Technical Bulletin 3

Ameron Calculation Manual for

Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems

INDEX

1. Introduction

2. Pipewall Thickness based on internal pressure

2.1 Walt thickness

2.2 Diameter

2.3 Dimensional pipe properties

3. Trust force due to temperature and variation in length

3.1 Length Change

3.2 Thrust

4. Support and guide spacing

5. Pipe bending radius

6. Collapse resistance for liquid

7. Pipe-ring stiffness

8. Waterhammer and surge

9. Headloss or pressure drop for liquid flow

10. Literature

11. Legenda

Fiberglass Pipe Group division Europe

P.O.Box 6 – 4191 CA Geldermalsen – Holland
tel. +31 345 587 587 – fax +31 345 587 561
 Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems

1. Introduction In this Technical Bulletin an overview is given of commonly used

formulas in relation with Glassfibre Reinforced Epoxy piping.

2. Pipe wall thickness The minimum required walithickness of the pipe is based on design
codes as ASME and ANSI. To most products an inferior liner is added,
consisting of C-veil and resin.

3.Trust forces due to On many occasions the pipe is fabricated to pressure as well as
temperature, pressure a varying temperature of the medium. Pressure variation will
and variation in length cause a length change if the product is unrestrained and due to
the Poisson effect an increase in pressure will shorten the pipe. This is
alas mathematically explained. Expension and contraction due to
temperature variations and internal pressure will either combined or
individual result in thrust forces on the anchoring points

4.Support and Guide The formulas for the calculation of the optimal distance between
spacing two supports or guide spacings for single, partial and
continuous spans are given. The calculations take into account density
of the liquid and the weight of the pipe.

5. Bending radius A slight gradual change in direction or deviation of the pipe may be
obtained by using the flexibility of the pipe. In that case the allowable
bending radius of the glass reinforced epoxy pipe can be calculated

6. Collapse resistance for When the external pressure on the pipe may exceed the internal
liquid pressure one has to take into account the collapse resistance of
the pipe This is ruled by equations which differs from those for internal
pressure.

7. Pipe-ring stiffness To make calculations for earth and wheel-loads on buried pipe, values
have to be used like STIS (= Specific Tangential Initial Stiffness), STES
(= Specific Tangential End Stiffness) and other values, as used in the
U.S.A., Stiffness Factor and Pipe Stiffness.

8. Waterhammer and Changes in velocity of fluids cause changes in pressure.

surge Especially when these velocity changes are sudden, they can result in
high forces, which may harm the piping system

9. Head loss or pressure Head loss or pressure drop can be calculated by using the
drop for liquid flow Hazen-Williams equation for water and the Darcy-Weisbach for
laminar flows, e.g. for oil. Head loss in fittings are calculated by defining
a corresponding pipe length.

Technical Bulletin 3
July 1997
2
 Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems

1. INTRODUCTION This manual presents the calculations, used by Ameron to calculate the
various aspects related to glass reinforced epoxy (GRE) pipe.

This will help the reader to understand the equations which govern
certain common engineering cases of GRE pipesystems. Also these
equations can be used to make the required calculations.

When making these calculations the input data shoutd be based on the
physical mechanical properties, diameter and walithickness of Ame ron
products by: The spreadsheet presented by Ameron in its documentation
gives these values.

2. PIPEWALL THICKNESS BASED ON INTERNAL PRESSURE

2.1 Wall Thickness The minimum pipewall thickness is calculated with the formula according
to
ASME I ANSI B31 .3 [1] (Paragnaph A304.1 .2):
Dp
ts = (1)
2 sF + P

ASTM D-2992 [2] uses the same type of formula to calculate the hoop
stress as follows:
( Da − ts )
τ=p (2)
2ts
The above mentioned formula has been rearranged to induce the
internal liner and is used by Ameron to calculate the minimum reinforced
wall thickness of Bondstrand pipe as follows:

Minimum reinforced wall thickness in [m]:

p(d + 2t1) 2σsts
ts = ⇔ p= (3)
2σs − p d = t = 2t1

Minimum total wall thickness in [m]:

t = ts + t1 +ta (4)

2.2 Diameter Minimum outside diameter of pipe in [m]:

D= d+2t (5)

Mean pipe wall diameter in [m]:

Dm =d+t (6)

Technical Bulletin 3
July 1997
3