SSC-R Bar Ops 2002 (Quizzer) Political Law

QUIZZER IN POLITICAL LAW

CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL LAW

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What is meant ! the theor! o" #eri$ati$e pre%u#ice& It means that the prejudice of the superior official flo s to his su!ordinates" (Estrada v. Desierto, GR No. 146710-15, March 2, 2001) What is the test o" actual pre%u#ice& There must !e alle#ation and proof that the jud#es ha$e !een undul% influenced& not simpl% that the% mi#ht !e& !% the !arra#e of pu!licit%" (Estrada v. Desierto) What is the nature o" a con#itional par#on& A conditional pardon is in the nature of a contract !et een the Chief '(ecuti$e and the con$icted criminal to the effect that the former ill release the latter su!ject to the condition that if he does not compl% ith the terms of the pardon& he ill !e recommitted to prison to ser$e the une(pired portion of the sentence or an additional one" (I re! "orres, 251 #$R% 70&) 's the #etermination ! the ()* that a state or instrumentalit! is immune "rom suit conclusi$e upon the courts& The '()* #EE is a dul% accredited diplomatic mission in the countr% e(empt from local jurisdiction and entitled to all the ri#hts& pri$ile#es& and immunities of a diplomatic mission or em!ass% in the countr%" The determination of the e(ecuti$e arm of the #o$ernment that a state or instrumentalit% is entitled to so$erei#n or diplomatic immunit% is a +o,itica, -.estio that is conclusi$e upon the courts" ('o,/ #ee v. Rosario, 201 #$R% 524) What is a con+ressional $eto& It is a means here!% the Le#islature can !loc) or modif% administrati$e action ta)en under a statute" It is a form of le#islati$e control in the implementation of particular e(ecuti$e actions" *or instance& in the use of funds for the A*P moderni+ation& Con#ress ma% re,uire the President to su!mit all purchases of militar% e,uipment to Con#ress for appro$al"
Note: In the 2hi,co sa v. E ri-.e3 case (205 #$R% 507)& a special pro$ision on the -use of funds. in the appropriation for the moderni+ation of the A*P hich re,uires the prior appro$al of Con#ress as held unconstitutional on the #round that it is an -inappropriate pro$ision". The SC held that an% pro$ision !loc)in# an administrati$e action in implementin# a la or re,uirin# le#islati$e appro$al of e(ecuti$e acts must !e incorporated in a separate and su!stanti$e !ill" /o e$er& the SC declined to rule on the constitutionalit% of a con#ressional $eto on the #round that the matter at issue can !e disposed of as stated"

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's the so-calle# ,pre"erential ri+ht- o" su sistence or mar+inal "ishermen to the use o" marine resources a solute& The preferential ri#ht is not at all a!solute" In accordance ith the 0e#alian Doctrine& marine resources !elon# to the State& and pursuant to sec"1& Art" 2II of the Constitution& their -e(ploration& de$elopment and utili+ation3shall !e under the full control and super$ision of the State" The ri#ht ma% !e su!jected to hate$er rules and re#ulations and local la s that ma% !e passed" ("a o v. #ocrates, 271 #$R% 154)

SSC-R Bar Ops 2002 (Quizzer) Political Law Q: A:

What are the +ui#elines "or screenin+ part!-list applicants. The #uidelines are4 516 The political part%& sector& or coalition must represent the mar#inali+ed and underrepresented #roups identified in sections 7 of 0A 89:1" 516 The% must sho that the% represent the interests of the mar#inali+ed and underrepresented" 5;6 The reli#ious sector ma% not !e represented in the part%<list s%stem" 5:6 A part% or or#ani+ation must not !e dis,ualified under section = of 0A 89:1 hich enumerates the #rounds for dis,ualification" 576 The part% or or#ani+ation must not !e an adjunct of& or a project or#ani+ed or an entit% funded or assisted !% the #o$ernment" 5=6 The part% must not onl% compl% ith the re,uirements of the la > its nominees must li)e ise do so" 586 Not onl% the candidate part% or or#ani+ation must represent mar#inali+ed or underrepresented sectors> so also must its nominees" 5?6 The nominee must li)e ise !e a!le to contri!ute to the formulation and enactment for appropriate le#islation that ill !enefit the nation as a hole" (4a/a M. a v. $(ME)E$ 5 % 6 4a6o 6 4a/a i v. $(ME)E$, G.R. Nos. 14751& a d 147610, 7. e 26, 2001) What are the matters which are re/uire# to e entere# into the le+islati$e %ournal& The% are4 516 @eas and na%s on third and final readin# of a !ill> 516 Aeto messa#e of the President> 5;6 @eas and na%s on the repassin# of a !ill $etoed !% the President> and& 5:6 @eas and na%s on an% ,uestion at the re,uest of 1B7 of mem!ers present" 8#ec. 16 (4), %rt. 9I, 1&17 $o stit.tio :
Note: 'nrolled Cill $" Dournal entr%: 'nrolled !ill pre$ails& e(cept as to matters hich& under the Constitution are re,uired to !e entered into the journal

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When #oes a ill ecome a law& In the follo in# instances& a !ill !ecomes a la & to it4 516 When the President appro$es the same and si#ns it> 516 When Con#ress o$errides the Presidential $eto> 5;6 When the President fails to act upon the !ill for thirt% da%s from receipt thereof& the !ill shall !ecome a la as if he had si#ned it" 8#ec. 27 (1), %rt. 9I: 5CA0 19??6
Note the pu!lication re,uirement as held in Tanada $" Tu$era case

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What are the non-le+islati$e powers o" Con+ress& The% are4 516 To act as Coard of Can$assers for Presidential and Aice<Presidential elections 5Sec" :& Art" AII6> 516 To call for a special election for President and Aice<President 5Sec" 1E& Art" AII6> 5;6 To e(tend or re$o)e the proclamation of Fartial la or the suspension of the rit of ha!eas corpus 5Sec" 1?& Art" AII6> 5:6 Appro$al of Presidential Nominees 5Sec" 1=& Art" AII6> 576 Senate concurrence of treaties 5Sec" 11& Art" AII6> 5=6 Concur in presidential amnesties 5Sec" 19& Art" AII6> 586 Declaration of ar and dele#ation of emer#enc% po er to the President GSec" 1; 516 and 516& respecti$el%& of Art" AIH > 5?6 To jud#e the PresidentIs capacit% or fitness 5Sec" 11& Art" AII6> 596 Po er of Impeachment 5Sec" 1 J ;& Art" 2I6" 5CA0 19??6

SSC-R Bar Ops 2002 (Quizzer) Political Law

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What are the instances when Con+ress $otes separatel!& The% are4 516 Choosin# the President 5Sec.4, %rt.9II) 516 Determinin# the PresidentIs ina!ilit% 5#ec.4, %rt.9II) 5;6 Confirmin# the nomination of the Aice<President 5#ec.&, %rt. 9I) 5:6 Declarin# the e(istence of a state of ar 5#ec.20, %rt. 9I) 576 Proposin# Constitutional Amendments 5#ec.1, %rt ;9II) What are the ills that must ori+inate e0clusi$el! "rom the 1ouse o" Representati$es& -All appropriation& re$enue or tariff !ills& !ills authori+in# increase of pu!lic de!t& !ills of local application& and pri$ate !ills shall ori#inate e(clusi$el% in the /ouse of 0epresentati$es3222. (#ec. 24, %rt. 9I, $o stit.tio ) 2i$e the con#itions "or the +rant o" emer+enc! powers to the Presi#ent3 The% are4 516 There is a ar or other national emer#enc%> 516 The #rant of emer#enc% po ers must !e for a limited period> 5;6 The #rant of emer#enc% po ers is su!ject to such restrictions as Con#ress ma% prescri!e> and& 5:6 The emer#enc% po ers must !e e(ercised to carr% out a declared national polic%" 5CA0 19986 (e"ine reprie$e4 commutation4 remission4 par#on an# amnest! Re+rieve K is a temporar% relief from or postponement of e(ecution of criminal penalt% or sentence or a sta% of e(ecution" $o<<.tatio - a reduction of sentence" It is a remission of a part of the punishment> a su!stitution of a less penalt% for the one ori#inall% imposed" Re<issio o= =i es a d =or=eit.res- pre$ents collection of fines or the confiscation the confiscated propert%> it cannot ha$e the effect of returnin# propert% hich ha$e !een $ested in third parties or mone% in the pu!lic treasur% 2ardo - act of #race hich e(empts persons from ser$in# the penalt% %< est/- commonl% denotes the #eneral pardon to re!els for treason and other hi#h political offenses" It erases the crime itself"

