RT
Rs
0.5
M.S. = + 0.15
0.4
OUTPUT
0.3
0.2
Rs
0.769
Rt
0.928
0.1
0
0
M.S.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
RS
0.15
3.17
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Bruhn Errata
Tapered Beams
Roark Formulas for Stress and Strain Seventh Edition
Example 2, page 160.
Excel Spreadsheet
GRAN
Tapered Beam with a Concentrated Load Fixed at Both Ends
Corporation
Example 2, page 160
INPUT
100 N
W
300 mm
800
mm
300
mm
tw
1.5
mm
h1
mm
h2
10
mm
w1
mm
w2
mm
t1
mm
t2
mm
100
800 mm
K x
I 1
Il / 2 I A 1
IB
IA
1n
I
2 l 2
IA
1n
1 0
Internal Shear vs Fuselage Station

80
Shear, V ( Newtons )
Newtons
DATA
Constant Cross Section
60
Tapered Cross Section
40
20
0
-20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
500
600
700
800
500
600
700
800
-40
-60
Moment of Inertia
IB IA
IA
288.3
mm4
IL/2
672.0
mm4
IB
1,287.7
mm4
Station, x ( mm )
Internal Moment vs. Fuselage Station
Ratios
IB / IA
4.47
IL/2 / IA
2.33
Moment of Inertia
n calc.
2.826
Use n = 3
1
2
3
Moment, M ( N-mm )
12,000
Tapered Cross Section
8,000
4,000
0
0
100
200
300
400
-4,000
-8,000
-12,000
0.698
Station, x ( mm )
M / I vs. Station
20
10
0
0
M/I
Roark
100
200
300
400
-10
-20
-30
Station, x ( mm )
3.18

Solve for n
IB IA 1 K
IB
IA
1n
I
2 mid
IA
1n
1 0
Function x(I_1 As Single, I_2 As Single) As Single

Application.Volatile True
Declarations
Dim n As Double
Dim n_temp As Double
Dim Delta As Single
Initial Value for n
n = 0.1
Loop
Do
Increment Exponent, n
Delta = 0.0001
n_temp = n + Delta
Solve for x
x = I_1 ^ (1 / n_temp) - 2 * I_2 ^ (1 / n_temp) + 1
n = n_temp
n = n_temp
Loop Until x < 0.00001
x=n
End Function
3.19
Bruhn Errata
Solve for K
IB IA 1 K
Function y(I_A As Single, I_B As Single, n As Double) As Single

Application.Volatile True
Declarations
Dim K As Double
Dim K_temp As Double
Dim Delta_2 As Single
Initial Value for K
K = 0.001
Screen Updating Off
Application.ScreenUpdating = False
Loop
Do
Increment K
Delta_2 = 0.0001
K_temp = K + Delta_2
Solve for y
y = (1 + K_temp) ^ n
K = K_temp
K = K_temp
' I_1 = I_B / I_A
I_1 = I_B / I_A
Loop Until I_1 - y < 0.00001
' Screen Updating On
Application.ScreenUpdating = True
y=K
End Function
3.20
Web of Araneus
An orb-web may be the most beautiful, functional and efficient truss with pinned joints ever
designed. One doesnt need to be an aircraft stress analyst to appreciate its sheer beauty.
See Maxwells Lemma (James Clerk Maxwell) for minimum volume design. Every member is in
tension. The number of fibers in each member can vary to keep tensile stresses near their ultimate
strength for the expected loads. For example, consider the values in the table below:
Fibers
Unit
Load
Load
P
Area
A
Stress
P/A
( qty )
( units )
( lbf )
( in2 )
( psi )
Guy
20
0.010
2.191E-07
45,636
Frame
10
10
1.058
1.050
0.00529
0.00525
1.096E-07
1.096E-07
48,283
47,918
Chord
0.200
0.00100
2.191E-08
45,636
Member
Intuition (wild guess) tells me that trial and error played a part in the designs genetic algorithm.
Internal Loads
See Mechanical Design in Organisms
S.A. Wainwright,
W.D. Biggs, J.D. Currey, J.M.Gosline
9
2
pages 353-354
8
7
6
1.06
1.06
4 0.15
0.15
3
1.05
1.05
0.13
0.13
1.05
-7
-6
-5
-4
0.13
1.05
0
-3
-2
-1
-1
0.13
1.06
0.15
0.13
-2
0.15
0.13
0.15
0.15
1.05
-3
1.06
2
1.06
1.05
1.06
-4
-53.21
Bruhn Errata
Definitions
9
2
8
d4
3
b
e
3
-7
-6
b
-5
-4
0
-3
-2
-1
-1
e
a
-2
d
-3
d
b
-4
2
-5
-6
Internal Loads Screen

Assuming the goal is minimal differences in the loads of each member we would like to see equal
loads in the chords and loads in the frame members close to one unit. Absolute values of the
differences are used to avoid negative values. Member b was omitted because its loads are almost
identical to member a.
c e
d e
Web Area Screen

It would be desirable to have the largest spiral web area for a given amount of silk. The area of a circle
inscribed in the frame segments is calculated and divided by the previous internal load screen equation.
Web Area
c e
d e
3.22
r2
c e
d e

Internal Loads Optimization
Calculating the summation of internal loads with a range of 1 from 0 to 30 degrees in 0.1 degree
increments and 3 from 0 to 30 degrees in 0.1 degree increments yields 90,601 Cases (301 values of 1
times 301 values of 3)
Area Optimization
The web area divided by the summation of internal loads plotted versus 1 in degrees
Assume: The area of a circle inscribed in the webs frame is the area of the web.
3.23
Bruhn Errata
Top Forty Area / Internal Loads Optimization

1
Frame
R
( in )
Y radius
( in )
Web r
( in )
Web A
( in2 )
A/S
a-1
|c-e|
|d-e|
15.8
15.7
16.5
14.9
15.9
15
15.6
15.1
16
14.8
16.4
15.2
16.6
15.3
16.1
15.5
16.3
15.4
14.7
16.7
16.2
15.5
17.2
17.1
15.4
16.2
15.6
16.8
14.6
16.3
15.7
17
14.3
14.4
14.2
14.5
14.1
15.3
17.3
14.6
10.7
10.8
10.1
11.5
10.6
11.4
10.9
11.3
10.5
11.6
10.2
11.2
10
11.1
10.4
11
10.3
11
11.7
9.9
10.3
10.9
9.5
9.6
11.1
10.4
10.8
9.8
11.8
10.2
10.7
9.7
12
11.9
12.1
11.8
12.2
11.2
9.4
11.7
1.039
1.039
1.043
1.035
1.040
1.035
1.038
1.036
1.040
1.034
1.042
1.036
1.043
1.037
1.041
1.038
1.042
1.037
1.034
1.044
1.041
1.038
1.047
1.046
1.037
1.041
1.038
1.045
1.033
1.042
1.039
1.046
1.032
1.032
1.032
1.033
1.031
1.037
1.047
1.033
1.027
1.026
1.032
1.021
1.028
1.022
1.026
1.022
1.028
1.020
1.031
1.023
1.032
1.024
1.029
1.025
1.030
1.024
1.020
1.033
1.030
1.025
1.037
1.036
1.024
1.030
1.025
1.034
1.019
1.030
1.026
1.035
1.017
1.018
1.017
1.018
1.016
1.024
1.037
1.019
0.160
0.161
0.153
0.168
0.159
0.167
0.162
0.166
0.158
0.169
0.154
0.166
0.152
0.165
0.157
0.162
0.155
0.164
0.170
0.152
0.157
0.163
0.147
0.147
0.163
0.156
0.162
0.151
0.171
0.156
0.162
0.148
0.174
0.173
0.175
0.172
0.175
0.164
0.146
0.171
0.191
0.193
0.182
0.205
0.190
0.203
0.195
0.201
0.188
0.206
0.183
0.200
0.180
0.198
0.186
0.196
0.185
0.196
0.208
0.178
0.185
0.195
0.172
0.173
0.198
0.187
0.193
0.177
0.210
0.183
0.191
0.175
0.213
0.211
0.214
0.209
0.216
0.200
0.170
0.208
0.160
0.161
0.153
0.168
0.159
0.167
0.162
0.166
0.158
0.169
0.154
0.165
0.152
0.164
0.156
0.163
0.155
0.163
0.170
0.151
0.155
0.162
0.146
0.148
0.164
0.157
0.161
0.150
0.171
0.154
0.160
0.149
0.173
0.172
0.174
0.171
0.175
0.165
0.145
0.170
6.807
6.805
6.819
6.791
6.809
6.793
6.804
6.795
6.811
6.789
6.817
6.797
6.821
6.799
6.813
6.802
6.816
6.800
6.787
6.822
6.814
6.802
6.830
6.829
6.800
6.814
6.804
6.824
6.785
6.816
6.806
6.827
6.780
6.782
6.778
6.784
6.776
6.798
6.832
6.786
3.605
3.605
3.610
3.599
3.606
3.600
3.604
3.600
3.607
3.598
3.609
3.601
3.611
3.602
3.607
3.603
3.609
3.603
3.597
3.611
3.608
3.603
3.614
3.614
3.603
3.608
3.604
3.612
3.597
3.609
3.605
3.613
3.594
3.595
3.593
3.596
3.592
3.602
3.615
3.597
2.388
2.379
2.445
2.314
2.397
2.322
2.371
2.331
2.405
2.305
2.437
2.339
2.454
2.348
2.414
2.362
2.428
2.356
2.296
2.462
2.422
2.365
2.502
2.494
2.354
2.419
2.374
2.471
2.288
2.431
2.382
2.485
2.265
2.273
2.256
2.282
2.247
2.345
2.511
2.290
17.9
17.8
18.8
16.8
18.0
16.9
17.7
17.1
18.2
16.7
18.7
17.2
18.9
17.3
18.3
17.5
18.5
17.4
16.6
19.0
18.4
17.6
19.7
19.5
17.4
18.4
17.7
19.2
16.4
18.6
17.8
19.4
16.1
16.2
16.0
16.4
15.9
17.3
19.8
16.5
251.7
249.8
263.1
235.6
252.8
237.0
246.8
238.5
253.8
233.0
260.4
239.8
263.9
241.2
254.7
243.9
257.4
242.4
230.1
264.5
255.6
243.7
272.5
270.6
241.0
254.5
244.8
265.1
227.3
256.5
246.0
267.6
222.1
223.8
220.4
225.5
218.7
238.1
272.9
227.0
0.039
0.039
0.043
0.035
0.040
0.035
0.038
0.036
0.040
0.034
0.042
0.036
0.043
0.037
0.041
0.038
0.042
0.037
0.034
0.044
0.041
0.038
0.047
0.046
0.037
0.041
0.038
0.045
0.033
0.042
0.039
0.046
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.033
0.031
0.037
0.047
0.033
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.032
0.032
0.028
0.037
0.031
0.036
0.033
0.035
0.031
0.037
0.029
0.035
0.028
0.034
0.030
0.034
0.030
0.033
0.038
0.027
0.029
0.033
0.025
0.026
0.034
0.030
0.032
0.027
0.038
0.029
0.032
0.026
0.040
0.039
0.040
0.038
0.041
0.035
0.025
0.038
0.07118
0.07120
0.0714
0.0714
0.0714
0.0715
0.0715
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0717
0.0717
0.0718
0.0719
0.0719
0.0719
0.0720
0.0720
0.0720
0.0721
0.0721
0.0722
0.0722
0.0722
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0724
0.0725
0.0725
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
Top Forty Internal Loads Optimization

