Ky Yeu Trai He Toan Hoc 2009

K yu Tri h Ton hc 2009
K yu Tri h Ton hc
Hu, Thng 8 - 2009
Ban bin tp:
TRN NAM DNG
LIM NGUYN
NGUYN TUN MINH
Mc lc
Li gii thiu 004
Ton hc ng i Vit Nam H Huy Khoi 005
Hi Ton hc Vit Nam 014
Din n Ton hc - 5 nm nhn li Nguyn Quc Khnh, 017
Nguyn Luyn,
Nguyn Hu Tnh
i nt v Cng ng Mathvn.org Nguyn Vn Vinh 025
nh l Green-Tao Valentin Blomer 028
Gi thuyt Sato-Tate Ng Bo Chu 036
A.M.Gleason inh Trung Ho 038
Experimental Designs: A Guided Tour John Borkowsky, 045
Nguyn Vn Minh Mn
Vin nghin cu nng cao IAS Ng c Tun 057
Nhng iu nn v khng nn khi ging dy Ton Nguyn Tin Zng 059
Hnh hc tnh v ng L B Khnh Trnh 070
Tp hp tr mt v ng dng Phm Hy Hiu 082
i iu v phong tro Olympic Ton hc Vit Nam Trn Nam Dng 091
o to chuyn ton ti HTHQG Lomonosov inh Trung Ho 096
V hai k thi Ton dnh cho hc sinh c L Nam Trng 100
Ton cnh ton hc trong nn gio dc Php inh Ngc Thch 104
Nht k IMO 2009 H Khng Duy, 109
Phm Hy Hiu
Hnh trnh du hc Lim Nguyn 119
Hc ton c g? Lu Trng Lun dch 128
Thy v Tr Phan Thnh Nam 132
LI GII THIU
Tri h ton hc 2009 l mt hot ng c bit. Mt mt, n tip ni chui cc hot ng ca
Din n Ton hc (Tri h ton hc 2006 (H Ni), D ngoi 2007 (Cn Sn-Kip Bc), Hi tho
Ton-Vt l Thin vn 2008 (Tp.HCM)). Mt khc, n c pht trin thnh mt hot ng rng
ln hn, quy m hn, c s bo tr ca Hi ton hc Vit Nam, trng i hc khoa hc Hu,
c s tham gia ng t chc ca din n Mathvn.org v ca ng o c dn cc mng ton
hc ni ring v c dn mng ni chung.
Cun k yu m bn ang cm trn tay c bin tp t nhng bi vit ca nhng tc gi ang
lm vic ti Vit Nam v nhiu nc trn th gii (Nga, M, c, Php, Canada...). Tc gi nh
tui nht cha y 15 tui cn tc gi k cu nht ngoi 60. C tc gi l hc sinh ph thng,
c tc gi l nhng nh khoa hc u ngnh ca Vit Nam (v c th gii). Internet lm cho th
gii nh nh li, xo nho nhng khong cch v khng gian, v tui tc, v hc hm hc v v a
v x hi. Tt c ch cn li nim am m khng bao gi tt i vi ton hc v mong mun ng
gp cho phong tro, cho cng ng.
Ban bin tp K yu Tri h ton hc xin chn thnh cm n GS H Huy Khoi, GS Nguyn
Tin Zng, TS. L B Khnh Trnh cho php s dng cc bi vit ca h trong cun k yu ny.
Cm n GS Ng Bo Chu, TS Ng c Tun, GS John Borkowsky, TS Nguyn Vn Minh Mn
trc tip vit bi cho k yu. c bit, khng th khng nhc n nhng tc gi l thnh vin ca
hai din n: diendantoanhoc.net v mathvn.org. Nhng bi vit ca h lm nn mt cun
K yu nhiu mu sc vi ni dung hp dn v phong ph.
V cun K yu ny cng nh Tri h Ton hc 2009 s kh c th din ra nu nh khng c
s ng h nhit tnh v qu bu ca nhng nh ti tr. H u l nhng ngi khng cn trc tip
lm ton nhng lun yu qu nhng ngi lm ton v ht lng vi ton hc Vit Nam. Xin thay
mt BTC Tri h, Ban bin tp k yu v ton th cc thnh vin Tri h Ton hc 2009 gi n
h - nhng mnh thng qun thn qu li tri n su sc.
Cn by gi, hy lt cc trang K yu v c cho tho thch!
Ban bin tp
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Ton hc ng i Vit Nam
H Huy Khoi - Vin Ton hc Vit Nam
Tm tt. Chng ti a ra mt tng quan ngn v s pht trin ca ton hc Vit Nam
t nm 1947, thi im m cng trnh nghin cu ton hc u tin ca mt nh ton hc Vit
Nam c ng trn mt tp ch ton hc quc t. Chng ti m t ton hc ti Vit Nam
pht trin nh th no trong nhng hon cnh rt c bit: cuc khng chin chng Php, cuc
u tranh thng nht t nc, cuc khng chin chng M, thi k khng hong kinh t v
thi k chuyn dch sang nn kinh t th trng.
Gii thiu
Trong bi ny, ti mun a ra mt ci nhn tng qut c ng v s pht trin ca
ton hc ng i Vit Nam. T ng i y c dng ni v giai on t 1947,
khi cng trnh nghin cu ton hc u tin ca mt nh ton hc Vit Nam c ng
trn mt tp ch ton hc quc t.
Hn na, Vit Nam ginh c c lp t tay thc dn Php thng 9 nm 1945, nn
lch s ton hc ng i Vit Nam l lch s sau thi k thuc a.
C th ni rng cho n thi im hin nay, cha c bi nghin cu no v ch ny.
Bi vit ny c th c xem nh cu chuyn c k bi mt nh ton hc Vit Nam,
sinh thng 11 nm 1946 v hc ti trng i hc Tng hp H Ni trong thi k chin
tranh chng M, lc m trng phi s tn vo rng, ch khng hn l mt bi nghin cu
v lch s ton hc.
I - L Vn Thim ngi khai sinh ton hc ng i Vit Nam
Lch s ton hc ng i Vit Nam khi u cch y 60 nm, khi mt nh ton
hc Vit Nam, L Vn Thim, cng b mt cng trnh trn mt tp ch chuyn quc t
(Beitrag zum Typenproblem der Riemannschen Flachen; Commentarii Mathematici Helver-
tici, 20, 1947, pp. 270-287).
L Vn Thim sinh nm 1918 ti H Tnh, Vit Nam, trong mt gia nh tr thc. ng
l con t trong gia nh gm 13 anh ch em. Ngi anh c ca ng nhn bng tin s sau
khi thi u k thi Nho gio truyn thng cui cng (nm 1919, triu Nguyn). Cn L Vn
Trn Lu dch t nguyn bn: H Huy Khoi, On the contemporary mathematics in Vietnam, Proceedings
of the International Conference on History of Mathematics, Tokyo, 2008 (to be published by Springer, 2010).
Phin bn ting Trung Quc c in trong: Science and Culture Review, Vol. 6, N. 2, 2009 (xut bn bi
Vin Lch s khoa hc, Vin Hn lm khoa hc Trung Quc)
5
Thim l ngi Vit Nam u tin nhn c hc v tin s hin i.
Nm 1939, sau khi hon thnh hc k cui cng vi im s xut sc, L Vn Thim
c trao mt hc bng theo hc ti trng cole Normale Suprieure, Paris. Vic hc ca
ng b gin on khi Chin tranh Th gii th hai n ra v n 1941 mi c ni li. ng
tt nghip vi bng C nhn Ton ch trong vng 1 nm thay v 3 nm nh chng trnh
hc qui nh. Nm 1942, di s hng dn ca George Valiron, ng bt u ti nghin
cu v l thuyt phn b gi tr ca hm phn hnh (L thuyt Nevanlinna). Chnh trong
giai on ny ng c nhng ng gp quan trng trong vic gii quyt c bi ton
ngc ca l thuyt Nevanlinna v y cng l ch chnh trong lun n tin s (1945,
Goettingen) v tin s nh nc (Docteur dEtat) ca ng (1949, Paris) ng thi a ng
tr thnh mt trong nhng nh nghin cu tr xut sc nht lc by gi trong lnh vc
ny.[1]
Trong khi , Vit Nam, cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php ang ln cao. Gc
li nim am m ton hc ln lao v trin vng ti sng ca s nghip nghin cu khoa
hc, nm 1949, L Vn Thim a ra mt quyt nh mang tnh bc ngot khng
ch s lm thay i hon ton cuc i ng m cn to ra mt nh hng su sc i
vi nhiu th h sinh vin Vit Nam sau . l t b cng vic ging dy ti i hc
Zurich danh ting, ng quay v Vit Nam tch cc tham gia cuc u tranh ginh c lp.
v n c Vit Nam, L Vn Thim u tin bay n Bangkok ri sau di chuyn
n vng t t do cc nam ca Vit Nam. Vi thng sau, ng lm mt cuc hnh trnh
di dng dc theo mt con ng nh, m v sau trong khng chin chng M tr thnh
ng H Ch Minh huyn thoi, xuyn qua rng ni n Vit Bc, vng cc bc Vit
Nam, ni tng l cn c ch huy ca cuc khng chin.
Chnh ti Vit Bc, L Vn Thim gp mt nhng nh tr thc khc, hu ht u
hc Php v nh T Quang Bu (mt nh ton hc, nguyn B trng Quc phng VN
1947, B trng i hc v Ch nhim y ban Khoa hc Nh nc), Trn i Ngha (cu
sinh vin trng Bch khoa Paris v Ch tch Vin Khoa hc Vit Nam). Tin tng vo
tm quan trng ca gio dc v khoa hc trong cuc khng chin ny, L Vn Thim
thnh lp vng t do mt trng i hc s phm v mt trng i hc khoa hc c
bn nhm mc ch cung cp cho t nc nhng gio vin v nhng nh k thut trnh
cao m cuc khng chin ang v cng cn n. Hai trng H ny hot ng cho n
khi cuc khng chin chng Php kt thc nm 1954. S pht trin ca khoa hc v nghin
cu sau ny ti Vit Nam ghi nhn nhng ng gp v cng cn thit ca hai ngi trng
ny trong vic nng cao v duy tr h thng gio dc mt trnh thch hp, cho d b
cch ly hon ton vi th gii bn ngoi trong sut cuc chin chng Php v sau l
chng M. Ngoi ra, hai trng H ny to thnh nn mng Trng i hc Tng
hp H Ni hot ng tr li ngay nm 1955 vi i ng ging vin hon ton l ngi Vit
m vo thi im , c xem l mt thnh tu ni bt mt quc gia chu .
L Vn Thim, cng vi nhng nh ton hc khc (Hong Ty, T Quang Bu) sng
lp hai tp ch chuyn ngnh ton hc nghin cu ca ngi Vit bng ba th ting Anh,
Php v Nga l Acta Mathematica Vietnamica v Vietnam Journal of Mathematics. ng
cng l nh sng lp tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr, ngi bn ca nhiu th h hc sinh
6
trung hc. S xut hin ca ba tp ch ny trong sut thi k chng M l mt s kin
quan trng v kh tin.
L Vn Thim qua i ngy 3 thng 6 nm 1991 ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh. ng l
nh ton hc Vit Nam hin i u tin c t tn cho mt con ng ( H Ni).
II - Ton hc Vit Nam thi k khng chin chng Php (1946-1954)
Ngy 19 thng 12 nm 1946, ch hn mt nm sau khi tuyn b c lp, Vit Nam
bt u cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php. Vo bui sng hm , tt c cc t chc
chnh quyn u nhn c mnh lnh ri khi H Ni v s tn n nhng vng t do,
phn ln l tr li Vit Bc. Tuy nhin, mt s cn b cao cp nhn c mnh lnh tr,
trong s ny c gio s ton hc Nguyn Thc Ho, ngi cng tng du hc Php nh
L Vn Thim v tr v VN nm 1935. Thng 12, Nguyn Thc Ho ri H Ni v qu
Ngh An, mt tnh thuc khu 4 t do. Vi thng sau Nguyn Thc Ho c B Gio dc
giao nhim v t chc mt trng ton hc, chnh xc hn l mt lp ton hc trnh
i hc. V gio s duy nht ti trng i hc ny chnh l Nguyn Thc Ho. Mc d
trng ca ng Ho c qui m nh nhng tm quan trng ca n th khng h nh. Nhng
sinh vin ca lp ton hc ny v sau tr thnh nhng nh khoa hc hng u ca Vit
Nam. Lp ton hc ca Nguyn Thc Ho nh du s khi u ca lch s gio dc i
hc ti Vit Nam sau thi k thuc a.
Mt mc son ln trong s pht trin ca ton hc v ging dy ton hc ti Vit Nam
l s tr v ca L Vn Thim t Php. Vo lc , ng l thn tng ca gii tr Vit
Nam. S tr v ca L Vn Thim li ko thm nhiu ti nng tr n vi Vit Bc.
Nhng sinh vin u tin ca trng i hc Khoa hc, do L Vn Thim thnh lp ti
Vit Bc, sau ny tr thnh nhng nh khoa hc hng u ca Vit Nam.
Trong nhng nm ha bnh u tin sau khng chin, mt s sinh vin ca trng i
hc Khoa hc do L Vn Thim sng lp c a sang Nga theo hc mt chng trnh
sau i hc. Hu ht s sinh vin ny nhn c hc v ph tin s (Ph.D) ch sau hai hay
ba nm hc. c bit, ch sau mt nm, Hong Ty vit mt lun n ph tin s v gii
tch thc di s hng dn ca Menshov v ng 5 bi bo trn cc tp ch hng u
ca Nga trong 20 thng sng Moscow theo hc chng trnh ph tin s. Vi nm sau
, Hong Ty tr thnh cha ca l thuyt ti u ton cc vi lt ct Ty ni ting
trong l thuyt qui hoch lm. Mt sinh vin khc, Nguyn Cnh Ton, bo v thnh
cng lun n tin s khoa hc ti Nga vi nhng kt qu quan trng trong mn hnh hc
x nh. Giai on ny ng ang cng tc ti trng i hc Khoa hc.
Chng ta c th ni rng i hc Khoa hc ng mt vai tr quan trng khng ch
trong vic o to sinh vin bc i hc m cn c vic xy dng nn mt nhm nghin
cu ton ti Vit Nam sau giai on khng chin.
III - Nhng nm thng sau khng chin v thi k chng M (1954-1975)
Cuc khng chin chng Php kt thc nm 1954 v trng i hc Tng hp hot
ng tr li ti H Ni nm 1955. L Vn Thim l hiu trng. Nhng sinh vin tt
nghip i hc Vit Bc gi c c hi nghin cu ton hc. Nhiu ngi trong s ny
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c a ra nc ngoi, phn ln sang Lin X, sang ng u hay sang Trung Quc.
Trong giai on ny, nhiu nh ton hc sau khi nhn c bng ph tin s nc
ngoi, chuyn mi quan tm sang ton ng dng nhm ng h chnh sch khoa hc ca
chnh ph. Lu rng khuynh hng ny cng xut hin Trung Quc vo thi im
ny, chng hn nh Hoa La Canh lc ang tch cc theo ui nghin cu v vn tr hc.
Vit Nam, c th thy khuynh hng ny qua nhng v d sau:
- Hong Ty, ngi bo v thnh cng lun n v gii tch thc, tr thnh ngi
u tin gii thiu vn tr hc v ti u ho ti Vit Nam nm 1961. Ngay t u, cc
nh ton hc Vit Nam n lc s dng ton hc gii quyt cc vn thc tin.
Nm 1961-1962, Hong Ty v nhm ca ng nghin cu mt bi ton v giao thng
vn ti sp xp li vic vn chuyn hng bng xe ti sao cho rt ngn qung ng m
nhng xe ti phi chy xe khng. Ti cng xin lu rng cc nh ton hc X Vit cng
nghin cu v bi ton ng dng ny sau , khong nm 1963. D nhin h thnh
cng hn nhiu so vi cc ng nghip Vit Nam. Hong Ty cho bit sau chuyn ving
thm Novosibirsk nm 1962 vi Kontorovich (mt nh ton hc X Vit v ngi tng ot
gii Nobel kinh t), ng hon ton chuyn t gii tch thc sang vn tr hc. Nm 1964
Hong Ty thu c mt kt qu c sc v cc tiu ha hm lm, kt qu a n
cho ng s tha nhn quc t rng ri. Hong Ty a ra mt kiu mi ca mt phng
ct, mt khi nim c gii thiu trong qui hoch nguyn ca Gomory vo nhng nm
1950 s dng trong qui hoch li. Hong Ty xut mt phng php ct mi cho
php thc hin mt thut ton cc tiu ha hm lm. Mt phng ct ca ng hin nay
c gi l lt ct Ty v Hong Ty i khi c gi l cha ca l thuyt ti u ton cc.
Phan nh Diu, ngi t c hc v tin s khoa hc ti Moscow vi lun n
v ton hc kin thit, chuyn mi quan tm sang khoa hc my tnh. Sau ny, ng tr
thnh gim c u tin ca Vin Cng ngh Thng tin thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng
ngh Vit Nam.
L Vn Thim, mt chuyn gia ni ting v l thuyt hm vi nhng thnh tu tin
phong trong l thuyt Nevanlinna, bt u nghin cu thuyt dng chy ngm v nhng
ng dng ca n ti Vit Nam. Trong lnh vc mi m ny i vi ng, L Vn Thim
t c mt kt qu xut sc: ng l ngi u tin cho li gii tng minh ca bi
ton thm qua hai lp t[2]. L Vn Thim v nhng hc tr ca ng cng p dng
cc phng php ca gii tch phc trong bi ton n mn nh hng trong thi k khng
chin chng M.
Nm 1964, qun i M bt u nm bom min Bc Vit Nam, trong c H Ni v
nhng thnh ph khc. Tt c cc trng i hc u phi s tn vo rng. Nhiu trng
li chuyn v Vit Bc, cn c ch huy c trong thi k chng Php. Tuy nhin, ngay c
trong lc chin tranh din ra, cng ng ton hc Vit Nam vn tip tc cc hot ng ca
mnh.
Hi ton hc, c L Vn Thim thnh lp nm 1965, t chc cc hi tho chung
v ti u ha, gii tch hm, gii tch phc, i s v gii tch s. Cc thnh vin ca i
hc Tng hp, i hc S phm v i hc Bch khoa tham gia hot ng ny. Sau khi
8
3 i hc trn phi s tn i nhiu ng, cc hi tho c t chc ti H Ni. Mi ngi
gp nhau mi thng hai ln, v c th ni rng h tham d rt ng .
Trong giai on chin tranh, mt s nh ton hc nc ngoi n thm Vit Nam
v ging bi cho cc sinh vin v nhng nh nghin cu. Trong s ny c Alexandre
Grothendieck, Chandler Davis, Laurent Schwartz, Andr Martineau, Bernard Malgrange,
v Alain Chenciner. hiu thm nhng n tng ca cc nh ton hc quc t n
Vit Nam v i sng ton hc Vit Nam thi gian , ti mun nhc li mt vi chi
tit trch t bn tng thut ca Alexandre Grothendiecks v chuyn thm Vit Nam ca
ng nm 1967, bn tng thut m rt nhiu trng i hc trn th gii bit n nm 1968.
Nhng ngy thuyt ging u tin ca Grothendieck din ra ti H Ni. Nhng mt
hm, mt tn la n ch cch ging ng chng mt hai trm mt. V th, B trng B
i hc T Quang Bu ra lnh phi s tn. Grothendieck thch th vi tin chng ti sp
s tn v xem tnh hung khc thng ny nh mt c hi mo him.
Grothendieck thuyt trnh v hnh hc i s tru tng bn ting mi ngy v gp g
cc sinh vin v ng nghip vo bui chiu. Sau chuyn ving thm ny, Grothendieck
vit mt bn tng thut th v v ni ting, mang n cho ngi c ci nhn khi qut
v i sng ton hc ca Vit Nam trong chin tranh.
y l phn tng thut ca ng v vic thuyt trnh ti H Ni trong lc M nm bom:
Cng nh hu ht cc hot ng cng cng, nhng bi thuyt trnh c thc hin t
khong 6 n 10 gi sng. Trong sut phn ln thi gian y ca ti, bu tri lun u m
cho nn xy ra t v nm bom. Nhng trn nm bom d di u tin c lng trc,
chng din ra vo th Su, ngy 17 thng 11, hai ngy trc khi chng ti di tn v vng
nng thn. Ba ln bi ni chuyn ca ti b gin on bi nhng hi ci bo ng v chng
ti phi xung hm tr n. Nhng ngi mi n i khi rt n tng v thy dn chng
y rt bnh tnh, hu nh chng my ngc nhin v cc hi ci bo ng vn thnh
chuyn hng ngy...
Trong lc din ra mt trong s cc t khng kch vo sng th su hm , mt chm
bom bi n chm ri xung ngay trong sn ca i hc Bch khoa H Ni v (sau khi
ci bo ng kt thc), n n tung khin hai ging vin ton ca trng thit mng.
T Quang Bu, mt nh ton hc v l B trng B i hc (v l ngi cng tham
d nhng bui thuyt trnh ca ti H Ni) c b mt thng bo tin ny trong khi
ti thuyt trnh. Ngay lp tc ng ri ni ny; nhng ngi nghe cn li tip tc va theo
di bi ging va i ch hi ci bo ng k tip. Bi ging ca nhng ngy tip theo phi
di sang tun sau ti trng i hc ni s tn nhm trnh ri ro cho nhm tr thc nng
ct trong thi gian thnh ph b oanh tc.
Grothendieck a ra mt s nhn xt v khoa hc cng nh nhng kh khn thc t m
mt nh ton hc Vit Nam c tham vng phi chu ng mt ni b cch ly khi th gii:
Cuc sng rt hoang s. Tt c mi ngi, t nhng ngi qun l trng, i ng ging
vin cho n sinh vin u sng trong nhng tp lu lm t rm, tre v t st nh nhau,
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ca s th lng lng gi v nng th nh thiu t. V khng c n in, h s dng n
du... Khi tri quang, my bay ch thng xuyn bay qua khu vc trng hc, thnh thong
th bom h ha tng kh ht ng v kh trc khi quay v cn c khin cho i khi mt
s thng dn b thng hoc thit mng.
mt t nc m do hon cnh bt buc, c t quan h vi bn ngoi (tr phi ngi
ta xem nhng chm bom bi l mt kiu quan h), tht kh mt nh ton hc cha c
kinh nghim nh hng bn thn gia v s hng i, phn bit ci g th v ci g khng.
ng gii thch rng ng kinh ngc khi tip cn cng ng cc nh nghin cu ton hc
nng n H Ni:
Mnh u tin - mt mnh kh khc thng trong hon cnh ny- l: thc s
c mt i sng ton hc ng vi ngha ca t ny ti min Bc Vit Nam. nh gi
ng ngha ca nh l tn ti ny, trc tin, cn nh rng nm 1954, sau cuc chin
ko di 8 nm chng thc dn Php (ngha l cch y 13 nm), gio dc i hc thc t
cha c ti Bc Vit Nam. Trong sut thi gian din ra cuc chin c lit 19461954, n
lc gio dc ch yu l xa m ch cho ng o nng dn, mt n lc thnh cng trong
nhng nm sau . n khong nm 1958, nn m ch thc s c xa nhng vng
ng bng.
...Phng php tip theo (hin nhin l duy nht kh thi) l a nhng ngi tr tui
sang cc trng i hc nhng nc x hi ch ngha, c bit l Lin X. Trong s
khong 100 ging vin ton ti i hc Tng hp H Ni v i hc s phm, chng 30
ngi c o to nc ngoi 4 hoc 6 nm. Hu ht t n trnh ph tin s ca
Lin X.
Cui cng Grothendieck kt lun bng mt thng ip lc quan:
Ti c th khng nh rng c nhng nh lnh o chnh tr cng nh nhng nh khoa
hc u ngnh u tin rng nghin cu khoa hc, k c nghin cu l thuyt m cha c
nhng ng dng thc t ngay lp tc, khng phi l mt s xa x, v rng cn thit phi
bt u y mnh vic nghin cu khoa hc l thuyt (cng vi pht trin ngun lc v cc
khoa hc ng dng) t by gi ch khng phi i n khi c tng lai tt hn.
...V qua n lc phi thng cha tng c trong lch s, bt chp mi th, h ang thnh
cng trong vic y mnh trnh chuyn mn v trnh vn ha ca ngi dn, ngay c
khi t nc b tn ph khc lit bi cng quc cng ngh ng u th gii. H bit rng
mt khi chin tranh kt thc, s c nhng con ngi trnh chuyn mn v phm cht
o c xy dng li t nc.
Trng i hc tng hp phi s tn i ni khc bn nm. N hot ng tr li ti H
Ni thng 9 nm 1969.
Sau nm 1972-1973, trng li thm mt ln s tn na khi qun i M s dng
my bay nm bom B-52 ri thm xung H Ni v mt s thnh ph khc ca Vit Nam.
Trong thi gian chin tranh chng M, mi nm, Vit Nam a khong 100-150 sinh vin
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sang khoa ton ca cc trng i hc Lin X v cc nc ng u. Ngoi ra, hng nm
khong 20 ging vin ton ca cc trng i hc Vit Nam c a sang nhng nc ny
theo hc cc chng trnh tin s. Tr v Vit Nam, nhng nh nghin cu ny tr thnh
lnh o ca cc nhm nghin cu ti cc trng i hc Vit Nam. Kh khn ch yu lc
by gi l s cch ly cc mi quan h vi cng ng ton hc ca th gii. Thm ch lin lc
gia cc tin s mi nhn bng t nc ngoi tr v vi ngi hng dn trc y ca h
cng khng d dng. Cn may l lc by gi, Vit Nam c th nhn c hu ht cc tp
ch chuyn ngnh ton hc chnh t Trung Quc (thc ra thng l chng xut bn 1-2
nm trc ). Thi im ny, Trung Quc cha k cng c Bern v vn bn quyn, v
h sao chp li cc tp ch, v gi mt s sang Vit Nam cho Th vin Quc gia. Nhng ti
liu khc nh tp ch v sch ting Nga c th c tm thy nhng hiu sch vi gi rt r
(chng hn mt bn dch ting Nga cun i s ca S. Lang c bn vi gi chng 20 xu).
Thi k 1955 n 1975, ton hc min Bc Vit Nam pht trin vt bc. Mt
s nhm nghin cu gii ra i: ti u ha (ng u l Hong Ty), l thuyt k d (vi
s hng dn ca hai nh ton hc Vit kiu Frdric Phm v L Dng Trng), gii tch
phc (L Vn Thim v cc hc tr), P.D.E...
S ra i ca Ban Ton hc (sau ny, nm 1970, i tn l Vin Ton hc do L Vn
Thim lm Vin trng) thuc y ban Khoa hc Nh nc nm 1966 cng thc y s
nghin cu ton hc ti Vit Nam. Thm ch trong nhng nm thng kh khn nht ca
cuc chin chng M, Ban Ton hc (sau ny l Vin Ton hc) t chc nhng hi ngh
khoa hc thng nin v in ra nhng tuyn tp cng trnh ca hi ngh ly tn l Ton
hc Kt qu nghin cu. Nhiu ngi cng b kt qu ca h trn nhng nhng tp ch
ca Lin X nh Bo co Vin hn lm Khoa hc Lin X, Mathematics Sbornik, Gii tch
hm v ng dng... Nhng nh ton hc c uy tn trong giai on ny hin vn l nhng
nh ton hc hng u ca Vit Nam.
Trc khi thng nht t nc (1975), ti min Nam, hu nh ch c mt nhm nghin
cu v P.D.E dn dt bi gio s ng nh ng, mt nh ton hc xut thn t Hc vin
Cng ngh California (M). Nhng nh ton hc khc, nh Nguyn nh Ngc (mt nh
hnh hc t-p t Php tr v), ging dy ti i hc Si-gn, nhng khng lm nghin
cu. Ti xin ni thm l nhm ng nh ng v nhng hc tr ca ng cho n gi vn
l nhm nghin cu mnh nht v P.D.E Vit Nam.
IV - Ton hc Vit Nam sau thng nht t nc
Sau thng nht t nc nm 1975, ton hc Vit Nam cui cng cng c c cc
iu kin thun li pht trin. C th l s hp tc vi vi cng ng ton hc quc t
tr nn d dng hn. Nhiu ngi cn tr nhn c nhng hc bng nghin cu sinh
nc ngoi, v khng ch n cc nc x hi ch ngha m cn sang cc nc khc nh
Php, Ty c, , Nht... Chng hn nh t Vin Ton hc, 16 thnh vin nhn c
hc bng Alexander-von-Humboldt; khong 20 ngi c nhn lm cng tc vin ca Ban
Ton thuc Trung tm Vt l L thuyt Quc t (ICTP) ...
Ch vi nm sau ngy t nc thng nht, s lng cc nh ton hc c hc v tin s
gia tng nhanh chng. n nm 1980, Vit Nam c khong 300 nh ton hc c bng tin
11
s. Nhiu trng i hc mi ra i, hu ht u c mn ton trong chng trnh ging dy,
iu ny thc y vic pht trin s lng cc nh ton hc, c bit l cc nh ton
hc c bng tin s.
Tuy nhin, trong giai on 1980-1995, ton hc Vit Nam gp phi kh khn ln. Vit
Nam tri qua cuc khng hong kinh t trong thp nin 1980, v nhng nm u thp nin
1990 Vit Nam bt u giai on chuyn dch sang nn kinh t th trng, by gi gi l
i mi. Nhiu nh ton hc phi ri b ton hc v ng lng ca mt ging vin ton
rt thp, ch chng 3-4 -la (M) mi thng. Phn ln u phi lm thm ngh th hai
cn i hi nhiu thi gian v cng sc hn c ngh th nht lm ton hc! Nu, trong
nhiu nm, ton hc l la chn hng u ca nhng hc sinh trung hc th nhng nm
u thp nin 1990, mt khuynh hng ngc li xut hin. Thm ch c mt nm, chng
c hc sinh no thi vo khoa ton i hc Tng hp H Ni. Lc by gi, mt vi nh ton
hc tin on rng ton hc Vit Nam ang c nguy c bin mt ch trong vng 15 nm
[3].
May thay, ton hc Vit Nam vt qua giai on kh khn ny. L do u tin v
quan trng nht l trong sut thi k ny nhiu nh ton hc Vit Nam vn tip tc cng
vic nghin cu ca mnh bt chp nhng iu kin v cng kh khn. Mt khc, cng
cn k n s gip qu bu ca cng ng ton hc khp th gii, t bit l Php, ,
c v Nht Bn. Ti xin cp y vai tr ca chng trnh ForMathVietnam t Php
v tm quan trng ca nhng hc bng nghin cu nh Alexander-von-Humboldt (c),
JSPS (Nht), v ICTP ( v UNESCO). Cc nh ton hc Vit Nam rt nh n s gip
t nhng nh ton hc nc ngoi trong sut thi k kh khn ny. Di y l hai
v d. c lc hu ht nhng cun sch mi gi n th vin ca Vin Ton l do cc
ng nghip nc ngoi v ng nghip Vit Nam ti hi ngoi tng. Nh khch ca Vin
Ton c xy dng bng tin gip ca cc nh ton hc Nht Bn, M, v cc nc khc.
K t gia thp nin 1990, Vit Nam tng bc thot ra khi cuc khng hong kinh
t, v ton hc Vit Nam tr li vi s pht trin bnh thng. Gii tr Vit Nam gi c
th i du hc khng ch bng hc bng nghin cu sinh ca cc hc vin nc ngoi m cn
bng s h tr ti chnh ca chnh ph Vit Nam ( n 322). Nhng sinh vin gii c nim
say m nghin cu ton hc by gi khng cn e ngi khi chn ton hc lm s nghip sau
ny ca mnh na. Mt s sinh vin xut sc tip tc vic nghin cu ca h cc trng
i hc danh ting trn th gii nh Harvard, Princeton, cole Normale suprieure, Ecole
Polytechnique, Trinity College...
Trn c vic pht trin nhanh chng v s lng cc nh ton hc c bng tin s (n
nay c khong 700), cc nh ton hc Vit Nam ng gp nhng thnh qu ni bt v
gii quyt c nhng vn c bn trong ton hc. Ti mun nhc n chng minh ca
Ng Bo Chu cho B C bn trong chng trnh Langlands, mt trong nhng vn
ni ting trong ton hc hin i. Cng xin nhc li rng vi vic chng minh b ny
trong mt trng hp ring, Chu (cng vi Grard Laumon) ginh c gii thng
danh gi ca Vin Ton hc Clay.
12
V - Vi nhn xt
Sau thi k thuc a, sut trong 60 nm - mt qung thi gian khng di lm - Ton
hc Vit Nam pht trin di nhng iu kin ht sc c bit: cuc khng chin chng
Php, cuc u tranh thng nht t nc, cuc khng chin chng M, khng hong
kinh t v s chuyn dch sang nn kinh t th trng.
Ti xin kt thc bi vit bng vic xut nhng ch sau i hi c nhng nghin
cu su hn:
Ging dy ton hc i hc v nghin cu trong thi k chin tranh.
nh hng ca s hp tc v h tr t nc ngoi i vi nn ton hc ng i
Vit Nam.
nh hng ca s chuyn dch sang nn kinh t th trng i vi s pht trin ca
ton hc ti Vit Nam v cc nc x hi ch ngha c.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] D. Drasin. A meromorphic function with assigned Nevanlinna deficiencies. Bulletin
of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 80, N. 4, July 1974. Trong bi bo ny, Drasin
bnh lun v bi bo ca L Vn Thim: s dng mt nguyn tc quan trng ca Teich-
muller, L Vn Thim ln u p dng nguyn tc ny gii bi ton ngc v phng
php ny sau c Goldberg khai thc thm.
[2] P. Ya. Palubarinoa-Kochina. L thuyt dng chy ngm, Nauka, Moscow 1977 (ting
Nga).
[3] F. Pham. Gazte de Mathmatiques, 1992.
13
Hi Ton hc Vit Nam
i nt gii thiu
Gii thiu v Hi Ton hc Vit Nam