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What is the Open Court Rule #urin+ 5artial Law& It means that the state of Fartial La does not supplant the functionin# of the ci$il courts nor authori+e the conferment of jurisdiction on militar% courts and a#encies o$er ci$ilians here ci$il courts are a!le to function" What is a writ o" amparo& It is a rit that ma% !e issued !% the courts& !ased on the constitutional po er of the Supreme Court to promul#ate rules& for the protection and enforcement of constitutional ri#hts" (Nach.ra Revie>er, +. 200) When municipal propert! is ta6en ! the State4 is there compensa le ta6in+& It depends on the nature of the propert%" If it is patrimonial propert% of the municipalit%& that is& propert% ac,uired !% the municipalit% ith its pri$ate funds in its corporate or pri$ate capacit%& compensation is re,uired" /o e$er& if it is an% other propert% such as pu!lic !uildin#s or ,e6.a co<<. a, held !% the municipalit% for the State in trust for its inha!itants& the State is free to dispose of it at ill" (4er as, +.116)

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SSC-R Bar Ops 2002 (Quizzer) Political Law 'L'CTION LAW Q: A:

What are the prohi ite# constitutional acti$ities in relation to election& The% are4 516 No officer or emplo%ee in the Ci$il Ser$ice shall en#a#e directl% or indirectl% in an% electioneerin# or partisan political campai#n G#ec.2 (4), %rt.I; (4): 516 No pardon& amnest%& parole& or suspension of sentence for $iolation of election la s& rules and re#ulations shall !e #ranted !% the President ithout the fa$ora!le recommendation of the COF'L'C G#ec.5, %rt. I; (c): 5;6 Prohi!ition a#ainst political parties& or#ani+ations& coalitions re#istered under the part%<list s%stem to !e represented in the $oterIs re#istration !oards& COCIs& COIIs& or other similar !odies G#ec.1, %rt. I; ($): 5:6 Prohi!ition a#ainst harassment and discrimination of !onafide candidates for an% pu!lic office 8#ec.10, %rt I; (c): 576 Prohi!ition a#ainst financial contri!utions from forei#n #o$ernments and their a#encies to political parties& coalitions and candidates 8#ec.2 (5) %rt. I; ($): 5=6 Prohi!ition a#ainst the militar% to en#a#e directl% or indirectl% in an% partisan political acti$it% e(cept to $ote G(#ec.5, (0), +ar.2), %rt. ;9I): What are the instances where a "ailure o" election ma! e #eclare#& The% are4 516 The election in an% pollin# place has not !een held on the date fi(ed on account of =orce <a?e.re& $iolence& terrorism& fraud or other analo#ous circumstances> 516 The election in an% pollin# place had !een suspended !efore the hour fi(ed !% la for the closin# of the $otin# on account of force majeure& $iolence& terrorism& fraud or other analo#ous circumstances> or 5;6 After the $otin# and durin# the preparation and transmission of the election returns or in the custod% or can$ass thereof such election results in a failure to elect on account of force majeure& $iolence& terrorism& fraud or other analo#ous circumstances (#iso v. $o<e,ec, GR No. 1040&6, March 0, 1&&& a d 42 111)
Note4 Cefore the COF'L'C can act on a $erified petition declarin# a failure of election& t o conditions must concur& namel%4 516 no $otin# has ta)en place in the precincts concerned on the date fi(ed !% la & or e$en if there as $otin#& the election ne$ertheless resulted in a failure to elect> and 516 the $otes cast ould affect the results of the election (Mit<.6 v. $(ME)E$, 200 #$R% 54)