1
Frame
R
( in )
Y radius
( in )
Web r
( in )
Web A
( in2 )
A/S
a-1
|c-e|
|d-e|
21.7
21.3
20.8
22.1
20.9
20.4
21.2
21.8
21.4
22.5
21.6
22.2
19.9
20.5
21
20.3
20.7
22
22.6
22.9
20
21.5
21.9
20.6
21.1
21.1
22.3
22.4
20.1
21.5
19.4
23
23.3
19.8
20.7
20.2
21.6
22.7
19.5
22
5.9
6.2
6.6
5.6
6.5
6.9
6.3
5.8
6.1
5.3
6
5.5
7.3
6.8
6.4
7
6.7
5.7
5.2
5
7.2
6
5.7
6.7
6.4
6.3
5.4
5.4
7.1
6.1
7.7
4.9
4.7
7.4
6.6
7.1
5.9
5.1
7.6
5.6
1.076
1.073
1.070
1.079
1.070
1.067
1.073
1.077
1.074
1.082
1.076
1.080
1.064
1.068
1.071
1.066
1.069
1.079
1.083
1.086
1.064
1.075
1.078
1.068
1.072
1.072
1.081
1.082
1.065
1.075
1.060
1.086
1.089
1.063
1.069
1.066
1.076
1.084
1.061
1.079
1.072
1.068
1.064
1.075
1.065
1.061
1.067
1.072
1.069
1.079
1.071
1.076
1.057
1.062
1.066
1.060
1.063
1.074
1.079
1.082
1.058
1.070
1.073
1.062
1.067
1.066
1.077
1.078
1.058
1.070
1.053
1.083
1.086
1.056
1.063
1.059
1.071
1.080
1.054
1.074
0.100
0.105
0.110
0.096
0.109
0.114
0.106
0.099
0.104
0.092
0.101
0.095
0.119
0.113
0.108
0.115
0.111
0.097
0.091
0.087
0.119
0.103
0.099
0.113
0.106
0.107
0.094
0.092
0.118
0.102
0.125
0.086
0.083
0.120
0.112
0.116
0.102
0.090
0.124
0.098
0.110
0.116
0.123
0.105
0.121
0.128
0.117
0.109
0.114
0.100
0.112
0.103
0.135
0.126
0.119
0.129
0.124
0.107
0.098
0.094
0.133
0.112
0.107
0.124
0.119
0.117
0.101
0.102
0.131
0.114
0.141
0.093
0.089
0.136
0.122
0.131
0.110
0.096
0.140
0.105
0.100
0.105
0.110
0.096
0.109
0.114
0.106
0.099
0.103
0.092
0.102
0.095
0.119
0.113
0.107
0.115
0.111
0.097
0.090
0.087
0.118
0.102
0.097
0.111
0.107
0.106
0.093
0.093
0.117
0.103
0.125
0.086
0.083
0.121
0.110
0.117
0.100
0.089
0.123
0.096
6.887
6.883
6.878
6.891
6.879
6.873
6.882
6.888
6.884
6.895
6.886
6.892
6.867
6.875
6.880
6.872
6.877
6.890
6.896
6.898
6.869
6.885
6.889
6.876
6.881
6.881
6.893
6.894
6.870
6.885
6.861
6.899
6.902
6.866
6.877
6.871
6.886
6.897
6.863
6.890
3.629
3.629
3.628
3.630
3.628
3.627
3.629
3.629
3.629
3.630
3.629
3.630
3.626
3.627
3.628
3.627
3.628
3.630
3.630
3.630
3.626
3.629
3.629
3.627
3.629
3.628
3.630
3.630
3.626
3.629
3.624
3.630
3.630
3.625
3.627
3.626
3.629
3.630
3.624
3.629
2.856
2.826
2.787
2.887
2.795
2.756
2.817
2.865
2.834
2.917
2.848
2.895
2.717
2.764
2.803
2.747
2.778
2.878
2.925
2.948
2.725
2.842
2.873
2.773
2.809
2.812
2.903
2.909
2.733
2.840
2.677
2.956
2.978
2.708
2.781
2.739
2.851
2.934
2.686
2.881
25.6
25.1
24.4
26.2
24.5
23.9
24.9
25.8
25.2
26.7
25.5
26.3
23.2
24.0
24.7
23.7
24.2
26.0
26.9
27.3
23.3
25.4
25.9
24.2
24.8
24.8
26.5
26.6
23.5
25.3
22.5
27.4
27.9
23.0
24.3
23.6
25.5
27.0
22.7
26.1
297.0
296.8
296.6
296.2
296.1
295.9
295.8
295.3
295.2
295.1
294.9
294.9
294.8
294.7
294.6
294.6
294.1
294.0
293.9
293.8
293.8
293.7
293.6
293.4
293.4
293.2
293.0
292.9
292.7
292.6
292.6
292.5
292.5
292.4
292.1
292.1
292.0
292.0
291.9
291.8
0.076
0.073
0.070
0.079
0.070
0.067
0.073
0.077
0.074
0.082
0.076
0.080
0.064
0.068
0.071
0.066
0.069
0.079
0.083
0.086
0.064
0.075
0.078
0.068
0.072
0.072
0.081
0.082
0.065
0.075
0.060
0.086
0.089
0.063
0.069
0.066
0.076
0.084
0.061
0.079
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.002
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.009
0.012
0.014
0.011
0.010
0.011
0.008
0.010
0.009
0.015
0.013
0.012
0.014
0.013
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.015
0.010
0.009
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.008
0.008
0.014
0.011
0.017
0.007
0.006
0.016
0.012
0.014
0.010
0.008
0.016
0.009
0.086
0.085
0.082
0.088
0.083
0.081
0.084
0.087
0.085
0.091
0.086
0.089
0.079
0.081
0.084
0.080
0.082
0.089
0.091
0.093
0.079
0.086
0.088
0.082
0.084
0.085
0.090
0.091
0.080
0.087
0.077
0.094
0.095
0.079
0.083
0.081
0.087
0.093
0.078
0.089
3.24
Top Eighty
Given 90,601 possible combinations if I had to choose one, I might use a system of adding the
rankings of both methods and listing them in ascending order: The top combination of 1 = 18.4 degrees
th
rd
and 3 = 8.5 degrees is ranked 130 by the Area screen and 133 by the Loads screen.
Frame
R
( in )
Y radius
( in )
Web r
( in )
Web A
( in2 )
A/S
a-1
|c-e|
|d-e|
18.4
18.9
18.3
18.5
17.8
18.8
17.9
19
19.4
18.6
18.2
18
17.7
18.7
18.1
19.1
19.3
19.5
18.7
18.2
18.1
17.6
19.2
17.2
19.2
17.3
18.8
18.6
19.9
17.4
18.3
19.6
17.5
17.6
19.8
17.1
18.4
19.1
19.3
18
18.9
17.7
18.5
17.8
20
19.7
17.5
19.7
18.5
17.9
19
19
19.4
17
19.6
18
18.6
17.9
20.1
18.4
20.3
19.8
20.4
17.4
19.1
18.1
19.5
18.7
19.5
18.9
16.8
16.9
17.1
17.2
17
20.2
16.7
16.6
18.2
17.3
8.5
8.1
8.6
8.4
9
8.2
8.9
8
7.7
8.3
8.7
8.8
9.1
8.3
8.7
7.9
7.8
7.6
8.2
8.6
8.8
9.2
7.8
9.5
7.9
9.4
8.1
8.4
7.3
9.3
8.5
7.5
9.2
9.1
7.4
9.6
8.4
8
7.7
8.9
8
9
8.5
8.9
7.2
7.4
9.3
7.5
8.3
8.8
7.9
8.1
7.6
9.7
7.6
8.7
8.2
9
7.1
8.6
7
7.3
6.9
9.4
7.8
8.6
7.5
8.1
7.7
8.2
9.8
9.7
9.5
9.4
9.6
7.1
9.9
10
8.5
9.3
1.054
1.057
1.053
1.054
1.050
1.056
1.051
1.058
1.060
1.055
1.053
1.051
1.050
1.056
1.052
1.058
1.060
1.061
1.056
1.053
1.052
1.049
1.059
1.047
1.059
1.047
1.056
1.055
1.064
1.048
1.053
1.062
1.049
1.049
1.063
1.046
1.054
1.058
1.060
1.051
1.057
1.050
1.054
1.050
1.064
1.062
1.049
1.062
1.054
1.051
1.058
1.058
1.060
1.046
1.062
1.051
1.055
1.051
1.065
1.054
1.066
1.063
1.067
1.048
1.058
1.052
1.061
1.056
1.061
1.057
1.045
1.045
1.046
1.047
1.046
1.066
1.044
1.043
1.053
1.047
1.045
1.049
1.044
1.046
1.041
1.048
1.042
1.050
1.053
1.047
1.044
1.042
1.040
1.048
1.043
1.050
1.052
1.054
1.047
1.044
1.043
1.039
1.051
1.037
1.051
1.037
1.048
1.047
1.057
1.038
1.044
1.054
1.039
1.039
1.056
1.036
1.045
1.051
1.052
1.042
1.049
1.040
1.046
1.041
1.058
1.055
1.039
1.055
1.046
1.041
1.050
1.050
1.053
1.035
1.054
1.042
1.047
1.042
1.058
1.045
1.060
1.056
1.061
1.038
1.050
1.043
1.053
1.047
1.054
1.049
1.034
1.034
1.036
1.036
1.035
1.059
1.033
1.032
1.044
1.037
0.135
0.130
0.136
0.134
0.141
0.131
0.140
0.129
0.125
0.133
0.136
0.139
0.142
0.131
0.138
0.128
0.125
0.124
0.132
0.137
0.137
0.142
0.127
0.147
0.126
0.146
0.131
0.132
0.119
0.145
0.137
0.123
0.144
0.143
0.120
0.147
0.136
0.127
0.126
0.138
0.131
0.142
0.133
0.142
0.119
0.122
0.143
0.121
0.135
0.141
0.130
0.128
0.126
0.148
0.122
0.140
0.134
0.139
0.118
0.134
0.115
0.121
0.114
0.144
0.129
0.139
0.125
0.133
0.123
0.129
0.151
0.150
0.148
0.147
0.149
0.116
0.152
0.152
0.138
0.147
0.155
0.148
0.157
0.153
0.163
0.150
0.162
0.146
0.141
0.151
0.158
0.160
0.165
0.152
0.158
0.145
0.143
0.140
0.150
0.157
0.160
0.167
0.143
0.172
0.145
0.170
0.148
0.153
0.135
0.168
0.155
0.138
0.167
0.165
0.136
0.173
0.153
0.147
0.141
0.162
0.146
0.163
0.155
0.161
0.133
0.136
0.168
0.138
0.151
0.160
0.145
0.148
0.140
0.175
0.140
0.158
0.150
0.163
0.131
0.157
0.129
0.134
0.128
0.170
0.143
0.156
0.138
0.148
0.142
0.150
0.177
0.175
0.172
0.170
0.173
0.131
0.178
0.180
0.155
0.168
0.135
0.130
0.136
0.133
0.141
0.131
0.139
0.128
0.125
0.132
0.137
0.138
0.142
0.132
0.137
0.127
0.126
0.123
0.131
0.136
0.138
0.143
0.126
0.146
0.127
0.145
0.130
0.133
0.119
0.144
0.134
0.122
0.143
0.142
0.121
0.148
0.133
0.129
0.125
0.140
0.128
0.141
0.135
0.139
0.118
0.121
0.144
0.122
0.132
0.138
0.127
0.130
0.123
0.149
0.123
0.137
0.131
0.141
0.117
0.136
0.115
0.119
0.114
0.145
0.126
0.136
0.122
0.129
0.125
0.131
0.150
0.149
0.146
0.145
0.148
0.117
0.151
0.152
0.134
0.144
6.848
6.855
6.846
6.849
6.839
6.853
6.841
6.856
6.861
6.851
6.845
6.842
6.838
6.852
6.844
6.857
6.860
6.863
6.852
6.845
6.844
6.836
6.859
6.830
6.859
6.832
6.854
6.851
6.867
6.833
6.847
6.864
6.835
6.836
6.866
6.829
6.848
6.857
6.860
6.842
6.855
6.838
6.849
6.840
6.869
6.865
6.835
6.865
6.850
6.841
6.856
6.856
6.861
6.827
6.864
6.843
6.851
6.841
6.870
6.848
6.872
6.866
6.873
6.833
6.858
6.844
6.863
6.852
6.862
6.855
6.824
6.826
6.829
6.830
6.827
6.871
6.822
6.821
6.845
6.832
3.620
3.622
3.620
3.620
3.617
3.622
3.618
3.622
3.624
3.621
3.619
3.618
3.617
3.621
3.619
3.623
3.624
3.624
3.621
3.619
3.619
3.616
3.623
3.614
3.623
3.615
3.622
3.621
3.626
3.615
3.619
3.624
3.616
3.616
3.625
3.614
3.620
3.623
3.623
3.618
3.622
3.617
3.621
3.617
3.626
3.625
3.616
3.625
3.620
3.617
3.622
3.623
3.624
3.613
3.625
3.618
3.621
3.618
3.626
3.620
3.627
3.625
3.627
3.615
3.622
3.618
3.624
3.621
3.624
3.622
3.612
3.612
3.613
3.614
3.613
3.626
3.611
3.611
3.619
3.614
2.598
2.638
2.590
2.607
2.550
2.629
2.559
2.646
2.677
2.615
2.581
2.567
2.542
2.621
2.576
2.655
2.669
2.686
2.624
2.584
2.573
2.533
2.663
2.502
2.661
2.511
2.632
2.613
2.717
2.519
2.593
2.694
2.528
2.536
2.708
2.494
2.601
2.652
2.672
2.565
2.641
2.545
2.604
2.553
2.725
2.703
2.525
2.700
2.610
2.562
2.649
2.644
2.680
2.485
2.691
2.570
2.618
2.556
2.733
2.596
2.747
2.711
2.756
2.516
2.658
2.578
2.688
2.626
2.683
2.635
2.471
2.479
2.496
2.505
2.488
2.739
2.462
2.454
2.587
2.513
21.2
21.9
21.1
21.3
20.4
21.7
20.6
22.0
22.5
21.5
20.9
20.7
20.3
21.6
20.8
22.1
22.4
22.7
21.6
21.0
20.8
20.2
22.3
19.7
22.2
19.8
21.8
21.4
23.2
19.9
21.1
22.8
20.1
20.2
23.0
19.5
21.3
22.1
22.4
20.7
21.9
20.3
21.3
20.5
23.3
22.9
20.0
22.9
21.4
20.6
22.0
22.0
22.6
19.4
22.8
20.7
21.5
20.5
23.5
21.2
23.7
23.1
23.9
19.9
22.2
20.9
22.7
21.7
22.6
21.8
19.2
19.3
19.6
19.7
19.4
23.6
19.0
18.9
21.0
19.8
285.1
289.4
283.8
284.8
279.6
287.0
279.6
288.9
292.6
284.4
281.0
279.6
277.4
284.2
279.5
288.3
289.8
291.9
284.1
279.4
278.1
274.5
287.6
272.5
287.1
272.9
283.6
281.4
294.8
273.2
279.2
291.0
273.4
273.6
292.4
270.6
279.0
284.4
287.0
275.3
283.1
273.7
278.6
273.8
293.8
290.2
271.6
289.7
278.7
273.8
282.6
281.7
286.2
267.6
287.1
273.8
278.4
272.5
292.7
275.9
294.6
289.2
295.9
268.7
282.0
273.7
285.5
278.0
284.5
279.0
265.1
265.7
266.6
267.0
266.2
292.1
264.5
263.9
273.5
267.3
0.054
0.057
0.053
0.054
0.050
0.056
0.051
0.058
0.060
0.055
0.053
0.051
0.050
0.056
0.052
0.058
0.060
0.061
0.056
0.053
0.052
0.049
0.059
0.047
0.059
0.047
0.056
0.055
0.064
0.048
0.053
0.062
0.049
0.049
0.063
0.046
0.054
0.058
0.060
0.051
0.057
0.050
0.054
0.050
0.064
0.062
0.049
0.062
0.054
0.051
0.058
0.058
0.060
0.046
0.062
0.051
0.055
0.051
0.065
0.054
0.066
0.063
0.067
0.048
0.058
0.052
0.061
0.056
0.061
0.057
0.045
0.045
0.046
0.047
0.046
0.066
0.044
0.043
0.053
0.047
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.000
0.002
0.000
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.003
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.004
0.003
0.020
0.018
0.021
0.020
0.023
0.019
0.022
0.018
0.017
0.019
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.019
0.021
0.018
0.017
0.016
0.019
0.021
0.022
0.024
0.017
0.025
0.018
0.025
0.018
0.020
0.015
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.024
0.023
0.016
0.026
0.020
0.018
0.017
0.022
0.018
0.023
0.020
0.022
0.015
0.016
0.024
0.016
0.019
0.022
0.018
0.019
0.016
0.026
0.016
0.021
0.019
0.023
0.014
0.021
0.014
0.015
0.014
0.025
0.017
0.021
0.016
0.018
0.017
0.019
0.027
0.026
0.025
0.025
0.026
0.014
0.027
0.028
0.020
0.024
0.074
0.076
0.074
0.075
0.073
0.076
0.074
0.076
0.077
0.076
0.075
0.074
0.073
0.076
0.075
0.077
0.077
0.078
0.076
0.075
0.075
0.073
0.077
0.0722
0.077
0.073
0.077
0.076
0.079
0.073
0.076
0.078
0.073
0.074
0.079
0.0722
0.076
0.078
0.078
0.075
0.077
0.074
0.076
0.075
0.079
0.079
0.074
0.079
0.077
0.075
0.078
0.078
0.079
0.0725
0.079
0.076
0.077
0.075
0.080
0.077
0.080
0.080
0.081
0.074
0.079
0.076
0.080
0.078
0.080
0.078
0.0723
0.073
0.073
0.074
0.073
0.081
0.0720
0.0717
0.077
0.074
3.25
Bruhn Errata
Summary
The case number is based on a range of 1 from 10 to 30 degrees in 0.1 degree increments and 3
from 0 to 30 degrees in 0.1 degree increments: 60,501 Cases (201 values of 1 times 301 values of 3)
Overall
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
Load
Rank
Area
Rank
1 + 2
1 + 3
2 + 3
( degrees )
( degrees )
( degrees )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
263
267
278
294
298
312
314
314
333
341
344
346
357
374
375
375
378
391
392
408
421
431
431
433
436
442
444
446
449
455
459
459
466
475
481
488
498
499
499
500
500
506
519
524
526
528
529
530
543
553
133
68
158
135
235
102
234
74
31
141
210
236
290
149
238
85
62
39
155
242
272
352
93
410
99
403
163
202
13
397
250
47
391
383
34
464
255
144
103
337
168
379
262
374
21
59
442
63
258
373
130
199
120
159
63
210
80
240
302
200
134
110
67
225
137
290
316
352
237
166
149
79
338
23
337
39
281
244
436
58
209
412
75
92
447
24
243
355
396
163
332
127
257
150
505
469
87
467
285
180
25.8
26.0
25.7
25.8
25.5
25.9
25.6
26.0
26.2
25.9
25.7
25.6
25.5
25.9
25.7
26.1
26.1
26.2
25.9
25.7
25.6
25.4
26.1
25.3
26.1
25.3
26.0
25.8
26.4
25.4
25.8
26.3
25.4
25.5
26.3
25.2
25.8
26.0
26.2
25.6
26.0
25.5
25.8
25.6
26.4
26.3
25.4
26.3
25.9
25.6
26.9
27.0
26.9
26.9
26.8
27.0
26.8
27.0
27.1
26.9
26.9
26.8
26.8
27.0
26.8
27.0
27.1
27.1
26.9
26.8
26.9
26.8
27.0
26.7
27.1
26.7
26.9
27.0
27.2
26.7
26.8
27.1
26.7
26.7
27.2
26.7
26.8
27.1
27.0
26.9
26.9
26.7
27.0
26.7
27.2
27.1
26.8
27.2
26.8
26.7
15.9
15.2
16.0
15.7
16.7
15.3
16.6
15.0
14.5
15.6
16.2
16.4
16.9
15.5
16.3
14.9
14.6
14.3
15.4
16.1
16.3
17.0
14.7
17.6
14.8
17.4
15.3
15.6
13.8
17.3
16.0
14.2
17.1
17.0
13.9
17.7
15.8
14.9
14.6
16.5
15.1
16.8
15.8
16.7
13.6
14.0
17.2
14.1
15.7
16.5
3.26
Case
25,370
26,871
25,070
25,670
23,569
26,571
23,869
27,171
28,372
25,970
24,770
24,169
23,269
26,271
24,469
27,471
28,072
28,672
26,270
24,769
24,470
22,969
27,771
21,768
27,772
22,068
26,570
25,971
29,873
22,368
25,069
28,972
22,668
22,968
29,573
21,468
25,369
27,472
28,071
24,170
26,870
23,268
25,671
23,568
30,173
29,272
22,669
29,273
25,669
23,868
( degrees )
( degrees )
( degrees )
18.4
18.9
18.3
18.5
17.8
18.8
17.9
19
19.4
18.6
18.2
18
17.7
18.7
18.1
19.1
19.3
19.5
18.7
18.2
18.1
17.6
19.2
17.2
19.2
17.3
18.8
18.6
19.9
17.4
18.3
19.6
17.5
17.6
19.8
17.1
18.4
19.1
19.3
18
18.9
17.7
18.5
17.8
20
19.7
17.5
19.7
18.5
17.9
7.35
7.05
7.4
7.3
7.7
7.1
7.65
7
6.75
7.25
7.45
7.6
7.75
7.15
7.55
6.95
6.8
6.7
7.2
7.5
7.5
7.8
6.9
8.05
6.85
8
7.15
7.2
6.45
7.95
7.45
6.65
7.9
7.85
6.5
8.1
7.4
6.9
6.85
7.55
7.1
7.8
7.25
7.75
6.4
6.6
7.85
6.55
7.35
7.7
8.5
8.1
8.6
8.4
9
8.2
8.9
8
7.7
8.3
8.7
8.8
9.1
8.3
8.7
7.9
7.8
7.6
8.2
8.6
8.8
9.2
7.8
9.5
7.9
9.4
8.1
8.4
7.3
9.3
8.5
7.5
9.2
9.1
7.4
9.6
8.4
8
7.7
8.9
8
9
8.5
8.9
7.2
7.4
9.3
7.5
8.3
8.8
Number 1?
1 = 18.4 degrees
2 = 7.35 degrees
3 = 8.5 degrees
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
3.27
Bruhn Errata
Top 500 Combinations
Using the criteria pulled out of thin air, it seems that a combination of 1 = 15 to 25 degrees where 2 is
approximately equal to 3 creates a very efficient orb-web.
Below are scatter plots of the top 500 combinations based on the sum of the rankings of the web area
and internal loads criteria. The dashed lines represent the orb-web with
1 = 18.4 degrees
2 = 7.35 degrees
3 = 8.5 degrees
Sum of Internal Loads

The goal is the lowest possible value.
1 = 15.8 degrees
2 = 7.35 degrees
3 = 10.7 degrees
Sum of Internal Loads vs Frame Angle 1

0.1
S Internal Loads
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Frame Angle, 1 ( degrees )
Web Area / Sum of Internal Loads

The goal is the highest possible value.
1 = 21.7 degrees
2 = 5.35 degrees
3 = 5.9 degrees
Web Area / Sum of Internal Loads vs Frame Angle 1
Web Area /
S Internal Loads
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Frame Angle, 1 ( degrees )
3.28
21
22
23
24

Figures
For three inch frame segments
1 = 15.8 deg
2 = 7.35 deg
3 = 10.7 deg
Web Radius = 2.388 inch Web Area = 17.915 inch
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1 = 21.7 deg
2 = 5.35 deg
3 = 5.9 deg
-6
9
Web Radius = 2.856 inch Web Area = 25.629 inch
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
3.29
Bruhn Errata
Assumptions
The web has three attach points or guy lines.

Straight lines drawn between the attach points of the frame form an equilateral triangle.
Frame segment lengths are equal.
The web is symmetrical.
2 = [ 60 - ( 2 1 + 3 ) ] / 2
1 = 5
2 = 4
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 60 deg
or
2 1 + 2 2 + 3 = 60 deg
For practical solutions 1 < 30 degrees all members are in tension.