Thnh lp: Ngy 15 Thng 8 nm 1966 theo Quyt nh s 253/NV
Hi hin nay c hn 900 hi vin
Hi c 8 hi v chi hi thnh vin: Hi Ton hc H Ni, Hi Ton hc TP H Ch
Minh, Hi ng dng Ton hc, Hi Ton hc Hu, Hi Ton hc Ngh An, Chi hi
Ton hc Quy Nhn, Hi Ging dy ton ph thng, Chi hi chuyn ngnh Cc h
m v ng dng
Cc ch tch v tng th k qua cc nhim k
1966 - 1988
- Ch tch: GS L Vn Thim
- Tng th k: GS Hong Ty
1966 - 1988
- Ch tch: GS L Vn Thim
- Tng th k: GS Hong Ty
1988 - 1994
- Ch tch: GS Nguyn nh Tr
- Tng th k: GS Long Vn
1994 - 1999 v 1999 - 2004
- Ch tch: GS Long Vn
- Tng th k: GS Phm Th Long
2004 - 2008
- Ch tch: GS Phm Th Long
- Tng th k: GS L Tun Hoa
2008 - 2013
- Ch tch: GS L Tun Hoa
- Tng th k: GS Nguyn Hu D
Website: http://www.vms.org.vn/. Email: vms@vms.org.vn
Bn tin ca Hi: Thng tin Ton hc - http://www.vms.org.vn/ttth/ttth.htm
14
i hi Ton hc Vit Nam ln th 7 c t chc trong cc ngy 04-08/08/2008
ti Trng i hc Quy Nhn, TP Quy Nhn (Bnh nh).
i hi Ton hc Vit Nam l sinh hot khoa hc ln nht ca cng ng ton hc Vit
Nam. Ti i hi cc nh nghin cu, ng dng v ging dy ton c nc trnh by
nhng kt qu khoa hc ca mnh trong vng 5-6 nm gn y. Cc i biu cng trao
i, tho lun v nhng vn thi s cp thit trong pht trin Ton hc ca t nc.
i hi Ton hc Vit Nam ln th VII bao gm hai phn: Hi ngh khoa hc v i hi
i biu Hi Ton hc Vit Nam.
Trong phn Hi ngh khoa hc, c 7 nh ton hc c mi bo co ti phin ton
th: Ng Bo Chu (IAS Princeton v Vin Ton hc, Hnh hc i s v L thuyt s)
The fundamental lemma in Langlands program; Nguyn T Cng (Vin Ton hc, i
s giao hon) H tham s chun tc v ng dng vo nghin cu cu trc vnh giao
hon Noether a phng; Nguyn Hu Vit Hng (HKHTN-HQG H Ni, Tp i
s) The classical conjecture on spherical classes and the algebraic transfer; Nguyn Thnh
Long (HKHTN-HQG TP H Ch Minh, Phng trnh vi phn v Phng trnh o hm
ring) On the nonlinear boundary value problems and some subjects concerned; c
Thi (HSP H Ni, Gii tch phc), Hnh hc ca cc min trong
vi nhm t ng
cu khng compact; Nguyn ng Yn (Vin Ton hc, Ti u ha v ng dng) Cc bi
ton ti u v bt ng thc bin phn ph thuc tham s.
i hi i biu ton quc ln th by bu ra BCH Trung ng Hi gm cc thnh
vin sau:
DANH SCH BAN CHP HNH TRUNG NG
Hi Ton hc Vit Nam kha VI, Nhim k 2008-2013
1. Ch tch: GS-TSKH L Tun Hoa, Vin Ton hc
2. Ph ch tch kim Tng th k: GS-TS Nguyn Hu D, HKHTN-HQG H Ni
Cc ph ch tch:
3. GS-TSKH Nguyn Hu Vit Hng, HKHTN-HQG H Ni
4. GS-TSKH Phan Quc Khnh, H Quc T - HQG Tp. H Ch Minh
5. GS-TSKH Nguyn Vn Mu, HKHTN-HQG H Ni
6. PGS-TS Tng nh Qu, H Bch khoa H Ni
7. GS-TSKH Nguyn Khoa Sn, Vin KH&CN Vit Nam
15
Cc ph tng th k:
8. PGS-TSKH Phng H Hi, Vin Ton hc
9. PGS-TS Nguyn Thin Lun, Hc Vin KTQS
Cc u vin:
10. TS inh Thanh c, H Quy Nhn
11. GS-TS Nguyn Vn Hu, HKHTN-HQG H Ni
12. GS-TSKH H Huy Khoi, Vin Ton hc
13. PGS-TS L Thanh Nhn, Khoa Khoa hc H Thi Nguyn
14. TS Nguyn Vn Sanh, H Mahidol Thi Lan
15. GS-TSKH c Thi, HSP H Ni
16. GS-TS L Vn Thuyt, H Hu
16
Din n Ton hc 5 nm nhn li
Nguyn Hu Tnh (BadMan) Email: nhtinh@hueuni.edu.vn
Nguyn Quc Khnh (MrMATH) Email: nqk_mrmath@yahoo.com
Nguyn Vn Luyn (Lim) Email: bunhia@yahoo.com
By gi l thi im Vit Nam ang nm th 12 k t ngy chnh ph ra quyt nh