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What is the '(75 SO8*8S Rule& It means that a name or surname incorrectl% ritten hich& hen read& has a sound similar to the name or surname of a candidate hen correctl% ritten shall !e counted in his fa$or 5CA0 199:6 What are the +roun#s "or su stitution o" the mem ers o" the BOC& The% are4 516 Non<a$aila!ilit%> 516 A!sence> 5;6 Dis,ualification due to relationship> 5:6 Incapacit% for an% cause of the Chairman" Who are the persons not allowe# insi#e the pollin+ place& The% are4 516 An% officer or mem!er of the A*P> 516 an% officer or mem!er of the PNP> 5;6 an% peace officer or armed person !elon#in# to an% e(tra<le#al police a#enc%& special forces& securit% #uards& etc> 5:6 an% !aran#a% tanod or mem!er of the !aran#a% self<defense units> 576 an% mem!er of the securit% or police or#ani+ations of #o$ernment a#encies or LOCCs> 5=6 an% mem!er of a pri$atel% o ned or operated securit%& in$esti#ati$e& protecti$e or intelli#ence a#enc%"

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SSC-R Bar Ops 2002 (Quizzer) Political Law ADFINIST0ATIA' LAW AND LAW O* PUCLIC O**IC'0S Q: A:

What are the two 6in#s o" pre$enti$e suspension o" ci$il ser$ice emplo!ees who are char+e# with o""enses punisha le ! remo$al or suspension& The% are4 516 Pre$enti$e suspension pendin# in$esti#ation& and 516 Pre$enti$e suspension pendin# appeal if the penalt% imposed !% the disciplinin# authorit% is suspension or dismissal and& after re$ie & the respondent is e(onerated 8$a iete v. #ec. o= Ed.catio , G.R. No. 14005&, 7. e 1&, 2000)H (istin+uish etween a#ministrati$e complaints "ile# a+ainst electi$e o""icials an# those "ile# a+ainst appointi$e o""icials Administrati$e complaints filed a#ainst electi$e officials are #o$erned !% the Local Lo$ernment Code hile administrati$e complaints filed a#ainst appointi$e officials are #o$erned !% the Ci$il Ser$ice 0ules and other pertinent la s" In the first& 5administrati$e complaints a#ainst electi$e officials6 (1) the disciplinin# authorit% is the President" *urther& (2) the rules on remo$al and suspension are more strin#ent" Li)e ise& (3) there should !e a formal in$esti#ation and the respondent is #i$en the ri#hts a@i to an accused in a criminal case" ( ) Suspension and remo$al are imposed onl% after the electi$e official is accorded his ri#hts and the e$idence a#ainst him stron#l% dictates their imposition& and (!) the procedure of re,uirin# position papers i ,ie. of a hearin# is not allo ed" Fean hile& in the second 5administrati$e complaints a#ainst appointi$e officials6& (1) the disciplinin# authorit% is the Ci$il Ser$ice Commission> (2) The rules on remo$al and suspension are less strin#ent> (3) The in$esti#ation is conducted ithout adherin# to the technical rules applica!le in judicial proceedin#s> ( ) The appointi$e official is remo$ed or summaril% dismissed if (a) the char#e is serious and e$idence of #uilt is stron#> and& (") respondent is resci$idist& or (c) respondent is notoriousl% undesira!le" Lastl%& (!) Position papers are allo ed in lieu of a hearin#" G7oso v. "orres, 2&0 #$R% 27& (1&&1):