The web area is assumed to be the area of a circle inscribed in the frame members.
A spiral web approximating a circle would have a more efficient ratio of area to circumference than an ellipse,
square, rectangle or triangle.
It is desirable to produce the greatest web area for a given volume of silk.
Recommended Reading
Wainwright, Biggs, Currey, Gosline
Mechanical Design in Organisms
Heywood, R. B.
Photoelasticity for Designers, Pergamon, New York, Chapter 11.
Adam, John A,
Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World
Thompson, D'Arcy W.
On Growth and Form: The Revised Edition (Cambridge,

England: Cambridge University Press, 1942), pp. 525-544.
Denny, Mark
The Physical Properties of Spiders Silk and Their Role in the

Design of Orb-Webs
Adam, John A
Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World
Vogel, Steven
Life's Devices: The Physical World of Animals and Plants
Vogel, Steven
Comparative Biomechanics: Life's Physical World
Peterson, Rudolph Earl
Stress Concentration Factors
Preface
Balanced design is delightfully phrased in the poem, "The Deacon's Masterpiece, or the Wonderful
One Hoss Shay" by Oliver Wendell Holmes (1858)
After "one hundred years to the day" the shay failed "all at once, and nothing first."
Pages 142, 148
An excellent treatment of optimum transition shapes has been provided by Heywood (1969). His
discussion includes some interesting observations about shapes found in nature (tree trunks and
branches, thorns, animal bones). pages 142, 148
3.30

Excel Spreadsheet
GRAN
Web of Araneus
Corporation
Mechanical Designs in Organisms
S.A. Wainwright, W.D. Biggs, J.D. Currey, J.M.Gosline pages 353-354
INPUT
L
3.00
inches
2.0
units
18.4
degrees
7.35
degrees
8.5
degrees
7.35
degrees
18.4
degrees
total
60
degrees
Manual Entry
8
OUTPUT
1
1.054
units
-7
1.045
units
0.135
units
0.155
units
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
0.135
units
-5
7.848
in
6.848
in
-6
3.31
Bruhn Errata
GaussSeidel Iteration
Bruhn, page A23.12
u2
u3
u1 = 24,000 lb
100
100
9
EI = 10 in -lb
INPUT
u1 =
u2 =
-0.0075
u1
u3 =
0.0075
u1
Iteration
u1
u2
u3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
1
1.4219
1.6731
1.8146
1.8949
1.9404
1.9662
1.9808
1.9891
1.9938
1.9965
1.9980
1.9989
1.9994
1.9996
1.9998
1.9999
1.9999
2.0000
2.0000
0
-0.00750
-0.01301
-0.01603
-0.01775
-0.01872
-0.01928
-0.01959
-0.01977
-0.01987
-0.01993
-0.01996
-0.01998
-0.01999
-0.01999
-0.019996
-0.019998
-0.019999
-0.019999
-0.020
-0.020
0
0.00938
0.01392
0.01656
0.01805
0.01889
0.01937
0.01964
0.01980
0.01989
0.01994
0.01996
0.01998
0.01999
0.01999
0.019996
0.019998
0.019999
0.019999
0.020
0.020
u2
-25
-0.25
3.32
25
u3
-0.25
u3
u2
Trial 1
Final
u1
u2
-0.02
u3
0.02

Gauss Seidel Iteration
24 6L 6L
EI
K 3 6L 8L2 2L2
L
6L 2L2 8L2
24 6L 6L
24 6L 6L
10 106 1,000
2
2
K
6L 8L 2L 1,000 6L 8L2 2L2
3
100
6L 2L2 8L2
6L 2L2 8L2
24 6L 6L u1
F 1,000 6L 8L2 2L2 u2
6L 2L2 8L2 u3
24,000
24 6L 6L u1
2
2
0 1,000 6L 8L 2L u2
0
6L 2L2 8L2 u3
600
600 u1
24,000
24
0 1,000 600 80,000 20,000 u2

0
600 20,000 80,000 u3
75
75 u1
3 3

0 75 10,000 22,500 u2
0 75 2,500 10,000 u

3
Dividing by 8,000
OUTPUT
3 3 u1 75 u2 75 u3
3 u1 3 75 u2 75 u3
u1 1 25 u2 25 u3
u1 =
u2 =
-0.02
radians
-1.146
degrees
u3 =
0.02
radians
1.146
degrees
2
-0.02
0.02
in
0 75 u1 10,000 u2 25,000 u3
10,000 u2 75 u1 25,000 u3
u2 0.0075 u1 0.25 u3
0 75 u1 2,500 u2 10,000 u3
2,500 u2 75 u1 10,000 u2
u3 0.0075 u1 0.25 u2
Check
3
75
-75
75
10,000
2,500
-75
2,500
10,000
3.33
3
0
0
Bruhn Errata
Gauss Seidel Iteration
Plot of u1 versus Number of Iterations
u1 vs. Number of Iterations
2.2
2
u1
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
Number of Iterations

0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
14
16
18
20
-0.005
u2
-0.01
-0.015
-0.02
-0.025
0.025
0.02
u3
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0
10
12
3.34
Gaussian Elimination - Truss with Pinned Joints

Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, page A23.10
u2
u4
u1
u3
1,000 lb
30
u8
u6
u7
u5
30
Degree of Redundancy
n = m ( 2p 3 ) = 6 [ 2 ( 4 ) 3 ] = 1
Equation
K u
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
F1
2
F3
4
F5
Given the Total System Stiffness Matrix
[ K ] =
1.7071 0.7071
0.7071 1.7071
1
0
1
0
1.5303
0
0
0.5303
1060
0.5303
0
1.5303
0
0
1.7071
1
0.5303
0.5303
1
1.7071
0
0
1.5303
0.5303
0.5303
0.7071
0.7071
0
0
0
0.7071
0.7071
0
0
0.5303
1
0.5303
0.7071 0.7071
0
0.7071 0.7071
0
0
0
0.5303
3.35
1
0.5303
0.7071
1
0.5303
0.5303
1.5303
0
1
0.5303
Bruhn Errata
Gaussian Elimination
Total System Stiffness Matrix
6
[ K ] = 10
1.7071 0.7071
0.7071 1.7071
1
0
1
0
1.5303
0
0
0.5303
0
0.7071
0.5303
0
1.5303
0
0
1.7071
1
0.5303
0.5303
1
1.7071
0
0
1.5303
0.5303
0.5303
0.7071
0
0
0.7071
0.7071
0
0
0.5303
1
0.5303
0.7071 0.7071
0
0.7071 0.7071
0
0
0
0.5303
1
0.5303
0.7071
1
0.5303
0.5303
1.5303
0
1
0.5303
Displacements u6, u7 and u8 are Constrained
6
[ K ] = 10
1.7071 0.7071
0.7071 1.7071
1
0
1
0
1.5303
0
0
0.5303
0
0.7071
0.5303
0
1.5303
0
0
1.7071
1
0.5303
0.5303
1
1.7071
0
0
1.5303
0.5303
0.5303
0.7071
0
0
0
0.7071
0.7071
0
0
0.5303
1
0.5303
0.7071 0.7071
0
0.7071 0.7071
0
0
0
0.5303
1
0.5303
0.7071
1
System Stiffness Matrix without Constrained Coordinates
K11
10 6
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0.7071 1.7071
0
0
1
0
1.5303 0.5303
0
0
0.5303 1.5303
0.7071 0.7071
0
0
3.36
0.7071
0.7071
1.7071
0.5303
0.5303
1.5303
0
1
0.5303

Cij
(k )
Cij
Step 1a k = 1,
( k 1)
i=2
Cik
( k 1)
C kk
C2 j
( k 1)
C1 j
( k 1)
(1)
C 21
0.7071
1.7071 0
C11 0.7071
C11
1.7071
C 21
(1)
C 21
C 22
(1)
C 22
C 23
(1)
C 23
C 24
(1)
C 24
C 21
0.7071
0 0
C14 0
C11
1.7071
C 25
(1)
C 25
C 21
0.7071
0.7071 0.4142
C15 0.7071
C11
1.7071
C 21
0.7071
0.7071 1.4142
C12 1.7071
C11
1.7071
C
0.7071
1 0.4142
21 C13 0
C11
1.7071
Step 1b k = 1,
i=3
C3 j
(2)
(1)
C31
C31
1
1.7071 0
C11 1
C11
1.7071
C32
(1)
C32
C31
1
0.7071 0.4142
C12 0
C11
1.7071
C33
(1)
C33
C31
1
1 0.9445
C13 1.5303
C11
1.7071
C34
(1)
C34
C31
1
0 0.5303
C14 0.5303
C11
1.7071
C35
(1)
C35
C31
1
0.7071 0.4142
C15 0
C11
1.7071
C31
3.37
Bruhn Errata
Step 1c k = 1,
i=4
C4 j
(1)
C 41
0
1.7071 0
C11 0
C11
1.7071
(1)
C 41
C 42
(1)
C 42
C 43
(1)
C 43
C 44
(1)
C 44
C 41
0
0 1.5303
C14 1.5303
C11
1.7071
C 45
(1)
C 45
C 41
0
0.7071 0
C15 0
C11
1.7071
C 41
C 41
0
0.7071 0
C12 0
C11
1.7071
C
0
1 0.5303
41 C13 0.5303
C11
1.7071
Step 1d k = 1,
i=5
C5 j
( 2)
(1)
C51
C51
0.7071
1.7071 0
C11 0.7071
C11
1.7071
C52
(1)
C52
C51
0.7071
0.7071 0.4142
C12 0.7071
C11
1.7071
C53
(1)
C53
C51
0.7071
1 0.4142
C13 0
C11
1.7071
C54
(1)
C54
C51
0.7071
0 0
C14 0
C11
1.7071
C55
(1)
C55
C51
0.7071
0.7071 1.4142
C15 1.7071
C11
1.7071
C51
3.38

After Step 1
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142
0
0.4142
0
0
0
0.4142
Step 2a k = 2,
( 2)
31
C32
( 2)
C33
( 2)
C34
(1)
C35
(1)
(1)
31
C32
(1)
C33
(1)
C34
C35
C32
(1)
C 22
(1)
C32
(1)
C 22
(1)
C32
(1)
C 22
(1)
C32
(1)
C 22
(1)
C32
(1)
C 22
(1)
0
0
0.9445 0.5303
0.5303 1.5303
0.4142
0
0.7071
0.4142
0.4142
1.4142
(2)
C3 j
i=3
1
0.4142
0.4142
1.4142
(1)
(1)
0.4142
(1)
0.9445
C 21
C 22
C 23
0 0
0.4142
1.4142 0
1.4142
0.4142
1.4142
0.4142
1.4142
C 24
(1)
0.5303
C 25
(1)
0.4142
0.4142 0.8232
0 0.5303
0.4142
1.4142
0.4142 0.2929
3.39
Bruhn Errata
Step 2b k = 2,
( 2)
41
C 42
( 2)
C 43
( 2)
C 44
( 2)
C 45
( 2)
(1)
41
C 42
C 43
(1)
(1)
C 44
(1)
C 45
(1)
Step 2c k = 2,
( 2)
51
C52
( 2)
C53
( 2)
C54
( 2)
C55
( 2)
(1)
51
C52
C53
(1)
(1)
C54
(1)
C55
(1)
(1)
C 42
C 22
(1)
C 42
(1)
C 22
(1)
C 42
(1)
C 22
(1)
(1)
C 42
C 22
(1)
C 42
(1)
C 22
(1)
C52
(1)
C 22
(1)
C52
(1)
C 22
(1)
C52
(1)
C 22
(1)
C52
(1)
C 22
(1)
C52
(1)
C 22
(1)
0 0
(1)
0
1.4142
(1)
0
1.4142 0
1.4142
(1)
0.5303
0
1.4142
0.4142 0.5303
(1)
1.5303
0
1.4142
0 1.5303
(1)
0
1.4142
0.4142 0
(1)
0.4142
1.4142
0 0
(1)
0.4142
(1)
0.4142
C 24
(1)
C 25
(1)
1.4142
C 21
C 22
C 23
C 24
C 25
( 2)
C5 j
i=5
( 2)
C4 j
i=4
C 21
C 22
C 23
0.4142
1.4142 0
1.4142
0.4142
1.4142
0.4142
1.4142
0.4142 0.2929
0 0
0.4142
1.4142
0.4142 1.2929
3.40

After Step 2
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
0
0
0.8232 0.5303
0
0.5303 1.5303
0
0
0
0.2929
0
Step 3a k = 3,
( 3)
41
C 42
( 3)
C 43
( 3)
C 44
( 3)
C 45
( 3)
( 2)
41
C 42
C 43
( 2)
( 2)
C 44
( 2)
C 45
( 2)
C4 j
i=4
( 2)
C 43
C33
( 2)
C 43
( 2)
C33
( 2)
( 2)
C 43
C33
( 2)
C 43
( 2)
C33
( 2)
C 43
( 2)
C33
( 2)
0.7071
0.4142
0.2929
1.2929
( 3)
0.5303
0.8232
0 0
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
0.5303
0.5303
0.8232
0.8232 0
C34
( 2)
1.5303
0.5303
0.8232
0.5303 1.1887
C35
( 2)
C31
C32
C33
0.5303
0.8232
0.5303
0.8232
0 0
0.2929 0.1887
3.41
Bruhn Errata
Step 3b k = 3,
( 3)
51
C52
( 3)
C53
( 3)
C54
( 3)
C55
( 3)
( 2)
51
C52
C53
( 2)
( 2)
C54
( 2)
C55
( 2)
C5 j
i=5
( 2)
C53
C33
( 2)
( 2)
C53
C33
( 2)
C53
( 2)
C33
( 2)
( 2)
C53
C33
( 2)
C53
( 2)
C33
( 2)
( 3)
0.2929
0.8232
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
0.2929
C34
( 2)
C35
( 2)
1.2929
C31
C32
C33
0.2929
0.8232
0.2929
0.8232
0 0
0 0
0.2929
0.8232
0.8232 0
0.5303 0.1887
0.2929
0.8232
0.2929 1.1887
After Step 3
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
0
0
0.8232 0.5303
0
0
1.1887
0
0
0
0
0.1887
3.42
0.7071
0.4142
0.2929
0.1887
1.1887

Step 4a k = 4,
( 4)
51
C52
( 4)
C53
( 4)
C54
( 4)
C55
( 4)
( 3)
51
C52
( 3)
C53
( 3)
C54
( 3)
C55
( 3)
C5 j
i=5
C54
( 3)
C 44
( 3)
C54
( 3)
C 44
( 3)
C54
( 3)
C 44
( 3)
C54
( 3)
C 44
( 3)
C54
( 3)
C 44
( 3)
( 4)
( 3)
0.1887
1.1887
0 0
( 3)
0.1887
1.1887
0 0
( 3)
0.1887
0 0
1.1887
( 3)
0.1887
1.1887 0
1.1887
( 3)
1.1887
C 41
C 42
C 43
C 44
C 45
0.1887
0.1887 1.1587
1.1887
After Step 4
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
0
0
0.8232 0.5303
0
0
1.1887
0
0
0
0
0
3.43
0.7071
0.4142
0.2929
0.1887
1.1587
Bruhn Errata
After Step 1
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
6
10
0
0.4142 0.94451 0.5303
0
0
0.5303 1.5303
0
0.4142 0.4142
0
0.7071
0.4142
0.4142
1.4142
After Step 2
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
6
10
0
0
0.8232 0.5303
0
0
0.5303 1.5303
0
0
0.2929
0
0.7071
0.4142
0.2929
1.2929
After Step 3
10 6
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
0
0
0.8232 0.5303
0
0
0
1.1887
0
0
0
0.1887
0.7071
0.4142
0.2929
0.1887
1.1887
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
0
0
0.8232 0.5303
0
0
0
1.1887
0
0
0
0
0.7071
0.4142
0.2929
0.1887
1.1588
After Step 4
10 6
3.44

u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
F1
2
F3
F5
Step 5a k = 1,
C 26
(1)
C 26
C36
(1)
C36
C 46
(1)
C 46
C56
(1)
C56
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
i = 2, 3, 4, 5
C ij
(1)
C 21
0.7071
C16 F2
C11
1.7071
F1 F2
0.4142 F1
C31
1
F1 F3 0.5858 F1
C16 F3
C11
1.7071
C
0
F1 F4
41 C16 F4
C11
1.7071
C51
0.7071
F1
C16 F5
C11
1.7071
F5 0.4142 F1
F1
F 0.4142 F
1
0
.
5858
F
3
1
F4
F5 0.4142 F1
3.45
Bruhn Errata
Step 5b k = 2,
C36
( 2)
C36
( 2)
C36
( 2)
C 46
( 2)
C56
( 2)
C56
( 2)
C56
( 2)
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
( 2)
F1
F 0.4142 F
1
0
.
5858
F
3
1
F4
F5 0.4142 F1
C36
(1)
C36
(1)
C36
(1)
C 46
(1)
C56
(1)
C56
(1)
C56
(1)
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
C ij
i = 3, 4, 5
C32
(1)
C 22
(1)
C32
(1)
C 22
(1)
C32
(1)
C 22
(1)
C 42
(1)
C 22
(1)
(1)
C52
C 22
(1)
C52
(1)
C 22
(1)
C52
(1)
C 22
(1)
F3 0.5858 F1
0.4142
1.4142
F2
0.4142 F1
C 26
(1)
C 26
(1)
F3 0.5858 F1 0.2929 F2 0.1213 F1
C 26
(1)
F3 0.2929 F2 0.7071 F1
(1)
F4 0 F4
C 26
F5 0.4142 F1
0.4142
1.4142
F2
0.4142 F1
C 26
(1)
C 26
(1)
F5 0.4142 F1 0.2929 F2 0.1213 F1
C 26
(1)
F5 0.2929 F2 0.2929 F1
F1
F2 0.4142 F1
0
.
2929
F
0
.
7071
F
3
2
1
F4
F5 0.2929 F2 0.2929 F1
3.46

u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
F1
F2 0.4142 F1
F3 0.2929 F2 0.7071 F1
F4
F5 0.2929 F2 0.2929 F1
Step 5c k = 3,
C 46
( 3)
C 46
( 3)
C56
( 3)
C56
( 3)
C 46
( 2)
C 46
( 2)
C56
( 2)
C ij
i = 4, 5
C 43
( 2)
C33
( 2)
( 2)
C 43
C33
( 2)
C52
( 2)
C 22
( 2)
C52
( 2)
C 22
( 2)
( 3)
0.5303
0.8232
F3
C36
( 2)
F4
0.2929 F2 0.7071 F1
C36
( 2)
F4 0.6442 F3 0.1887 F2 0.4555 F1
C36
( 2)
F5 0.2929 F2 0.2929 F1
0.2929
0.8232
C56
( 2)
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
F1
F2 0.4142 F1
0
.
2929
F
0
.
7071
F
3
2
1
F 0.6442 F 0.1887 F 0.4555 F

3
2
1
F5 0.3558 F3 0.1887 F2 0.5445 F1
C36
( 2)
F3 0.2929 F2 0.7071 F1
F5 0.3558 F3 0.1887 F2 0.5445 F1
3.47
Bruhn Errata
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
F1
F2 0.4142 F1
F3 0.2929 F2 0.7071 F1

F 0.6442 F 0.1887 F 0.4555 F

3
2
1
F5 0.3558 F3 0.1887 F2 0.5445 F1
Step 5d k = 4,
C56
C56
( 4)
C56
C56
F4
0.1887
1.1887
( 4)
( 3)
( 3)
C ij
i=5
C54
( 3)
C 44
( 3)
C 46
( 3)
( 4)
F5 0.3558 F3 0.1887 F2 0.5445 F1
0.6442 F3 0.1887 F2 0.5445 F1
C54
( 3)
C 44
( 3)
C 46
( 3)
F5 0.3358 F3 0.1887 F2 0.5445 F1
0.15875 F4 0.01023 F3 0.02996 F2 0.07231 F1
C56
( 4)
C54
( 3)
C 44
( 3)
C56
( 3)
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
F1
F2 0.4142 F1
0
.
2929
F
0
.
7071
F
3
2
1
F4 0.6442 F3 0.1887 F2 0.4555 F1
F5 0.1587 F4 0.4581 F3 0.1587 F2 0.6168 F1
C 46
( 3)
F5 0.1587 F4 0.4581 F3 0.1587 F2 0.6168 F1
3.48

After Step 1 and Step 5a
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142
0
0.4142
0
0
0
0.4142
1
0.4142
0.94451
0
0
0.5303
0.5303 1.5303
0.4142
0
0.7071
0.4142
0.4142
0
1.4142
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
F1
F 0.4142 F
1
F3 0.5858 F1
F4
F5 0.4142 F1
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
F1
F2 0.4142 F1
0
.
2929
F
0
.
7071
F
3
2
1
F4
F5 0.2929 F2 0.2929 F1
After Step 2 and Step 5b
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
6
10
0
0
0.8232 0.5303
0
0
0.5303 1.5303
0
0
0.2929
0
0.7071
0.4142
0.2929
0
1.2929
After Step 3 and Step 5c
10 6
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
0
0
0.8232 0.5303
0
0
0
1.1887
0
0
0
0.1887
0.7071
0.4142
0.2929
0.1887
1.1887
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
F1
F2 0.4142 F1
F3 0.2929 F2 0.7071 F1