kt ni mng ton cu (12/1997). 12 nm khng phi l mt qung thi gian di nhng
378.430.000 giy ca thi i cng ngh thng tin lm thay i rt nhiu iu. Bn cnh
i sng thc, mt th gii o hnh thnh v pht trin song hnh, v Din n Ton
Hc (Vietnam Mathematics Forum VMF) tr thnh mt phn trong s y. Trong
khun kh ca bi vit ny, xin c gii thiu i nt v lch s xy dng v pht trin
ca VMF.
I - Din n ton hc l g?
Din n Ton hc (VietNam Mathematics Forum - vit tt l DTH) l mt t chc
t nguyn ca thanh nin Vit Nam ang hc tp v lm vic Vit Nam v nhiu nc
trn th gii, c thnh lp vi mc ch xy dng sn chi trc tuyn v Ton hc cho
nhng ngi yu ton, hc ton, dy ton v nghin cu ton.
a ch chnh thc ca DTH trn mng ton cu l: http://www.diendantoanhoc.net
II - Qu trnh hnh thnh
Din n Ton hc vn c tin thn l mt box nh trn mng Tri tim Vit Nam On-
line (TTVNOL): Nm 2002 khi mng TTVNOL hnh thnh, mt nhm cc bn yu mn
Ton hc nhanh chng lp th mc (box) Ton Hc trn cng thng tin ny cng
nhau tho lun cc vn lin quan n Ton. Mt trong nhng nhc im ca mng
TTVNOL l khng h tr vic g cng thc ton hc, iu ny dn n kh khn cho cc
thnh vin khi cn trnh by cc vn , bi ton c th.
u nm 2003, lu hc sinh Trn Quc Vit th nghim thnh cng din n c
tch hp b g cng thc, tng bc chuyn cc tho lun t TTVNOL sang a ch
mi, l sn chi cho cc bn tr yu mn Ton. Lc by gi din n c iu hnh bi
hai qun tr vin l Trn Quc Vit (VNMaths Nghin cu sinh c) v Nguyn Hu
Tnh (BadMan Nghin cu sinh o). Sn chi nhanh chng thu ht c s quan
tm ca cc bn tr yu mn ton l hc sinh, sinh vin trong v ngoi nc.
17
Cui nm 2003, vi s lng trao i v lt truy cp din n tng t bin, nhm
qun l tho lun v quyt nh xy dng cng thng tin mi vi tn min trn mng
ton cu l www.diendantoanhoc.net v chnh thc i vo hot ng ngy 16/1/2004.
Trong khong thi gian 2 nm tip theo, din n c b sung 18 qun l vin l nhng
ngi nhit huyt v mt cng ng ton hc tr Vit Nam, h l cc du hc sinh n t
11 quc gia trn th gii. C th k ra mt vi ci tn trong s nh: anh H Huy Ti -
CXR (Tulane University - M), anh Phan Dng Hiu RongChoi (University of Paris
8, Php), ch Nguyn Vit Hng Mathsbeginner (Kyoto University, Nht Bn), anh
Bi Mnh Hng - leoteo (University of Bristol, Anh), anh L Thi Hong - laviesmerde
(University of California, M), ...
Giai on 2006 2009, din n c s thay i ln v nhn lc trong nhm qun l,
ngoi mt s du hc sinh tr nh Nguyn Vn Luyn - Lim (Canada), Nguyn Long Sn -
NangLuong (Nga) th cc v tr ch cht ca din n chuyn dch sang cc thnh vin
trong nc nh Ts.Trn Nam Dng - Namdung (HKH T Nhin Tp.H Ch Minh), SV.
Nguyn Quc Khnh MrMATH (HKH T Nhin H Ni),...
3 - Tn ch - Mc tiu
Din n Ton hc l mt t chc hc thut, phi li nhun, khng lin quan n chnh
tr v tn gio, hot ng trc tuyn da trn cng ngh mng ton cu (internet). Trong
qu trnh xy dng v pht trin ca mnh, DTH hng n cc mc tiu sau:
Tr thnh mt knh thng tin m bo, c tin cy, hu ch v thc t trn tinh thn
trch nhim cao i vi c gi trc tuyn v thnh vin ca din n.
Xy dng mt sn chi Ton hc, ni ro cn v khong cch a l c g b i vi
cc thnh vin yu thch Ton hc
Hc ton: Gp phn xy dng phong cch hc ton ch ng, sng to cho hc sinh,
sinh vin Vit Nam trong mi trng Ton hc Vit Nam cng nh cc nc pht trin
trn th gii.
Lm ton: Lm cu ni gia nhng ngi lm ton, nghin cu chuyn su v ton
Vit Nam v nc ngoi. To nn mt mi trng trao i trc tuyn v cc vn trong
lnh vc ton hc vi nhiu chuyn ngnh hp, chuyn su v nng cao.
Dy ton: Tr thnh mt a ch trao i kinh nghim, nghip v s phm v chuyn
mn ca gio vin ton cc trng ph thng cng nh ging vin ton cc trng i
hc v vin nghin cu khp mi ni. ng thi hng n s h tr, gip ca nhng
th h i trc, ca cc gio vin, ging vin i vi hc sinh v sinh vin tham gia trn
din n. Hnh thnh mt mi trng dy v hc ton trc tuyn.
Vn ha ton: L a ch, ni gp g ca nhng ngi yu ton, y cc thnh vin
bn lun, chia s tt c cc vn lin quan n vn ha ton ng thi ph bin rng ri
vn ha ton n vi mi i tng chuyn v khng chuyn v ton.
Th vin ti liu ton: Hnh thnh c s d liu Ton hc bng vic tch ly t cc
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thnh vin tham gia trn din n. C s d liu s bao gm cc ti liu dng sch, bo,
tp ch, phn mm, ... c t chc lu tr tt, thun tin cho vic tm kim ca c gi.
Truyn b Ton hc: Kt hp gia vic sinh hot trc tuyn (online) vi nhng hot
ng ngoi tuyn (offline), DTH hng ti vic truyn b ton hc ti cc bn tr khp
mi min t nc, qua gp phn vo s pht trin ca nn Ton hc Vit Nam.
Tp ch in t Ton hc: DTH hng ti vic xy dng mt tp ch in t uy tn
v Ton. ng ti y thng tin lin quan n nn Ton hc ca Vit Nam v cp
nht tin tc mi nht ca th gii.
IV - Ni dung din n
Website ca Din n Ton hc c chia thnh ba phn c quan h mt thit. Bao
gm phn cung cp thng tin (web) - cc ni chung c phn cp theo tng chuyn
mc, thun li cho c gi khi n vi din on ton, phn th hai l din n (forum)
- ni trao i, tho lun trc tip ca cc thnh vin, v phn th ba l mt mng x hi
nh (mini social network) ni cc thnh vin c th tng tc v trao i nhiu hn vi
nhau theo thi gian thc (realtime). Kt qu ca cc trao i trn din n s c nhm
qun l kim duyt, tng hp v bin tp ng ti trn trang web.
Trn web, ngoi vic ng cc tin bi truyn thng, DTH cng ng ti nhng ti liu
a phng tin (multimedia) gi ti cc bn c gi nhng thng tin thi s trn th
gii thng qua trnh duyt flash trc tuyn. l nhng clip v lch s ton hc, v nhng
iu l th, v c nhng bi ging ton hc trc tuyn. Bn cnh DTH cng v
tip tc xy dng mt kho ti liu sch in t (e-books) a dng, phong ph p ng nhu
cu ca nhiu i tng thnh vin, t ton ph thng, ton hc sinh gii, ton i hc,
sch v gio trnh cho nghin cu sinh. Cc phn mm h tr ging dy hc tp cng lin
tc c cp nht.
Trn din n, DTH tp trung pht trin cc mng ni dung sau y:
Ton dnh cho khi hc sinh ph thng theo chng trnh dy ton Vit Nam (bao
gm trung hc c s v trung hc ph thng, ton olympiad)
Ton dnh cho sinh vin khi i hc v sau i hc (bao gm ton i cng v mt
s chuyn ngnh c bn)
Ton hc v cc ngnh khoa hc khc (mi quan h mt thit v ng dng ca ton
trong cc ngnh khoa hc khc, c bit l mi lin h vi Khoa hc My tnh, Vt
l v Kinh t)
Cc cu lc b ngoi kho (Vt l, Ha hc, Sinh hc, Ngoi ng, Th thao)
Vn ha ton hc (bao gm cc vn lin quan n ton nh lch s ton hc, danh
nhn ton hc, cc thng tin thi s ton hc, ...)
Bn cnh vic pht trin website, DTH cng ch trng n vic xy dng nhng trang
v tinh chnh thc (official blog) trn cc mng x hi ln nh Blogspot, Wordpress, Face-
book, ni cc bn thnh vin cng c th tm thy nhiu trang tin bi c nhn rt b ch
19
ca cc nh khoa hc uy tn v c ng cp th gii, nh Gio s Ng Bo Chu, Ng c
Tun, Ng Quang Hng v rt nhiu cc tn tui khc.
Cng vi thi gian, Din n Ton hc ang tng bc hon thin tt hn nhng mc
tiu ban u v s c gng xut, thc hin cc mc tiu mi.
V - Nhn lc Tr lc
Theo thng k mi nht, Din n Ton hc c khong 75.000 lt ng k thnh
vin trong trn 35.000 thnh vin chnh thc. Bao gm tt c cc i tng: hc sinh, sinh
vin v nghin cu sinh trong v ngoi nc; gio vin cc trng ph thng, ging vin
ti cc trng i hc, cc nh nghin cu Ton hc Vit Nam v nhiu nc trn th gii.
DTH c xy dng v pht trin da trn s ng gp t nguyn ca tt c cc
thnh vin cng vi rt nhiu th h ca nhm qun l v cng tc vin (CTV). Nhm
qun l l nhng ngi iu hnh ton b din n. Nhm ny c chia lm cc nhm
nh, c phn cp bc, quyn hn v chc nng khc nhau.
Nhm qun tr (Administrator): Bao gm nhm qun tr k thut duy tr s hot
ng n nh ca din n v nhm qun tr ni dung chuyn trch vic qun l
thng tin v iu hnh tng th cc hot ng ca DTH.
Nhm qun l (Moderator): L nhng ngi gp phn nh hng v c vn cho
DTH. Trc khi chuyn i v tr, nhm qun l ban u bao gm 20 du hc sinh
n t cc quc gia Anh, Php, c, o, Nht, Nga, c, M, Canada, v mt s sinh
vin trong nc (H Ni v Si Gn). Nhm qun l hin ti ch yu bao gm sinh
vin v gio vin ri u nhiu tnh thnh trn ton quc.
Nhm CTV: Bao gm cc CTV qun l ni dung thng tin trn cc chuyn mc khc
nhau ca din n, h l nhng ngi trc tip kim duyt v x l cc bi vit ca
thnh vin ng ti trn forum. Bn cnh , din n cn c mt nhm bin tp
vin chu trch nhim tng hp tin bi t din n ng ti trn trang tin ca
DTH.
VI - Cc hot trc tuyn hiu qu
Qua 5 nm hot ng hot ng chnh thc, cc thnh vin gi ln DTH hn
200.000 bi vit thuc v 30.000 ch (topic). Trong s , nhiu ch tho lun chuyn
mn c ti hn hng trm bi vit, hng vn lt c v c trch dn li nhiu cng
ng mng c lin quan. S lin kt t cc website khc ti DTH l hn 200 links (mt
con s rt ln v c ngha quan trng i vi mt cng ng hc thut trc tuyn)
Nhng ch ng nh v c gi tr tham kho cao trn din n c th k ti: tho
lun v vic hc tp v nghin cu Gii Tch ton hc hai min Nam v Bc; tho lun
v thc trng nn ton hc Vit Nam vi s tham gia ca hng chc nghin cu sinh ang
sng v lm vic trong nc v nhiu nc trn th gii. Nhng ch tm hiu v cng
trnh ca cc nh ton hc Vit Nam giai on trc v nhng cng trnh ng i lun
l c sn ca DTH. Tt nhin khng th khng nhc ti nhng ch nng v vic
hc tp v ging dy ton hc bc ph thng. Hai ch nng nht l News of the
20
days v Thc trng nn ton hc Vit Nam u do PhD c Hnh (Berkeley) khi to.
V mng ton s cp, DTH to iu kin cho nhng phong tro hc tp, tho lun
v lm vic theo nhm gia cc bn hc sinh pht trin mt cch khng ng. Nhiu nhm
CTV lm vic vi nhau rt nghim tc v hiu qu cho ra i nhng n phm c
gi tr cao, trong c th k ti cun sch Sng to bt ng thc ca nhm tc gi
Phm Kim Hng (Stanford University), cun Bt ng thc, suy lun v khm ph ca
nhm tc gi Phm Vn Thun (Hanoi University of Sciences), cun Nhng vin kim cng
trong bt ng thc ton hc ca nhm tc gi Trn Phng (CENSIP), ... Trong thi gian
ti ha hn s c thm nhiu n phm cht lng c xy dng bi nhiu thnh vin khc.
V mng ton i hc, nhng ch v hnh hc i s, l thuyt mt m, v hnh hc
hin i lun thu ht c s quan tm ca khng ch nhng nghin cu sinh, m c cc
sinh vin, thm ch nhiu hc sinh ph thng thc s c am m. Bn cnh c nhng ch
c in v gii tch v l thuyt nhm cng rt c quan tm. Hai ch c yu thch
nht l Ch s tri, ch s ph ca Assistant Professor H Huy Ti (Tulane University)
vi nickname CXR v Truy tm du vt k phn bi ca Assistant Professor Phan Dng
Hiu (University of Paris 8) vi nickname RongChoi.
V mng vn ha ton hc, rt nhiu ti liu th v c chia s, v qua thu ht
c s quan tm ca nhiu bn c. Chnh t nhng bi vit ny, vo nm 2007 DTH
tng hp v lin kt vi NXB Gio Dc Nng cho ra i hai n phm vi ta
l Chuyn k v cc danh nhn ton hc v Ton hc v nhng iu l th.
Bn cnh nhng tho lun hng ngy trn din n, DTH t chc nh k mt s
k thi trc tuyn, trong c k thi vit v v p ton hc BOM (Beauty Of Mathemat-
ics Constest) nm 2005, v cuc thi gii ton trn mng Vietnam Mathematics Electronic
Olympiad (VMEO) vo cc nm 2004, 2005, 2006.
K thi VMEO c t chc tng cng ba ln, ln th nht vo nm 2004, ln th hai
vo nm 2005 v ln th ba vo nm 2006. K thi c t chc thng nin vo cc thng
10, 11, 12. Vi s tham gia ca trn 100 hc sinh trn khp 3 min ca t quc, VMEO l k
thi dnh cho i tng hc sinh gii. im c bit th v l tt c cc bi ton c s dng
lm thi u c sng tc bi chnh cc bn hc sinh v sinh vin ton thuc nhm CTV.
C ngi ra bi, v th sinh d thi u l nhng bn tr, nhiu bn trong cng c
c nhng tm huy chng quc t (IMO) tng xng vi kh nng sng to ca bn thn.
Hin nay DTH ang tip tc trin khai xy dng mt s ni dung trc tuyn mi,
trong c th k ti b t in thut ng ton hc trc tuyn v Atlas ton hc, nhng
ni dung ny ang uc chy th nghim bn beta v d kin u nm 2010 s chnh thc
ti vi cc bn c gi v thnh vin.
VII - Cc hot ng ngoi tuyn tiu biu
Hng ti vic xy dng mt cng ng mang tnh hc thut c cht lng, mt sn
chi ng ngha cho cc bn tr yu ton, tr thnh chic cu ni gia cc th h ton hc
Vit Nam, DTH rt ch trng vic xy dng cc s kin v hot ng ngoi i thc, ni
nhng c dn mng (netizen) c th gp g, trao i, tho lun, giao lu v cng nhau lm
21
nhng vic b ch. Tiu biu l cc s kin sau:
Tri h Ton Hc H Ni thng 8 nm 2006 l ni hi t ca 150 bn hc sinh, sinh vin
min Bc (n t H Ni, Hi Dng, Nam nh, Thanh Ha, H Ty, Hi Phng, Hng
Yn), mt s thnh vin min Trung (n t Ngh An, H Tnh, Hu, Qung Bnh, Qung
Tr, Nng) cng vi s gp mt ca rt nhiu thy c t cc trng, cc tp ch ton
hc v t cc vin nghin cu. y l ni trao i, truyn t kinh nghim gia cc th h
i trc vi cc lp tr k cn, ni cc bn thnh vin quen nhau qua cc nickname trn
din n, nay c gp g, tay bt mt bng. Tri h khng ch dng li mt cuc gp
g, trao i v ton hc, m n cn l n cn l mt s nh du cho tnh thc (reality)
v sng ng ca cng ng m DTH xy dng.
Chuyn du ngon Cn Sn, Kip Bc h 2007 l mt bui d ngoi m cc bn thnh
vin ca din n c gp g th gii thc, v c cng nhau thm quan cc thng
cnh ca Hi Dng, l Cn Sn, Kip Bc, sng Kinh Thy, n th Nguyn Tri v
bn c Tin. Cc thnh vin c ha mnh vi sng nc, ni non hu tnh, c th
gii ta nhng cng thng ca cng vic hc tp v lo u i thng, c chia s v cm
nhn khng ch v ton hc, m m rng hn na, chnh l mt i sng ton hc, mt
vn ha ton chn thc.
Hi tho tng tc Ton L Thin vn ti thnh ph H Ch Minh h 2008 l mt
s kin mi m v th v, y l ni gp g v giao lu ca hn 200 thnh vin trc thuc
ba cng ng hc thut trc tuyn l Din n Ton hc, Din n Vt l Vit Nam v
Cu lc b Thin vn Vietastro. hi tho ny cc bn tr yu ton c c hi tm hiu
thm v ngha ca lnh vc mnh yu thch trong nhng mi quan h c bit quan trng
v mt thit vi Vt l v Thin vn hc.
Cc seminar phng php ton s cp v CLB Ton hc c trin khai t chc ti
thnh ph H Ch Minh. Bt u t cui nm 2007, cc seminar u n din ra ti nhiu
a im trng khc nhau vo sng ch nht hng tun. Tng cng c khong 30 bui
seminar c din ra vi nhiu ni dung t i s, s hc, hnh hc ti xc sut, thng
k v gii tch. Cng trong khun kh chui seminar ny, DTH lin kt vi i hc
FPT v trng THPT chuyn L Hng Phong (thnh ph H Ch Minh) xy dng c
cc CLB Ton hc. Cc CLB ny t chc c cc bui dy chuyn chuyn ton c
bn, cc bi kim tra v cuc thi th v v hp dn. Bn cnh seminar v CLB cn t
chc nhng bui d ngoi b ch, tiu biu l nhng bui d ngoi ti khu du lch Bnh
Qui v khu du lch thc Giang in. Nhng seminar ny thu ht c khng ch ng
o cc bn hc sinh ti t thnh ph H Ch Minh m cn c nhng thy gio v nhng
bn hc sinh t cc tnh ln cn nh Bnh Phc, ng Nai, Vnh Long, Cn Th ti d
v tham gia tho lun.
Trong thi gian ti m hnh ny s tip tc c nhn rng ra cc a phng ln cn
v hai min Bc b v Trung b. DTH cng s tip tc ci tin ni dung cc tri h
ton hc v hng ti vic hnh thnh cc trng h, cc i hi ton hc, ni gp g, trao
i gia cc th h ton hc Vit Nam.
Bn cnh DTH cng s tip tc nghin cu trin khai nhng k thi kt hp gia
22
cng ng trc tuyn v hot ng ngoi tuyn, kt hp gia nhng ni dung ton hc c
in v nhng hnh thc mi m trong thi i s. M hnh mt t bo giy kt hp vi
bo in t cng ang c nghin cu. Ngoi ra DTH cng ang chy th nghim mt
mng x hi o (social network) dnh cho cc bn tr, cc thy gio, v cc nh ton hc
c th tng tc vi nhau mnh m hn.
VIII - Mt s thng k
S liu v din n t ngy 23 thng 12 nm 2004 n ngy 23 thng 07 nm 2009.
Din n c tng cng 75.000 lt thnh vin ng k b danh (nickname).
Din n c tng cng 35.000 thnh vin chnh thc (member).
Din n c tng cng 30.000 ch trao i (topic).
Din n c tng cng 180.000 bi vit (post).
Din n c tng cng 20.000 bi vit b xa (spam).
Din n c tng cng 65.000 lt nhn tin c nhn (PM).
Din n c tng cng 3.000.000 lt c tin trn trang tin bi.
Din n c tng cng 12.000.000 lt thnh vin truy cp vo forum.
Tng lng thng tin lu tr trn din n v trang ch l 1.300 Megabyte
Ni dung bi vit t thnh vin tng ng 130 cun sch dy 500 trang/cun.
Cc thnh vin chia s 5000 file nh km, tng dng lng ln ti 1.500 Megabyte
Thnh vin truy cp vo din n n t 40 quc gia v vng lnh th trn th gii
C tng cng gn 200 thnh vin tng tr thnh cng tc vin ca din n
C tng cng 500 thnh vin lin tc tham gia cc hot ng ngoi tuyn
Din n c tng cng 5 ln nng cp sau 5 nm hot ng chnh thc.
DTH tng lt vo top 50.000 site ln nht th gii (theo Alexa)
DTH tng lt vo top 500 site top Vit Nam (theo Alexa)
IX - nh hng pht trin trong giai on mi
Mc tiu ca din n l lt vo Top 100 cc website ca Vit Nam v tip tc nm
trong Top 5 cc website v Ton.
V ni dung, Din n Ton hc vn tip tc tp trung vo hai mng chnh: Ton s
cp dnh cho hc sinh ph thng v Ton cao cp dnh cho sinh vin i hc.
Tp trung nng cao cht lng din n qua vic xy dng i ng Moderator v CTV
mnh, tm huyt; kt hp cc hot ng online vi cc hot ng offline (m rng hot
23
ng ca cc seminar, CLB Ton hc, tin n t chc Trng h cho hc sinh chuyn ton
v cho sinh vin); xy dng t bo ca din n, t chc cc cuc thi online v offline; t
chc tt kho d liu ca din n, tin n vic nh gi v phn loi (theo nguyn tc
qu h tinh bt qu h a).
V cng ngh, m bo din n hot ng n nh, an ton d liu, truy cp nhanh,
lin tc cp nht v cng ngh c thm nhng hnh thc hot ng trn mng hp dn
v phong ph.
Din n s vn tip tc pht trin vi tinh thn phi li nhun, v cng ng (v ,
ang v s c s tr gip t cng ng) nhng s c nhng hnh thc t ch ti chnh,
tin n vic c thu nhp c th t nui sng din n, cc thnh vin ct cn v c
iu kin ch ng t chc cc hot ng ca mnh.
X - Chung sc xy dng din n
Tri qua nhiu th h ca nhm qun l din n, cc thnh vin c cng mi quan
tm trong lnh vc Ton hc, cng nhau xy dng nn Din n Ton hc, h l nhng
ngi to ra sn chi nhng n c thc s l sn chi ca nhng ngi yu Ton hay khng
li ph thuc vo chnh cc thnh vin v c gi lt web, nhng ngi vn thng xuyn
gh thm a ch www.diendantoanhoc.net.
din n pht trin c v chiu rng vi s lng ng o thnh vin, c gi cng
nh chiu su, ni dung v thng tin, DTH cn s h tr v gip t tt c mi ngi.
DTH rt mong nhn c s cng tc ca cc bn.
Ti liu tham kho
[1]. Gii thiu v Din n Ton hc - Nguyn Hu Tnh (VMF)
[2]. Phng hng nhim v v Mc tiu pht trin Din n Ton hc 2008-2009 -
Nguyn Luyn, Nguyn Quc Khnh, Nguyn Hu Tnh (VMF)
[3]. Din n Ton hc www.diendantoanhoc.net
24
i nt v Cng ng Mathvn.org
Nguyn Vn Vinh - i hc Tng hp Quc gia Belarus, CH Belarus
I - Cu chuyn ca Mathvn.org
Ni n s ra i ca MathVn th ch l nhng iu khim tn. nh l mt ci duyn,
mt cu chuyn nh ca nhng cu sinh vin mi bc vo ging ng khoa Ton i hc
y b ng. Nm 2006-2007, bn thn ti c tham gia cuc thi tng sng to ca sinh
vin i Hc Hu vi tng xy dng Vin i hc m. Nhng v l do khch quan ti nh
b d khi phi i du hc. Mt nm sau cng mang trong mnh nhng tng ngy no
nhng khng lm c, vn m c c mt mi trng giao lu khoa hc lnh mnh trong
cng ng cc bn tr Vit Nam. Khong chng thng 3 nm 2008 mt cch tnh c ti bit
n blog ca Tun Minh cng l bn ng mn khi cn hc chuyn Ton, Quc Hc - Hu.
Lang thang vo blog thy cu y rt thch tp ch Kvant v dch nhiu bi chuyn , bi
tp rt hay trong khi bn thn ti khi d hc ting Nga hn ba nm m vn thy kh.
Thy c lng say m ca Minh ti c ngh l anh em lp website dch tp ch
Kvant chia s vi mi ngi, cng vic n gin vy thi. Nhng ri li ngh ch dch
Kvant thi th khng . Nh th th c mt hn ch ca vic trao i mt chiu, v cui
cng chng ti ngh n mt tp ch thng thc. Nhng cu hi v tng c th xut
hin: Ti sao cha c lm mt tp ch no phc v cho i tng nh sinh vin hc Ton
trong nc mnh nh Kvant, American Mathematical Monthly, Crux...? Nhng nu c kh
nng bt tay vo lm th mc ch chnh l em li li ch cho cng ng. Nu ta ch
lm ra hay dch ht Kvant i na m khng c mi trng giao lu th cng khng c.
Vy l anh em nhen nhm mt quyt nh liu lnh: xy dng mt din n Ton v
cng lm tp ch MathVn.
Cng vic kh khn ny i hi s chung tay ca nhiu ngi ch khng n thun l
s b gn ni b ca mt vi c nhn. Ti bn vi anh Ngc cng l ngi bn Quc Hc
hc trn mt kha v hc cng trng HTHQG Belarus. Ti ni by gi c lm mt
website v mt tp ch cho sinh vin hc Ton. Anh Ngc ng h nhng vn lo lng v thy
sc anh em khng , trnh khng cao, nhn lc th t. Lo lng nhiu nhng vn quyt
tm lm, d vn bit ngy trong nc ta c Din n Ton, phong tro online kh
mnh. c bao nhiu tt by nhiu, v iu quan trng l mi anh em thy vui khi lm
Ton, c mang li cht g cho cng ng. Sau nhiu ln suy ngh c ba chng ti cng i
n kt lun khai trng din n vo gia thng 5-2008, nhng thc s hot ng chnh
thc th phi t thng 9-2008.
25
II - Mc tiu ca Mathvn.org
Nhng ngy u, mc tiu ca cng ng Mathvn.org kh nh b: l mt s c m
to mt sn chi cho cc bn tr am m v chn Ton hc l con ng i ca mnh, v
bn cnh l ngy cng nhiu bn b khp ni n c sn phm dch thut ca chng
ti Kvant v tham gia gii ton trn tp ch ny; v bn thn anh em cng c nhng
ngi hc ang nc ngoi, c trn tay tp ch Kvant nh k nn mong mun c chia
s nim vui ny n cng ng. Nhng ri ngy cng c nhiu bn b, thy c gip li
ny sinh ra nhiu tng khc. Cng vi s ra i ca tp ch MathVn, din n c nt
thay i ln t u nm 2009, gy c ch nhiu hn v cht lng cc thnh vin
v bi vit din n l im nhn ng k, chng ti c s chp nhn v c v ca
cc bn yu Ton khp ni trong v ngoi nc.
Ngy nay, mc tiu chnh ca Cng ng MathVn Cng ng Hc sinh, Sinh vin
yu Ton Vit Nam l xy dng c mt mi trng hc thut Ton hc lnh mnh, cht
lng cao theo cc tiu ch hnh ng sau:
1. Xy dng mt cng ng mnh, bn vng v cht lng v cng ng thnh vin
tham gia v cc chuyn c tho lun v Ton hc S cp ln Ton hc Hin i
phc v nhu cu trao i ca sinh vin i hc, hc vin cao hc v cc nghin cu
sinh ngnh Ton; nng cao tnh hiu qu, nng ng ca ban qun tr; c gng m
rng v xy dng i ng lnh o din n c uy tn v trnh v Ton hc.
2. Xy dng tp ch in t Mathvn p ng c nhu cu ca bn b, thy c yu ton
khp ni cng nh truyn b ra nc ngoi vi cc phin bn ting Anh v ting Nga.
3. Thnh lp i ng dch thut chuyn nghip hon thnh nhiu chuyn c cht
lng mang do cc thnh vin Mathvn bin tp, trong tng lai khi c iu kin
s cho in. (Cc d n sp hon thnh: chuyn Kvant, tuyn tp bi tp Kvant,
Olympic sinh vin cc nc trn th gii, K thut vi tch phn,. . . )
4. C gng trong tng lai khng xa xy dng ngun bi ging cht lng ca cc gio
vin uy tn cho cc hc sinh chuyn nhm nng cao trnh v nh hng cho con
ng khoa hc ca cc bn tr.
5. Mong mun cc thnh vin cng nh cng ng nhn ra th gii, quan tm hn na
cc vn m ca ton hc, bn cnh l chia s cch tm hc bng cng nh kinh
nghim trong ngh lm ton.
6. Xy dng c cc nhm tho lun tng tc trn mi trng mng gia nghin cu
sinh, sinh vin lm nghin cu theo cc chuyn ngnh hp nhm nng cao kh nng
tng tc lm ton ca th h tr Vit Nam t c th tin ti nhng mc tiu
xa hn.
Cc qun tr vin chnh ca Cng ng
Phan Thnh Nam, i hc Copenhagen, an Mnh
Ng Phc Nguyn Ngc, i hc Tng hp Quc gia Belarus
Phm Th Tho Hin, i hc Tng hp Quc Gia Belarus
26
Nguyn Vn Vinh, i hc Tng hp Quc gia Belarus
Nguyn Tun Minh, i hc Tng hp Quc Gia Belarus.
27
nh l Green-Tao
Valentin Blomer - Toronto, Canada
S nguyn t c to ra l nhn ch khng phi cng, Gelfand cho rng cu

ni ni ting ny thuc v nh vt l ngi Nga Lev Landau. Tuy nhin, cc tnh cht cng
tnh ca s nguyn t lun l ch hp dn ca cc th h cc nh ton hc chuyn nghip
(v nghip d) v n nay c rt nhiu nhng phng php mnh v uyn chuyn
tn cng cc bi ton c in.
Mt bc t ph ng k t c trong mt cng trnh ca hai nh ton hc
Ben Green v Terence Tao, gii thng Fields 2006. Ben Green hon thnh lun n tin
s ca mnh vo nm 2002 di s hng dn ca Tim Gowers v hin nay l GS i hc
Cambridge, Anh. Terence Tao lc l sinh vin ca trng H Elias Stein (Princeton) v
hin nay lm vic ti H California, Los Angeles. Anh c bit n vi nhng ng gp
cn bn y n tng cho nhiu lnh vc ton hc, trong c gii tch iu ho, phng
trnh o hm ring, phn tch tn hiu, hnh hc i s t hp v l thuyt s. Nm 2004,
Green v Tao cng b kt qu sau:
nh l 1. (Green-Tao [6]). Tp hp cc s nguyn t cha cc cp s cng di
tu ; ni cch khc, vi mi k 3, tn ti dy p
1
, p
2
, ..., p
k
cc s nguyn t sao cho
p
2
p
1
= p
3
p
2
= ... = p
k
p
k1
. Chnh xc hn, tn ti hng s
k
> 0 sao cho
#{(n, d) [1, N]
2
| n, n +d, ..., n + (k 1)d l cc s nguyn t }
k
N
2
(log N)
k
V d 7, 37, 67, 97, 127, 157 l cp s cng di k = 6 gm ton cc s nguyn t. Nm
2004, Frind, Underwood v Jobling tm c mt cp s cng di 23 c s hng u vo
khong 5, 6.10
13
nhng s tn ti ca mt cp s nh vy c th ch n gin l mt s c
bit. Lu rng nh l bo m s tn ti ca mt cp s c di tu ch khng phi
l mt cp s v hn gm ton cc s nguyn t: n +jd hin nhin s khng l nguyn t
vi j = n.
Bi vit ny gii thiu mt s tng v k thut c s dng trong chng minh nh
l. Cng c mt s cc nghin cu khc v vn ny, v d [5, 11, 14, 15].
Cc hng tip cn heuristic
C s no tin rng nh l Green-Tao l ng? Cc s nguyn t khng tun theo
mt quy lut no nhng chng c phn b kh ngu nhin. iu ny gi n hng
tip cn xc sut: theo nh l v s nguyn t
28
(x) := #{p x | p nguyn t }
x
log x
(1)
xc sut mt s n bt k c chn ngu nhin l nguyn t bng 1/ log n. By gi ta
hy chn mt cch ngu nhin s hng u n N v cng sai d N ca cp s. Khi xc
sut n, n +d, ..., n +(k 1)d u nguyn t l khong 1/(log N)
k
, nh th s c khong
N
2
/(log N)
k
cp s vi s hng u v cng sai khng vt qu N. Ta ngm gi nh
rng cc bin c n nguyn t v n +d nguyn t l c lp. iu ny hin nhin l sai,
nh ta c th thy trong trng hp d = 1: Vi mi n > 2 nguyn t th n + 1 khng th
l s nguyn t. Ngc li, vi d = 2, v n nguyn t th xc sut (c iu kin) n + 2
nguyn t s ln n 2/ log N v ta bit n + 2 l s l. Hiu ng ny, tuy nhin c th
kim sot c d dng. Chng c xc nh bi cc iu kin hin nhin v ng d v
chia ht hay ni trn ngn ng hnh thc hn t cc rng buc padic ca cc completion
khng-archimedes Q
p
ca Q. Vi mi mt s nguyn t p ta nhn c mt tha s iu
chnh v ta i n gi thuyt sau:
Gi thuyt. Vi k 3 c nh, ta c
#{(n, d) [1, N]
2
| n, n +d, ..., n + (k 1)d l cc s nguyn t }
k
N
2
(log N)
k
(2)
khi N . Trong
k
=
p
(k) l mt tch trn tp cc s nguyn t hi t tuyt i
c cho tng minh v tho mn iu kin
k
= exp((1 +o(1))k log log k) khi k .
Nu gi thuyt ny ng th hin nhin rng vi mi k 3 c nh tn ti (thc ra l
tn ti v s) cp s cng di k nu ta ly N ln, chng hn N = k
k
.
Bn cnh gc nhn xc sut, gi thuyt cn c cng c bi mt phng php ca
Hardy v Littlewood, c gi l phng php ng trn
1
. c xut vo nm 1920,
phng php ny c m rng v pht trin ngy ny tr thnh mt cng c mnh
trong l thuyt s cng tnh. Vi k = 3 chng hn, ta c th l lun nh sau
Vi R, t f() =
pN
e
2i
l tng hu hn vi p ly trn tp cc s nguyn t
2
.
Khi ta c
I =
1
0
F()F(2)d =
p
1
,p
2
,p
3
N
1
0
exp(2i(p
1
+p
2
2p
3
)d.
= #{(p1, p2, p3) [1, N]
3
| p
1
p
3
= p
3
p
2
, tt c p
j
nguyn t }
v cc tch phn u bng 0 tr khi p
1
+ p
2
2p
3
= 0. V phi chnh l gi tr m ta cn
tm, v vy ta cn tnh hoc nh gi tch phn I. Ta nhn xt rng f c th tnh d dng
khi = 0; ta c f() = (N). Tng t ta c
1
V f l hm tun hon chu k 1, n c th c xem nh hm s trn S1. T y mi c thut ng
phng php ng trn.
2
S hng th nht n t s nguyn t 3
29
f(1/3) = 1 +e
2i/3
#{p N | p nguyn t v p 1 mod 3}
+e
4i/3
#{p N | p nguyn t v p 2 mod 3}.
Ni chung cc hm di tch phn ca I c th xp x kh tt ti cc s hu t p/q vi
mu s q khng qu ln nu ta bit v phn b ca cc s nguyn t trong cc lp thng
d modulo q. Do tnh lin tc, ta c th m rng xp x ny n mt ln cn nh ca cc
s hu t ny. Tch phn trn phn ny ca on thng n v s cho chng ta kt qu ca
nh l, b qua mt sai s nh. Nu ta c th kim sot c hm di tch phn mt cht
bn ngoi cc im hu t bng cc k thut khc, phn cn li ca tch phn s c th
coi nh sai s v (2) c chng minh. Vi k = 3 iu ny qu tht l c th v c
van der Corput cp n trong [1] vo nm 1939.
Mt cch tip cn khc cho (2) l kim tra iu kin nguyn t bng cc cng c t hp,
s dng nguyn l bao hm v loi tr, hay l sng Erasthostenes: tnh s cc s nguyn
t trong tp hp S [1, N] ta tr i t tng s cc bi s ca 2, sau cc bi s ca 3
(nhng li cng vo cc s b tr hai ln l cc bi s ca 6) c nh vy cho n s nguyn
t ln nht nh hn