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When ma! pre$enti$e suspension e impose# ! the #isciplinin+ authorit! a+ainst an electi$e pu lic o""icial& Pre$enti$e suspension ma% !e imposed !% the disciplinin# authorit% at an% time4 5a6 After the issues are joined 5!6 hen e$idence of #uilt is stron#> 5c6 #i$en the #ra$it% of the offense& there is #reat pro!a!ilit% that the respondent ho continues to hold office could influence the itnesses or pose a threat to the safet% and inte#rit% of the records and other e$idence" (7oso v. "orres) What is the *utomatic Re$ersion Rule& The disappro$al of the appointment of a person proposed to a hi#her position in$alidates the promotion of those in the lo er positions and automaticall% restores them to their former positions"
Note: 0e,uisites4 516 There must !e a series of promotions> 516 All promotional appointments are simultaneousl% su!mitted to the Commission for appro$al> and 5;6 The Commission disappro$es the appointment of a person to a hi#her position (Divi a6racia v. #to. "o<as, GR No. 1100&54, Ma/ 01, 1&&5)

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What is the 9hree-"ol# Lia ilit! Rule& The ron#ful acts or omissions of a pu!lic officer ma% #i$e rise to ci$il& criminal& and administrati$e lia!ilit% (Nach.ra, +.020)

SSC-R Bar Ops 2002 (Quizzer) Political Law Q: A:

What is the 8e0t-in-Ran6 Rule in *#ministrati$e Law& Under this rule& the person ne(t in ran) shall !e #i$en preference in promotion hen the position is $acated"
Note: The corollar% re,uirement to set forth the special reason5s6 in case the ne(t officer in ran) is not appointed to the $acant position applies onl% to cases of promotion" 'o>ever& here the appointin# po er chooses to fill the $acanc% not !% promotion !ut !% transfer& reinstatement& reemplo%ment or certification& he is under no dut% hatsoe$er to e(plain his action for the la does not so re,uire him" The reason for the distinction is simple" When a person ho is a junior jumps o$er his senior& the ran)in# is distur!ed and the person ne(t in ran) is actuall% !% passed& and so it is reasona!le to re,uire the appointin# po er to #i$e his -special reason or reasons for preferrin# his appointee to the officer ne(t in ran)" ($r.3, +. 5&-60)

LOCAL LOA'0NF'NT Q: A: (istin+uish the power o" super$ision "rom the power o" control The po er of super$ision is defined as -the po er of a superior officer to see to it that lo er officers perform their functions in accordance ith la ". This is distin#uished from po er of control or -the po er of an officer to alter or modif% or set aside hat a su!ordinate officer had done in the performance of his duties and to su!stitute the jud#ment of the former for the latter". 84ito-( o v. 7.d6e Aer a de3, (7a .ar/ 01, 2001): What are the limitations on recall un#er the Local 2o$ernment Co#e& Section 8: of 0A 81=E pro$ides4 )i<itatio s o reca,,! 5a6 An% electi$e local official ma% !e the su!ject of a recall election onl% once durin# his term of office for loss of confidence> and 5!6 No recall shall ta)e place ithin one %ear from the date of the officialIs assumption to office or one %ear immediatel% precedin# a re#ular local election" 8$,a.dio v. $o<e,ec, G.R.No. 140714, (Ma/4, 2000): What are the limitations on local initiati$e& The% are4 516 The po er of local initiati$e shall not !e e(ercised more than once a %ear> 516 Initiati$e shall e(tend onl% to su!jects or matters hich are ithin the le#al po ers of the local le#islati$e !odies to enact> and 5;6 If at an% time !efore the initiati$e is held& the local le#islati$e !od% shall adopt in toto the proposition presented& the initiati$e shall !e cancelled" /o e$er& those a#ainst such action ma%& if the% so desire& appl% for initiati$e" (Nach.ra Revie>er, +.162) (istin+uish or#inance "rom a resolution o" a local +o$ernment unit An ordi a ce is a la !ut a reso,.tio is merel% a declaration of the sentiment or opinion of a la ma)in# !od% on a specific matter" An ordinance possesses a #eneral and permanent character& !ut a resolution is temporar% in nature" Additionall%& the t o are enacted differentl%< a third readin# is necessar% for an ordinance& !ut not for a resolution& unless decided !% a majorit% of all the #a 66. ia mem!ers" G'eirs o= #.6.ita v. $it/ o= Ma da,./o 6, G.R. No. 105017 (2000):