F 0.6442 F 0.1887 F 0.4555 F

3
2
1
F5 0.3558 F3 0.1887 F2 0.5445 F1
After Step 4 and Step 5d
10 6
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
0
0
0.8232 0.5303
0
0
0
1.1887
0
0
0
0
0.7071
0.4142
0.2929
0.1887
1.1588
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
F1
F2 0.4142 F1

F3 0.2929 F2 0.7071 F1
F4 0.6442 F3 0.1887 F2 0.4555 F1
F5 0.1587 F4 0.4581 F3 0.1587 F2 0.6168 F1

3.49
Bruhn Errata
The Only Applied Load is F3
10 6
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
0
0
0.8232 0.5303
0
0
0
1.1887
0
0
0
0
6
0.7071
0.4142
0.2929
0.1887
1.1588
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
1
F3
0.6442
0.4581
-6
Solve for u5
1.1588 (10 ) u5 = 0.4581 F3
Solve for u4
1.1887 (10 ) u4 + 0.1887 (10 ) u5 = - 0.6442 F3 + 0.4581 F3
u5 = 0.3953 (10 ) F3
-6
u4 = -0.6047 (10 ) F3
Solve for u3
= F3 - 0.6442 F3 + 0.4581 F3
Solve for u2
0.8232 (10 ) u3 + 0.5303 (10 ) u4 - 0.2929 (10 ) u5
-6
u3 = 1.7450 (10 ) F3
1.4142 (10 ) u3 - 0.4142 (10 ) u3 - 0.4142 (10 ) u5
= F3 - 0.6442 F3 + 0.4581 F3
-6
u2 = 0.3953 (10 ) F3
1.7071 (10 ) u1 0.7071(10 ) u1 1.0 (10 ) u3 - 0.7071 (10 ) u5
Solve for u1
= F3 - 0.6442 F3 + 0.4581 F3
-6
u1 = 1.3496 (10 ) F3
For F3 = 1,000 lb
-6
-6
u3 = 1.7450 (10 ) F3 = 1.7450 (10 ) 1,000 lb = 0.002 inches
3.50

Another Way
Inverse of the Stiffness Matrix
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
0
0
0.8232 0.5303
0
0
0
1.1887
0
0
0
0
0.58579
0.7071
0.4142
0.2929
0.1887
1.1588
0.29289
0.70711
0.85898
0.35580
0.38321
0.15873
0
0
0
1.21478
0
0
0.54194
0.84127
0
0.53230
0.13699
0.39531
0.13699
0.86301
Multiply
u1
0.58579
u2
0
u3
0
u4
0
u 5
0
0.41421
0.70711
0.45552
0.61679
0.38321
0.15873
0.54194
0.29289 0.85898
0.70711 0.35580
0
1.21478
0
0
0
0
0.84127
0
0
1
0.29289
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.18868
0.15873
0.64420
0.45806
1
0.15873
0
1
0
0
0
0.13699
0.86301
0.53230
0.13699
0.39531
F1
F2
F3 =
F4
F5
Deflections
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
1.8174
0.5323
1.3497
0.4677
0.5323
0.5323
0.8630
0.3953
1.3497
0.3953
1.7450
0.4677
0.1370
0.6047
0.1370
0.1370
0.6047
0.3953
0.8630
0.1370
3.51
0.1370
0.8630
0.5323
0.1370
0.3953
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Bruhn Errata
Final Form
C11 u1 C12 u2 C13 u3 C14 u4 C11 u5 C16

C 22
(1)
u 2 C 23
(1)
u 3 C 24
C 33
( 2)
u 3 C 34
( 2)
u 4 C 35
( 2)
C 44
( 3)
u 4 C 45
u 5 C 46
( 3)
C 55
( 4)
u 5 C 56
( 3)
(1)
u 4 C 25
(1)
u 5 C36
u 5 C 26
(1)
( 2)
( 4)
Where
Cij
(k )
Cij
( k 1)
Cik
C kk
( k 1)
( k 1)
C1 j
( k 1)
Before Gaussian Elimination
F1
F2
F3 10 6
F4
F5
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0.7071 1.7071
0
0
1
0
1.5303 0.5303
0
0
0.5303 1.5303
0.7071 0.7071
0
0
0.7071
0.7071
0
0
1.7071
After Gaussian Elimination
F1
F2 0.414 F1
F3 0.2929 F2 0.7071 F1
F4 0.6442 F3 0.1887 F2 0.4555 F1
F5 0.1587 F4 0.4581 F3 0.1587 F2 0.6168 F1
10 6
1
0
1.7071 0.7071
0
1.4142 0.4142
0
0
0
0.8232 0.5303
0
0
0
1.1887
0
0
0
0
0.7071
0.4142
0.2929
0.1887
1.1588
3.52
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5
u1
u
2
u3
u
4
u 5

INPUT
A23.10)
Method of(Bruhn
Displacements
- Stiffness Method
F3
1,000
lb
u2
E
3.00E+07 lb
30
in
30
in
members
joints
u4
u1
u8
a
u6
u7
1.00
in
Abd
1.00
in2
Adc
1.00
in2
Aca
1.00
in2
Acb
2.00
in2
Aad
1.50
in2
1,000 lb
30
Area
Aab
u3 F3
Cij
(k )
Cij
( k 1)
u5
30
Cik
C kk
( k 1)
( k 1)
C1 j
( k 1)
Stiffness Matrix
i
1
2
3
4
5
j
1
1.7071
-0.7071
-1
0
-0.7071
2
-0.7071
1.7071
0
0
0.7071
3
-1
0
1.530
0.530
0
4
0
0
0.530
1.530
0
5
-0.7071
0.7071
0
0
1.7071
DATA
After Gaussian Elimination
n
1.7071
0
0
0
0
-0.7071
1.41421
0
0
0
-1
-0.41421
0.8232
0
0
0
0
0.5303
1.1887
0
-0.7071
0.4142
-0.2929
0.1887
1.1587
AE/L
cos
sin
1.00E+06
1.00E+06
1.00E+06
1.00E+06
1.41E+06
1.06E+06
0
90
0
90
-45
45
1
0
1
0
0.7071
0.7071
0
1
0
1
-0.7071
0.7071
395.3 lb
-604.7 lb
395.3 lb
395.3 lb
-559.0 lb
855.2 lb
OUTPUT
u1
0.0013
in
u2
0.0004
in
u3
0.0017
in
u4
-0.0006
in
u5
0.0004
in
ab
bd
dc
ca
cb
ad
3.53
Bruhn Errata
Stiffness Matrix
Cij
(k )
Cij
( k 1)
Cik
C kk
( k 1)
( k 1)
C1 j
1.70711 -0.70711
-0.70711 1.70711
-1
0
0
0
-0.70711 0.70711
( k 1)
k=1
-1
0
1.5303
0.5303
0
0
0
0.5303
1.5303
0
-0.70711
0.70711
0
0
1.70711
0
0
0.5303
1.5303
0
-0.70711
0.414215
-0.41421
0
1.414215
-0.70711
After Step 1
i
1
2
3
4
5
C11(1)
0
0
0
0
C12(1)
C13(1)
1.414215 -0.41421
-0.41421 0.944515
0
0.5303
0.414215 -0.41421
C14(1)
0
0.5303
1.5303
0
C15(1)
0.414215
-0.41421
0
1.414215
1.70711 -0.70711
-1
0
1.414215 -0.41421
0
-0.41421 0.944515
0
0
0.5303
0
0.414215 -0.41421
k=2
After Step 2
i
1
C11(2)
C12(2)
C13(2)
C14(2)
C15(2)
1.70711
-0.70711
-1
C21(2)
0
0
0
C22(2)
0
0
0
C23(2)
0.823194
0.5303
-0.29289
C24(2)
0.5303
1.5303
0
C25(2)
-0.29289
0
1.292894
0
0
0
0
1.414215
0
0
0
-0.41421
0.82319
0.53030
-0.29289
3
4
5
k=3
0
0.414215
0.53030 -0.29289
1.53030
0
0
1.292894
After Step 3
i
1
C11(3)
C12(3)
C13(3)
C14(3)
C15(3)
1.70711
-0.70711
-1
C21(3)
C22(3)
C23(3)
C24(3)
C25(3)
1.41421
-0.41421
0.41421
C31(3)
0
0
C32(3)
0
0
C33(3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.82319
0
0
0.53030
1.18868
0.18868
-0.29289
0.18868
1.18868
-0.70711
4
5
C34(3)
C35(3)
1.188682 0.188682
0.188682 1.188682
k=4
-0.70711
After Step 4
i
1
C11(4)
C12(4)
C13(4)
C14(4)
C15(4)
1.70711
-0.70711
-1
C21(4)
C22(4)
C23(4)
C24(4)
C25(4)
1.41421
-0.41421
0.41421
C31(4)
C32(4)
C33(4)
C34(4)
C35(4)
0.82319
0.53030
-0.29289
C41(4)
0
C42(4)
0
C43(4)
0
C44(4)
0
C45(4)
1.158732
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.18868
0
0.18868
1.15873
Stiffness Matrix
1.70711
0
-0.70711
-1
1.414215 -0.41421
0.823194
Displacements
Forces
F1
-0.70711
u1
0.414215
u2
0.5303
-0.29289
u3
1.188682 0.188682
u4
F4
u5
F5
1.158732
3.54
F2
=
F3

C16(1)
0.41421
0.58579
0
0.414215
C17(1)
1
0
0
0
C18(1)
0
1
0
0
C19(1)
0
0
1
0
C10(1)
0
0
0
1
C16(2)
C17(2)
C18(2)
C19(2)
C10(2)
C26(2)
0.70711
0
0.29289
C27(2)
0.29289
0
-0.29289
C28(2)
1
0
0
C29(2)
0
1
0
C20(2)
0
0
1
C16(3)
C17(3)
C18(3)
C19(3)
C10(3)
C26(3)
C27(3)
C28(3)
C29(3)
C20(3)
C39(3)
1
0
C30(3)
0
1
C36(3)
C37(3)
C38(3)
-0.45552 -0.18868 -0.64420
0.54448 -0.18868 0.35580
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
1
0.41421
0.58579
0
0.41421
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
0.41421
0.70711
0
0.29289
1
0.29289
0
-0.29289
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
0.41421
0
1
0
0
0
1
0.70711 0.29289
1
-0.45552 -0.18868 -0.64420
0.54448 -0.18868 0.35580
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
C16(4)
C17(4)
C18(4)
C19(4)
C10(4)
C26(4)
C27(4)
C28(4)
C29(4)
C20(4)
0.41421
C36(4)
C37(4)
C38(4)
C39(4)
C30(4)
0.70711
0.29289
C46(4)
0.61679
C47(4)
-0.15873
C48(4)
0.45806
C49(4)
-0.15873
C40(4)
1
1.70711
-0.70711
-0.45552 -0.18868 -0.64420

1
0.61679 -0.15873 0.45806 -0.15873
0.823194
1.70711
u1
0.58579
0
0
0
0
0.29289
0.70711
0
0
0
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
0.414215
u2
0.41421
0.5303
-0.29289
u3
0.70711
0.29289
1.188682 0.188682
u4
-0.45552 -0.18868 -0.64420
u5
0.61679
-0.15873
-0.15873
1.158732
u5
0.45806
F3
1.188682
u4
0.188682
u5
-0.64420
F3
1.158732
0.45806
0.823194
u3
0.5303
u4
-0.29289
u5
F3
1.414215
u2
-0.41421
u3
u4
0.414215
u5
F3
-0.70711
u2
-1
u3
u4
-0.70711
u5
F3
F3 is the only applied load
Inverse of the Stiffness Matrix
0.85898
0.35580
1.21478
0
0
-0.38321 0.53230
-0.15873 -0.13699
-0.54194 0.39531
0.84127 -0.13699
0
0.86301
Displacements
u5
0.3953
x 10-6
( F3 )
u4
-0.6047
x 10-6
( F3 )
-6
Displacements
1.8174
0.5323
1.3497
-0.4677
0.5323
0.5323
0.8630
0.3953
-0.1370
-0.1370
5d
0
1
u1
1.414215 -0.41421
0
5c
-0.70711
-1
5b
Stiffness Matrix
0
5a
1.3497
0.3953
1.7450
-0.6047
0.3953
-0.4677
-0.1370
-0.6047
0.8630
-0.1370
0.5323
-0.1370
0.3953
-0.1370
0.8630
3.55
u3
1.7450
x 10
( F3 )
u2
0.3953
x 10-6
( F3 )
u1
1.3497
x 10-6
( F3 )
Bruhn Errata
ab
bd
dc
ca
cb
ad
AE/L
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,414,214
1,060,660
0
90
0
90
-45
45
cos
1
0
1
0
0.7071
0.7071
sin
0
1
0
1
-0.7071
0.7071
1.70711 -0.70711
-1
0
-0.70711
0
1.414215 -0.41421
0
0.414215
0
0
0.823194 0.5303 -0.29289
0
0
0
1.188682 0.188682
0
0
0
0
1.158732
Coordinate Transformation
Deflections
Element Deflections
b e ]
{u}
{ ue }
Member
ab
uab =
1
0
0
1
0.3953
0.0000
x 10-6 ( F3 )
0.3953
0.0000
x 10-6 ( F3 )
bd
ubd =
0
-1
1
0
0.3953
-1.0000
x 10-6 ( F3 )
-1.0000
-0.3953
x 10-6 ( F3 )
dc
udc =
1
0
0
0
0.3953
-1.0000
x 10-6 ( F3 )
0.3953
0.0000
x 10-6 ( F3 )
ca
uca =
0
-1
1
0
0.0000
0.3953
x 10-6 ( F3 )
0.3953
0.0000
x 10-6 ( F3 )
cb
ucb =
0.7071
0
-0.7071
0
-0.9544
-0.3953
x 10-6 ( F3 )
-0.3953
0.0000
x 10-6 ( F3 )
ad
uad =
0.7071
0
0.7071
0
1.7450
-0.6047
x 10-6 ( F3 )
0.8063
0.0000
x 10-6 ( F3 )
Element Stiffness Matrix

Local Coordinates
[ ke ]
Element
Deflections
{ ue }
ab
1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
1.0E+06
0.3953
0
x 10-6 F3
bd
1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
1.0E+06
-1
-0.3953
x 10-6 F3
dc
1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
1.0E+06
0.3953
0
x 10-6 F3
ca
1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
1.0E+06
0.3953
x 10-6 F3
2.42E-17
cb
1.4E+06
-1.4E+06
-1.4E+06
1.4E+06
-0.3953
0
x 10-6 F3
ad
1.1E+06
-1.1E+06
-1.1E+06
1.1E+06
0.8063
0
x 10-6 F3
3.56
Element Forces
Element Forces
{ Fe }
{ Fe }
395,308
-395,308
-604,692
604,692
395,308
-395,308
395,308
-395,308
-559,048
559,048
855,211
-855,211
x 10-6 F3
395.3
-395.3
lb
lb
x 10-6 F3
-604.7
604.7
lb
lb
x 10-6 F3
395.3
-395.3
lb
lb
x 10-6 F3
395.3
-395.3
lb
lb
x 10-6 F3
-559.0
559.0
lb
lb
x 10-6 F3
855.2
-855.2
lb
lb
Fouriers Series Method - Spanwise Lift Distribution

David J. Peery
Aircraft Structures, First Edition, pages 233-242
Hermann Glauert
The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier 1768-1830
GRAN
Spanwise Air-Load Distribution, Fourier's Series Method

David J. Peery
Aircraft Structures
page 233-242
Corporation
1768-1830
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
INPUT
Figure 9.14
Geometry
b/2
240
in
c1
102
in
c12
63.75
in
y1 - y4
23.040
in
y5 - y8
21.960
in
y9 - y12
15.000
in
Taper
0.625
to 1
38,340
in2
m0
0.10
4 x
23.04 ''
A1
A3
A5
0.7664
0.0313
0.0185
B1
B3
B5
1
0
0
180 /
57.30
4 x
21.96 ''
4 x
15.00 ''
C0
C2
C4
C6
C8
C10
0.819
-0.371
-0.231
-0.129
-0.088
0
Cl
0.10
/ radian
ms
5.730
2.6178
-0.1400
-0.1017
-0.1400
3.5937
-0.2826
-0.1017
-0.2826
4.6820
A1
A3
A5
2
0
0
0.383
0.016
0.009
0.016
0.280
0.017
0.009
0.017
0.215
2
0
0
=
=
=
0.7664
0.0313
0.0185
A1 / CL
A2 / CL
A3 / CL
0.1740
0.0071
0.0042
per degree
= aa
C2 - C 4
C2 - C 6
C2 - C 8
C4 - C 6
P1
P3
P5
Symbols
A
b
CD
CL
CM
Ct
Cza
a
aaR
aw0
b
c
cd
cdi
cdi1
cl
clb
cla1
cn
K
Lt
M
m0
n
q
S
U
V
W
y
Wing Aspect Ratio = b2 / S

Wing Span ( in )
Wing Drag Coefficients
Wing Lift Coefficients
Wing Moment Coefficients
Dimensionless Tail Force Coefficients
Normal Force Coefficients for Aircraft
Effective Angle of Attack
From Reference Line
Reference Plane to Plane of Zero Lift
Wing Span
Chord
Drag Coefficient
Section Induced Drag Coefficient
Induced Drag Coefficient for CL = 1
Section Lift Coefficient
Basic Lift
Additional Lift for CL = 1.0
Normal Force Confidents
Gust Effectiveness Factor
Distance from a/c cg to air load on tail
Wing Bending Moment
Slope of Section Lift Coefficients
Dynamic Pressure ( lb / ft2 )
Mass Density of Air ( slugs / ft3 )
Wing Area ( in2 )
Wing Shear
Gross Weight of Aircraft
Point Along Span
/ radian
cs ms
4 b
-0.1400
-0.2416
-0.2826
-0.1017
1.309
1.797
2.341
0.3044
Solve for A
B1
B3
B5
CL
c s m s b A1
4.404
4S
Table 9.4
( deg. )
( radians )
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
0.00
0.39
0.79
1.18
1.57
1.000
0.924
0.707
0.383
0
1
1
1
1
1
2y/b
m/m
cs / c
sin
ci
0
53.0
75.0
87.4
102.0
0
1.9245
1.3600
1.1670
1.0000
0
0.383
0.707
0.924
1.000
0
0.736
0.962
1.078
1.000
y4
y3
y2
y1
y0
c
( in )
3.57
Bruhn Errata
Circulation
Fundamental Equation for the Circulation Distribution
Equation 9.17, page 222
b/2
y
2
m0 c V
aa
a1 cos
4 V
a3 cos
b
2
b/2
d
y' y
b
2
a1
3 y
5 y
a5 cos

b
b
a3
Put another way
n 1, 3, 5
a n cos
n y
b
a5
An
b
c
cs
ms
y
y
For symmetrical loading, even coefficients A 2, A 4 A 2n = 0