N3
3
. iu ny dn n 2
(
N)
s hng vi du +, m khng th
kim sot mt cch n tho. L thuyt sng cung cp cc cng c t hp m trong nhiu
tnh hung lm cho vic thc hin qu trnh tng t nh vy (sng) l c th t nht l
n N
vi > 0 (nh nhng c nh) no . S s S m ch chia ht cho cc s nguyn

t p > N
c nhiu nht 1/ tha s nguyn t; nh vy ta c th xc nh cc s gn

nh nguyn t trong S ch c mt s c nh cc tha s nguyn t. Tng qut hn, sng
c th p dng cho b k s, v d cp s cng di n. E.Grosswald [9] chng minh vo
nm 1980 rng tn ti cp s cng di tu gm ton cc s gn nh nguyn t. Chnh
xc hn, vi mi k tn ti s A = A(k) sao cho tn ti (v s) cp s cng di k gm
cc s c nhiu nht A tha s nguyn t. Phng php ng trn v phng php sng
c th kt hp li: Heath-Brown [10] chng minh vo nm 1981 rng tn ti v s cc cp
s cng gm ba s hng, trong c ba s l nguyn t v mt s c nhiu nht hai tha
s nguyn t.
Cui cng, ngi ta hy vng rng khng cn tnh cht s hc no na ca cc s
nguyn t cn cho vic chng minh (2), ch cn mt (1) cho bi nh l v s nguyn
t l m bo s tn ti ca cp s cng di tu . y l mt gi thuyt
dn gian (folklore) nhng cha c mt chng minh no cho n. nh l ni ting ca van
der Waerden [18] (1927) ni rng vi mi phn hoch N =

n
j=1
S
j
thnh hu hn cc
tp con S
j
th t nht mt trong chng s cha cp s cng di tu . Bng nhng
p dng thin ti phng php ng trn, Klauth Roth (ngi cng c gii thng
Fields) [12] chng minh vo nm 1956 rng vi mt hng s c > 0 no mi tp hp
S [1, N] c s phn t #S cN/ log(log N) cha cp s cng di 3. Mt trong nhng
nh l quan trng nht theo hng ny l nh l Szemeredi [13] (1975): vi S N t
d
(S) := limsup#(S [1, N])/N l mt trn. Nu d
(S) c > 0 th S cha cp s

cng di tu . Chng minh s dng, ngoi cc cng c khc, nh l van der Waerden.
V sau c hng lot cc chng minh ca nh l Szemeredi c tm ra, chng hn bi
Furstenberg [2] (1977) v bi Gowers [4] (2001) ngi chng minh mt kt qu mnh
3
iu ny s loi i cc s nguyn t t 1 n
N nhng s cc s ny l nh so vi tt c cc s nguyn
t trong S [1, N].
30
hn. Tn ti cc hng s c
k
, d
k
> 0 sao cho vi mi tp con S N tho mn iu kin
#(S [1, N]) c
k
N(log log N)
d
k
cha cp s cng di k. ng tic l, do (1) iu ny
l khng cho cc s nguyn t. Nm 1936, Erdos v Turan a ra gi thuyt tng qut
hn rng mi tp con {a
1
, a
2
, ...} N cha cp s di tu , ch cn tho mn iu kin
1/a
j
phn k (chnh l iu kin m cc s nguyn t tho mn). Gi thuyt ny vn
l bi ton m; thm ch hin nay ta cn khng bit mt tp hp nh vy c cha cp s
cng di 3 hay khng.
tng ca chng minh
Khng mt cc tip cn heuristic no trn y c th chng minh (2) nhng tt c
chng ng vai trn nn tng trong vic chng minh nh l Green-Tao. tng c bn
l phn bit gia cc tp hp c dng v nh tp ngu nhin (tp gi ngu nhin) v cc
tp hp c mt cu trc no . Vi cc tp gi ngu nhin ta c th l lun mt cch xc
sut, trong khi vi tp cn li ta c th khm ph ra mt cu trc ring no . Ta hy vng
rng c th phn tch cc tp hp bt k thnh hai thnh phn: ngu nhin v c cu trc,
v trong c hai trng hp ta c cch tm cp s. Tt nhin, kh khn l ch lm cho
tng ny chnh xc.
Nu nh ta tm cp s cng gm cc s nguyn t, s c mt hiu ng hin nhin n
t phn b ca cc s nguyn t modulo cc s nh; v d s khng c cp s no c cng
sai d = 1. Hiu ng ny tng ng vi thnh phn chnh trong phng php ng trn v,
gn nh tng ng, vi tha s iu chnh
k
trong tip cn xc sut. V nhng l do k
thut, ta b i nhng tnh cht ny ca s nguyn t: v gn nh tt c cc s nguyn t
u l, dy (p 1)/2, p 3 l phn b u modulo 2, v s nguyn t ng d 1 modulo
4 gn nh bng s nguyn t ng d 3 modulo 4. i tip, dy cc s nguyn t c th
iu chnh chng tr thnh dy phn b u theo modulo p P. t W :=
pP
p v
nh ngha s p
l nguyn t iu chnh nu Wp
+ 1 nguyn t. chng minh (2), ta

cn t c hai mc tiu: khi nim cu trc v tp hp gi ngu nhin cn c chnh
xc ho v ta cn nghin cu nh hng ca cu trc ny trong trng hp s nguyn t.
C hai cu hi ni chung u rt kh.
bt u, ta xt tp con S [1, N] nh tp con ca Z/NZ l xt cc h s Fourier
ca hm c trng 1
S
(x). Ta xt cc tng lu tha dng
sZ/NZ
e
2isr/N
1
S
(s) =
sS
e
2isr/N
, r Z/nZ. (3)
Ta so snh cc h s ny vi h s Fourier ca gi tr k vng
sZ/NZ
e
2isr/N
(#S/N), r Z/nZ. (4)
Nu hiu ca (3) v (4) l nh vi mi r Z/nZ th iu ny c th chng t rng S
gn ging vi tp ngu nhin. Thc t, cch tip cn ny l i vi cp s di 3,
iu ny gii thch ti sao van der Corput li c th hon tt mt cch thnh cng trng
hp k = 3. Tuy nhin, mt cch tng qut, nh ngha ca tp hp gi ngu nhin ph
thuc vo cc i tng c xt. Nu ta tm cc cp s cng di hn, nh ngha ca tp
31
hp gi ngu nhin s tr nn kh hn. y ta cng cn ly tng ca hm c trng ca
S trn cc exponent bc hai dng e
2is
2
/N
, hay thm ch cc s hng phc tp hn dng
e
2is
2{s
3}/N4
. nh ngha chnh xc ca tp hp bn phi ca hm kim tra l rt kh
cng nh chng minh rng hm c trng trn cc s nguyn t c iu chnh khng
lin quan n cc hm s kim tra ny. Vi nhn thc ny, Green v Tao thc hin iu
ny trong [7, 8] cho k = 4. Th nhng, mt cch tng qut th vn ny theo mt ngha
no (vn l bi ton m) vn kh hn bi ton v s nguyn t sinh i. V th, Green
v Tao s dng mt cch tip cn khc i mt cht.
Theo (1), cc s nguyn t l qu mng p dng nh l Szemeredi, ngay c trong
dng nh lng Gowers. tng ca Green-Tao l nhng cc s nguyn t vo mt tp
hp thch hp, kim sot c v khng qu ln hn P
vi mc ch chng minh mt
phin bn ca nh l Szemeredi: mi tp con ln ca P
u cha cp s cng di
tu . Ni ring, iu ny s suy ra mt mnh mnh hn l mi tp con khng qu
mng cc s nguyn t cha cp s cng di tu , v d, tp hp tt c cc s nguyn
t 1 mod 6. kim sot c c ngha l P
theo mt ngha no ging tp ngu

nhin. Mt cch nm na, ta c th tng tng P
nh tp hp cc s gn nguyn t.
Mt cch chnh xc hn, tp hp c xy dng bng cch p dng sng Selberg v ta
c th (d khng n gin) kim tra cc tnh cht yu cu ca P
bng cc k thut c in.

Phin bn ny ca nh l Szemeredi l im chnh yu ca nh l Green-Tao. hin
thc ho iu ny cn n mt c ch phc tp v mt phn no mi. Do nhng l do
k thut, s tin li nu ta thay cc tp hp bng cc hm c trng ca chng v lm vic
vi cc hm khng m thay v cc tp hp. V vy ta c th pht biu li nh l Szemeredi
nh sau. Nu f : Z/nZ l hm s khng m, b chn tho mn iu kin
N
n=1
f(n) N
vi > 0 no th
nZ/nZ
dZ/nZ
f(n)f(n +d)...f(n + (k 1)d) c(k, )N
2
+o(N
2
) (5)
vi hng s dng c(k, ) no . Ni ring, nu f l hm c trng ca mt tp hp th v
tri s m s cc cp s cng. Phng php c pht trin trong cc chng minh nh
l Szemeredi ca Furstenberg v Gowers by gi ng mt vai tr quan trng.
By gi ta hy xem xt tnh hung sau. Cho (X, F P(X), ) l khng gian xc sut,
T : X X l mt nh x o c vi (A) = (T
1
A) vi mi A F, v gi s k 1 l
s nguyn. Nu E F c o dng, th Furstenberg [2] chng t rng tn ti n nguyn
dng sao cho

k1
j=0
T
jn
E c o dng. Hn na, ng chng minh tng ng t hp
sau. Nu mt trn d
(A) ca A l dng th tn ti b nm (X, F, , T, E) nh trn sao

cho (E) = d
(A) v
d
(A (A+m
1
) ... (A+m
k1
)) (E T
m
1
E ... T
m
k1
E)
vi mi m
1
, ..., m
k1
. Thay m
j
= jn ta c nh l Szemeredi. im mi quan trng trong
chng minh ny l a l thuyt ergodic vo tho lun, khi u cho nhiu tng ca
4
Nh thng l, ta k hiu {x} = x[x] l phn l ca s thc x
32
Green v Tao.
Chng minh ca Gowers s dng gii tch iu ho. Mt cu trc quan trng l U
d
-chun
ca hm s f : Z/nZ C, xc nh bi
||f||
U
d :=
1
N
d+1
xZ/nZ
h(Z/nZ)
d
{0,1}
d
f(x +.h)
1/2
d
vi tch trong thng thng .h trong R
d
. Cc chun ny c s dng o khong cch
t hm s f n gi tr k vng ca n, tc l n hm hng N
1
N
n=1
f(n). Nh trong (3)
v (4), i vi cc hm c trng ca tp hp gi ngu nhin S l nh trong tt c cc
chun U
d
vi d k 1
5
.
Chng minh ca nh l Green-Tao da trn phng php sau. Hm c trng trn
cc s nguyn t iu chnh c chun ho bng cch nhn vi log N, sao cho hm s f
mi c gi tr k vng 1. S dng sn Selberg ni trn, ta xy dng thnh phn chnh
(majorant) g c dng iu tt nh l n tng ng vi tp hp gi ngu nhin (gn nguyn
t). nh l Szemeredi khng p dng c cho f, v f khng b chn, nhng Green v Tao
chng t rng f c th phn tch thnh hai thnh phn. Thnh phn th nht gn vi gi
tr k vng tng ng vi chun Gowers U
k1
v v th iu khin c. Thnh phn th
hai c nh gi bi cc phn tng ng ca g. S dng tnh cht ca cc s gn nguyn
t, ta c th chng minh rng phn ny ca g l b chn. T thnh phn ang xt ca
f l b chn v phng n nguyn thu (5) ca nh l Szemeredi hon tt php chng minh.
Chng minh y ca nh l bao gm t hp y n tng ca l thuyt s, l thuyt
ergodic, gii tch iu ho v t hp v cc k thut cng p dng c trong cc tnh
hung khc. V d Tao v Ziegler chng minh trong [17] rng cc s nguyn t tng qut
hn cha cp s a thc di tu : nu q
1
, q
2
, ..., q
k
Z[x] l cc a thc bt k vi
q
1
(0) = ... = q
k
(0) = 0 th tn ti v s n, d N sao cho n + q
1
(d), n + q
2
(d), ..., n + q
k
(d)
ng thi l cc s nguyn t. Kt qu tng t cng c th, v d cho cc s nguyn t
Gauss [16]. p dng cc phng php ca Green v Tao, trong [3] chng minh c rng
mi tp hp S N vi mt trn dng cha v s cc cp s cng di 4, sao cho
cng sai c dng p + 1 (p l s nguyn t). Rt r rng rng cc phng php pht trin
b Green v Tao m ra rt nhiu cnh ca mi cho s hc t hp.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] J.G. van der Corput, Uber Summen von Primazahlen and Primzahlquadraten, Math.Ann.
116 (1939), 1-50.
[2] H. Furstenberg, Ergodic behavior of dioganal measures and a theorem of Szemeredi
on arithmetic progressions, J.Analyse Math. 31 (1977), 204-256.
5
Nhc li l nh ngha ca tp hp gi ngu nhin ph thuc vo k
33
[3] N. Frantzikinakis, B.Host and B.Kra, Multiple recurrence and convergence for the
sequences related to the prime numbers, J.Reine Angew.Math. 611 (2007), 131-144.
[4] W.T. Gowers, A new proof of Szemeredis theorem, GAFA 11 (2001), 465-588.
[5] B.J. Green, Long arithmetic progressions in primes, in: Analytic Number Theory:
A tribute to Gauss and Dirichlet, W.Duke and Y.Tshinkel (eds.), Amer.Math.Soc., Provi-
dence, RI, 2007.
[6] B.J. Green and T.C. Tao, The primes contain arbitrary long arithmetic progressions,
Annals of Math., to appear.
[7] B.J. Green and T.C. Tao, Quadratic uniformly of the Mobius function, Annales del
Institut Fourier, to appear.
[8] B.J. Green and T.C. Tao, Linear equations in primes, Annals of Math., to appear.
[9] E. Grosswald, Arithmetic progressions of arbitrary length and consisting only of
primes and almost primes, J.Reine Angew.Math. 317 (1980), 200-208.
[10] D.R. Heath-Brown, Three primes and almost prime in arithmetic progression, J.
Lond. Math. Soc. 23 (1981), 396-414.
[11] B. Kra, The Green-Tao Theorem on arithmetic progressions an ergodic point of
view, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 43 (2006), 3-23.
[12] K.F. Roth, On certain sets of integers, J. Lond. Math. Soc. 28 (1953), 245-252.
[13] E. Szemeredi, On sets of integers containing no k elements in arithmetics progres-
sion, Acta Arith. 27 (1975), 199-245.
[14] T.C. Tao, Long arithmetic progressions in the primes
http://www.math.ucla.edu/ tao/preprint/acnt.html.
[15] T.C. Tao, Arithmetic progressions and the primes, Collect.Math. 2006, Vol. Extra,
37-88.
[16] T.C. Tao, The Gaussian primes contain arbitrary shaped constellations, J. Analyse
Math. 99 (2006), 109-176.
[17] T.C. Tao and T. Ziegler, The primes contain arbitrary long polynomial progressions,
Acta.Math., to appear.
[18] B.L. van der Waerden, Ein Satz uber die Klasseneiteilung von endlichen Mengen,
Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg 5 (1927), 185-187.
34
Bi bo ny c ng bng ting c trong Mittelungen der DMV 15, no 3 (2007), 160-164
v c ng li bng ting Anh trn tp ch EMS Newsletter, s thng 3 nm 2008, trang 13-16.
Valentin Blomer [vblomer@math.toronto.edu] nhn bng PhD ca trng H Stuttgart
(GS hng dn Jorg Brudern) nm 2002 v hin nay l assistant proffessor ti H Toronto. Vi
nhng cng trnh trong lnh vc l thuyt s gii tch anh c gii thng Heinz Maier-
Leibnitz ca Hi ng nghin cu c v hc bng ca Qu Alfred P. Sloan.
Trn Nam Dng dch v gii thiu
35
Gi thuyt Sato-Tate
Ng Bo Chu - Vin Nghin cu nng cao IAS, Princeton, M
Mt lot bi ton trong s hc tng nh ngoi tm vi mi mi nm v trc, nay

rng nh sung. Gn y l mt gi thuyt ca Sato-Tate v phn b gc ca ton t Frobe-
nius trn i ng iu bc mt ca ng cong elliptic. V hai cha ca gi thuyt: s
hin din ca ng John Tate khng c g ng ngc nhin v ng l mt trong nhng nh
s hc li lc nht trong th k hai mi; s hin din ca ng Mikio Sato ng kinh ngc
hn nhiu. ng c bit n nh cha ca ngnh gii tch i s, ni cch khc l l
thuyt D-modules v sng lp ra trng phi Nht Bn vi nhng tn tui nh Kashiwara
nhng li c nhng ng gp rt c sc cho s hc.
ng cong elliptic E l mt ng cong phng bc ba tc l c th xc nh c bi
mt phng trnh bc ba hai bin v d nh y
2
= x
3
+ ax + b vi a, b l cc tham s. Ta
cn loi mt s trng hp suy bin v d nh trng hp a = b = 0. Cc trng hp khc,
nu v trn mt phng thc, bn s c mt ng cong bc ba quen thuc.
Gi s a, b l cc s hu t. Vi hu ht cc s nguyn t p, ta c th t ra cu hi
phng trnh y
2
= x
3
+ ax + b c bao nhiu nghim modulo p. Ni chung s cc nghim
36
ca mt phng trnh hai bin (ng cong) l khng khc nhiu lm so vi ng thng
nn ta vit s nghim trn dng p a
p
(E) vi a
p
(E) l mt s nguyn theo mt ngha
no l sai s. Sai s ny c ngha s hc su sc.
Theo nh l c in ca Hasse, s a
p
(E) l vt ca mt s phc
p
(E) a
p
(E) =
p
(E) +
p
(E) vi chun ca
p
(E) bng p, ko theo nh gi |a
p
(E)| 2
p. So vi p,
a
p
(E) ng l mt sai s.
Theo cch nhn hin i hn mt cht, s a
p
(E) l vt ca ton t Frobenius tc ng
ln i ng iu bc mt ca ng cong elliptic v nh gi v chun ca
p
(E) ng
cho mi a tp i s theo gi thuyt Weil do Deligne chng minh.
Gi thuyt Sato-Tate quan tm n phn b ca s a
p
(E)/2
p trn on thng [1, 1]