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SSC-R Bar Ops 2002 (Quizzer) Political Law Q# A:

What are the re/uisites "or the proper e0ercise o" the #ele+ate# power o" eminent #omain The% are4 516 An ordinance is enacted !% the local le#islati$e council authori+in# the local chief e(ecuti$e to e(ercise the po er of eminent domain or pursue e(propriation proceedin#s o$er a particular pri$ate propert%> 516 The po er of eminent domain is e(ercised for pu!lic use& purpose or elfare& or for the !enefit of the poor and the landless> 5;6 There is pa%ment of just compensation& as re,uired !% %rtic,e 0, sectio & o= the $o stit.tio and other pertinent la s> 5:6 A $alid and definite offer has !een pre$iousl% made to the o ner of the propert% sou#ht to !e e(propriated& !ut said offer as not accepted" ('eirs o= #.6.ita v. $it/ o= Ma da,./o 6)

INT'0NATIONAL LAW Q: A: (oes an 70ecuti$e *+reement ha$e the same in#in+ e""ect as a 9reat!& In International la & an e(ecuti$e a#reement is as !indin# as a treat%" International la continues to ma)e no distinctions !et een treaties and e(ecuti$e a#reements" The% are e,uall% !indin# o!li#ations upon nations" (4a/a v. Ba<ora, GR No. 101570C (ct.10, 2000) 'n con$entional international law o" e0tra#ition4 what is meant ! *99789*L CL*:S7& This is a pro$ision in an e(tradition treat% hich stipulates that an attempt a#ainst& or the ta)in# of& the life of a head of state or mem!ers of hisBher famil% does not constitute a political offense and therefore e(tradita!le What is the asis o" e0tra#ition& A treat%" Outside of a treat%& there is no rule in international la compellin# a state to e(tradite an%one" /o e$er& a state ma% $oluntaril% e(tradite a suspect to the recei$in# state e$en ithout a treat% !et een them as a #esture of comit%" What is meant ! the ,inchoate title o" #isco$er!-& Where a state disco$ers territor% !ut does not ta)e steps to actuall% administer it& the ri#ht ac,uired is merel% an inchoate title of disco$er%" This ill ripen into a full and $alid title if the re,uisites of a $alid disco$er% and occupation are complied ith4 and in the meantime it ill ser$e as a !ar to other states also interested in the territor%" If administration is not underta)en ithin a reasona!le time& the inchoate title of disco$er% is lost or forfeited" What is the so-calle# practice o" the alternat& This is an arran#ement under hich each ne#otiator is allo ed to si#n first on the cop% of the treat% hich he ill !rin# home to his countr%& the purpose !ein# to preser$e the formal appearance of e,ualit% amon# the contractin# states and to a$oid delicate ,uestions of precedence amon# the si#natories" What is prize& 2ri3e refers to a thin# captured at sea in time of ar& such as a neutral merchant $essel ta)en !% a !elli#erent arship for en#a#in# in hostile acti$ities or resistin# $isit and search& or !ecause of reasona!le suspicion that is lia!le to confiscation" What is a prize court& It is a tri!unal esta!lished !% a !elli#erent under its o n la s& in its territor% or in the territor% of an% of its allies& for the purpose of determinin# the $alidit% of maritime captures" <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

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$OO%LUC&' (RA)O (A*TE'

<+o,itica, ,a> co<<ittee 2002-