Wing Span
Wing Chord
Wing Chord at the Center of the Span
Slope of the Lift Curve at the Center of the Span
Angle from a circle of radius = b / 2
Value corresponding to y
-b/2
Distance of point from the center of span
See Figure 9.11
c s ms V
2
c s ms V
2
A1 sin
n 1, 3, 5
Let
2y
b
Constant Coefficients
Another Way
cos
an
b/2
A2 sin 2 A3 sin 3
An sin n
Where
cos
A1
A2
2y
b
Derivative of Gamma
A3
c s ms V
2
y
1
4 V
b
2
b
2
nA
n 1
cos n
d
y' y
c s ms
4 b
n 1
n An cos n
cos cos '
Fundamentals of Aerodymanics by John D. Anderson, Jr., page 163
cos
2y
b
V ds
C
The circulation is simply the negative of the line integral of velocity around a closed curve in the flow
3.58
Hermann Glauert
cos n
d
cos cos '
sin n '
sin
Equations
ms c s
sin
m0 c
ms c s
sin
m0 c
n 0 ,1, 2 , 3
sin n
C 2 n cos 2n
Bn sin n
C 2 n cos 2n
n 0 ,1, 2 , 3
c cl c s m s
nA
n 0 ,1, 2 , 3
a a sin
c s ms
4b
sin n a a sin
An sin n
sin n c s ms
n 0 ,1, 2 , 3
A1 sin
Bn sin n
c s ms
4b
nA
A3 sin 3 A5 sin 5
sin n
Evaluation of Bn Coefficients
a a sin
n 0 ,1, 2 , 3
Bn sin n B1 = aa
Assume an angle of attack, aa = 1
Evaluation of Pn Coefficients
1
c m
C2 n n s x
2
4b
Pn C0
Cl
0.10
Wing Planform
cs ms
4 b
0.3044
57.30 / radian
cs = 102 in
ms
5.730
b = 2 ( 240 in ) = 480 in
P1
P3
P5
1.309
1.797
2.341
3.59
Bn = 0 for n 1
Bruhn Errata
Evaluation of Cn Coefficients
C0 C2 C4 C6 C8 y4
1
C0
C2 C4
C6 C8 y3
C0 0 C4 0 C8 y2
1
C0
C2 0
1
2
C6 C8 y1
C0 C2 C4 C6 C8 y0
Table 9.4
( deg. )
( radians )
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
0.00
0.39
0.79
1.18
1.57
2y/b
m/m
cs / c
sin q
ci
0
1.9245
1.3600
1.1670
1.0000
0
0.383
0.707
0.924
1.000
0
0.736
0.962
1.078
1.000
y4
y3
y2
y1
y0
C0
C2
C4
C6
C8
C10
0.819
-0.371
-0.231
-0.129
-0.088
0
( in )
1.000
0.924
0.707
0.383
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
53.0
75.0
87.4
102.0
C0
1 y4
y
y3 y2 y1 0
4 2
2
C2
1 y4
2 2
C4
1 y4
y
y2 0
2 2
2
C6
1 y4
1
1
y
y3
y1 0
2 2
2
2
2
1
y3
2
1
y
y1 0
2
2
3.60
Evaluation of An Coefficients
ms c s
sin
m0 c
sin n = a a sin
c s ms
4b
nA
sin n
Left Hand Side of Equation 9.37
ms c s
sin
m0 c
2n
cos 2 n
2n
cos 2 n
An sin n
Triginometry
2 sin k cos l
sin k l
C 2 n cos 2 n
An sin n
sin k l
1
2
k 1, 2 , 3 l 0 , 2 , 4
Ak Cl
sin k l
sin k l
1
2 A1 C0 A1 C 2 A3 C 2 A3 C 4 A5 C 4 A5 C6 sin
2
1
2 A1 C 2 A1 C 4 2 A3 C0 A3 C6 A5 C 2 A5 C8 sin 3
2
1
2 A1 C 4 A1 C6 2 A3 C 2 A3 C8 A5 C0 A5 C10 sin 5
Right Hand Side of Equation 9.37
a a sin
Bn sin n
Bn sin n
c s ms
4b
nA
sin n
Substitution
ms c s
sin
m0 c
sin n
a a sin
c s ms
4b
nA
sin n
c s ms
4b
nA
becomes
2n
cos 2 n
sin n
Bn sin n
3.61
sin n
Bruhn Errata
Another Substitution
1
2
2 A1 C0 A1 C 2
1
2
1
A3 C 2 A3 C 4 A5 C 4 A5 C6
sin
2 A1 C 2 A1 C 4
2 A3 C0 A3 C6 A5 C 2 A5 C8
sin 3
2 A1 C 4 A1 C6
2 A3 C 2 A3 C8 A5 C 0 A5 C10
sin 5
Bn sin n
c s ms
4b
nA
sin n
Rearrange
C2 C4 A3
2 P1 A1
C4 C6 A5
C2 C4 A1
2 P3 A3 C2 C8
C4 C6 A1
C2 C8 A3
A5
2 B1
2 B3
2 P5 A5 2 B5
c m
1
C2 s s
2
4b
c m
1
C2n n s s
2
4b
P1 C 0
Where
Pn C 0
Solve Simultaneously
Solve for A
2.6178
-0.1400
-0.1017
-0.1400
3.5937
-0.2826
-0.1017
-0.2826
4.6820
A1
A3
A5
2
0
0
0.383
0.016
0.009
0.016
0.280
0.017
0.009
0.017
0.215
2
0
0
=
=
=
0.7664
0.0313
0.0185
A1 / CL
A2 / CL
A3 / CL
0.1740
0.0071
0.0042
B1
B3
B5
CL
c s m s b A1
A1 = 0.7664
4.404
4S
A3 = 0.0313
A5 = 0.0185
Lift Distribution Calculation
c cl c s m s
c cl c s m s
sin n c s ms
sin n 102
A1 sin
A3 sin 3 A5 sin 5
5.73 0.1740 sin
3.62
0.0071 sin 3 0.0042 sin 5
Coefficient of Lift for Entire Wing

Method 1
David J. Peery Aircraft Structures, First Edition, page 241
CL
CL
c s m s b A1
4S
102 in
5.73 480 in
4 38,340 in 2
0.7664
4.404
Method 2
David J. Peery Aircraft Structures, First Edition, page 246
Correction Factor for Deviation from Elliptical Planform ( Figure 9.21, page 244 )
0.25
1 / Taper Ratio =
= 1 / 1.60 = 0.625
= 0.25
m0 = 0.10 per degree ( 180 degrees / radians ) = 5.73 per radian
Figure 9.21, page 244
= 0.022
for = 0.625
480 in 2
38,340 in
m0
5.73
6.009
m0
A
5.73
6.009
0.022
4. 373
Difference = ( 4.404 - 4.373 ) / 4.404 = 0.71%
3.63
Bruhn Errata
Table 9.5
Table 9.5
y = b / 2 cos
sin
sin 3
sin 5
0.1740 sin
0.0071 sin 3
0.0042 sin 5
SAn sin n
c cl
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
90
0
1
-1
1
0.1740
-0.0071
0.0042
0.1711
100.00
72
74.2
0.951
-0.588
0
0.1655
-0.0042
0
0.1613
94.28
54
141.1
0.809
0.309
-1
0.1408
0.0022
-0.0042
0.1388
81.10
36
194.2
0.588
0.951
0
0.1023
0.0068
0
0.1090
63.73
18
228.3
0.309
0.809
1
0.0538
0.0058
0.0042
0.0637
37.25
Figure 9.20
110
Schrenk's
Method
100
90
Fourier's
Method
Lift per Unit Span, c c l ( lb/in )
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Spanwise Position, y ( in )
3.64
160
180
200
220
240

Data for Figure 9.20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
b / 2 cos
240.0
239.9
239.4
238.7
237.7
236.4
234.8
232.9
230.7
228.3
225.5
222.5
219.3
215.7
211.9
207.8
203.5
199.0
194.2
189.1
183.9
178.4
172.6
166.7
160.6
154.3
147.8
141.1
134.2
127.2
120.0
112.7
105.2
97.6
89.9
82.1
74.2
66.2
58.1
49.9
41.7
33.4
25.1
16.7
8.4
0
sin
0
0.035
0.070
0.105
0.139
0.174
0.208
0.242
0.276
0.309
0.342
0.375
0.407
0.438
0.469
0.500
0.530
0.559
0.588
0.616
0.643
0.669
0.695
0.719
0.743
0.766
0.788
0.809
0.829
0.848
0.866
0.883
0.899
0.914
0.927
0.940
0.951
0.961
0.970
0.978
0.985
0.990
0.995
0.998
0.999
1.000
sin 3
0
0.035
0.070
0.105
0.139
0.174
0.208
0.242
0.276
0.309
0.342
0.375
0.407
0.438
0.469
0.500
0.530
0.559
0.588
0.616
0.643
0.669
0.695
0.719
0.743
0.766
0.788
0.809
0.829
0.848
0.866
0.883
0.899
0.914
0.927
0.940
0.951
0.961
0.970
0.978
0.985
0.990
0.995
0.998
0.999
1.000
sin 5
0
0.035
0.070
0.105
0.139
0.174
0.208
0.242
0.276
0.309
0.342
0.375
0.407
0.438
0.469
0.500
0.530
0.559
0.588
0.616
0.643
0.669
0.695
0.719
0.743
0.766
0.788
0.809
0.829
0.848
0.866
0.883
0.899
0.914
0.927
0.940
0.951
0.961
0.970
0.978
0.985
0.990
0.995
0.998
0.999
1.000
0.1740
0.0071
0.0042
sin
sin 3
sin 5
0
0.0061
0.0121
0.0182
0.0242
0.0302
0.0362
0.0421
0.0480
0.0538
0.0595
0.0652
0.0708
0.0763
0.0817
0.0870
0.0922
0.0973
0.1023
0.1071
0.1119
0.1164
0.1209
0.1252
0.1293
0.1333
0.1371
0.1408
0.1443
0.1476
0.1507
0.1537
0.1564
0.1590
0.1613
0.1635
0.1655
0.1673
0.1689
0.1702
0.1714
0.1723
0.1731
0.1736
0.1739
0.1740
0
0.0002
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010
0.0012
0.0015
0.0017
0.0020
0.0022
0.0024
0.0027
0.0029
0.0031
0.0033
0.0036
0.0038
0.0040
0.0042
0.0044
0.0046
0.0048
0.0049
0.0051
0.0053
0.0054
0.0056
0.0058
0.0059
0.0060
0.0062
0.0063
0.0064
0.0065
0.0066
0.0067
0.0068
0.0068
0.0069
0.0070
0.0070
0.0070
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
0
0.0001
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0007
0.0009
0.0010
0.0012
0.0013
0.0014
0.0016
0.0017
0.0018
0.0020
0.0021
0.0022
0.0024
0.0025
0.0026
0.0027
0.0028
0.0029
0.0030
0.0031
0.0032
0.0033
0.0034
0.0035
0.0036
0.0036
0.0037
0.0038
0.0038
0.0039
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0042
0.0042
0.0042
0.0042
0.0042
3.65
SAn sin n
c cl
( in )
0
0.0065
0.0129
0.0194
0.0258
0.0322
0.0385
0.0448
0.0511
0.0573
0.0634
0.0694
0.0754
0.0812
0.0870
0.0927
0.0982
0.1036
0.1089
0.1141
0.1191
0.1240
0.1287
0.1333
0.1377
0.1420
0.1460
0.1499
0.1537
0.1572
0.1605
0.1636
0.1666
0.1693
0.1718
0.1742
0.1763
0.1782
0.1798
0.1813
0.1825
0.1835
0.1843
0.1849
0.1852
0.1853
0
4.4
8.8
13.1
17.4
21.6
25.7
29.7
33.5
37.2
40.8
44.2
47.4
50.5
53.5
56.2
58.9
61.4
63.7
66.0
68.1
70.2
72.2
74.1
75.9
77.7
79.4
81.1
82.8
84.4
85.9
87.5
89.0
90.4
91.8
93.1
94.3
95.4
96.4
97.3
98.1
98.8
99.3
99.7
99.9
100.0
Bruhn Errata
Thomas Algorithm
The tridiagonal matrix algorithm (TDMA), also known as the Thomas algorithm, is a simplified form of
Gaussian elimination that can be used to solve tridiagonal systems of equations.
http://www.cfd-online.com/Wiki/Tridiagonal_matrix_algorithm_-_TDMA_(Thomas_algorithm)
Tridiagonal Matrix
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TridiagonalMatrix.html
Cholesky Decomposition
In mathematics, the Cholesky decomposition, named after Andr-Louis Cholesky, is a matrix
decomposition of a symmetric positive-definite matrix into a lower triangular matrix and the transpose of
the lower triangular matrix. The lower triangular matrix is the Cholesky triangle of the original, positivedefinite matrix.
Any square matrix A can be written as the product of a lower triangular matrix L and an upper
triangular matrix U; this is called the LU decomposition. However, if A is symmetric and positive definite,
we can choose the factors such that U is the transpose of L, and this is called the Cholesky
decomposition. Both the LU and the Cholesky decomposition are used to solve systems of linear
equations. When it is applicable, the Cholesky decomposition is twice as efficient as the LU
decomposition.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesky_decomposition
LU Decomposition
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LUDecomposition.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_LU_decomposition
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/phys594/lectures/linear_algebra/lanotes/node3.html
3.66
4.0 Curves
4.0 Curves
Fastener Shear and Tension Interaction
MMPDS-01
General Case
Rr
Rs
AN3 Series Bolts see MMPDS-01, page 8-125
Rr
Rs
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
RT
RT
0.5
0.5
M.S. = + 0.12
M.S. = + 0.20
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
RS
7075-T6 Lockbolts see MMPDS-01, page 8-110
Rr
Rs
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Steel Lockbolts see MMPDS-01, page 8-110
Rr
Rs
10
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
RT
RT
0.5
RS
0.5
0.5
M.S. = + 0.35
M.S. = + 0.23
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
RS
RS
4.1
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Bruhn Errata
AN Steel Bolts
Elmer F. Bruhn
Figure D1.4 and Figure D1.5, page D1.4
Figure D1.5
Figure D1.5 Shear and Tension on AN Steel Bolts

130,000
120,000
x3
y2
2 1
a3
b
110,000
100,000
90,000
80,000
PT
70,000
AN-20
60,000
50,000
AN-18
40,000
AN-16
30,000
AN-10
AN-14
AN-9
20,000
AN-8
AN-7
10,000 AN-6
AN-12
0
0
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000
PS
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures page D1.4
4.2
4.0 Curves
Figure D1.4
Figure D1.4 Shear and Tension on AN Steel Bolts
30,000
x3
y2
2 1
a3
b
25,000
PT
20,000
15,000
AN-10
AN-9
10,000
AN-8
AN-7
5,000
AN-6
AN-5
AN-4
AN-3
0
0
5,000
10,000
PS
4.3
15,000
20,000
25,000
Bruhn Errata
Lug Loads - Axial and Transverse Interaction
Lug Interaction Equation

1.6
Rax
Rtr
1.6
Product Engineering
Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins Made of Aluminum and Steel Alloys, F.P.Cozzone, M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Product Engineering, Volume 21, Number 5, pages 113-117, May 1950
Developments in the Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins, M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Product Engineering, Volume 24, Number 6, pages 160-170, June 1953
Interaction Equation - Combined Axial and Transverse

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
R tr
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Rax
4.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
4.0 Curves
Johnson-Euler Column Curves

Elmer F. Bruhn
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, Figure C7.33, page C7.23
Aluminum Alloy
For E = 10.4 E6 psi
Figure C7.33 Johnson and Euler Column Curves

80
Johnson
Curves
70
Euler Curve
Euler Curve
Fc
Column Failing Stress, F
(ksi)
60
2E
L' 2
50
Johnson Curves
Fc Fcc
40
Fcc 2
4 2E
L'

30
20
L'
10
L
c
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
L' /
4.5
60
70
80
90
100
Bruhn Errata
Cozzone-Melcon Non-Dimensional Column Buckling Curves
Cozzone & Melcon, Jr. Non-Dimensional Buckling Curves

Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, October 1946
Elmer F. Bruhn
Fc
F0.7
F0.7
E
4.6
L'
4.0 Curves
Tangent Modulus from the Ramberg-Osgood Equation
Ramberg & Osgood
NACA TN-902 Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters, Figure 8
Elmer F. Bruhn
Et
17
ln
n 1
F
ln 0.7
F0.85
1
F
3
1
n
7
F0.7
n 1
Figure C2.16 Dimensionless Tangent Modulus Stress Curves

Et / E vs. F / F 0.7
1
8
10
15
20 25 35 45 60 100
6
5
0.9
4
3
2.5
0.8
n = 2.0
0.7
Et / E
0.6
Et
0.5
1
1
3 F
n
7 F0.7
n 1
n = 2.0
0.4
2.5
17
n 1 ln
7
0.3
F
ln 0.7
F0.85
4
0.2
5
6
8
0.1
10
Reference: NACA T.N.902
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
F / F0.7
4.7
0.9
20
1
15
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Bruhn Errata
Secant Modulus from the Ramberg-Osgood Equation
Ramberg & Osgood
NACA TN-902 Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters
Michael C. Y. Niu
Airframe Structural Analysis, Figure 4.1.4, page 93
Es
17
ln
n 1
F
ln 0.7
F0.85
1
3
1
7
F
0.7
n 1
Figure 4.1.4 Non-Dimensional Secant Modulus

Es / E vs. F / F0.7
1
0.9
4
2.5
10
15
20
100
35 60
25 45
n = 2.0
0.8
0.7
n = 2.0
Es / E
0.6
2.5
Es
0.5
0.4
1
1
3 F
7 F0.7
n 1
17
n 1 ln
7
0.3
F
ln 0.7
F0.85
0.2
10
15
0.1
20
100
60
35
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
F / F0.7
4.8
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
4.0 Curves
Ramberg-Osgood Stress-Strain Curve
Ramberg & Osgood
NACA TN-902 Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters, Figure 6
Elmer F. Bruhn
E
f
3 f
F0.7
F0.7
7 F0.7
Figure B1.14, page B1.9
Figure B1.14 Stress-Strain in the Inelastic Range

1.40
n
2
E
f
3 f

F0.7 F0.7 7 F0.7
1.20
n
3
n2
1.00
5
10
20
50
f / F 0.7
0.80
n2
0.60
0.40
0.20
Ramberg & Osgood Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters , NACA T.N. 902
0.00
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
E / F0.7
4.9
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Bruhn Errata
Column Strength of Stiffener with Effective Sheet