khi s nguyn t p thay i. N khng nh l s ny c phn b theo mt o cho
trc l
2
1 t
2
dt. o ny gi l o Sato-Tate.
Ti pht biu gi thuyt Sato-Tate thiu mt gi thit quan trng l ng cong elliptic
khng c nhn phc (complex multiplication) tc l vnh cc t ng cu l mt Zmodule
cp hai. Trong trng hp ny, ngi ta bit t lu cch phn b ca a
p
(E) c cng
thc kh vi cng thc trn.
Ta c th tng qut ha gi thuyt Sato-Tate cho mi biu din ca nhm Galois trn
i dng iu ca a tp i s. Hai trng hp c nhn phc hay khng m rng thnh
chuyn nhm Galois motivic l nhm g. Trong mi trng hp, o Sato-Tate ch ph
thuc vo nhm Galois motivic. Chc cng cn lu ngi ta mi tip cn c gi thuyt
Sato-Tate tng qut v ngay nh ngha nhm Galois motivic ta cn mt lot gi thuyt
khc tng t nh gi thuyt Hodge. Khi c tt c cc gi thuyt nu trn, ta c th
gii thch gi thuyt Sato-Tate bng nguyn tc hm t ca Langlands. Tt nhin ch l
gii thch thi, v nguyn tc hm t cng cn rt xa so vi bin gii ca tri thc ton hc
hin ti.
Tuy vy, mt i hnh tc cu lo luyn, di s ch o sng sut ca i trng R.
Taylor (Harvard) va ghi mt bn thng tuyt p l chng minh gi thuyt Sato-Tate c
in. i hnh ny cn bao gm cc nh ton hc khc nh Clozel (Orsay), Harris (Paris),
Shepherd-Barron (Cambridge). Mt trong nhng tng quan trng l ta ch cn chng
minh mt dng tim nng ca nguyn tc hm t, v dng tim nng ny c th tip cn
bng cc phng php bin dng p-adic. Phng php ny t ra v cng li hi trong
li gii bi ton Fermat ca Wiles.
L thuyt s hin i thc s bng n trong mi nm tr li y. Khc vi giai on
trc, khi hng lot khi nim mi c a ra, hng lot gi thuyt chng cho ln nhau,
thi gian ny ln sng khi nim c v tm rt. Cc khi nim c v c thi gian
ngm, khng ch vo u cc nh ton hc lo luyn, m c vo u cc nh ton hc tr
v c sinh vin. C l y l l do x hi hc, ti sao hng lot bi ton c in tm ra
cu tr li gn y. V ln sng ny cn cha kt thc. Liu ta c th hy vng ln sng ny
p vo ba ngn cy s ng bin ca t nc hnh ch S hay khng?
37
A.M.Gleason
inh Trung Ha - HTH Kazan, LB Nga
I - Tiu s A.M.Gleason
Andrew Mattei Gleason sinh ngy 4/12/1921 ti Fresno California, USA. T nh ng
hc ti trng trung hc Berkeley, sau hc ti trng Roosevelt Yankers, New York.
Nm 1938 ng u vo Khoa Ton trng H Yale ni ting. Trong qu trnh hc ti y
ng c tham gia cuc thi ton hc Putham v tr thnh mt trong 5 ngi xut sc nht.
T nm 2 ngoi vic hc chnh kha Gleason cn i hc nhng kha hc ginh cho nghin
cu sinh. Ln nm 3 ng tip tc tham gia cc kha hc nng cao v mn vt l l thuyt,
v t im xut sc tt c cc mn ny. Trong nm Gleason c th tt nghip,
nhng ng quyt nh tip tc hc hon tt chng trnh ton ca NCS v hon thin
kin thc ting Php.
Nm 1942 Gleason tt nghip H Yale v tham gia vo Hi qun M. ng ph trch
vic gii m cc bc in mt ca qun i Nht Bn. Nm 1946 Andrew Gleason ra nhp
Society of Fellows nh mt cng tc vin khoa hc ti Harvard. Trong 4 nm ng
tham gia nhiu kha hc ton v bt u thy hng th vi Vn th 5 ca Hilbert. T
1950 1953 ng tham gia chin tranh ti Hn Quc. Nm 1957 ng tr thnh gio s ca
38
Harward. Nm 1969 ng tr thnh gio s danh d ca ngnh ton v trit hc t nhin.
y l danh hiu danh gi v lu i nht M. Nm 1992 Gleason c bi ging cui
cng ca mnh, v cng nh nhng ln trc li nhng n tng su sc cho ngi
nghe.
Gleason rt quan tm n gio dc ton hc ca M v nh hng ca ng n s pht
trin ca n gn hn 40 nm. ng tng l Ch tch Hi ng c vn v hc ton ph thng,
ng t chc cc Hi tho cho hc sinh ti Cambridge, v l c vn ca Hi ng khoa hc
thng nht v chng trnh ton hc ph thng. Nh vy ng c th ng gp kin ca
mnh v nhng vn tn ti v nhng d n gio dc. ng trc tip tham ging dy cc
lp ton s cp, nghin cu v phng php ging dy ton ph thng. ng l ngi a
ra tng thnh lp Hi ng gio dc ton hc v l thnh vin ca Hi ng ny trong
4 nm. Nhng nm sau ny ng t chc chng trnh Harvard Project Calculus v n vn
tip tc cho n nay.
Trong k c ca hc tr, Gleason l mt ngi c mt khng hai. ng vit sch, ging
bi, nghin cu nhng vn gio dc mi cp, nghin cu khoa hc v lun sn sng tip
xc vi nhng ngi yu ton hc v mi lnh vc h mun. Ngoi ra ng l mt nh gio
dc kit xut. Theo thng k ca website H Harverd A.M.Gleason hng dn 135 NCS,
rt nhiu trong s h tr thnh nhng nh ton hc ni ting nh: Daniel Cohen, Richard
Palais, Richard Rochberg v.v. Gleason rt quan tm ti vic o to lp ton hc tr, v ng
tng l thnh vin ca Hi cc nh nghin cu tr c thnh lp nm 1933 bi A.L.Lowell.
Nhng thnh vin ca Hi ny hng tun gp nhau 1 hoc 2 ln tho lun v nhiu vn
khoa hc khc nhau. H cn c gp g vi nhng nh khoa hc ni ting v c
tham gia nghin cu nhng vn kh nht. Rt nhiu trong s h tr thnh nhng nh
khoa hc ni ting v nhn cc gii Nobel. Gleason l Ch tch ca Hi ny trong 7 nm lin.
Nm 1980 A.M. Gleason cng vi R.E.Greenwood v L.M.Kelly xut bn cun sch
William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition tp hp nhng vn v li gii ca
cc cuc thi t 1938 n 1964. Nh nhng cng hin ca mnh trong ging dy v nghin
cu ton hc, Gleason c cng ng ton hc knh trng. Ngoi gii thng Newcomb
Cleveland, nm 1996 ng cn c phong tng gii thng mang tn Yueh-Gin Gung v
Dr Charles Y Hu v nhng cng hin kit xut trong ton hc. y l gii thng danh gi
nht ca Hi ton hc M. Nm 1962 ng c mi n ging ti Trng h ca Hi ton
hc M ti Vancuver vi vai tr l ging vin Earle Raymond Hedrick.
Nm 1981 Gleason c bu l Ch tch Hi ton hc M.
II - A.M.Gleason v Vn th 5 ca Hilbert
Nm 1900 ti Hi ngh Ton hc quc t Paris Hilbert a ra mt danh sch cc
vn m m theo ng vic gii quyt chng s nh hng ln n s pht trin ca Ton
hc trong tng lai. Vn th nm trong danh sch nh sau: mt nhm compact a
phng lin thng G l gii hn x nh ca mt dy cc nhm Lie; nu G khng cha nhm
con nh th G l mt nhm Lie. Rt nhiu nh ton hc nghin cu vn ny, nhng ch
n nm 1925 mi xut hin nhng kt qu u tin. Nm 1928 Peter v Weil chng minh
rng mi biu din ca nhm compact hu nh suy bin. Nh vo kt qu ny vo nm
39
1933 von Neumann gii quyt vn ny cho trng hp nhm compact. Sau mt
nm L.S.Pontryagin gii quyt cho trng hp nhm Abel da trn l thuyt c trng
trn nhm abel compact a phng do ng a ra trc . Sau K.Tewalli a ra gi
thuyt mi nhm compact a phng khng c nhm con nh hn l mt nhm Lie. Gi
thuyt ny ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh gii quyt Vn th 5 ca Hilbert.
Nm 1948 Kuranishi nhn c kt qu quan trng, ng chng minh mt nhm thng
theo nhm Lie abel trc chun l mt nhm Lie, v v vy nhm ban u vi mt s iu
kin c th s l mt nhm Lie. Sau Iwasawa chng minh rng nu nhm thng l mt
nhm Lie th nhm ang xem xt cng s l mt nhm Lie. Nm 1950 trn Hi ngh Ton
hc quc t ti Cambridge Gleason c mt bi pht biu v cc nhm con mt tham s v
kh nng s dng khi nim ny trong vic tm kim li gii ca Vn th 5 ca Hilbert.
Da vo nh l ca Kuranishi Gleason a ra mt chng minh n gin hn kt qu
ca Iwasawa. Trong bi bo Gleason cn a ra mt khi nim sau ny c gi l na
nhm Gleason, v vi khi nim ny ng thu c nhng kt qu quan trng khc. Sau
Gleason v Iwasawa xy dng l thuyt nhm Lie m rng v trn nn tng ny h
pht biu vn m rng ca gi thuyt th 5 ca Hilbert: mi nhm compact a phng
l nhm Lie m rng.
So snh cc t tng khc nhau ca l thuyt nhm Montgomery v Zippin nghin
cu l thuyt i ng iu trong l thuyt nhm hu hn chiu v thu c nhng kt
qu quan trng. Sau Gleason chng minh rng mi nhm compact a phng hu hn
chiu l mt nhm Lie m rng. Kt qu ny a ra li gii p cho Vn th 5 ca
Hilbert. Trong mt bi bo ca mnh Yamabe ch ra rng iu kin khng c nhm con
trc chun nh tng ng vi iu kin khng c nhm con nh. V ng cng chng
minh rng nu khng c iu kin hu hn chiu th mi nhm a phng khng c nhm
con nh l mt nhm Lie. Kt hp nhng kt qu ny vi l thuyt nhm Lie m rng ca
Iwasawa v Gleason c th chng minh c rng mi nhm compact a phng l mt
nhm Lie m rng. iu ny cho kt qu dng cho gi thuyt ca Iwasawa v Gleason, v
nhng vn ct li lin quan ti nhm compact a phng c gii quyt hon ton.
Nh nhng cng hin to ln trong vic gii quyt vn th 5 ca Hilbert Gleason c
tng gii thng Newcomb Cleveland ca Hi Ton hc M.
3. nh l Gleason v Vn tuyn tnh Mackey-Gleason
Trong l thuyt xc sut thng thng cc s kin c lin quan ti nhng th nghim
thng k to nn mt i s Bool, v xc sut l mt hm s cng tnh dng xc nh
trn cc bin c ca i s ny. d dng hn thng ngi ta coi i s l sigma-i
s, cn xc sut th cng tnh o c. Ni cch khc mi sigma-i s l mt sigma-i
s cc tp hp con ca mt tp hp no , cn l thuyt xc sut nghin cu o trn
cc khng gian o c. Trong mt s iu kin chung th cc o xc sut s to thnh
mt tp hp li, cn nhng im cc tr ca tp hp ny l nhng o suy bin, tc l
nhng o xc nh ti mt im.
Mt gi tr ngu nhin l mt hm s thc o c theo Borel. Nu o xc sut
trn khng gian o c suy bin th s phn phi ca gi tr ngu nhin cng suy bin.
Chnh im ny to nn s khc bit vi c hc lng t. Nm 1936 G.Birkhoff v John
von Neumann c ng mt bi vit Logics ca c hc lng t, trong h ch ra hng
tip cn ton t trong nghin cu c hc lng t, mc ch l p dng phng php tin
40
ha trong nghin cu c hc lng t. H a ra khi nim logics, l mt tp hp G
sp th t tng phn (poset) vi 2 phn t ln nht v nh nht l 0, 1. Trn G xc nh
nh x b trc giao
: G G vi cc tnh cht sau:

1. a
= a; a < b b
< a
; a a
= 1 vi mi a G (k hiu php ton hai ngi l

lp supremum)
2. Mi dy m c cc phn t ca G th infimum v supremum ca chng tn ti
3. Nu a
1
< a
2
, a
i
G, th tn ti b G tha mn b < a
i
, b a
1
= a
2
Mt s v d logic:
1. Cc -i s cc tp hp con ca mt tp hp vi cc php thng thng l cha,
hp, giao v b.
2. tp hp cc khng gian con bt bin i vi mt tp hp cc ton t unitar.
Mt trong nhng bi ton quan trng nht l phn loi cc logics, cc ng cu ca
chng v m t tt c cc trng thi trn logics. Mt v d quan trng c nghin cu rt
nhiu trong nhng nm 80 ca th k trc l trng hp logic G(H) cc khng gian
con ng ca khng gian Hilbert H. Gn nh tt c nhng kt qu quan trng ca c hc
lng t u da trn gi nh rng mi h c lng t u tng ng vi mt khng gian
Hilbert H, v logic G(H) l tp hp cc s kin ca h .
nh ngha 1. Mt ng cu t -i s Borel B trn R vo tp hp G c gi l
vt quan st c. Nu ng nht (E) vi ton t trc chun trn E th nh x E B l
o ph trn B.
T l thuyt ph suy ra rng tn ti mt song nh gia tp hp cc o ph nh trn
v tp hp cc ton t t ph.
Nh vy mi vt quan st c s tng ng vi mt ton t t ph A (A khng nht
thit phi b chn) v ngc li.
nh ngha 2. nh x : G(H) R
+
vi nhng tnh cht sau:
1) 0 (S) 1, (H) = 1;
2) (
i=1
S
i
) =
i=1
(S
i
) (S
i
S
j
= , i = j) (S
i
l khng gian con ng ca H) c
gi l trng thi.
nh l sau ca Gleason l mt trong nhng kt qu quan trng nht ca l thuyt
logics lng t, v trong trng hp c bit ca n l c hc lng t.
nh l Gleason. Cho H l khng gian Hilbert tch c c s chiu ln hn 2, G(H)
logic tt c cc khng gian con ng ca H. Khi vi mi trng thi trn G(H) tn
ti mt ton t t v khng m T
vi vt 1 tha mn (S) = Tr(T
S) vi mi S G(H).
Ngc li mi ton t t v khng m T vt 1 s cho mt trng thi
T
bi ng thc
41
T
(S) = Tr(TS).
nh l ny lc u c Gleason chng minh cho khng gian Hilbert tch dc. Sau
10 nm M.Eilers v E.Horst chng minh n cho trng hp khng gian Hilbert khng tch
c vi iu kin s dng gi thuyt continuum. Chng minh Gleason a ra tng i
phc tp. Do y l kt qu quan trng nn nhiu nh ton hc c tm kim mt chng
minh n gin hn cho n. Mt thi gian di ngi ta tin rng khng tn ti mt chng
minh mang tnh xy dng. Ch sau 30 nm R.Cooke, M.Keane v W.Mogan tm c
mt chng minh n gin hn khi ng s dng b hnh hc Piron (b ny cng c
mt ngha vt l quan trng). S dng b hnh hc Piron Kochen, Specker v Bell
khng dng nh l Gleason chng minh nh l sau:
nh l. Khng tn ti o nhn 2 gi tr trn khng gian Hilbert 3 chiu.
T phng din vt l vic khng tn ti o nhn 2 gi tr ch ra rng khng th c
nhng phn t ca thc ti vt l tn ti c lp vi phm vi o lng ring bit. Tip tc
suy din, gi s rng tn ti mt vng n nm bn cnh khung cnh lng t. Ta c th
cho rng vng n ny tn ti mt cch t nhin trong trng hp tnh cht logic c th
nhn thc c l c ng v sai, tm gi hnh thc l 1 v 0. Khi s hnh thc ha
chun xc ca vng c in l mt i s Bool m trn c mt tp hp cc o
nhn 2 gi tr. Mi lin h gia khung cnh lng t v vng n c th c ng nht
vi mt n cu dn tng phn (vic gi li cc php tnh b lc ch din ra gia cc vt
quan st c c th so snh c vi nhau). Mt cch khc, khng th ni rng mt tnh
cht logic c th ng hoc sai m khng ph thuc vo bi cnh o, ngha l, khng ph
thuc vo nhng tnh cht tn ti song song vi n. Nh vy iu kin cn thit cho vng
n c in l kh nng c th xc nh mt o ch nhn 2 gi tr trn n, tng ng vi
vic xc nh mt o nhn 2 gi tr trn logic lng t tch hp vi n thng qua mt
php ng cu. Vic chng minh s khng tn ti ca o nhn 2 gi tr trn cc logic
lng t lm sp tng tn ti thng s n trong c hc lng t.
J.Bell nh ton hc ni ting vi bt ng thc Bell cng hng th vi nh l Gleason
trong khng gian 3 chiu. Trong mt bi bo vit v vn cc thng s n trong c hc
lng t Bell k rng t khi ng lm quen vi nh l Gleason th hoc l ng phi tm ra
mt chng minh n gin hn cho n, hoc l ng b lun ton hc. Rt may l ng
tm ra chng minh mi cho nh l v khng tn ti o nhn 2 gi tr trong khng gian
Hilbert 3 chiu. By gi ta gi P(A) l tp hp cc php chiu trc giao (p = p
= p
2
) ca
i s von Neumann. nh x : P(A) C (trng s phc) b gii hn v cng tnh, tc
l (p +q) = (p) +(q) nu pq = 0. Khi ta gi l o lng t. Khi A giao hon
c th thc trin mt cch duy nht thnh mt phim hm tuyn tnh b chn trn A. y
n gin l trng hp l thuyt tch phn i vi o cng tnh hu hn. Cu hi c
t ra l: nu A khng giao hon th c th thc trin tuyn tnh ln mt phim hm b
chn hay khng? Gleason cho p n i vi trng hp B(H) i s tt c cc ton t
b chn trn khng gian Hilbert H v dng, cng tnh hon ton trn tp hp cc php
chiu trc giao. Khi H c s chiu ln hn 2 th c thc trin tuyn tnh, nhng nu s
chiu ca H l 2 th tn ti nhng o lng t khng c thc trin tuyn tnh. Vn
Mackey-Gleason: Cho A l mt i s von Neumann khng cha hng trc tip dng I
2
.
Cho l hm s b chn trn tp hp P(A) vi tnh cht sau: (p +q) = (p) +(q), nu
42
pq = 0. Hi rng c th thc trin ln phim hm tuyn tnh hu hn trn c A?
p n n by gi th ngi ta bit l c th, nhng cng phi tn mt my mi
nm v cng sc ca hng lot nhng nh ton hc gii trn th gii. Trong nhng tn
tui nh Christensen, Yeadon, Maeda, A.Dvurecenskij... v cc nh ton hc Kazan nh
A.N.Sherstnev, M.S.Matveychuk... ng gp khng nh vo vic gii quyt vn trn t
nhiu phng din khc nhau. Vic nghin cu nh l Gleason v vn Mackey-Gleason
c M.S.Matveychuk gii quyt cho trng hp i s von Neumann trn khng gian
Hilbert v khng gian vi metric bt nh. M.S.Matvejchuk v D.H.Mushtari (TH Kazan)
chng minh nh l Gleason v gii quyt vn Mackey-Gleason cho trng hp tp hp
cc ly ng (p = p
2
), A.N.Sherstnev chng minh nh l Gleason cho trng hp o
khng b chn v ng thnh cng trong vic ng dng nh l ny vo vic xy dng l
thuyt tch phn khng giao hon theo o khng hu hn. Cho o nhn cc gi tr
vecto vn ny cng c gii quyt bi L. J. Bunce and J. D. Maitland Wright...
Gn y trn mt s tp ch uy tn c ng nhiu cng tnh v k-php chiu m rng
(tc l p
k
= p
). C th sau mt thi gian sau u xut hin mt nh l Gleason hoc

nhng vn lin quan cho tp hp ny.
Bi bo nm 1957 ca Gleason v nh l mang tn ng khi ngun cho mt hng
nghin cu na c lin quan ti logic tp hp, l l thuyt tch phn trn -class (l
thuyt c in xt cc -i s). Trn -lp o ca hp 2 tp hp ca logic ny c th
ln hn tng o ca tng tp hp. iu lm rt nhiu tnh cht ca tch phn
c in khng cn ng na nh: B Fatou, tch phn ca tng khng bng tng 2 tch
phn v ch bng khi 2 hm s l n gin (v chng minh n khng n gin t no!), nu
c 3 hm s th tnh cht cng tnh ca tch phn b sai...
C mt ln ti tm c trong mt cun sch ton olimpic cho hc sinh ph thng ca
Nga bi ton sau: trn hnh cu cho mt hm s c tng gi tr trn 3 bn knh vung gc
nhau bng 1. Chng minh rng hm s l bnh phng ca php chiu ln mt trc ta
no . Bi ton ny l b c bn trong chng minh mi ca nh l Gleason. V
cng c th coi n l mt cch pht biu khc ca nh l Gleason trn hnh cu n v (
y ti b qua khi nim Frame function v gii hn ca bi vit).
kt thc bi ny ti xin a ra mt thng tin th v, bi bo cha nh l Glea-
son l mt trong nhng bi bo c trch dn nhiu nht theo thng k ca trang
www.scholar.google.com vi hn 686 trch dn.
Ti liu tham kho
1. Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award for Distinguished Service to Andrew
Gleason Author(s): H.O.Pollak Source: The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol.
103, No. 2, (Feb., 1996), pp. 105-106.
2. L.J.Bunce and J.D.Maitland Wright. The Mackey-Gleason. Bull. Of The Amer. Math.
Soc. Volume 26, Number 2, April 1992, Pages 288-293.
43
3. Garrett Birkhoff, John Von Neumann, the logics of quantum mechanics. Ann. Math.
Vol 37, Issue 4, 823-843.
4. Gleason A.M. Measures on the closed subspaces of a Hilbert space. J. Math. And
Mech., 6 (1957), p. 885-893.
5. Manin Yu.I. Chng minh c v khng chng minh c. Nh xut bn Radio hin
i, 1979, 169 trang (ting Nga).
6. Georges Chevalier, Anatolij Dvurecenskij, and Karl Svozil. Pirons and Bells Geo-
metric Lemmas and Gleasons Theorem.
7. R.Cooke, M.Keane, and W.Moran, An elementary proof of Gleasons theorem, Math.
Proc. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 98, 117-128 (1985).
8. A.Dvurecenskij, Gleasons Theorem and Its Applications. Kluwer Academic, Dor-
drecht, 1993.
9. Cc trang web trn mng internet.
44
Experimental Designs: A Guided Tour
Nguyen V.M. Man - Ph.D. in Mathathematical Statistics
HCMUT - VNUHCM, Vietnam. Email: mnguyen@cse.hcmut.edu.vn
John J. Borkowski - Prof. in Mathematical Statistics
Montana State University, USA. Email: jobo@math.montana.edu
Abstract. This paper introduces fundamental concepts and methods of Experimental De-
signs (or Design of Experiments). The writing is aimed for computing, statistics, bio-science,
engineering students, and as a part of the scientific research methodology as well.
I - Introduction - Major guidelines for designing experiments
1.1. Brief History of Experimental Designs (or DOE: Design of Experiments)
The DOEs history goes back to the 1930s of the 20-th century, when Sir R. A. Fisher in
England used Latin squares to randomize the plant varieties before planning at his farm,
among other activities. The goal was to get high productivity havests. The mathematical
theory of combinatorial designs was developed by R.C. Bose in the 1950s in India and then
in the US. Nowadays, DOE is extensively studied and employed in virtually any engineering
and scientific investigation, and the Mathematics for DOE is extremely rich. Some mostly
studied directions together with appropriate mathematical tools include:
The study of factorial designs mathematically described as matrices which consist many
factors, each has several settings (levels), and these settings are arranged in a regular
way. The main tools are combinatorics, algebra, geometry.
The study of optimal designs the main tools are matrix and probability theory.
The response surface methodology the main tools are combinatorial designs and ap-
proximation theory...
The common point of these directions are the research targets: look at a specific problem
in science or industry, find a suitable design, mathematically investigate it, and then use it.
Briefly, we have the following phases:
planning phase determine problem and select responses of process/product
designing & constructing phase learn how to find (construct) those experiments, given
the scope of expected commodities and the parameters of components, that have been
determined in planning phase
exploring & selecting phase investigate design characteristics (proposed by researchers)
to choose good designs. For instance, in factorial designs we learn how to detect
45
interactions between factors (components), and if they exist, calculate how strongly
they could affect on outcomes
conducting phase where the planned experiment is carried out; and, finally
analyzing & consulting phase study how to use them (ie., conduct experiments in a
particular application, measure outcomes, analyze data obtained, and consult clients
what they should do).
1.2. Statistically designed experiments in R & D and in manufacturing
A few well-known rules in any economy say that industries and services nowadays need
help from academia, asking for high quality R & D. The problem practically comes down
to a matter of cost: conducting R & D activities costs money, but this spending is worthy
to do in the pre-production period. As a result, a few key practical demands, be proposed
by Malcolm Balrige, a former US Secretary of Commerce, in the article Designing for
productivity (Design News, 1982) are that:
for managers, the challenge is to create an organizational environment that fosters
creativity, productivity and quality consciousness; that
40 % of all costs in getting a product to the market place are in the design cycle;
and that top management must emphasize prevention, rather than correction. Pre-
vention means conducting designed experiments in the so-called design cycle or
off-line manufacturing
But what is a design cycle? A design cycle, also called off-line manufacturing phase, in-
formally is a period in which you (a manager or engineer) use all kind of information of
an expected commodity to choose the best raw ingredients and components, to tune their
combination so that when the commodity is produced and sold to the market place, it meets
society demands, or more precisely, satisfies expectation of clients.
A golden rule in the field of quality management and improvement is: the earlier you make
the change, the greater the effect down the road (ie., the commodity get in the market
place). And a natural and powerful remedy for the problem is experimentation, specifically,
statistically designed experiments, which are understood as a sequence of trials or tests
performed under controlled conditions which produces measurable outcomes. Designing
experiments specifically help us achieves the followings key aims:
(a) Find & Perform experiments to evaluate the effects the factors have on the char-
acteristics of interest, and also discover possible relationship among the factors (which
could affect the characteristics). The goal is to use these new understanding to improve
product.
(b) Answers to questions such as:
What are the key factors in a process?
At what settings would the process deliver acceptable performance?
What are the key, main and interaction effects in the process?
What settings would bring about less variation in the output?
46
1.3. Three basic principles of DOE
Randomization refers to the order in which the trials of an experiment are performed.
A randomized sequence helps eliminate effects of unknown or uncontrolled variables.
Why do we randomize? It is particularly to avoid
systematic bias for example, doing all the tests on treatment A in January then
all the tests on treatment B in March;
selection bias for example, choosing the most healthy patients for the treatment
that you are trying to prove is best;
accidental bias for example, using the rst rats that the animal handler takes out
of the cage for one treatment and the last rats for the other;
cheating by the experimenter.
Cheating is not always badly intentioned, however. For example, an experimenter
may decide to give the extra milk rations to those schoolchildren who are most under-
nourished or she may choose to put a patient in a trial if she thinks that the patient
will particularly benefit from the new treatment.
Blocking when randomizing a factor is impossible or too costly, or the plots (experimental
units) are not all reasonably similar, we should group them into blocks in such a way
that plots within each block are alike. Blocking lets you restrict randomization by
carrying out all of the trials with one setting of the factor and then all the trials with
the other setting. Formally, blocking is a method of eliminating the effects of extrane-
ous variation due to noise factors and thereby improves the efficiency of experimental
design.
Replication repetition of a complete experimental treatment, including the setup. Replica-
tion has two important properties. The first property is that it allows the experimenter
to obtain an estimate of the experimental error. The second property is that it permits
the experimenter to obtain a more precise estimate of the factor/interaction effect..
1.4. Important steps in designing experiments
From the five key phases mentioned in Section 1.2, critical steps are detailed as follows.
1. State objective: write a mission statement for the experiment or project
2. Choose response: it is about consultation, have to ask clients what they want know,
or ask yourself; pay attention to the nominal-the-best responses
3. Perform pre-experiment data analysis to select of process variables or design
parameters. Very important step in the experimental design procedure
4. Choose factors & levels: you have to use flowchart to represent the process or
system, use cause-effect diagram to list the potential factors that may impact the
response. You could also classify factors into controllable and uncontrollable factors.
A level is the value that a factor/process variable or design parameter hold in an
experiment..
47
5. Select experimental design for the experiment. Few feasible ways include: using
classical approach advocated by Sir R. A. Fisher, orthogonal array approach advocated
by Dr. Genichi Taguchi ...
6. Perform the experiment where the planned experiment is carried out
7. Analyze the data so that valid and sound conclusions can be derived
8. Draw conclusions and make recommendations.
1.5. DOE and beyond
We understand DOE belongs to a broader catergory called Total Quality Management;
in which we concern three things: quality planning, quality control an quality improvement.
What actions should we conduct to improve products and processes in TQM context? We
could study some related topics (1):
quality planning: organizing for improvement, inustrial R & D strategies, and planning
for quality
quality control: DOE, project execution, measurement assurance, and verification
quality improvement: the improvement process, measures of effectiveness.
II - Discrete Mathematics and Experimental designs
The area of Statistical Design has been mostly developed due to below main influences:
1. the influence of finite geometry and algebra, and combinatorics historically;
2. the influence of algebraic systems with binary operations (e.g. Latin squares);
3. the emerging or revision of new mathematics techniques as linear programming,
semidefinite programming, numerical theory methods, commutative algebra, and re-
cently noncommutative algebra & geometry ...;
4. actual demands from concrete applications such as agriculture, biolgy, medicine, mil-
itary, industrial engineerings and services ...
The applications of designs described in the subsequent sections use two important proper-
ties of designs: balancedness- refering to a purely combinatorial aspects; and orthogonality-
ensuring estimation without aliasing between main factor effects and factor interactions.
2.1. Latin squares, a balanced structure, very useful in Experimental Designs
Let any n N, n 2, consider the following concepts.
Binary square grid of size n is a n n-matrix consisting entries 0,1 only;
Latin squares of order n is a n n-matrix consisting only entries 0, 1, . . . , n 1 such
that each symbol occurs once in each row and once in each column.
48
We use index i for row and index j for column in both binary square grid and Latin
squares. For any grid g, its complement grid, denoted g
c
, is defined by
(g
c
)
ij
:= g
ij
+ 1 (mod 2).
a =
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
, b =
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
, k =
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0
.
Figure 1. Three binary square grids that form set A
Put A = {a, b, k, a
c
, b
c
, k
c
}, as in Figure 1. Given g, h A, we define the superimposed grid
g h to be the 4 4-matrix with entries in {0, 1, 2, 3} where (g h)
ij
has binary expansion
g
ij
, h
ij
. That means, g h is formed by putting g on h, called superimposing, then coding
pairs of (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) and (1, 1) by symbols 0,1,2,3 respectively. Moreover, the grids
g h, g h
c
, g
c
h and g
c
h
c
are called the derived grids of g and h. We put
Der(g, h) := {g h, g
c
h, g h
c
, g
c
h
c
}.
Observation 1. Our two interesting questions are:
1/ are superimposed grids a b, a b
c
, a
c
b, a
c
b
c
Latinh squares?
2/ will the below lemma be correct?
Lemma 1. g h is a Latin square if, and only if, its derived grids are.
2.2. Factorial Designs
We use a full factorial design to find a regression model describing the relationship
between factors contributing to the product quality.
Suppose that we have n finite sets Q
1
, Q
2
, . . . , Q
n
contained in a number field, say rational
numbers Q, called the factor sets or factors. The (full) factorial design with respect to these
n factors is the Cartesian product D = Q
1
. . . Q
n
k
n
.
A design point p = (p
1
, . . . , p
n
) is an element of D. Moreover, r
i
:= |Q
i
| is the number of
levels of the factor i.. Let s
1
, s
2
, . . . , s
m
(m n) be the distinct levels of D, and suppose
that D has exactly a
i
factors with s
i
levels. We call s
a
1
1
s
a
2
2
s
am
m
the design type of D.
E.g., if Q
1
= {0, 1, 2, 3}, Q
2
= Q
3
= Q
4
= {0, 1}, then a 4 2
3
mixed factorial design is
D = Q
1
Q
3
2
= {(0, 0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1), . . . , (3, 1, 1, 0), (3, 1, 1, 1)}.
Example 1. Fix n = 3, we use the full factorial design 2
3
with three binary factors
to find the relationship between the factor x
1
of mixture ratio, the factor x
2
of temperature,
the factor x
3
of experiment time period and the response y of wood toughness.
The levels of factors are given in Table 1, and simulated experiments in Table 2:
49
Factor Low (0) High (1)
Mix(ture) Ratio 45p 55p
Temp(erature) 1000C 1500C
Time period 30min 90min
Table 1. Factor levels of 2
3
factorial experiment
RUN Mix Ratio Temp Time Response Y
1 45p (-) 100C (-) 30m (-) 8
2 55p (+) 100C (-) 30m (-) 9
3 45p (-) 150C (+) 30m (-) 34
4 55p (+) 150C (+) 30m (-) 52
5 45p (-) 100C (-) 90m (+) 16
6 55p (+) 100C (-) 90m (+) 22
7 45p (-) 150C (+) 90m (+) 45
8 55p (+) 150C (+) 90m (+) 56
Table 2. Results of an example 2
3
Factorial Experiment
The linear model for the wood toughness y, fit by the eight experimental runs, is
y = f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) =
0
+
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
+
3
x
3
+
12
x
1
x
2
+
13
x
1
x
3
+
23
x
2
x
3
+
123
x
1
x
2
x
3
.
2.3. Fractional factorial designs
Suppose D is a s
a
1
1
s
am
m
mixed factorial design. A fraction F of D is a subset consisting
of elements of D. If F has an element with multiplicity greater than one, we say F has
replications. This is also called an s
a
1
1
s
am
m
fractional design.
Example 2. A 2
3
fractional factorial design has only 4 runs, whose columns correspond
to the three binary factors, of the full 2
3
-factorial design of 8 runs above.
This fraction is extracted from the below Hadamard matrix of order 4 (in which every pair
of rows and pair of columns have their inner product equals to 0). This matrix provides
enough information to estimate main effects of the mixture ratio x
1
, the temperature x
2
,
the experiment time period x
3
in Example 1:
F =
1 x
1
x
2
x
3

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
T
.
But why using Fractional Factorial Designs? To cut cost in scientific investigations
and/or in industrial manufacturing. In particular case here, if we employ the four experi-
mental runs of F, we can fit only a linear model for the response y of wood toughness, of
the form:
y = f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) =
0
+
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
+
3
x
3
.
50
So using less resource, we now could fit a model that consists of only main factor effects!
Observation 2. Our new and interesting questions now are:
* If Hadamard matrix of order n > 2 does exist, then n must be divisible by 4!
** [Hadamard Conjecture- A challenging and open problem for the 21-th century
mathematics] For any positive integer n being divisible by 4, does an Hadamard matrix
of order n exist? Currently many mathematicians around the world try to answer a more
humble question: does an Hadamard matrix of order 668 exist?
You should know that the most recently constructed Hadamard matrix (in 2004) has or-
der 428 only! Hadamard matrices, however can be generalized to a more complex struc-
ture, named Orthogonal Array, where we replace the concept of orthogonality in Hadamard
matrix- pair of rows and of columns are perpendicular in R
n
- by a combinatorial definition.
2.4. Orthogonal Array- Fractional Factorial Design satisfying orthogonality
Your automobile lasts longer today because of orthogonal arrays
[The new mantra: MVT", Forbes, Mar. 11, 1996, pp. 114-118.]
Orthogonal arrays are beautiful and useful. They are essential in statistics and computer
science... In statistics they are primarily used in designing experiments, e.g. in agriculture,
medicine, and in great demand in industrial manufacturing as software industry.
Example 3. A specific design problem in industrial manufacturing.
A company wants to put a new type of new product (mobile phones, LCD, yogurt, cars, new
way of banking management ...) to the national market in the next year, to compete with
the international brands as Nokia or Samsung. The product have five potential and different
features which are yet to be decided, namely: Color C, Shape S, Weight W, Material M,
and Price P. Each of these features can take on three possible values precisely. For instance,
the color C can be magenta, silver or blue, being coded by non-negative integers 0,1 and 2.
The aim To know and quantitatively measure/obtain how strong the factor and their
interactions could affect the mobile quality, we have to conduct, in principle, all 3
5
possible combinations of the factor levels, (called level combinations in short).
Formulation More economically way of doing, we could find a subset F of the Cartesian
product D := C S W M P to do experiments and obtain only essential
information. This is the first and utmost goal of Experiment Designer.
How to do? A systematic and mathematical description of the problem would help! And
advanced algebraic techniques are the right tools.
Now suppose we realize that 5 factors are not enough, that 11 factors would increase the
product quality, where the six new factors are Operating system- OS, Camera-Cam, Wifi
facility-Wifi, Antishock-Anti, Antene-Ant and Place. For budget contraint and simplicity,
assume further that each factor now has only two possible values, coded by 0 and 1.
Key question. Could we know and, if yes, how to measure how strong the factor inter-
actions [OS, Wifi] and [Weight, Anti-shock] could impact on the mobile quality by exper-
imenting only 12 experimental runs instead of 2
11
= 2048 ones? And how do we do that?
We need
51
Co Sh Wei Ma Pri Run
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3
0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 4
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 5
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 6
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 7
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 8
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 9
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 10
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 11
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 12
OS Cam Wifi Anti Ant Place
Table 3. Strength 2 orthogonal array from the full factorial design 2
11
Definition 2. In general, a fraction F of a factorial design D = Q
1
Q
2
. . . Q
n
is
called an orthogonal array of strength t if, for each choice of t factors (columns), every
possible combination of coordinate values from a set of t factors occurs equally often.
Mathematicss contribution: the relevant mathematical theory is extremely beautiful,
orthogonal arrays are related to combinatorics, finite fields, geometry and error-correcting
codes; not yet mention discrete algebra, graph and group theories (11).
In our specific example, a specific kind of subset, strength 2 (but not strength 3) orthogonal
array F D = C S W M P OS CamWifi Anti Ant Place = {0, 1}
11
can solve this cost optimization problem, shown in Table 3!
III - Advanced topics in Experimental Designs - Response Surface Method-
logy
3.1. History of Response Surface Methodlogy (RSM)
RSM is one of the most successful optimization technique based on designed experi-
ments. This approach to optimization was developed in the early 1950s by Box and Wilson,
and initially applied in the chemical and process industries, in particular in process ro-
bustness studies. Formally, RSM is a colection of mathematical and statistical techniques
that are useful for modeling and analysis in applications where a response of interest- e.g.
some performance measure or quality characteristic of the process- is influenced by several
variables-factors and the objective is to optimize this response. In the view of process
industrialists, these are activities in which process engineering personnel try to reduce the
variablity in the output of a process by setting controllable factors to levels that minimize
the variablity transmitted into the responses of interest by other factors that are difficult
to control during routine operation (9).
3.2. Mathematically, what is RSM? This is about an approximation-based opti-
mization, where the approximation function is called response surface. In general, suppose
that the scientist or engineer (refer to as the experimenter) is concerned with a product,
52
process or system involving a response y that depends on a finite number of controllable
input variables (called independent variables)
1
,
2
,
3
, . . . ,
k
. The relationship is
y = f(
1
,
2
,
3
, . . . ,
k
) +
where the form of the true response function f is unknown and perhaps very complicated,
and is a term that represents other sources of variability not accounted for in f.
In practice several assumptions are used, that the statistical error has a normal distribution
with mean 0, and that the natural variables
1
,
2
,
3
, . . . ,
k
should be transformed to coded
variables x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, . . . , x
k
, then the response mean now is
= E(y) = E(f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, . . . , x
k
)) +E() = f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, . . . , x
k
).
In most of practical settings, low-order polynomials are used for f.
Why is RSM? In Conventional Optimization, a solution is not explicitly obtained in a
nonlinear large problem. When using response surface creation, a function is approximated,
then optimization calculation using the response surface is easier to obtain, thanks to the
Least Square method and employing designed experiments.
3.3. RSM and the Philosophy of Quality Improvement
Over the last 20 years RSM has found extensive applications in many industrial or-
ganizations in the US and Europe, in sectors of chemical, semiconductor and electronic
manufacturing as well as services, logistics, finance ... where quality and process improve-
ments are utmost goals. Statistical methods, including statistical process control (SPC) and
design of experiments, play a key role in this activity.
Quality improvement is most effective when it is conducted early in the product and pro-
cess development cycle. Industries such as semiconductor, automotive, biotechnology and
pharmaceuticals (5), software production (10) are all examples where experimental design
methodology has resulted in shorter design and development time for new products. Further-
more, experimental design principles (8) provide a firm and concrete base for manufacturing
products that have higher reliability and meet or exceed customer requirements.
IV - Conclusion
We close this introductory writing to Experimental Design by describing a specific use of
the mentioned designs and methodology in Software Production, in particular in Software
Testing (ST). In software testing, many competing demands arise from different agents
Product testers like developers, are placed under severe pressure by the short release
cycles expected in todays software markets, then
Customers need large, custom-built systems and demand high reliability of their
software, and
Increased competition: the customers are also demanding cost reductions in their
maintenance contracts.
53
All of these issues have encouraged product test organizations to search for techniques
that improve upon the traditional approach of hand-crafting individual test cases. Our key
question is to determine a test suit (consisting of a finite number of test cases) having as
small cardinality as possible while capable of holding many potential cause-to-failures input.
We see that:
- ST is a very, very complicated task from the conceptual and systematic view
- Multiwise-interactions of factors are important in judging flaws/errors/failures
- Approaches and techniques have been proposed, as equivalence partitioning, boundary
value analysis (2), event correlation (3)
Software Testing- which part is most suitable to apply DOE? Still, new methodology used
for very large system would be developed. It turns out that, however, DOE is the most
economical way and systematic method to follow, especially for Black-box testing! Black-
box testing is undertstood as the type of testing where
only the knowledge of the functionality of the software is used for testing;
knowledge of the detailed architectural structure, or of the procedures used in coding,
is not utilized
Another most employed combinatorial structure is Covering designs, they are less strictly
near-balanced designs where we allow each multiwise level combination between factors just
occurs in test suit, not neccessarily with the same frequency. For constructing algorithmically
covering designs of 2-coverage, see (4). A 2-coverage covering design, in which pairwise level
combinations between pairs of factors occur, is extracted from Table 3 consisting only 6
rows, as follows:
Co Sh Wei Ma Pri Run
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 3
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 4
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 5
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 6
OS Cam. Wifi Anti. Ant.
Software Testing- emperical studies. Balanced designs and Covering designs are both ex-
tremely useful for Black-box ST! For instance, S. R. Dalai and al. (ACM and Bellcore
1999) proposed Model-based testing principles, in which DOE and Statistical data analysis
techniques play a crucial role! They conducted case studies (message parsing and building,
rule-based system, user-interface) to show that
many failures are revealed (submitted to repair, to find pattern causing errors) which
were not found by hand-crafting testers, and
automatic testing is done smoothly, based on combinarorial designs generated before-
hand.
Using covering-design, they obtained the below result:
54
Project Total test cases % failed cases Failure cases Found by hand-
crafting testers
1: Messaging 4,500 5% 27 3
2: Rule-based system 13 23% 4 1
3: User interface 159 2% 6 3
To conclude and stimulate our curiousities, we could ask:
1. What could your comments/remarks be when looking at the above table?
2. Covering designs do not maintain the balancedness, therefore we can not use them
when we measure factor interactions on the response. We have to utilize fully balanced
designs, as strength 3 or better strength 4 balanced designs- OAs? How to do so in
practice?
3. In general, how to compute strength t OAs, provided parameter set (of factors and
runsize)?
4. How to employ orthogonal arrays and the likes in RSM?
5. Are there other experimental designs being useful for industrially mass manufacturing,
or employed in theoretical studies in the favor of experimenters or algebraists?...
And if you want to know more on this wonderful subject, please visit sites (11; 12), or (7).
Ti liu
[1] C.F.. Jeff Wu, Michael Hadamard (2000) Experiments: Planning, Analysis and Param-
eter Design Optimization, Wiley, 630 pp
[2] Factor-covering designs for Testing Software, S.R. Dalai and al., Technometrics 40(3),
1998, 234-243, American Statistical Association and the American Society for Quality
[3] Combinatorial designs in Multiple faults localization for Battlefield networks, M. F.
Fecko and al., IEEE Military Communications Conf., Vienna, 2001
[4] The AETG System: An Approach to Testing Based on Combinatorial Design, David M.
Cohen, Siddhartha R. Dalal, Michael L. Fredman, and Gardner C. Patton, IEEE Trans.
on Soft. Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 7, July 1997
[5] Glonek G.F.V.. and Solomon P.J. (2004), Factorial and time course designs for cDNA
microarray experiments, Biostatistics 5, 89-111.
[6] Hedayat, A. S. and Sloane, N. J. A. and Stufken, J. (1999), Orthogonal Arrays, Springer-
Verlag.
[7] John J. Borkowskis Home Page http://www.math.montana.edu/ jobo/courses.html/
[8] Madhav, S. P. (1989), Quality Engineering using robust design, Prentice Hall.
[9] Raymond H. Myers, Douglas C. Montgomery and Christine M. Anderson-Cook (2009),
Response Surface Methodlogy: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Ex-
periments, Wiley
55
[10] Madhav, S. P. (2004), Design Of Experiment For Software Testing,
www.isixsigma.com/library/content/c030106a.asp
[11] Nguyen, V. M. Man (2005), An online service for computing Hadamard matrices and
strength 3 orthogonal arrays, www.mathdox.org/nguyen, Technische Universiteit Eind-
hoven.
[12] Sloane N.J.A. (2005), www.research.att.com/ njas/hadamard/
56
Vin Nghin cu nng cao - Institute for
Advanced Study (IAS)
Ng c Tun - Vin nghin cu nng cao IAS, Princeton, M
Vi nm trc ti c dp c qua thm v lm vic ti Khoa Ton ca Vin nghin

cu nng cao (Institute for Advanced Study, vit tt l IAS) ti thnh ph Princeton, tiu
ban New Jersey. Trong mt vi nm gn y, c kh nhiu ngi Vit Nam qua lm vic
ti Vin nh anh V H Vn, anh Ng Bo Chu, anh Nguyn Chu Gia Vng...Trong bi
vit ngn ny, ti mun chia s vi cc bn nhng g ti cm nhn c v cuc sng v
sinh hot Vin.
Qua thi gian Vin, ti thy y l mt trong nhng mi trng l tng lm
nghin cu. L mt vin nghin cu ging nh Vin nghin cu nng cao IHES Php
57
hoc Vin Max- Planck v Ton c, Vin IAS ch c mt s t gio s lm vic thng
xuyn Vin, cc thnh vin cn li l nhng nh ton hc t khp ni trn th gii n
lm vic trong khong thi gian ngn, t mt, hai tun n mt vi nm. Trong mi nm
hc, mt hoc hai ti c chn ra lm hng nghin cu chnh, v d nh Hnh hc
i s (2006-2007) hoc Phng trnh o hm ring (2008-2009). Trong nm hc , mi
hat ng ca Vin u xoay quanh ch ny. Nhiu nh ton hc c danh ting ting
trn th gii c mi n, mt s v tr post-doc cng c u tin cho cc sinh vin mi
tt nghip trong chuyn ngnh. Ngoi ra, cc gio s ca trng i hc Princeton cng
thng xuyn tham gia cc hot ng ca Vin. Hng tun, Vin t chc rt nhiu seminar,
mi k c t mt n hai hi ngh c t chc. Nhng ai mun hc hi thm c th giam
gia seminar khoa Ton ca trng Princeton. Vin cn s hu mt th vin rt tt v
y sch v tp ch ton hc, mt trong nhng yu t rt quan trng cho nhng ngi
lm nghin cu. Khng kh lm vic Vin rt si ni, cc thnh vin u rt ci m, mi
ngi ni chuyn ton khng ch trong gi seminar m c trong gi n tra v gi ung tr.
Ngoi iu kin lm vic l tng, Vin rt quan tm n cuc sng tinh thn ca cc
nh khoa hc. Tt c cc thnh vin u c thu xp trong nh khch ca Vin, ch cch
ni lm vic chng nm pht i b. Hng tun, rt nhiu hat ng vn ha ngh thut
c t chc: chiu phim, nghe nhc giao hng hoc cc lp hc ting Anh, hc khiu v
hoc hc nh tennis. Trong nm hc Vin cn t chc nhng bui i thm quan d ngoi
n nhng thnh ph ln cn nh New York hoc Washington DC. iu duy nht bn c
th phn nn l cuc sng Princeton qu thanh bnh v c phn t nht vo nhng ngy
cui tun. Ti ngh l khim khuyt khng th trnh khi, v mc ch u tin ca Vin
l to ra mt mi trng yn tnh tp trung lm khoa hc.
Thay cho li kt, ti xin chc cc bn mt tri h thnh cng v chc cc bn sm c
dp qua thm Vin IAS trong tng lai gn.
58
Mt s iu nn v khng nn
trong ging dy ton
GS Nguyn Tin Zng - Vin Ton hc Toulouse, CH Php
Gii thiu. c s ng ca GS Nguyn Tin Zng, chng ti trch ng lot bi ca