Thesis by R.J.White
The Ultimate Compressive Strength of Thin Sheet Metal Panels

Appendix A, C.I.T. 1935
Elmer F. Bruhn
FST
Stiffener Column Failing Stress
Ao
Area of Stiffener
Radius of Gyration Stiffener Alone
Distance from Sheet Centerline to Stiffener Neutral Axis
Fc
FST
Figure C7.36, page C7.26
1 1
o
w t
Ao
w t
Ao
Figure C7.36
Curves for the Determination of ( / o ) 2 = F c / F ST
3.0
S 2 w t

1 1
o Ao

Fc
2
FST
o
wt
1
Ao
2.5
( / o ) 2 = F c / F ST
2.0
S
o
3.0
1.5
2.8
2.6
2.4
1.0
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
0.5
1.2
1.0
Thesis b y R.J.White: The Ultimate Compressive Strength of Thin Sheet Metal Panels, Appendix A, C.I.T. 1935
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
w t / Ao
4.10
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.0 Curves
Diagonal Tension Factor
NACA TN-2661
Elmer F. Bruhn
A Summary of Diagonal Tension. Part I: Methods of Analysis

Paul Kuhn , James P. Peterson , L. Ross Levin
Figure 13, page 108
Figure C11.19 Diagonal Tension Factor, k

1
300 t d / R h = 2.0
0.9
1.5
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.1
Diagonal Tension Factor, k
0.7
0
0.6
0.5
Curved Panel
f
td
k tanh 0.5 300 log10 s
R
h
f
scr

0.4
0.3
Flat Panel
f
k tanh 0.5 log10 s
f scr
0.2
For flat sheet use curve, 300 t d / R h = 0
0.1
Kuhn, Peterson, Levin A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part I: Methods of Analysis N.A.C.A Technical Note 2661
0
1
10
fs / fscr
4.11
100
1000
Bruhn Errata
Graph for Calculating Web Strain
NACA TN-2661
Elmer F. Bruhn
Figure 31, page 127
Figure C11.36 Web Strain

3.4
k
3.2
3.0
E
2k
sin 2a 1 k
fs
sin 2a
2.8
0.90
2.6
2.4
E / fs
0.70
2.2
k
2.0
1
0.50
0.8
1.8
0.6
1.6
0.4
0.30
0.2
1.4
0
1.2
0.10
1.0
Kuhn, Peterson, Levin: A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part 1. Methods of Analysis NACA T.N. 2661
0.8
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
Angle of Diagonal Tension, a (degrees)
4.12
40
42
44
46
4.0 Curves
Allowable Shear Correction Curved Webs
NACA TN-2661
Elmer F. Bruhn

Figure 33, page 128
Figure C11.40 Allowable Shear Correction - Curved Webs
AST / h t
0.4
1.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Correction, D
0.3
0.2
all *all
0.65
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
ARG / d t
4.13
2.0
Bruhn Errata
Stiffener Minimum Moment of Inertia
Elmer F. Bruhn
Figure C10.9 Minimum Moment of Inertia
Stiffener Minimum Moment of Inertia

for Non-Buckling Shear Panels
1,000
100
Iv / d t
Iv
0.0217
3
dt
d 8 3
h Ks
Iv
0.0217
3
83
d t
d
h
K
s
10
Note: Stiffeners On One Side Only
0.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.05
0.10
0.15
d
h Ks
0.20
This curve may be used for flat or curved panels

3
For elevated temperature designs multiply Iv / d t by ER.T. / Etemp
This curve applies only when the stiffeners are attached at each end to the sub-structure (flanges)
Do NOT include any effective skin in stiffener moment of inertia
This curve applicable only when buckling is elastic and d is less than h
The gage of the stiffener should NOT be less than that of the skin or web except as noted in the table below:
Weg Gage
Minimum Stiffener Gage
0.025
0.035
0.032
0.032
0.040
0.040
0.051
0.064
0.051
4.14
0.074
0.081
0.064
0.091
0.072
0.102
0.125
0.081
4.0 Curves
Buckling Coefficients
Shear Buckling Coefficients Flat Plates
Elmer F. Bruhn
NACA TN-3781
Handbook of Structural Stability Part I - Buckling of Flat Plates

George Gerard and Herbert Becker
Figure C5.11 page C5.7
Figure 22
Figure 22 Shear Buckling Coefficients

15
14.64
14
13
Sym m etric Mode
12
Clamped Edges
ks
11
Antisym m etric Mode
10
Sym m etric Mode
9.35
8.98
Sym m etric Mode
7
Antisym m etric Mode
Sym m etric Mode
6
Hinged Edges
5.35
5
0
a/b
4.15
Bruhn Errata
Figure C9.1 Axial Compressive Buckling Coefficient for Long Curved Plates
NACA TN-1928
Critical Combinations of Shear and Direct Axial Stress for Curved Rectangular Panels
Murry Schildcrout and Manuel Stein
NACA TR-887
Figures 4 & 5, pages 22-23
Critical Stress of Thin Walled Cylinders in Axial Compression
Elmer F. Bruhn
S. B. Batdorf, Murry Schildcrout, Manuel Stein
Figure 2
Compressive Buckling Coefficient - Long Curved Plates

1,000
r / t = 1,000
r / t = 700
r / t = 500
2 kc E t
Fc

121 2 b
100
cr
Kc
Theory
r / t = 3,000
r / t = 2,000
10
b2
Z
rt
1
2
1
1
10
100
4.16
1,000
10,000
4.0 Curves
Figure C9.2 Shear Buckling Coefficient for Long, Clamped, Curved Plates
NACA TN-1348
Critical Shear Stress of Curved Rectangular Panels, Figure 7

S. B. Batdorf, Manuel Stein, Murry Schildcrout
Elmer F. Bruhn
Shear Buckling Coefficient - Long, Curved Plates Clamped

1000
a / b = 1.0
a / b = 1.5
a / b = 2.0
100
Ks
a / b = 3.0
10
1
1
10
4.17
100
1000
Bruhn Errata
Figure C9.3 Shear Buckling Coefficient for Wide, Clamped, Curved Plates
NACA TN-1348

Elmer F. Bruhn
Shear Buckling Coefficients for Wide, Clamped, Curved Plates

1000
a / b = 1.0
a / b = 1.5
100
Ks
a / b = 2.0
Cylinder
10
1
1
10
4.18
100
1000
4.0 Curves
Figure C9.4 Shear Buckling Coefficient for Long, Simply Supported, Curved Plates
NACA TN-1348

Elmer F. Bruhn
Shear Buckling Coefficient - Long, Curved Plates (SS)

1000
a / b = 1.0
a / b = 1.5
100
a / b = 2.0
Ks
a / b = 3.0
10
1
1
10
4.19
100
1000
Bruhn Errata
Figure C9.5 Shear Buckling Coefficient for Wide, Simply Supported, Curved Plates
NACA TN-1348

Elmer F. Bruhn
Shear Buckling Coefficients for Wide, Curved Plates (SS)

1000
100
a / b = 1.0
Ks
a / b = 1.5
a / b = 2.0
10
Cylinder
1
1
10
4.20
100
1000
4.0 Curves
Flat Sheet Buckling Interaction Curves
Combined Bending and Longitudinal Compression
Elmer F. Bruhn
Figure C5.15 Combined Bending and Compression

1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
R c = f c / F c cr
0.7
M.S. = 0.00
0.6
M.S. = -0.10
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.5
0.4
M .S.
0.3
Rb
1
1
Rc
1.75
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Rb = fb / Fb cr
4.21
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
Bruhn Errata
Combined Bending and Shear

Elmer F. Bruhn
Buckling Margin of Safety
M .S.
Rb
Rs
Figure C5.16 Combined Bending and Shear

1.10
1.00
0.90
M.S. = -0.10
0.80
M.S. = 0.00
0.10
0.70
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.60
Rb
0.50
0.50
M .S.
0.40
1
Rb Rs 2
2
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
Rs
4.22
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
4.0 Curves
Combined Shear and Longitudinal Stress

Elmer F. Bruhn
Buckling Margin of Safety
M .S.
2
RL
RL
4 Rs
Figure C5.17 Combined Shear and Longitudinal Stress

1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
M.S. = 0.00
R s or R st
1.1
M.S. = -0.10
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-2.0
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
RL Longitudinal Tension
4.23
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
RL Longitudinal Compression
1.2
Bruhn Errata
Compression, Bending and Shear Rs < Rc

Elmer F. Bruhn
For Shear Ratio less than the Compressive Ratio, R s < Rc
Figure C5.19 Combined Compression, Bending and Shear

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.4
Rst
0
Rc
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.1
0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Rc
4.24
0.3
0.2
0.1
Rb
0.6
4.0 Curves
Compression, Bending and Shear, Rc < Rs

Elmer F. Bruhn
For Compressive Ratio less than the Shear Ratio, Rc < Rs
Figure C5.19 Combined Compression, Bending and Shear

1
0.9
0.8
Rc / Rs = 0.0
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.4
Rb
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Rs
4.25
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Bruhn Errata
Round Tubes Interaction Curves
Compression, Bending, Shear and Torsion
Elmer F. Bruhn
Figure C4.40 Compression, Bending, Flexural Shear and Torsion

1.0
T
M
0.9
P
0.8
0.7
Rc Rst Rb 2 Rs 2 1
0.5
0.4
0.3
Rb Rs
0
Rc
2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.5 0.7 0.9

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Rc
4.26
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
R st
0.6
4.0 Curves
Compression, Bending, Shear and Torsion
Elmer F. Bruhn
Rs is the stress ratio for flexural shear R st for torsional shear Rb for bending Rc for compression.
Figure C4.40 Compression, Bending, Flexural Shear and Torsion

1.0
M
0.9
P
0.8
0.7
Rc Rst Rb 2 Rs 2 1
R st
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Rc
0
Rb Rs 2
2
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
0.2
0.2
0.9 0.7 0.5
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Rb2 + Rs 2
4.27
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Bruhn Errata
Collapsing Shear Stress - Round Holes with Formed 45 Degree Flanges

NACA-WR-L-323
The Strength and Stiffness Of Shear Webs With Round Lightening Holes Having 45
Degree Flanges
................................................................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn
Elmer F. Bruhn
NACA A.R.R. L-323 December 1942
Figure C10.20 Collapsing Shear Stress

40,000
36,000
Collapsing Shear Stress, f
sh
or f sc (psi)
32,000
D 2
q allow k t f sh 1 f sc
28,000
D
h
C '
24,000
k 0.85 0.0006
20,000
h
t
C' c 2 B
16,000
c bD
12,000
t (in)
8,000
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.032
0.040
0.051
0.064
4,000
Paul Kuhn The Strength and Stiffness of Shear Web s with Round Lightening Holes Having 45 Degree Flanges
NACA A.R.R. L-323 December 1942
For Solid Webs of 24S-T Aluminum Alloy
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
h/t
4.28
160
or
180
c/t
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
4.0 Curves
Curved Beams
Fred B. Seely
James O. Smith
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
page 161
Ratio from Bleich's Solution

2
1.8
b
1.6
a and b
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
a
0.2
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
b2 / r t
b = a b
b = reduced or effective projecting width of flange on each side
b = projecting width of the actual flange on each side
a = a ratio obtained from Bleichs solution
' b G
= maximum lateral bending stress in the flange
G = circumferential bending stress t / 2 from the extreme fiber, using the Winkler-Bach equation
b = a ratio obtained from Bleichs solution
4.29
Bruhn Errata
Lugs
Peaking Factor for Pin Bending

NASA/TMX-73305 NASA Astronautics Structures Manual
Figure B2.1.0-6, page 13
Figure 4 Peaking Factor For Pin Bending

1
r = 0.02
0.04
0.9
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.8
0.15
0.20
0.7
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.6
0.5
r 0.55
0.4
0.3
0.2
e
e D/2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
( P' u )
1.2
1.4
1.6
min / Abr Ftu
Dashed lines indicate region where these theoretical curves are not substantiated by test data.
4.30
1.8
4.0 Curves
Bolt Bending Strength

Elmer F. Bruhn
Developments in the Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins
Figure D1.16, page D1.9
M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Product Engineering, Volume 24, Number 6, Figure 5, page 162, June 1953
Figure 5
Method of Determining Moment Arm and Approximating Effective Lug
D
P/2
t1
P/2
b
t2 / 4
t2
P/2
P/2
t1
M.A. Melcon & F.M. Hoblit Developments in the Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins
Product Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 6, Figure 4 and Figure 5, p.162, June 1953
4.31
Bruhn Errata
Tension Efficiency of Lugs

Elmer F. Bruhn
Figure D1.12 Tension Efficiency Factor of Lugs

1
0.9
0.8
1
7
3
0.7
5,7
Kt
0.6
0.5
0.4
8
Y
0.3
6,11
W
0.2
0.1
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
W/ D
4.32
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
4.0 Curves
Shear-Bearing Efficiency Factor, Axially Loaded Lugs
Elmer F. Bruhn
Stress Analysis Manual AFFDL-TR-69-42 Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Air Force Systems
Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Figure 9-3, page 9-5
Figure 9-3 Bearing Efficiency Factors of Lugs

Alum and Steel Alloys with F tu 160 ksi
3
< 2
2.8
"C"
W
2.6
2.4
e
2.2
t
6
2
7
1.8
1.6
br
A Cutoff
9
1.4
10
1.2
B Cutoff
1
15
0.8
20
0.6
25
0.4
30
0.2
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
e/D
4.33
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
Bruhn Errata
Tension Efficiency Factors, Transverse Loads

Product Engineering, Volume 21, Number 5, Figure 4, page 115, May 1950
Product Engineering, Volume 24, Number 6, Figure 18, page 169, June 1953
Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, dated 1965
Ktry
and
Ktru
4.34
4.0 Curves
Joggles
Assuming full plastic development in the ( t + d ) step thickness to carry P = F tu ( w ) t
10 w t d / t
1
l
reqd
3
t
1 d / t 2 d / t
Raxial 2
Interaction
Rtorsion 2
d
t
J. Dalton 12/5/1974
w
t
t
1 10 w t d t
d
l

1

t reqd 3 Length
t ( d / t )
1 d Required
t 2 (d /tt ) reqd vs
Minimum
12
Raxial Rtorsion
2
w
t
10.0
8.0
Ratio, (
/ t ) reqd
10
6.0
4.0
4
2.0
1/3
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Ratio, ( d / t )
Thanks to Clint Smith.
4.35
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Bruhn Errata
Minimum Lip Dimensions

D. F. Windenberg
Proceedings. 5th International Congress for Applied Mechanics pages 54-61, 1939
Elmer F. Bruhn
Figure C7.11
Minimum Lip Dimensions Required for Flange to Buckle as a Simply Supported Plate
Minimum Lip Dimensions

bL / tL vs. bf / tf
8
Buckling of Lip
bf
bL
0 .328
tL
tf
tL / tf = 1.00
6
bL / t L
tL
tf
bL
bf
4
Minimum Lip Size
2 .73
IL
A
L 5
3
bf tf bf tf
D.F.Windenberg Proc. 5th International Congress for Applied Mechanics pp.54-61, 1939
3
0
10
20
30
b f / tf
40
4.36
50
60
70
80
4.0 Curves
Minimum Bulb Diameter

D. F. Windenberg
Proceedings. 5th International Congress for Applied Mechanics pages 54-61, 1939
Elmer F. Bruhn
Figure C7.12
Minimum Bulb Dimensions Required for Flange to Buckle as a Simply Supported Plate
Minimum Bulb Diameter

( D / tf ) min vs. bf / tf
5.0
4.8
Equation C7.12
4.6
D

b
1.6 D 0.374 D 7.44 f
t
t
t
tf
f
f
f
4.4
Figure C7.10
( D / t ) min
4.2
Bulb
4.0
3.8
3.6
b
f
tf
3.4
3.2
3.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
b f / tf
4.37
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Bruhn Errata
Maximum Shear Stress in Tubing
Tube
Solid Round
4 V
D d
1
2
3 A
D d2
max
max
D d
1 2
D d2
4 V
3 A
vs. t / R
1.5
max
2V
A
1.4
1.3
Dd
1 2
D d2
1.2
1.1
Solid R ound
max
1.0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
t/R
4.38
0.8
4V
3A
1
4.0 Curves
Carry-Over Factor
Elmer F. Bruhn
NACA TN-534
Benjamin Wylie James
Figure A11.46 page A11.23
Graph I, page 47
Principal Effects of Axial Load on Moment-Distribution Analysis of Rigid Structures
Figure A11.46 Carry-Over Factor

2.0
1.8
Compression
1.6
1.4
C
a
2b
Constant, C
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Tension
0.2
NACA TN-534 , Table B, page 43, Graph I, page 47 Benjamin Wylie James
0.0
0
L/j
4.39
Bruhn Errata
Stiffness Factor Coefficient

Elmer F. Bruhn
NACA TN-534
Graph II, page 47
Figure A11.47 Stiffness Factor Coefficient

2.0
1.8
Tension, Far End Fixed
1.6
K C
I
L
1.4
Tension, Far End Pinned
Constant, C
1.2
1.0
0.8
Compression, Far End Fixed
0.6
0.4
Compression, Far End Pinned
0.2
NACA TN-534 , Table B, page 43, Graph II, page 47 Benjamin Wylie James
0.0
0
4
L/j
4.40
4.0 Curves
Fixed-End Moment Coefficient

Elmer F. Bruhn
NACA TN-534
Graph III, page 48
Figure A11.48 Fixed-End M oment Coefficient,

Uniform Load
17.5
w lb / in
16.5
MA
w L2
C
MB
w L2
C
15.5
K C
I
L
Tension
14.5
Constant, C
13.5
12.5
11.5
Compression
10.5
9.5
8.5
NACA TN-534 , Table C, page 44, Graph III, page 48 Benjamin Wylie James
7.5
0
L/j
4.41
Bruhn Errata
Column Distribution Coefficient

Elmer F. Bruhn
NACA TN-534
Graph XI, page 52
Figure A11.56 Column Distribution Coefficient

1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
Compression
1.35
1.30
1.25
2b - a
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
Tension
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
L/j
3.0
4.42
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
4.0 Curves
Rectangular Plate
Stephen Timoshenko
Theory of Plates and Shells, Second Edition, pages 387-389
General Expression for the Deflection
m 1,2,3...n 1,2,3...
a mn sin
m x
n y
sin
a
b
Critical Value of the Compressive Force
N x cr
2 a2 D m2
m2
2
a
1
2
b
2 D mb
b2
mb
mb
a
k
mb
a
Graph
See Figure 12, page A18.22
10
m=1
mb
a
k
mb
a
4.500
4.167
4.083
4.050
12
20
0
0
a/b
4.43
Bruhn Errata
4.44
5.0 References
5.0 References
MMPDS-01
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS)
http://www2.tech.purdue.edu/at/courses/at308/Technical_Links/MMPDS/OptionsMenu.pdf
Federal Aviation Regulation
FAR 25 Transport Category Aircraft

http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=ecfr&sid=cabbfadd8d880241e74484634ab4c7ce&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title14/14cfr25_main_02.tpl
Subpart C STRUCTURE
http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=ecfr&sid=cabbfadd8d880241e74484634ab4c7ce&rgn=div6&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.3.11.3&idno=14
Subpart D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=ecfr&sid=3b841ddaed809f9f37b71d3acaa45c01&rgn=div6&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.3.11.4&idno=14
European Aviation Safety Agency
EASA CS-25 Certification Specifications for Large Aeroplanes

http://www.easa.eu.int/doc/Agency_Mesures/Certification_Spec/decision_ED_2003_02_RM.pdf
Subpart C STRUCTURE
Subpart D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Thanks to Jim Baldwin.
5.1
Bruhn Errata
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences

Analysis of Stiffened Curved Panels Under Shear and Compression
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, February 1953, pp. 111-126
................................................................................................................. M. A. Melcon and A. F. Ensrud
American National Standards Institute - ANSI
ANSI B46.1
Surface Texture
American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME
ASME Y14.5M Dimensioning and Tolerancing 1994
5.2
5.0 References
Books
General
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures .............................................. Elmer F. Bruhn
A Supplement to Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures .................. William F. McCombs
Engineering Column Analysis The Analysis of Compression Members ........ William F. McCombs
Aircraft Structures, First Edition ......................................................................... David J. Peery
Stresses in Aircraft and Shell Structures ........................................................... Paul Kuhn
Airplane Structures ............................................................................................ A.S. Niles and J.S. Newell
Airplane Structural Analysis and Design ........................................................... E.E. Sechler and L.G.Dunn
Fundamentals of Aircraft Design ....................................................................... Leland M. Nicolai
Strength of Materials ......................................................................................... Francis R. Shanley
Strength of Materials: Part I - Elementary Theory and Problems ...................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Strength of Materials, Part II: Advanced Theory and Problems ........................ Stephen P. Timoshenko
History of Strength of Materials ......................................................................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Mechanics of Flight ............................................................................................ Warren F. Phillips
Mechanics of Materials ...................................................................................... Gere and Timoshenko
Mechanics of Materials ...................................................................................... Francis R. Shanley
Mechanics of Composite Materials, Second Edition ......................................... Robert M. Jones
Advanced Mechanics of Materials ..................................................................... Fred Seely and James Smith
Advanced Mechanics of Materials ..................................................................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Advanced Mechanics of Materials ..................................................................... A.P. Boresi, R.J. Schmidt
Theory of Plates................................................................................................. Stephen P. Timoshenko
Theory of Plates and Shells ............................................................................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Basic Structures................................................................................................. Francis R. Shanley
Weight-Strength Analysis of Aircraft Structures ................................................ Francis R. Shanley
Theory of Elasticity ............................................................................................ Stephen P. Timoshenko
Theory of Elastic Stability ................................................................................. Stephen P. Timoshenko
Vibration Problems in Engineering .................................................................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Composite Airframe Structures ......................................................................... Michael C. Y. Niu
5.3
Bruhn Errata
Stress Concentration Factors ............................................................................ Rudolf Earl Peterson
Petersons Stress Concentration Factors .......................................................... Walter D Pilkey
The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory ................................................. Hermann Glauert
Theory and Analysis of Flight Structures ........................................................... Robert M. Rivello
Aerodynamics for Naval Aviators ...................................................................... Hugh H. Hurt
Aerodynamics of the Helicopter ......................................................................... Alfred Gessow
More Helicopter Aerodynamics ......................................................................... Raymond W. Prouty
Helicopter Performance, Stability and Control ................................................. Raymond W. Prouty
Military Helicopter Design Technology .............................................................. Raymond W. Prouty
Fluid-Dynamic Drag ........................................................................................... Sighard F. Hoerner
Fluid-Dynamic Lift .............................................................................................. Sighard F. Hoerner
Introduction to Flight .......................................................................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics ........................................................................ John D. Anderson, Jr.
Inventing Flight: The Wright Brothers and their Predecessors .......................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
The Airplane: A History of its Technology ......................................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
A History of Aerodynamics and its Impact on Flying Machines ........................ John D. Anderson, Jr.
Aircraft Performance & Design .......................................................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Modern Compressible Flow: with Historical Perspective................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Computational Fluid Dynamics: An Introduction ............................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Computational Fluid Dynamics .......................................................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics ........................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
VBA Developers Handbook, 2nd Edition .......................................................... Ken Getz
Excel 2003 Power Programming with VBA ....................................................... John Walkenbach
Excel 2003 Formulas ......................................................................................... John Walkenbach
UNIX in a Nutshell ............................................................................................. Arnold Robbins
MSC/NASTRAN Primer, Static and Normal Modes Analysis ............................ H.G. Schaeffer
The VNR Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics .............................................. Gellert/Kustner/Hellwich/Kastner
5.4
5.0 References
Piping Stress Analysis
Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis ............................................................Sockalingam (Sam) Kannappan

Piping Stress Handbook ..............................................................................Victor Helguero
Piping and Pipe Support Systems ...............................................................P.R. Smith and T.J. Van Laan
Design of Piping Systems ............................................................................M. W. Kellogg Company
Practical Guide to ASME B31.3: Process Piping ........................................Glynn Woods & Roy Baguley
Piping Design and Engineering Bluebook ...................................................Anvil International
formerly Piping Design and Engineering...............................................Grinnell Inc.
Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and Pipe ......................................Crane Technical Paper 410
http://www.tp410.com
ASME Codes
http://www.asme.org/Codes
ASTM Standards
http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/index.shtml?E+mystore
5.5
Bruhn Errata
NASA Astronautics Structures Manual
Volume I
NASA/TMX-73305
Section A: General Introduction of the Methods Used and Includes Sections on Load, Combined
Stress, and Interaction Curves
Section B: Methods of Strength Analysis (B1 - B6)
http://trs.nis.nasa.gov/archive/00000254/
Volume II
NASA/TMX-73306
Section B: Methods of Strength Analysis (B7 - B10)

Section C: Structural Stability
Volume III
Section D:
Section E:
Section F:
Section G:
Section H:
NASA/TMX-73307
Thermal Stresses
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics
Composites
Rotating Machinery
Statistics
Stress Analysis Manual AFFDL-TR-69-42

AFFDL-TR-69-42
Gene E. Maddux
Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Leon A Vorst, F. Joseph Giessler, Terence Moritz
Technology Incorporated, Dayton, OH
February, 1970
Air Force Institute of Technology

http://www.afit.edu/library/
5.6
5.0 References
NACA Reports
Beams
NACA Report 608
Stress Analysis of Beams with Shear Deformation of the Flanges
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930091683_1993091683.pdf .............................. Paul Kuhn
NACA Report 636
Approx Stress Analysis of Multistringer Beams with Shear Deformation of the Flanges
........................................................................................................................................................ Paul Kuhn
Shells
NACA TN-691
Some Elementary Principles of Shell Stress Analysis with Notes on the Shear Center
........................................................................................................................................................ Paul Kuhn
Skin-Stringer Panels
NACA TN-1176
Stresses Around Rectangular Cut-Outs with Reinforced Coaming Stringers
................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn, Norman Rafel, George E. Griffith
Shear Lag
NACA TN-704
Some Notes on the Numerical Solution of Shear-Lag and Related Problems
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=1558 .............................................................. Paul Kuhn
NACA TN-739
A Recurrence Formula for Shear-Lag Problems
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1939/naca-tn-739.pdf ........................................................... Paul Kuhn
Report No. 739
Shear Lag in Box Beams Methods of Analysis and Experimental Investigations
Langley Research Center .......................................................................... Paul Kuhn and Patrick T. Chiarito
NACA TN-1728
Shear Lag in Axially Loaded Panels
................................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn and James P. Peterson

5.7
Bruhn Errata
Webs
NACA TN-469
A Summary Of Design Formulas For Beams Having Thin Webs In Diagonal Tension
....................................................................................................................................................... Paul Kuhn
NACA TN-1364
Strength Analysis of Stiffened Beam Webs
................................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn and James P. Peterson
NACA TN-1481
Diagonal Tension in Curved Webs
.................................................................................................................... Paul Kuhn and George E. Griffith
NACA TN-2661
A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part I - Methods of Analysis
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=5043
............................................................................................... Paul Kuhn, James P. Peterson, L. Ross Levin
NACA TN-2662
A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part II - Experimental Evidence
Curved Panels
NACA TN-1345
Critical Shear Stress of Long Plates with Transverse Curvature
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1947/naca-tn-1346.pdf
............................................................................................... S. B. Batdorf, Murry Schildcrout, Manuel Stein
NACA TN-1348
Critical Shear Stress of Curved Rectangular Panels
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1947/naca-tn-1348.pdf
............................................................................................... S. B. Batdorf, Manuel Stein, Murry Schildcrout
NACA TN-1928
Critical Combinations of Shear and Direct Axial Stress for Curved Rectangular Panels
............................................................................................................... Murry Schildcrout and Manuel Stein
5.8
5.0 References
Cylinders
NACA TN-951
Tests on Thin-Walled Celluloid Cylinders to Determine the Interaction Curves
................................................................................................................................................ Elmer F. Bruhn
NACA TN-1219
Stress Analysis By Recurrence Formula Circular Cylinders Under Lateral Loads
............................................................................................................. John E Duberg and Joseph Kempner
NACA TN-1343
Critical Stress Of Thin-Walled Cylinders In Axial Compression
.................................................................................................S. B. Batdorf, Murry Shildcrout, Manuel Stein
NACA TN-4237
General Instability of Stiffened Cylinders
......................................................................................................... George Gerard and Herbert Becker
NACA TR-887
Critical Stress of Thin-Walled Cylinders in Axial Compression
........................................................................................ S. B. Batdorf, Murry Schildcrout, Manuel Stein
Spanwise Lift Distribution
NACA TN-948
A Simple Approximation Method for Obtaining the Spanwise Lift Distribution
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094469_1993094469.pdf ...................... O. Schrenk
5.9
Bruhn Errata
Buckling
NACA TN-534
Principal Effects of Axial Load on Moment-Distribution Analysis of Rigid Structures
.................................................................................................................................... Benjamin Wylie James
NACA TN-733
Experimental Study of Torsional Column Failure
........................................................................................................................................................ A. S. Niles
NACA TN-902
Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters
http://www.apesolutions.com/spd/public/NACA-TN902.pdf
......................................................................................................................................... Ramberg & Osgood

NACA TN-2994
Column Strength of HSections and Square Tubes in Postbuckling Range of

Component Plates
.......................................................................................................................... P.P. Bijlaard and G.P. Fisher
NACA TN-3781
Handbook of Structural Stability Part I - Buckling of Flat Plates
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=6924 ...................... George Gerard and Herbert Becker
NACA TN-3782
Handbook of Structural Stability Part II - Buckling of Composite Elements
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=239713&id=4&qs=N%3D4294809390 .......................... Herbert Becker
NACA TN-3783
Handbook of Structural Stability Part III - Buckling of Curved Plates and Shells
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=6921 ...................... George Gerard and Herbert Becker
NACA TN-3784
Handbook of Structural Stability Part IV - Failure Of Plates and Composite Elements
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=209695&id=8&qs=N%3D4294800010 .......................... George Gerard
NACA TN-3785
Handbook of Structural Stability Part V - Comp. Strength of Flat Stiffened Panels
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=573939&id=6&qs=N%3D4294800010 ........................... George Gerard
NACA TN-3786
Handbook of Structural Stability Part VI -Strength of Stiffened Curved Plates and Shells
................................................................................................................................................ Herbert Becker
5.10
5.0 References
NASA SP-8007
Buckling of Thin-Walled Circular Cylinders
http://trs.nis.nasa.gov/archive/00000006/ ................................ Seide, P & Weingarten, V I & Peterson, J P
NASA SP-8032
Buckling of Thin-Walled Doubly Curved Shells
http://trs.nis.nasa.gov/archive/00000026/ ............................................................Seide, P & Weingarten, V I
NASA SP-8068
Buckling Strength of Structural Plates
................................................................................................................................................. Gallagher, R H
Non-Dimensional Buckling Curves

Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, October 1946 ................................................. Cozzone & Melcon, Jr.
Box Beams
NACA TN-530
Bending Stresses Due to Torsion in Cantilever Box Beams
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081277_1993081277.pdf .................. Paul Kuhn
NACA TN-1066
Stresses Around Large Cut-Outs in Torsion Boxes
......................................................................................................................... Paul Kuhn, Edwin M. Moggio

NACA TN-1361
Deformation Analysis of Wing Structures
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081987_1993081987.pdf ............................... Paul Kuhn
Skin Stringer Panels
NACA TN-1241
Experimental Investigation of the Stress Distribution Around Reinforced Circular CutOuts In Skin Stringer Panels Under Axial Loads
...................................................................................................................................................... Daniel Farb
5.11
Bruhn Errata
Doublers
Holes with Reinforced Doublers
Aero Digest, August 1955, pages 24 -29 .............................................................................. Paul K. M. King
Lightening Holes
NACA-WR-L-323
The Strength and Stiffness Of Shear Webs With Round Lightening Holes Having 45
Degree Flanges
........................................................................................................................................................ Paul Kuhn
NACA-WR-L-402
The Strength and Stiffness Of Shear Webs With and Without Lightening Holes
........................................................................................................................................................ Paul Kuhn
Lug Analysis
Product Engineering
Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins Made of Aluminum and Steel Alloys
F.P.Cozzone, M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Developments in the Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins

M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Efficiency Factor, Shear-Bearing

Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory
Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Figure 9-3, page 9-5
5.12
5.0 References
Efficiency Factor, Tension

Product Engineering, Volume 21, May, 1950 Cozzone, Melcon and Hoblit
Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins Made of Aluminum and Steel Alloys
Elmer F. Bruhn
Efficiency Factor, Transverse Loads

Elmer F. Bruhn
Average Area
Aavg
6
3
1
1
1
A1
A2
A3
A4

Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Elmer F. Bruhn
Sketch on Figure D1.15, page D1.8 and equation on page D1.11
Interaction of Axial and Transverse Load

Stress Analysis Manual
AFFDL-TR-69-42

Air Force Systems Command
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
5.13
Bruhn Errata
Military Handbooks
MIL-HDBK
MIL-HDBK-5J
Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures
MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Composite Materials Handbook

Volume 1. Polymer Matrix Composites Guidelines for Characterization
MIL-HDBK-17-2E
Composite Materials Handbook,

Volume 2. Polymer Matrix Composites Materials Properties
MIL-HDBK-17-3F

Volume 3. Polymer Matrix Composites Materials Usage, Design and Analysis
MIL-HDBK-17-4

Volume 4. Metal Matrix Composites
MIL-HDBK-17-5

Volume 5. Ceramic Matrix Composites
MIL-HDBK-23A
Structural Sandwich Composites
MIL-HDBK-700A
Plastics
MIL-HDBK-754
Plastic Matrix Composite with Continuous Fiber Reinforcement
MIL-HDBK-17 Online
http://www-glast.slac.stanford.edu/MechanicalSystems/Analysis/References/MIL/MIL-HDBK-17/
5.14
6.0 Symbols and Abbreviations

General
A
Area
Aij
Extensional Stiffness Matrix (Composites)
[A]
Extensional Stiffness Matrix (Composites)
Dimension
Angle
a = a ratio obtained from Bleichs solution (Curved Beams)
Bij
Coupling Stiffness Matrix (Composites)
[B]
Coupling Stiffness Matrix (Composites)
BL
Butt Line
Dimension (e.g. width)
Angle
b = a ratio obtained from Bleichs solution (Curved Beams)
Cij
Constants for Stress-Strain Relationship
Fixity Coefficient for Effective Length (Buckling)
Distance from Neutral Axis to Extreme Fiber
Diameter
Bending/Flexural Rigidity (Plates)
Dij
Bending Stiffness Matrix (Composites)
[D]
Bending Stiffness Matrix (Composites)
Dimension (e.g. depth)
Deflection
Differential Operator
Allowable Shear Correction, Curved Webs
Laplacian Differential Operator
D 2
DD
Biharmonic Differential Operator
D D 2 2 4
Modulus of Elasticity (Youngs Modulus)
(Composites)
i = Cij j
6.1
Bruhn Errata
Ec
Modulus of Elasticity, Compression
EL
Modulus of Elasticity, Longitudinal (Composites)
ET
Modulus of Elasticity, Transverse (Composites)
Dimension (e.g. Distance from center of hole to an edge as in e/D)
Strain or Tensor Shear Strain = xy + yx = 2 xy
Fbru
Ultimate Bearing Allowable
Fbry
Yield Bearing Allowable
Fcc
Crippling Allowable
Fcy
Compressive Yield Strength
Fir
Inter-Rivet Buckling Stress
Fsu
Ultimate Shear Allowable
Ftu
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Fty
Tensile Yield Strength
Fs_cr
Critical Shear Buckling Stress
F0.7
Secant Yield Stress (Intersection of 0.70 E)
F0.85
Secant Yield Stress (Intersection of 0.85 E)
fb
Bending Stress
fs
Shear Stress
Shear Modulus
Gs
Secant Shear Modulus
Engineering Shear Strain
Dimension (e.g. height)
Moment of Inertia
Ix
Moment of Inertia about x-axis
Iy
Moment of Inertia about y-axis
Ixy
Product of Inertia
Kt
Tension Efficiency Factor of Lug
ks
Shear Buckling Coefficient
Curvature of a Two Dimensional Curve
Length
= xy + yx = 2 xy
6.2
( Half of the engineering shear strain, )
( Twice the tensor shear strain, )
Longitudinal Grain Direction
LT
Long Transverse Grain Direction
Effective Length
1 2
Moment
Mmax
Maximum Bending Moment
Slope
Poissons Ratio ( is more common )
M.S.
Margin of Safety
Running Load (lb/in)
NACA
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Ramberg-Osgood Shape Parameter
ni
Initial Ramberg-Osgood Shape Factor
Inelastic Reduction Factor
Load
Ps
Shear Load
Pt
Tensile Load
Pallow
Allowable Load
Pax
Axial Load
Ptr
Transverse Load
pz
Pressure Loading
First Area Moment
Qij
Reduced Stiffness Matrix for a Plane Stress State (Composites)
Q ij
Transformed Reduced Stiffness Matrix for a Plane Stress State (Composites)
Reaction
Rax
Axial Stress Ratio
Rtr
Transverse Stress Ratio
Rs
Stress Ratio, Shear