GS ng trn trang web c nhn ca GS. Do khun kh ca K yu c hn, chng ti c lc
trch mt s on. Ton vn cc kin ca GS Nguyn Tin Zng cng nh nhng bnh lun,
gp ca c gi, bn c c th tham kho website http://zung.zetamu.com
Trong lot bi ny, ti s ng dn by mt s quan im ca ti v nhng iu nn v
khng nn trong ging dy. Nhng quan im ny c rt ra t kinh nghim bn thn,
vic nghin cu cc liu v gio dc, s trao i vi ng nghip v sinh vin, v nhng
suy ngh lm sao dy hc tt hn. Tt nhin c nhng quan im ca ti c th cn
phin din. Xin mi mi ngi trao i, vit ln nhng quan im v kinh nghim ca mnh.
Ti s ch yu ni v vic dy ton, tuy rng nhiu im p dng c cho hu ht cc
mn hc khc. Ti s dng t ging vin ch c ging vin i hc ln gio vin ph
thng, t hc sinh (student) ch hc sinh sinh vin hay hc vin mi cp hc, t ph
thng cho n sau i hc. Ti vit khng theo th t c bit no.
Nn: Thnh thong thay i mn dy nu c th. Nu dy mt mn nhiu ln, th ci
tin thng xuyn phng php v ni dung dy mn .
Khng nn: Dy mi nm ny qua nm khc mt mn, vi gio trnh nhiu nm khng
thay i.
Cc chc v qun l lnh o thng c nhim k, v thng c nguyn tc l khng
ai lm qu 2 nhim k cng 1 v tr. L do l to s thay i ci tin thng xuyn,
trnh s tr tr. Ngay trong vic dy hc cng vy: mt ngi m dy qu nhiu nm cng
mt th, th d dn n nhm chn tr tr. trnh chuyn , c nhng c s i hc
c qui nh l cc mn hc cng c nhim k: ai m dy mn no c 4-5 nm ri th
phi giao cho ngi khc m nhim, tr trng hp khng tm c ngi thay th.
Nhiu khoa ton c phn chia vic dy cc mn cho cc t b mn, v d mn phng
trnh vi phn th ch dnh cho ngi ca t b mn phng trnh vi phn dy. Vic phn
chia nh vy c ci li l m bo cht lng dy,c bit l trong iu kin trnh ging
vin ni chung cn thp, phi chuyn mn ha trong vic dy m bn cht lng ti
thiu. Tuy nhin n c im hn ch, l n to ra xu hng ngi ca t b mn no s ch
bit chuyn ngnh hp y, tm nhn khng m rng ra. mt s trng i hc tin tin,
ni c nhiu ging vin trnh cao (v vi nguyn tc l l gio s hay ging vin cao
59
cp th trnh dy bt c mn no trong cc mn ton bt buc bc c nhn),
cng vic ging dy khng phn chia theo t b mn hp nh vy, m ging vin (cao cp)
no cng c th ng k dy bt c mn no bc c nhn.
Nm 1999 ti nhn dy 1 hc k cao hc v h ng lc Hamilton, v trong qu trnh
c ti liu chun b bi ging cho mn , ti pht hin ra mt s vn c bn lin
quan n dng chun a phng ca h ng lc cha c nghin cu, v iu thc
y ti nghin cu c mt s kt qu kh tt. Nm 2008 ti nhn dy mn i s (m
rng trng v mt t i s giao hon) cho sinh vin ton nm th 4, tuy rng trc ti
hu nh khng ng chm n nhng th . Vic dy mn i s gip ti nm chc
thm c mt s kin thc v i s, v d nh hiu thm ngha ca tnh cht Noether
(y l tnh cht c trng ca i s, i ngc vi gii tch).
Tt nhin c nhiu ngi, do iu kin cng vic, phi dy cng mt mn trong nhiu
nm. trnh tr tr trong trng hp , cn thng xuyn ci tin phng php v ni
dung ging dy (a vo nhng v d minh ha mi v bi tp mi t thc t hin ti, s
dng nhng cng ngh mi v cng c hc tp mi, tm cc cch gii thch mi d hiu
hn, v.v.)
Nn: Dy v kim tra kin thc hc sinh theo li hc hiu
Khng nn: To cho hc sinh thi quen hc vt, ch nh m khng hiu
Cc nh gio dc hc v thn kinh hc trn th gii lm nhiu phn tch v th
nghim cho thy, khi b c con ngi hiu mt ci g (lin tng c vi nhng kin
thc v thng tin khc c sn trong no) th d nh n (do thit lp c nhiu dy
ni lin quan n kin thc trong mng thn kinh ca no - mt neuron thn kinh c
th c hng chc nghn dy ni n cc neuron khc), cn khi ch c nhi nht cc thng
tin ring l vo no (kiu hc vt) m khng lin h c vi cc kin thc khc c trong
no, th thng tin rt kh nh, d b no o thi.
Thc ra th mn hc no cng cn hiu v nh, tuy rng t l gia hiu v nh
gia cc mn khc nhau c khc nhau: v d nh ngoi ng th khng c g phc tp kh
hiu lm nhng cn nh nhiu, tt nhin nh c cc cu ch ngoi ng th cng phi
lin tng c cc cu ch vi hnh nh hay ngha ca chng v vi nhng th khc
c trong no, nhng ton hc th ngc li: khng cn nh nhiu lm, nhng phi hiu
c cc kin thc, v qu trnh hiu i hi nhiu cng sc thi gian. C nhng cng
thc v nh ngha ton m nu chng ta qun i chng ta vn c th t tm li c v
dng c nu hiu bn cht ca cng thc v nh ngha , cn nu chng ta ch nh
cng thc v nh ngha nh con vt m khng hiu n, th cng khng dng c n,
v nh vy th cng khng hn g ngi cha tng bit n.
Ti chng bao gi nh c chnh xc cng thc tnh Christoffel symbol cho lin thng
Riemann ca mt Riemannian metric , tuy mang ting l ngi lm hnh hc vi phn: c
mi ln ng n th xem li, nh c mt lc, ri li qun. Nhng iu khng lm
ti bn khon, v ti hiu bn cht ca Christoffel symbol v cc tnh cht c bn ca lin
thng Riemann, t c th t ngh ra li c cng thc nu cn thit (tn mt vi pht)
hoc tra trn internet ra ngay.
60
Sinh vin ngy nay (l nhng chuyn gia ca ngy mai) c th tra cu rt nhanh mi
nh ngha, cng thc, v.v., nhng hiu chng th vn phi t hiu, khng c my mc
no hiu h c. Cch y 5-10 nm, theo thng l ca nhng ngi dy trc ti, ti
thng khng cho php sinh vin mang ti liu vo phng thi trong cc k thi cui hc
k, v bi thi hay c 1 cu hi l thuyt (tc l pht biu ng 1 nh ngha hay nh
l g th c im). Nhng trong thi i mi, vic nh y nguyn cc nh ngha v
nh l c t gi tr, m ci chnh l phi hiu m s dng c chng. Bi vy nhng
nm gn y, trong cc k thi ti dn dn cho php hc sinh mang bt c ti liu no vo
phng thi, v thi khng cn cc cu hi pht biu nh l na. Thay vo l nhng
bi tp (tng i n gin, v thng gn ging cc bi c trong cc ti liu nhng
thay tham s) kim tra xem hc sinh c hiu v s dng c cc kin thc c bn khng.
V mt hnh thc, chng trnh hc Vit Nam (k c bc ph thng ln bc i hc)
kh nng, nhng l nng v nh m nh v hiu, v trnh trung bnh ca hc sinh
Vit Nam th yu so vi th gii (tt nhin vn c hc sinh rt gii, nhng t l hc sinh
gii thc s rt t, v cng kh so c vi gii ca phng Ty). Vn khng phi l do
ngi Vit Nam sinh ra km thng minh, m l do iu kin v phng php gio dc, ch
tr em gc Vit Nam ln ln nc ngoi thng l thnh cng trong ng hc hnh.
Hin tng rt ph bin Vit Nam l hc sinh hc thuc lng cc kin thc trc mi
k kim tra, ri sau khi kim tra xong th ch thy tr thy. Vit Nam rt cn ci cch
chng trnh gio dc theo hng tng s hiu ln, v gim s hc go, nh nh con vt.
Nn: Dy nhng ci c bn nht, nhiu cng dng nht
Khng nn: Mt nhiu thi gi vo nhng th t hoc khng dng n
Trn i c rt nhiu ci hc, trong khi thi gian v sc lc ca chng ta c hn, v
bi vy chng ta lun phi la chn xem nn hc (hay dy hc) ci g. Nu chng ta phung
ph qu nhiu thi gian vo nhng ci t cng dng, hoc thm ch phn tc dng, (nhng
l thuyt v chnh tr hay kinh t tri ngc vi thc t), th s khng cn thi gian
hc (hay dy hc) nhng ci quan trng hn, hu ch hn.
Tt nhin, mc quan trng, hu ch ca tng kin thc i vi mi ngi khc nhau
th khc nhau, v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh thi gian, hon cnh, s trng, v.v. V
d nh hc ni v vit ting Vit cho ng hong l khng th thiu vi ngi Vit, nhng
li khng cn thit vi ngi Nga. Nhng ngi mun lm ngh ton th phi hc nhiu v
ton, cn sinh vin i hc cc ngnh khc ni chung ch cn hc mt s kin thc ton
cao cp c bn nht m s cn trong cng vic ca h. Nhng ngi mun lm ton ng
dng, th ngoi cc mn ton, cn phi hc cc mn m h nh mang ton ng dng vo .
Ngay trong cc mn ton, khng phi cc kin thc no cng quan trng nh nhau. V
quan trng v phc tp l hai khi nim khc nhau: khng phi ci g quan trng
cng phc tp kh hiu, v khng phi ci g ri rm kh hiu cng quan trng. Ging vin
cn trnh dn dt hc sinh lao u vo nhng ci rm ri phc tp nhng t cng dng.
Thay vo , cn dnh nhiu thi gian cho nhng ci c bn, nhiu cng dng nht. Nu
l ci va c bn v va kh, th li cng cn dnh thi gian cho n, v kh nm bt
c n tc l nm bt c mt cng c mnh.
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Mt v d l o hm v tch phn. y l nhng khi nim c bn v cng quan trng
trong ton hc. Hc sinh cn hiu nh ngha, bn cht v cng dng ca chng, v nm
c mt s nguyn tc c bn v cng thc n gin, v d nh nguyn tc Leibniz cho
o hm ca mt tch, hay cng thc o hm ca sinx bng cos x. Tuy nhin nu bt
hc sinh hc thuc hng trm cng thc tnh o hm v tch phn khch nhau, th s tn
thi gian v ch v phn ln cc cng thc thc s khng dng n sau ny, hoc nu
dng n th c th tra cu c d dng. Mt ln ti thy c mt sch ting Vit v tnh
tch phn cho hc sinh, dy hn 150 trang, vi rt nhiu cng thc phc tp di dng (v
d nh cng thc tnh tnh phn ca mt hm s c dng thng ca hai biu thc lng
gic), m ngay nhng ngi lm ton chuyn nghip cng rt him khi cn n. Thay v
tn nhiu thi gian vo nhng cng thc phc tp m khng cn dng , hc nhng th
c bn khc s c ch hn.
Mt v d khc: cc bt ng thc. C nhng bt ng thc c tn tui, khng phi
v n kh, m l v n c ngha (n xut hin trong cc vn hnh hc, s hc, phng
trnh vi phn, v.v.). Ch nu hc mt ng hng ngn bt ng thc m khng bit chng
dng lm g, th kh l ph thi gian. Phn ln cc bt ng thc (khng k cc bt
ng thc c tnh t hp) c th c chng minh kh d dng bng mt phng php c
bn, l phng php dng o hm hoc sai phn. Phng php ny hc sinh ph thng
c th hc c, nhng thay vo hc sinh li c hc cc kiu mo mc chng minh
bt ng thc. Cc mo mc c t cng dng, ch dng c cho bi ton ny nhng khng
dng c cho bi ton khc (bi vy mi l mo mc ch khng phi phng php).
Mo mc c th lm cho cuc sng thm phong ph, nhng nu mt qu nhiu thi gian
vo mo mc th khng cn thi gian cho nhng ci c bn hn, gip tin xa hn. Nh
l trong cng ngh, c ci tin ci n du n my th n cng khng th tr thnh n in.
Hi cn nh, c ln ti i thi hc sinh gii (lp 6?), c bi ton tm cc i. Ti dng
o hm tnh ngay ra im cc i, v c bn khc cng lp cng bit lm nh vy. Cch
lm l do chng ti t c sch m ra ch khng c dy. Nhng khi vit li gii th
li phi gi v on m im cc i, ri vit hm s di dng mt s (gi tr ti im
) cng vi mt biu thc hin nhin l khng m (v d nh v c dng bnh phng) th
mi c im, ch nu vit o hm th mt ht im. Nu nh thy gio tr im hc
sinh, v hc sinh gii bi thi bng mt phng php c bn nhng khng c trong sch
thy, th iu s gp phn lm cho hc sinh hc mo mc, thiu c bn.
Qua phng vn mt s sinh vin i hc v cao hc ngnh ton ca Vit Nam, ti thy
h c hc nhiu mn cao cp, nhng vn thiu kin thc c bn. V d nh h hc
gii tch hm, vi nhng nh l tru tng kh l kh. Nhng h li khng bit cng thc
Parceval cho chui Fourier l g, trong khi chui Fourier l mt trong nhng khi nim gii
tch c bn v nhiu ng dng nht ca ton. Ti khng c ni gii tch hm l khng
c bn. N l th cn thit. Nhng nu nhng khi nim v nh l ca gii tch hm ch
c hc mt cch hnh thc, khng c lin h vi chui Fourier hay vi cc v d c th
khc, th l hc trn my trn gi.
Nn: Gii thch bn cht v cng dng ca cc khi nim mi mt cch trc gic, n
gin nht c th, da trn s lin tng ti nhng ci m hc sinh tng bit.
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Khng nn: a ra cc khi nim mi bng cc nh ngha hnh thc, phc tp, ti
ngha.
Cc khi nim ton hc quan trng u c mc ch v ngha khi chng c to ra.
V khng c mt khi nim ton hc quan trng no m bn thn n qu kh n mc
khng th hiu c. N ch tr nn qu kh trong hai trng hp: 1) ngi hc cha c
kin thc; 2) n c gii thch mt cch qu hnh thc, ri rm kh hiu. Trong trng
hp th nht, ngi hc phi c hng ti hc nhng kin thc chun b (v d nh
trc khi hc v cc qu trnh ngu nhin phi c kin thc c s v xc sut v gii tch).
Trong trng hp th hai, li thuc v ngi dy hc v ngi vit sch dng hc.
Cc nghin cu v thn kinh hc (neuroscience) cho thy b nh ngn hn ca no
th rt nh (mi lc ch cha c khong 7 n v thng tin?), cn b nh di hn hn
th chy chm. Th no l mt n v thng tin ? Ti khng c nh ngha chnh xc y,
nhng v d nh dng ch TON CHEVAL EST BANAL i vi mt ngi Php th n
l mt cu ting Php ch cha khng qu 4 n v thng tin, rt d nh, trong khi i vi
mt ngi Vit khng bit ting Php th dng ch cha n hng chc n v thng
tin mi ch ci l mt n v thng tin rt kh nh. Mt nh ngha ton hc, nu qu
di v cha qu nhiu n v thng tin mi trong , th hc sinh s rt kh khn hnh
dung ton b nh ngha , v nh th th cng rt kh hiu nh ngha.
Mun cho hc sinh hiu c mt khi nim mi, th cn pht biu n mt cch sao cho
n dng n mt lng n v thng tin mi t nht c th (khng qu 7?). gim thiu
lng n v thng tin mi, cn vn dng, lin tng ti nhng ci m hc sinh bit, d
hnh dung. y cng l cch m cc cha o ging o cho con chin: dng ngn ng
gin d, m con chin c th hiu c, ging gii nhng t tng ln. Khi c mt khi
nim mi rt phc tp, th phi cht n thnh cc khi nim nh n gin hn, dy hc
cc khi nim n gin hn trc, ri xy dng khi nim phc tp trn c s cc khi nim
n gin hn (sau khi bin mi khi nim n gin hn thnh mt n v thng tin).
Trn th gii, c nhiu ngi m dng nh ngh ca h l bin ci d hiu thnh
ci kh hiu, bin ci n gin thnh ci ri ren. Nhng ngi lm qung co, th khin
cho ngi tiu dng khng phn bit ni hng no l tt tht i vi h na. Nhng ngi
lm thu, th ra mt b thu ri rm ngi thng khng hiu ni, vi mt t l hng
trong , v.v. Ngay trong khoa hc, c nhng ngi c quan nim rng c phi phc tp
ha th mi quan trng. Thay v ni V-va ra tay th h n c 1 phn t ngi, m
nh qua nh x tn gi l V-va, ti mt thi im T, lm mt ng tc, thuc phm tr
ra,... Nhng m mt ngi thy thc s, phi lm cho nhng ci kh hiu tr nn d
hiu i vi hc tr.
Nn: Lun lun quan tm n cu hi lm g ?
Khng nn: Khng cho hc sinh bit h hc nhng th ging vin dy lm g, hay
t hn l bn thn ging vin cng khng bit lm g.
Qu trnh hc (tip thu thng tin, kin thc v k nng mi) l mt qu trnh t nhin
v lin tc ca con ngi trong sut cuc i, xy ra mi ni mi lc (ngay c gic ng
cng gp phn trong vic hc) ch khng phi ch trng hay khi lm bi tp v nh.
63
Nhng ci m b no chng ta tip thu nhanh nht l nhng ci m chng ta thy thch,
v/hoc thy d hiu, v/hoc thy quan trng. Ngc li, nhng ci m chng ta thy
nhm chn, v ngha, khng quan trng, s b b no o thi khng gi li, d c c nhi
vo. Bi vy, mun cho hc sinh tip thu tt mt kin thc no , cn lm cho hc sinh c
c t nht mt trong my iu sau: 1) thch th t m tm hiu kin thc ; 2) thy ci
l c ngha (lin h c nhiu vi nhng hiu bit v thng tin khc m hc sinh c
trong u); 3) thy ci l quan trng (cn thit, c nhiu ng dng). Tt nhin 3 im
lin quan ti nhau. y ti ch yu ni n im th 3, tc l lm sao hc sinh
thy rng nhng ci h c hc l quan trng, cn thit. Mt kin thc ng hc l mt
kin thc c ch g , lm g . Nu nh hc sinh hc mt kin thc vi l do duy
nht l thi ch khng cn l do no khc, th khi thi xong ri kin thc s d b
o thi khi no. Nhng mn thc s ng hc, l nhng mn, m k c nu khng phi
thi, hc sinh vn mun c hc, v n em li s hiu bit m hc sinh mun c c v
nhng k nng cn cho cuc sng v cng vic ca hc sinh sau ny. Cn nhng mn m
hc ch thi c l l nhng mn khng ng hc.
Cng may l phn ln ging vin khng ri vo tnh trng dy mn khng ng hc,
m l dy mn hc ng hc, vi mt chng trnh gm cc kin thc ng hc. Tuy nhin,
ging vin c th bit l hc chng lm g, v sao ng hc, trong khi m hc sinh
cha chc bit. Chnh bi vy lun cn t cu hi lm g, khuyn khch hc sinh
t cu hi , v tm nhng tr li cho cu hi . Mt tr li gio iu chung chung kiu
n quan trng, phi hc n t c gi tr, m cn c nhng tr li c th hn, n quan
trng ch no, dng c vo trong nhng tnh hung no, em li cc k nng g, v.v.
Tic rng vic gii thch ngha v cng dng ca cc kin thc cho hc sinh cn b
coi nh, khng ch Vit Nam. C ln ti hi mt lp i hc ngnh ton ang hc i s
tuyn tnh Vit Nam l i s tuyn tnh dng lm g ?. H tr li l khng bit. C ln
ti hi mt nhm sinh vin ngnh Life Sciences Php mi hc xong mn phng trnh
vi phn tuyn tnh, rng h c bit v d phng trnh no xut pht t cc vn thc
t khng. H cng tr li l khng h bit. Nu nh ging vin gii thiu cho hc sinh bit
cc cng dng ca nhng kin thc h c hc qua cc v d (v d nh nhng phng
trnh vi phn tuyn tnh xut hin th no trong cc m hnh v tng trng), th c th
h s thy nhng ci h hc c ngha hn, ng hc hn, d nh hn.
Trong cng vic sau ny ca hc sinh khi ra trng, th cu hi lm g li cng
c bit quan trng. Mi hot ng ca mt t chc hay doanh nghip tt nhin u phi
c mc ch. Ngay trong cng vic nghin cu khoa hc, c nhiu ngi khng lm c
kt qu nghin cu quan trng no (tm nh ngha quan trng = c nhiu ngi khc
s dng) khng phi l v dt m l v khng bit la chn vn nghin cu, mt
thi gi nghin cu vo nhng ci t ngha, t ai quan tm n. Bi vy hc sinh cn lm
quen vi vic s dng cu hi lm g t khi i hc, nh mt v kh li hi trong vic
chn la cc quyt nh ca mnh.
Nn: T chc thi c sao cho nh nhng nht, phn nh ng trnh hc sinh, v khin
cho hc sinh hc tt nht.
Khng nn: Chy theo thnh tch, hay t hn l gian tr v khuyn khch gian tr trong
64
thi c.
Vic kim tra nh gi trnh v kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh (cng nh trnh v
kt qu lm vic ca ngi ln) l vic cn thit. N cn thit bi c rt nhiu quyt nh
phi da trn nhng s kim tra v nh gi , v d nh hc sinh c trnh c
th hiu nhng mn hc tip theo khng, c ng tin tng giao mt vic no cho
khng, c xng ng c nhn hc bng hay gii thng no khng, v.v. Bi vy ging
vin khng th trnh khi vic t chc kim tra, thi c cho hc sinh. Ci chng ta c th
trnh, l lm sao ng bin cc cuc kim tra thi c thnh s tra tn hc sinh,
v c khi c ging vin.
Mt nh lut trong gio dc l THI SAO HC VY. Tuy mc ch cao c di hn
ca vic hc l m mang hiu bit v rn luyn k nng, nhng phn ln hc sinh hc
theo mc ch ngn hn, tc l thi cho hay cho c gii. Trch nhim ca ngi
thy v ca h thng gio dc l lm sao cho hai mc ch trng vi nhau, tc l cn t
chc thi c sao cho hc sinh no m mang hiu bit v rn luyn cc k nng c nhiu
nht cng l hc sinh t kt qu tt nht trong thi c.
Nu thi lch th hc sinh s hc lch. V d nh thi tt nghip ph thng, nu ch thi
c 3-4 mn th hc sinh cng s ch hc 3-4 mn m b b cc mn khc. Trong mt mn
thi, nu ch hn ch thi vo mt phn kin thc no , th hc sinh s ch tp trung
hc phn thi, b qun nhng phn khc. Nu thi ton bi mo mc, th hc sinh
cng hc mo mc m thiu c bn. Nu thi c c th gian ln, th hc hnh cng khng
thc cht. Nu thi c qu nhiu ln, th hc sinh s rt mt mi, sut ngy phi n thi,
khng cn th gi cho nhng kin thc mi v nhng th khc. Nu thi theo kiu bt nh
nhiu m suy ngh t, th hc sinh s hc thnh nhng con vt, hc thuc lng cc th, m
khng hiu, khng suy ngh. My thi trc nghim Vit Nam my nm gn y ang
c xu hng nguy him nh vy: thi di, vi nhiu cu hi tn mn, i hi hc sinh
phi nh m in cu tr li, ch khng i hi phi o su suy ngh g ht. Thm ch thi
hc sinh gii ton ton quc cng c ln c thi theo kiu bi tn mn nh vy, v kt
qu l vic chn lc i tuyn thi ton quc t nm b sai lch nhiu. Bn thn chuyn
thi trc nghim khng phi l mt chuyn ti, thi trc nghim c nhng cng dng ca n,
ti mun ni y l cch dng n trong thi c Vit Nam cha c tt.
Mt iu kh ph bin v ng lo ngi Vit Nam l hc sinh c chnh thy c gio
dy cho s lm n gian di. C khi gio vin lm th ly thnh tch cho mnh. V d
nh khi c on kim tra n d lp, th dn trc l c lp phi gi tay xin pht biu, c
s ch gi my bn nhm trc thi. Hay l giao bi tp rt kh v nh cho hc sinh, m
bit chc l hc sinh khng lm c nhng b m hc sinh s lm h cho, ly thnh tch
dy gii. Hoc l mua bn im vi hc sinh: c np thy 1 triu th ln 1 im chng hn.
Nhng cng c nhiu trng hp m gio vin c nh tt, v t li, nhng v quan im
l lm nh th l gip hc sinh nn tm cch cho hc sinh n gian c thm im.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, th khuyn khch hc sinh gian di l lm hi hc sinh.
Nh Mark Twain c ni: It is better to deserve honors and not have them than to have
them and not deserve them. C gn bao nhiu thnh tch rm vo ngi, th cng khng
lm cho ngi tr nn gi tr hn. Hc sinh m c dy thi lm n gian di t b, th
c nguy c tr thnh nhng con ngi gi di, mt gi tr. Tt nhin, trong mt x hi m
65
c ch v lut l m , v gian di tr thnh phong tro, ai m khng gian di, khng
lm sai lut th thit thi khng sng c, th buc ngi ta phi gian di. Ti khng ph
phn nhng hnh ng gian di do hnh cnh bt buc. Nhng chng ta ng lm dng
v kh ny, v hy hng cho ch sinh ca chng ta n mt x hi mi lnh mnh hn,
m t cn n s gian di. t c vy, tt nhin cc lut chi phi c thay
i sao cho hp l v minh bch hn.
Tt nhin, khng ch Vit Nam, m trn th gii cng c nhiu ngi hm danh ho
v lm n gi di, tuy t l chc l t hn nhiu. Ti bit c nhng gio s nc ngoi c
trnh cao, nhng v qu hm danh nn dn n lm n gi di. Sinh vin Php m ti
dy cng c quay cp. Bn thn ti khi i hc cng tng quay cp. Tt nhin ti chng c
g t ho v chuyn , nhng cng khng n ni qu xu h khi m nhng ngi
xung quanh ti cng quay cp. Chng ta l con ngi th khng hon thin, nhng hy
hng ti hon thin, gip cho cc th h sau hon thin hn.
Nn: Dy hc nghim tc, tn trng hc sinh
Khng nn: Dy qua qut, coi thng hc sinh
iu trn gn nh l hin nhin. Nhng ngay trng ti Php c nhng gio s dy
hc qua qut, ni lm nhm hc sinh khng hiu, b hc sinh than phin rt nhiu, ai m
dy hc cng -kp vi h th kh cc ly. Ngi no m khng thch hoc khng hp vi
dy hc, th nn chuyn vic. Nhng nhn vic c c phn dy hc (nh l cng vic
gio s bn Php, gm c nghin cu v ging dy) th phi lm vic cho nghim tc.
D c ti gii n u, cng khng nn t cao mnh qu m coi thng hc sinh. Cng
vic o to cng quan trng i vi x hi khng km g cng vic nghin cu.
C mt s bn tr, bn thn cha c ng gp g quan trng, nhng vi ch bai
nhng ngi thy ca mnh, l nhng ngi c nhng hn ch v trnh v kt qu nghin
cu (do iu kin, hon cnh) nhng c nhiu cng hin trong o to, nh th khng nn.
Nn: i thoi vi hc sinh, khuyn khch hc sinh t cu hi
Khng nn: To cho hc sinh thi quen hc th ng kiu thy c tr chp
Qua tho lun, hi p mi bit hc sinh cn nhng g, vng mc nhng g, bi ging
nh th n cha, . . . Khi hc sinh t cu hi tc l c suy ngh v no ang trng
thi mun ht thng tin. Hc sinh nhiu khi mun hi nhng ngi, nu c khuyn khch
th s hi.
Nn: Cho hc sinh thy rng h c th thnh cng nu c quyt tm
Khng nn: Nho bng hc sinh km
Ti tng chng kin gio s s nhc hc sinh, v d nh vit ln bi thi ca hc sinh
nhng cu kiu th my i hc lm g cho tn tin hoc y l phn t nguy him cho
x hi. Nh ngi ta thng ni ngi ph n c khen p th s p ln, b ch xu
th s xu i. Hc sinh b i x ti t, coi nh b i, th s b blocked: khi vic hc
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tr thnh a ngc th s b c ch khng hc c na. Nhng nu c i x t t,
cm thy c tn trng cm thng, th h s c gng, d thnh cng hn. Nu h c rt,
th h vn cn nhiu c hi khc thnh cng, min sao gi c nim tin v ch. Hc
sinh hc km, nhiu khi khng phi l do khng mun hc hoc khng thng minh
hc, m l do c nhng kh khn no , nu c gii ta th s hc c. Tr em sinh ra
thiu hiu bit ch khng ngu ngc. Nu khi ln ln tr thnh ngi ngu ngc, khng bit
suy ngh, th l do hon cnh mi trng v li ca h thng gio dc. Ngi thy thc s
phi gip hc sinh tm li c s thng minh ca mnh, ch khng lm cho h n n i.
Nn: Cho hc sinh nhng li khuyn chn thnh nht, hng cho h lm nhng ci m
ging vin thy s c li nht cho h, ng thi cho h t do la chn nhng g h thch.
Khng nn: Bin hc sinh thnh ti sn ca mnh, bt h phi lm theo ci mnh
thch.
Cc bc cha m cng khng nn bt con ci phi i theo nhng s thch ca cha m,
m hy cho chng la chn ci chng thch.
Nn: Lm sao cho hc sinh hiu c bn cht cc kin thc
Khng nn: Lm dng ngn ng hnh thc, v dy mt cch gio iu
Th no l gio iu? L dy mt cch p t, a ra cc th nh l chn l duy
nht, m khng gii thch v sao n nh vy, n da trn ci g, v khng h ni n cc
kh nng khc, cc chn l khc. S nguy him ca li dy v hc theo kiu gio iu, l
bin hc sinh thnh nhng con ngi th ng, mt kh nng suy ngh mt cch c lp,
tr thnh cung tn chp nhn cc th nh l chn l m khng t cu hi ti sao, v
khi sai th khng bit u m sa v mt gc.
Mt v d c trng ca vn ha gio iu l mn T vi u s Vit Nam. Cc
sch vit v t vi m ti c nhn thy u rt gio iu, ci g cng do Thnh bo,
khng c gii thch ti sao, v tt nhin nu xem b sai th ch cn cch ku tri, khng
th bit v sao sai, sai u. M chc chn l d sai. V d, gi T thc ra khng bt
u lc 11h m, m cch khong 20 pht (ty tng ngy), nhng iu ny ch c mt
nhm nh thy t vi bit cn c c sch cng khng hc c. Nu tm hiu k hn, th
s thy vic xc nh gi thc ra ng vi khi nim Ascendant trong thin vn hc, v
c th tnh chnh xc gi T n tng giy mt bng cc chng trnh my tnh cho thin
vn. Hu ht cc sao trong t vi u s l virtual stars ch khng phi sao tht (ni
v mt ton hc, n c th coi l mt spectral decomposition tnh ra t v tr ca 3 im:
mt trng, mt tri v ascendant trn vng hong o ?). Ci spectral decomposition ny
trong t vi u s c l l mt pht minh rt ln, nhng rt tic l khng c sch no gii
thch v sao li lm nh vy, v qui tc xp sao c a ra mt cch hon ton thn b.
phng Ty cng c T vi, gi l astrology (chim tinh hc). T vi u s v astrology c
cng gc thin vn hc, v c rt nhiu ci chung. Nhng khc nhau ch astrology khng
gio iu, mi th c gii thch v sao, tuy rng cc gii thch cha t mc khoa hc,
nhng cho php ngi ta suy ngh, kim nghim, pht trin, sa sai!
67
Nn: Tm cch kch thch s t m ca hc sinh
Khng nn: Dy theo kiunhi vt
ng Albert Einstein, ngi c hu th bu l con ngi v i nht ca th k XX,
c nhiu cu ni rt hay. Trong c cu I have no special talent. I am only passionately
curious. l b quyt thnh cng ca ng ta chnh l s t m mt cch am m. V
Einstein cng c ni mt cch ma mai: It is a miracle that curiosity survives formal ed-
ucation (tht k diu l gio dc hnh thc cha bp cht s t m), v k v s kh
s ca ng ta khi i hc nh sau: One had to cram all this stuff into ones mind for the
examinations, whether one liked it or not. This coercion had such a deterring effect on me
that, after I had passed the final examination, I found the consideration of any scientific
problems distasteful to me for an entire year. (Tm lc dch: Ti b nhi hc nh nhi
vt th tr thi d c thch chng hay khng; s p buc ny khin ti ngn khoa hc
n tn c trong sut mt nm sau k thi ).
S t m thc y con ngi ta tm ti hiu bit, lm cho no tip thu kin thc v
khm ph th gii nhanh hn. Khi t m tc l trong u t ra cc cu hi, v no thm
kht thng tin tr li cc cu hi , khi v c cu tr li s nhp vo u rt nhanh
v trong u dn ch sn n nhn n. Tr con sinh ra c bn nng t m, v
hc rt nhanh. Vn l lm sao gi c tnh t m m khng nh mt n i khi
ln ln. Theo mt s nghin cu v gio dc hc thn kinh hc (xem cun sch Insult
to Intelligence ca Frank Smith), th tr em trung bnh mi ngy hc c mt cch t
nhin, nh nhng my chc t mi trong lc lm cc vic khc, nhng lc hc trng th
c khi vt v mt ngy khng hc ni vi t mi. Mt trong cc l do m cc nh gio dc
hc a ra gii thch s hc km hiu qu trng, chnh l cch gio dc hnh thc
trng lm gim i s t m ca tr em. Khi chn hc, khng c s t m, th hc rt kh.
Nh Leonardo da Vinci c tng ni: Ging nh vic b bt p n khi khng mun n c
th lm hi sc khe, vic b bt p hc ci khng mun hc cng c th lm tn thng tr
nh, v khng tip thu c g. [Ti ang tm cu gc bng ting nhng cha tm c,
nn tm dch ra t cu ting Anh]. Mt trong nhng cch nhanh nht tiu dit s t
m, l dy hoc kiu nhi vt (nhi nht mt ng thng tin vo u hc sinh, khng kp
tiu ha, khng bit lm g, n mc hc sinh b bi thc, s hc). VN, t rt nhiu
nm nay, ti thy hu nh ai cng ku l tr con b hc qu ti, nhng hiu bit th khng
hn g tr em cc ni khc hc vui v nh nhng hn. y c l l mt li ln ca h
thng gio dc. Cc bc ph huynh khng nn bt con mnh hc i thm lin min n
mc n pht ngn, pht s hc. Cn nu n thch hc ci g (c bit l nhng ci khng
c dy trng, v d nh hc nn tng, hc nh n piano, hc ch to robot, v.v.),
th c cho n i hc thm nu nh c iu kin.
Lm sao kch thch s t m ca hc sinh (v ca ngi ln)? y c l l c mt
mn khoa hc v ngh thut ln. Bn thn ti khng phi l chuyn gia trong lnh vc
ny. Ti ch c th k mt vi kinh nghim c nhn nh. C ln ti con ti (ti c hai
con ang hc ph thng) chng minh rng tng ca chui
1/n
2
bng
2
/6. Tt nhin
bi ton ny l qu kh i vi ti n. Tuy ti n c th hiu (mt cch trc gic) rng
chui
1/n
2
l chui hi t, v cu ln tnh c gi tr gn ng ca chui v thy n
68
ging gi tr gn ng ca
2
/6, nhng chng minh ng thc chnh xc, th cha th
lm ni. Ci ng thc ny tt nhin ch l mt trong s v vn nhng s trng hp ca
t nhin, v chng c cng dng g trong i sng thc t, th nhng trng n th v, k
b. Ti tr t m, mun hiu c ng thc ny, bt ti gii thch. Ti ni mun chng
minh c, phi bit gii tch, th ti n bt ti gii thch cc khi nim o hm, tch
phn, v.v. Qua ti n hc mt s kin thc ton hin i, ch v t m. Ci bi ton
n nh l mt th c c rt treo trc mt con la, khin cho con la chu kh i
vi hi vng n c c rt. nh l ln Fermat cng vy. N khng h c mt cng dng
thc t g ht, nhng n gy t m cho cc nh ton hc (v cho c nhng ngi khng
phi nh ton hc chuyn nghip). Vic i tm li gii cho n lm ny sinh ra nhng
l thuyt ton hin i c cng dng thc t rt ln (v d trong mt m, an ton thng tin).
Hi cn b, ti c c c cun sch Ngi mt n en nc An gip (dch t ting
Nga), c rt say m, v qua thy thch gii phng trnh. Sch vit v i s, nhng
vit nh l truyn trinh thm, c rt nhiu ngi thch. Nhng ai c con em ang hc
cp 1 hoc cp 2, c th th cho con em mnh xem cun sch (nu n cha xem), c khi
s gip cho n t m thch hc ton.
69
Hnh hc tnh v ng
L B Khnh Trnh - Trng i hc KHTN, HQG Tp HCM
I. Hnh hc tnh hay ng