6.3
Bruhn Errata
Rt
Stress Ratio, Tension
Radius of Curvature
Radius of Gyration
Sij
Constants for Strain-Stress Relationship (Composites) i = Sij j
ST
Short Transverse Grain Direction
STA
Fuselage Station
cr
Critical Stress
cr
Critical Shear Stress
Transformation Matrix (Composites)
T 1
Inverse of the Transformation Matrix (Composites)
Thickness
Shear
Poissons Ratio ( sometimes is used )
WL
Water Line
Deflection of a Plate
Width
a
Section Property for Curved Beams Z 1 a b ln o
a
A
i
Composites
Extensional Stiffness Matrix
Aij
Q h
n
hk 1
ij
k 1
Coupling Stiffness Matrix
Bij
1
2
Q h
n
k 1
ij
h 2 k 1
Bending Stiffness Matrix
Dij
1
3
Q h
n
k 1
ij
h 3 k 1
6.4
b tw
a t
ln o
ai t
Stiffness Matrix
Cij
Cij = Cji
2
3
23
31
12
i = Cij j
Constants for Stress-Strain Relationship
C11
12
C13

C14
C15
C16
36 Independent Constants become 21 Independent Constants
C12 C13
C 22 C 23
C 23 C33
C 24 C34
C 25 C35
C 26 C36
C14
C 24
C34
C 44
C 45
C 46
C15 C16
C 25 C 26
C35 C36
C 45 C 46
C55 C56
C56 C 66
1

2
3
23
31
12
Compliance Matrix
Sij
Constants for Strain-Stress Relationship

Sij = Sji
1

2
3
23
31
12
S11
12
S13

S14
S15
S16
i = Cij j
36 Independent Constants become 21 Independent Constants
S12
S 22
S 23
S 24
S 25
S 26
S13
S 23
S 33
S 34
S 35
S 36
S14
S 24
S 34
S 44
S 45
S 46
S15
S 25
S 35
S 45
S 55
S 56
S16
S 26
S 36
S 46
S 56
S 66
2
3
23
31
12
Transformation Matrix
cos 2

sin 2
sin cos
sin 2
cos
sin cos
2
2 sin cos
2 sin cos
cos 2 sin 2
Inverse of the Transformation Matrix
cos 2
sin 2
sin cos
sin 2
cos
sin cos
2
2 sin cos
2 sin cos
cos 2 sin 2
6.5
Bruhn Errata
Reduced Stiffness Matrix
Qij
Qij
Reduced Stiffness Matrix for a Plane Stress State
C ij
Ci3 C j 3
S 22
Q11
S11 S 22 S12
S11
Q22
S11 S 22 S12
S12
Q12
S11 S 22 S12
1
S 66
Q66
Where
C 33
3 0
23 0
31 0
EL
1 LT TL
E
2 1
ET
1 LT TL
LT ET
1 LT TL
GLT
Transformed Reduced Stiffness Matrix
Q ij
Transformed Reduced Stiffness Matrix
Q11 Q11 cos 4 Q22 sin 4 2 Q12 2 Q66 sin 2 cos 2

Q 22
Q11 sin 4 Q22 cos 4 2 Q12 2 Q66 sin 2 cos 2
Q12
Q11 Q22 4 Q66 sin 2 cos 2 Q12 sin 4 cos 4
Q 66
Q11 Q22 2 Q12 2 Q66 sin 2 cos 2 Q66 sin 4 cos 4
Q16
Q11 Q12 2 Q66 cos 3 sin Q22 Q12 2 Q66 cos sin 3
Q 26
Q11 Q12 2 Q66 cos sin 3 Q22 Q12 2 Q66 cos 3 sin
6.6
NACA Symbols Diagonal Tension
Cross Sectional Area ( square inches )
Youngs Modulus ( ksi )
Shear Modulus ( ksi )
Ge
Effective Shear Modulus ( ksi ) Note: Includes effects of diagonal tension and plasticity.
Force in Flange Beam due to Horizontal Component of Diagonal Tension
Moment of Inertia ( in )
Torsion Constant ( in )
Length of Beam ( inches )
Le
Effective Column Length of Upright ( inches )
Force ( kips )
PU
Internal Force in Upright ( kips )
First Area Moment about Neutral Axis of Parts of Cross-Section as Specified by Subscripts ( in )
Total Shear Strength ( kips in single shear ) of all uprightto-web rivets in one upright
Coefficient of Edge Restraint
Transverse Shear Force ( kips )
Torque ( in-kips )
Spacing of Uprights ( inches )
Distance From Median Plane of Web to Centroid of Single Upright ( inches )
fn
Normal Stress
fs
Shear Stress
Depth of Beam ( inches )
Diagonal Tension Factor
Shear Flow ( kips per inch )
Thickness ( inches ) Note: Used without subscript signifies thickness of web.
Angle between Neutral Axis of Beam and Direction of Diagonal Tension ( degrees )
Normal Strain
Poissons Ratio
Deflection of Beam ( inches )
6.7
Bruhn Errata
Centroidal Radius of Gyration of Cross-Section of Upright about Axis Parallel to Web ( inches )
( No sheet should be included. )
Normal Stress ( ksi )
Basic Allowable Stress for Forced Crippling of Uprights ( ksi )

defined by Formula (37) of NACA TN-2661
Shear Stress ( ksi )
*all
Basic Allowable Value of Web Shear Stress ( ksi ) given by Figure (19) in NACA TN-2661
Subscripts
DT
Diagonal Tension
IDT
Incomplete Diagonal Tension
PDT
Pure Diagonal Tension
Flange
Shear
Upright
Web
all
Allowable
avg
Average
cr
Critical
cy
Compressive Yield
Effective
max
Maximum
ult
Ultimate
Special Combinations
Pu
Internal Force in Upright ( kips )
Shear Force on Rivets per inch of run ( kips per inch )
RR
Value of R Required by Formula (40) in NACA TN-2661
Rd
Restraint Coefficients for Shear Buckling of Web
Note: See Equation (32) of NACA TN-2661
Rh
Restraint Coefficients for Shear Buckling of Web
Note: See Equation (32) of NACA TN-2661
6.8
Rtot
Total Shear Strength in Single Shear of All Rivets in One Upright ( kips )
dc
Clear Upright Spacing ( inches )
Note: Measured as shown in Figure 12(a) of NACA TN-2661.
hc
Clear Depth of Web ( inches )
Note: Measured as shown in Figure 12(a) of NACA TN-2661.
he
Effective Depth of Beam Measured between Centroid of Flanges ( inches )
hR
Depth of Beam Measured between Centroids of Web-to-Flange Rivet Patterns ( inches )
hU
Length of Upright Measured between Centroids of Upright-to-Flange Rivet Patterns ( inches )
kss
Theoretical Buckling Coefficient for Plates with Simply Supported Edges
Fu
Basic Allowable Stress for Forced Crippling of Uprights
Curved Web Systems Only

R
Radius of Curvature ( inches )
Curvature Parameter defined in NACA TN-2661, Figure 30
Spacing of Rings ( inches )
Length of Arc between Stringers ( inches )
Subscripts for Curved Web Systems

RG
Ring
ST
Stringer
References
Elmer F. Bruhn
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, page C11.14 to C11.15
NACA TN-2661
A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part I - Methods of Analysis
NACA TN-2662
A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part II - Experimental Evidence
6.9
Bruhn Errata
Aerodynamics
2
Wing Aspect Ratio = b / S
Angle of Attack
aaR
From Reference Line
aw0
Reference Plane to Plane of Zero Lift
Wing Span ( inches )
CD
Wing Drag Coefficients
CL
Wing Lift Coefficients
CM
Wing Moment Coefficients
Ct
Dimensionless Tail Force Coefficients
Cza
Normal Force Coefficients for the Aircraft
Chord
cd
Drag Coefficient
cdi
Section Induced Drag Coefficient
cdi1
Induced Drag Coefficient for CL = 1.0
cl
Section Lift Coefficient
clb
Basic Lift
cla1
Additional Lift for CL = 1.0
cn
Normal Force Coefficients
Gust Effectiveness Factor
Lt
Distance from Aircraft Center of Gravity to Air Load on Tail
Wing Bending Moment
m0
Slope of Section Lift Coefficients
Dynamic Pressure ( lb / ft )
Mass Density of Air ( slugs / ft )
Wing Area ( inch )
Velocity
Wing Shear
6.10
Gross Weight of Aircraft
Point Along Span
6.11
Bruhn Errata
6.12
Index
A
Abbreviations, 6.1
Effective Width, 1.75

Effective Widths, 1.75
European Aviation Safety Agency, 5.1
Extensional Stiffness Matrix, 6.4
External Loads, 2.8
B
Beam Bending, 1.53, 1.54
Beam Columns, 1.2
Bending Stiffness Matrix, 6.4
Bents, 1.85
Biplane, 1.3
Biplane Wing, 1.51
Books, 5.3
Box Beam, 1.37
Box Beams, 1.60, 2.13, 2.15, 5.7, 5.11
Buckling, 1.69, 1.71, 1.72, 1.77, 1.78, 1.81, 4.6, 4.15, 4.16,
4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21, 4.22, 4.23, 5.10, 5.11, 6.1,
6.2
Bulbs, 1.72, 1.74
Bulkheads, 2.14
F
Fastener, 4.1
Federal Aviation Regulation, 5.1
Fixed Beam with Variable Inertia, 1.45
Fixed-End Moment Coefficient, 4.41
Flange Flexibility Factor, 1.79
Flanges, 1.80, 4.28, 5.7, 5.12
Flexibility Coefficients, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.37
Fouriers Series Method, 3.57
Framing Cutouts, 1.82, 1.85
Free Body Diagram, 1.7, 1.16
Fuselage, 1.31, 1.58, 1.59, 1.80, 2.14, 2.15
Fuselage Rings, 2.15
Fuselage Side Truss, 1.43
Fuselage Truss, 1.31
C
Cantilever Wing, 1.70
Carry-Over Factor, 4.39
Castiglianos Theorem, 1.4
Circular Cylinders, 1.77, 5.9, 5.11
Circulation, 3.58
Coefficient of Determination, 3.4
Column, 1.2, 1.3, 1.20, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.33, 1.42,
1.43, 1.50, 1.53, 1.54, 1.55, 1.57, 1.59, 1.65, 1.66, 1.67,
1.70, 1.71, 1.74, 1.76, 1.77, 1.79, 1.80, 1.82, 4.5, 4.6,
4.10, 5.3, 5.10
Column Curves, 1.65, 4.5
Column Distribution Coefficient, 4.42
Column Distribution Factor, 1.50
Columns, 1.65, 1.66, 1.67
Compliance Matrix, 6.5
Composites, 6.4
Continuous Beam, 1.43, 1.50
Continuous Truss, 1.26
Coupling Stiffness Matrix, 6.4
Cozzone-Melcon, 4.6
Crippling, 1.79, 6.2
Curved Beams, 4.29, 6.1, 6.4
Curved Panels, 5.8
Curved Webs, 4.13, 5.8, 6.1
D
Deflected Supports, 1.43
Deflection Coefficients, 1.56
Diagonal Tension, 1.79, 1.80, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 5.8, 6.7, 6.9
Differential Bending, 2.14
Doublers, 1.85, 5.12
Doubly Redundant Truss, 1.25
Dummy Unit Load, 1.6
Dummy-Unit Loads, 1.24, 1.25
E
Effective Sheet, 1.76, 1.77, 4.10
G
Gaussian Elimination, 3.35
Gauss-Newton Method, 3.5
GaussSeidel Iteration, 3.32
H
Hat-Section, 1.71
Hermann Glauert, 3.59
Hexagonal Cell Core, 1.81
I
Induced Drag, 2.5
Influence Coefficient Matrix, 1.22, 1.40
Influence Coefficients, xix, 1.12, 1.15, 1.16, 1.22, 1.40
Inter-Rivet Buckling, 1.76
Inverse of the Transformation Matrix, 6.5
J
Joggles, 4.35
Johnson-Euler, 4.5
L
Landing Gear, 1.15
Least Squares Procedure, 3.2
Lightening Holes, 5.12
Lips, 1.72, 1.74
Longeron, 1.80
Lug Analysis, 5.12
Lugs, 4.4, 4.30, 4.31, 4.32, 4.33, 4.34, 5.12, 5.13
M
Matrix Triple Product, 1.14, 1.15, 1.19, 1.23
Membrane Stress, 1.56
Method of Dummy-Unit Loads, 1.25
Method of Elastic Weights, 1.20

Method of Least Work, 1.23
Military Handbooks, 5.14
Minimum Bulb, 4.37
Minimum Lip, 4.36, 4.37
MMPDS-01, 5.1
Mohrs Circle, 1.63
Mohrs Method, 1.20
Moment Area Method, 1.20, 1.21
Moment Distribution Method, 1.42, 1.43, 1.44, 1.45, 1.48,
1.50
Monocoque Cylinders, 1.77
Multi-Cell Structures, 2.15
Multiple Redundancy, 2.15
N
NACA, 1.49, 1.50, 1.56, 1.69, 1.77, 1.79, 1.80
NACA Reports, 5.7
NACA Symbols, 6.7
NASA Astronautics Structures Manual, 5.6
Neutral Axis Method, 1.53, 1.54
Newton-Raphson Method, 3.12
Non-Linear Regression, 3.5
Numerical Methods, 3.1
O
Octahedral Shear Stress, 1.65
P
Peery, xix, 2.1, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10
Piping Stress Analysis, 5.5
Plates, 1.56, 1.69, 1.77, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20,
5.3, 5.8, 5.10, 5.11, 6.1
Polynomial Regression, 3.1
Product Engineering, 5.12
Slope Deflection Method, xix, 1.53

Spanwise Air-Load Distribution, 2.2
Spanwise Lift Distribution, 3.57, 5.9
Spar Caps, 1.10, 1.16
Spar Webs, 1.10, 1.16
Splice with Filler, 1.82
Standard Error of the Estimate, 3.4
Stepped Column, 1.66
Stiffener, 1.76, 1.77, 1.78, 4.10, 4.14
Stiffeners, 1.10, 1.16
Stiffness Factor Coefficient, 4.40
Stiffness Matrix, 6.5
Stress Analysis Manual, 5.6
Stress-Strain Curve, 1.62, 4.9
Stringer, 1.53, 1.57, 1.59, 5.7, 5.11
Stringers, 1.55, 5.7
Sweepback, 2.14
Symbols, 6.1
System Stiffness Matrix, 3.36
T
Tapered Beams, 2.13, 3.18
Tapered Webs, 1.11, 2.14
Thin Webs, 2.13, 2.14, 5.8
Three Dimensional Stresses, 1.64
Transformation Matrix, 6.5
Transformed Reduced Stiffness Matrix, 6.6
Trial and Error, 3.16
Truss, 1.5, 1.12, 1.22, 1.24, 1.40, 1.43, 1.61
Truss with Pinned Joints, 3.35
Tubing, 4.38
Tubular Tail, 1.31
U
Ultimate Strength, 1.67, 1.68
Unit Load Distribution, 1.13, 1.15, 1.17, 1.18, 1.22, 1.40
Unit Stress Distribution, 1.36
R
Ramberg-Osgood, 1.62, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9
Real Loads, 1.9
Rectangular Plate, 4.43
Reduced Stiffness Matrix, 6.6
Redundant Forces, 1.41
Restraining Moment, 1.66, 1.67
Ribs, 2.1, 2.14
Rigid Bodies, 1.2
Round Tubes, 4.26
S
Schrenk, 2.2, 5.9
Schrenks Method, 2.2
Secant Modulus, 4.8
Secondary Bending Moment, 1.80
Semi-Monocoque Structures, 2.14
Shear and Tension Interaction, 4.1
Shear Beam, 1.7, 1.16
Shear Flow, 1.8, 1.11, 1.54, 2.13, 2.14
Shear Lag, 1.60, 2.15, 5.7
Shells, 5.7
Single Redundancy, 2.14
Singly Redundant Truss, 1.25
V
Variable Flange Areas, 2.13
Variable Inertia, 1.44, 1.45
Varying Cross Sections, 2.14
Virtual Loads, 1.9
Virtual Work, 1.6, 1.7
V-n Diagram, 2.12
W
Wagner Beam, 1.78
Warping Deformation, 2.15
Web Design, 1.80
Web of Araneus, 3.21
Web Stiffener, 1.79
Web Strain, 4.12
Wing, 1.1, 1.3, 1.20, 1.51, 1.55, 1.57, 2.1, 2.14, 5.11
Wing Beam, 1.1, 1.55
Wing Spar, 1.3
Wrinkling, 1.81
Z
Zee Section, 1.54
This page intentionally left relatively blank.
This page intentionally left relatively blank.

Bruhn Errata by Bill Gran PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bruhn Errata by Bill Gran PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bruhn

Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures

GRAN Corporation Whitney, Texas

Mestrius Plutarchus (Plutarch)

Sir Isaac Newton

Be honest work hard love everyone.

Love all, trust a few.

TUSEN TAKK and GOD BLESS AMERICA!

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLIGHT VEHICLE STRUCTURES ................................................ 1.1

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................... 2.1

NUMERICAL METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 3.1

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 5.1

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................... 6.1

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLIGHT VEHICLE STRUCTURES ................................................ 1.1

PAGE A3.11 PROPERTIES OF A TWO-CELL WING BEAM SECTION ....................................................................... 1.1

PAGE C1.9 OCTAHEDRAL SHEAR STRESS THEORY............................................................................................ 1.65

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................... 2.1

ERRATA ANALYSIS OF WING RIBS ................................................................................................................... 2.1

SHEAR FLOW IN UNSYMMETRICAL BEAMS ....................................................................................................... 2.13

NUMERICAL METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 3.1

POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION.................................................................................................................................. 3.1

FASTENER SHEAR AND TENSION INTERACTION ................................................................................................... 4.1

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 5.1

MMPDS-01 ........................................................................................................................................................ 5.1

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................... 6.1

GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................................ 6.1

1.0 Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures

1.0 Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures

Ix A y 2 A y 187.368 in4 3.693 in2

Iy A x 2 A x 1,348.205 in 4 3.693 in2

Ixy Ixy A x y 12.843 in 4 3.693 in2

2 = -0.292 radians = 16.758

Ixp 186.738 in 4 0.989

= -0.146 radians = -8.379

2 Ixy sin cos

36.867 in 0.146 0.989

Page A4.3 Motion of Rigid Bodies

Thanks to SparWeb on the www.eng-tips.com website.

Page A5.23 Beam Columns

I use the following

Page A5.23 Beam Columns

Maximum Span Bending Moment

Maximum Bending Moment

Point of Maximum Bending Moment

1.0 Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures

Page A5.28 Biplane Wing Spar Example

Column 2, Substituting in equation (A)

50180 55505 x .26981 65156

50,198 55,523 0.26952 65,162

See Table A5.1, Case IV, page A5.23

Page A7.7 Castiglianos Theorem

= 10,000 lb ( 4.33 x 10 -5 ) feet = 0.433 feet = 5.2 inches

1.0 Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures

Page A7.11 Truss with Pinned Joints

Page A7.14 Virtual Work

Page A7.15 Dummy Unit Load

1.0 Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures

Page A7.16 Tapered Shear Beam

Free Body Diagram

Shear Flow vs. Position

1.0 Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures

Spar Caps and Stiffeners

G = ( 135.64 P + 13.41 P ) 10-6 = 139.04( 1,800 lb ) 10-6 = 0.268 inch