Trong bi ny, ti mun trnh by mt i iu ring t v mn hnh hc ph thng
(hay cn c gi l hnh hc s cp) di hai cch nhn c phn no khc bit nhau. Trc
ht, thng dng hn c l cch nhn ca mt ngi quan tm n vic gii cc bi ton
hnh hc. Cch nhn ny thng yu cu xem xt, phn loi cc bi ton khc nhau, trnh
by kinh nghim gii quyt chng v tm ra cc mi lin quan gia chng vi cc bi ton
bit. Cch nhn ny thng c quan tm hng u v thng l ni dung chnh trong
cc bi vit, cc ti liu v ton ph thng.
Bn cnh , ti cng mun trnh by cc vn y di mt cch nhn khc, cch
nhn ca ngi mun tm ti, pht hin ra cc bi ton mi, nhng bi ton khng ch mi
v ni dung m cn c tc dng tch cc trong vic rn luyn t duy v cc k nng cn
thit ca ngi hc, c bit l i vi nhng hc sinh gii. y l cng vic i hi chng
ta nhiu cng phu khng km g cng vic gii quyt cc bi ton. Tuy nhin, nc ta
dng nh cng vic ny cn cha c quan tm ng mc. y , c a chung hn
c vn l s dng cc bi ton hay, mu mc c hoc tn dng cc ton mi c cng
b cc nc khc. Cch lm ny kh tin li, hp l v hiu qu nhng thc t c 2 nguy c:
- Mt l, nu s dng cc bi ton c cng b trong cc k thi, vic nh gi s
thiu cng bng v chnh xc.
- Hai l, p n ca nhiu bi ton do v tnh hay hu , t nhiu b bin dng.
iu ny c th lm cho cch trnh by tr nn ngn gn hn nhng ng thi cng
lm mt i nhng tng trong sng v t nhin ban u khi nhng bi ton c
xy dng nn. V th, nu s dng li cc p n mt cch my mc, thiu s bin tp
cn thit th rt c th chng s c tc dng tiu cc n vic rn luyn t duy ca ngi hc.
Vi nhng suy ngh , ti ngh chc cng n lc chng ta cn tng cng s quan
tm v u t nhiu cng sc hn na cho cng vic sng tc ny. Mt cng vic khng
d dng nhng chc chn s rt th v v b ch.
By gi, n lc i thng vo ch ca bi ny: Hnh hc tnh hay ng? Nu ch
nhn cc bi ton m chng ta vn thng gii quyt hoc tm ti th hnh hc va tnh li
va ng. Hnh hc tnh trong nhng bi ton m , cc yu t nh im, ng thng,
Bi vit c trnh by ti Hi tho cc vn dy v hc Ton trng ph thng do trng i

hc FPT t chc vo thng 8/2008
70
ng trn, . . . u khng thay i v yu cu t ra y thng l chng minh cc tnh
cht hnh hc hoc tnh ton cc i lng no trong hnh v cho. Cn hnh hc s
ng trong nhng bi ton m , bn cnh cc yu t c nh, khng thay i c 1 vi
yu t thay i v yu cu y thng l tm qu tch, tm cc im c nh hoc tm gi
tr ln nht, nh nht ca mt i lng hnh hc.
Tuy nhin, y ch l ci nhn ban u. Trn quan im ca nhng ngi mong mun
i tm li gii cho cc bi ton kh v c trn quan im ca nhng ngi mong mun pht
hin ra nhng bi ton hnh hc mi, theo ti, hnh hc lun lun cn vn ng, vn ng
ngay c trong nhng bi ton m cc yu t c cho u c nh, khng i. Bi v chnh
cch nhn, cch t duy trong cc yu t ca hnh v khng ngng bin ng, tung tc,
thm ch ton b c hnh v u khng thay i s gip chng ta tm ra ng nhng li
gii p nht v phn nh trn vn nht bn cht hnh hc ca mt bi ton.
II. ng trong bin hnh
Mt trong nhng cng c quan trng hng u thc hin vic bin i cc yu t
trong mt hnh chnh l php bin hnh. Khng phi ngu nhin m hin nay, nhng li
gii hay nht ca nhiu bi ton hnh hc cng nh rt nhiu pht hin hnh hc th v
thng nhn c trn c s vn ng tng v k thut ca cc php bin hnh.
Th nhng c th vn dng chng mt cch hiu qu, trc ht phi c c 1 nn
tng tng i vng chc v bin hnh m c th l phi nm bt c 1 vi mnh quan
trng v lm quen c vi 1 s tnh hung tiu biu cho vic thc hin cc ng tc bin
hnh hp l.
Vy l nhng mnh no, nhng tnh hung no? Trong khun kh bi ny, ti
ch xin php trnh by nhng g lin quan n php quay, mt loi php bin hnh tuy n
gin nhng li c mc p dng cao v mang li rt nhiu kt qu phong ph. Tng
t khng khc bit vi php quay bao nhiu l php v t quay. Thng thng, php v t
quay em li cc kt qu cc kt qu tng qut hn v nng cao phc tp ca bi ton
m vn gi nguyn tng ban u ca php quay.
Nhng trc khi pht biu ra y cc mnh , tnh hung cn thit c nhc trn,
xin php c ni qua mt cht ci gi l cm hng thc y ti vit ra nhng dng ny.
Cm hng ny sinh t vic xem xt gio trnh hnh hc nng cao lp 11 va c
a vo ging dy t nm hc va qua1, trong im ng lu nht l phn cc php
bin hnh c trnh by y hn v c bit l c phn b ngay vo u nm
hc (trc y, phn ny ch c ging dy vo cui nm lp 10). R rng, vi s thay
i ny, hi ng bin son sch gio khoa cho thy nh rt nghim tc ca mnh l
tng cng hn na s ch cho phn cc php bin hnh v y thc s l iu rt nn lm.
Cc php bin hnh chnh l mng kin thc m , hc sinh c th lm c vi
nhng tng v nhng k nng thch hp nht cho vic tip thu cc kin thc ca ton
hc hin i.
Nhng tng v nhng k nng l g? l tng nh x rt r nt trong cch
trnh by v h thng cc php bin hnh. l tng phn loi v m t y cc
71
lp php bin hnh (m tiu biu nht l cc php di hnh). V tt nhin, quan trng hn
c l qua vic vn dng cc php bin hnh gii ton, t duy hnh hc ca hc sinh
s c nng ln mt cp mi. Thay v ch bit tnh ton v so snh cc i lng
hnh hc (gc, di, din tch,. . . ) t i n mt chng minh nh trc y, nay
vi vic s dng cc php bin hnh, cc em s c tp quan st nhng vn ng, nhng
tng tc gia cc yu t, nhng cu trc tim n trong mt hnh v ri t rt ra
c nhng chng minh, nhng kt lun su sc, nu bt ton din bn cht ca hnh v .
Nhng nh nh vy l rt ng n v chc cng c hi ng bin son sch
gio khoa em ra cn nhc k lng trc khi quyt nh vic phn b li chng trnh
sch gio khoa nng cao v hnh hc. Ch tic 1 iu, theo nhn xt ch quan ca ti, l
ni dung phn trong sch gio khoa lp 11 c l vn cn cha hc sinh rn luyn,
nm bt v vn dng cng c bin hnh mc cn thit, t ra l cha cho php cc em
lm quen c vi ba tng quan trng v b ch m c k ra trn.
Vy nn cn b sung nhng iu g? Xin im qua mt vi iu ti cho l quan trng
nht v nhn tin, y cng chnh l tr li cho cu hi t ra u phn ny. l pht
biu cc mnh , cc tnh hung chnh m bt c ai khi hc cc php ton bin hnh (c
th l php quay) u phi bit c th vn dng thc s tt cng c ny.
1) Trc ht, gip cho hc sinh hiu r v t tin hn khi s dng cc php bin hnh,
nn trang b cho cc em cc mnh v tn ti duy nht ca 1 php bin hnh trong nhng
tnh hung n gin v thng dng nht. i vi php quay, mnh sau p ng cc
yu cu .
Mnh 1. Cho 2 on thng AB v A
sao cho AB = A
v

AB =

A
. Lc
, tn ti duy nht mt php quay R bin tng ng AB thnh A
.
Mnh ny cho php ta ch cn quan st thy c hai on thng bng nhau l c th
lin tng ngay n mt php quay v sn sng vn dng n nu c thm cc iu kin
thch hp ch khng phi ch n khi c c 2 tam gic, hai hnh bng nhau mi bt u
ngh n php quay. Ngoi ra, mnh ny cn l c s m t y cc php di hnh
(s cp di). Tuy nhin, n ch c ngha gip ta lm quen vi tnh hung. Mun
mang li hiu qu thc s phi b sung thm mt t v vic xc nh php quay tn ti ni
72
trn.
Mnh 1.(b sung) Php quay R c gc quay = (
AB,
) v tm O ng thi
nm trn cc trung trc ca AA
, BB
cng nh cc cung trn (n) cha cc im nhn

cc on AA
, BB
di 1 gc c hng bng .
B sung ny cho ta mt ci nhn kh ton din v tnh hung ang xt (xem hnh v);
nhng c c s quan st y n v su sc hn na, cn trang b thm:
Mnh 2.
a. Gi s cc ng thng AB v A
ct nhau ti im P, lc cc t gic AA
OP
v BB
OP ni tip.
b. Gi s cc ng thng AA
v BB
ct nhau ti im Q, lc cc t gic ABOQ

v A
OQ ni tip
Cc mnh ny r rng l chng minh khng kh (nn xin b qua y). Cn li ch
m chng c th mang li th kh li phong ph. Xin bt u bng mt bi tp kh quen
thuc trong vic vn dng tng bin hnh l rt t nhin v n gin.
V d 1. Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A. Trn cnh AB v AC ln lt ly cc im
M, N sao cho AM = CN. Chng minh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic AMN lun i qua
mt im c nh khc A.
gii, ta xt php quay R bin an thng AM tng ng thnh an thng CN.
Tm quay O theo mnh 1 l giao im ca trung trc AC v cung trn qu tch nhng
im K sao cho (
KA,
KC) = (
AM,
CN) nn tm quay O c nh. Cui cng, do AM v

CN ct nhau ti A nn theo mnh 2, t gic MNAO ni tip. Vy ng trn i qua
tam gic AMN i qua im O c nh.
Bi tp ny rt thch hp lm quen vi cc ng dng ca php quay. N ch c 1 khim
khuyt l nu tam gic ABC cn th im O cn tm chnh l tm ng trn ngoi tip
73
tam gic ABC. Do , nhiu hc sinh c th my m, d on v chng minh kt qu trn
m khng cn s dng php quay. Thc ra, khc phc iu ny, c th xem tam gic
ABC khng cn v cn tng qut hn l bi tp sau m cch gii khng c g thay i.
V d 2. Trn 2 tia Ox v Oy ca gc Oxy, cho 2 im A, B. M, N l 2 im thay
i trn Ox, Oy sao cho AM = BN (M khc pha O i vi im A, cn N cng pha O
i vi im B). Chng minh rng ng trn ngoi tip tam gic OMN lun i qua mt
im c nh khc O.
Nu b sung vo bi tp ny thm mt vi yu t vi nhng mi quan h tng t
(Chng hn ly thm cc im P, Q trn Ox, Oy cng vi tnh cht AP = BQ php
quay c xt cng bin P thnh Q) v thay i cht t cch pht biu cng nh vn dng
tnh cht cn li (tnh cht b) ca mnh 2. Ta nhn c:
Bi ton 1. Cho t gic ABCD c AB = CD v cc im M, N trn AB, CD sao
cho AM = DN. Gi s MN ct AD v BC ln lt ti P, Q. Chng minh rng tn
ti mt im O c cng phng tch vi tt c bn ng trn ngoi tip cc tam gic
PAM, PDN, QBM, QCN.
74
gii, xem O l tm ca php quay R bin AB tng ng thnh DC v M thnh N.
Theo mnh 2 (tnh cht b), cc t gic AMOP, DNOP, BMOQ, CNOQ u ni tip.
Vy O nm trn bn ng trn ni tip cc tam gic PAM, PDN, QBM, QCN nn O c
cng phng tch i vi cc ng trn ny.
2) iu cn b sung th hai lin quan n bn cht nh x ca cc php bin hnh. Mt
khi nh ngha chng nh cc nh x th l t nhin cng cn phi cp n tch ca
hai php bin hnh. Vy tch ca 2 php quay l g?
Mnh 3. Cho hai php quay R(O
1
;
1
), R(O
2
;
2
). Nu
1
+
2
= 2k th tch
R = R
2
R
1
cng l mt php quay vi gc quay =
1
+
2
. Tm O ca php quay ny
c xc nh t iu kin sau:
(
O
1
O;
O
1
O
2
) =

1
2
; (
O
2
O
1
;
O
2
O) =

2
2
75
Tht vy vic R l mt php quay c th suy ra ngay t mnh 1. Cn tm O chnh
l im bt ng duy nht qua tch R = R
2
R
1
nn nu chn O nh trn v ly O
i
xng vi O
1
O
2
th ta c R
1
(O) = O
v R
2
(O
) = O. Suy ra R(O) = O. Vy im O xc
nh vi iu kin trn chnh l tm quay.
Bi tp sau c th xem l ng dng mu mc ca vic vn dng tch 2 php quay:
V d 3. Bn ngoi tam gic ABC v trn cc cnh dng cc tam gic BCA
1
, CAB
1
, ABC
1
cn ln lt ti A
1
, B
1
, C
1
vi gc BA
1
C = 160
v cc gc CB
1
A = AC
1
B = 100
.
Tnh gc B
1
A
1
C
1
.
Bi tp ny c gii ht sc nhanh gn v sng sa t mnh trn. Trc ht, nhn
xt rng:
R(A
1
; 160
) = R(B
1
; 100
) R(C
1
; 100
).
Theo tnh cht tm ca tch hai php quay th:
(
C
1
A
1
;
C
1
B
1
) = (
B
1
C
1
;
B
1
A
1
) = 100
0
/2 = 50
0
V vy B
1
A
1
C
1
= 80
.
Tt nhin, vi bi nh trn, mt s hc sinh vn c th i tnh c gc B
1
A
1
C
1
vi mt khi lng tnh ton ht sc cng knh v vi k thut tnh ton ng n. Nu by
gi bin tu bi tp ny i mt cht bng cch ct i im mu cht A
1
v gn thm
tnh di ng cho cc im B
1
, C
1
th c th nhn c phng n sau:
Bi ton 2. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O) c B, C c nh, cn A thay
i trn (O). Bn ngoi tam gic, trn cc cnh AB, AC dng cc tam gic ABC
1
, ACB
1
ln lt ti C
1
, B
1
vi AC
1
B = AB
1
C = 100
. Chng minh rng trung trc ca B

1
C
1
lun i qua mt im c nh.
R rng im c nh cn tm chnh l im A
1
trong bi tp trn nay c du
i. V chnh v tr khng d on ca A
1
lm cho bi ton tr nn v cng kh khn
cho nhng ai cha nm c tng v tch ca 2 php quay.
3) kt thc phn ny, xin nu ra iu cn b sung cui cng cho ni dung v php
bin hnh c cn i, hon chnh v em li hiu qu hc tp cao hn. Chng ta bit rng
76
lp cc php bin hnh c trnh by y nht chnh l lp cc php di hnh c th c
m t rt trn vn thng qua cc php di hnh c s l tnh tin, quay v i xng trc.
Vy nn chng sau khi hc xong cc php bin hnh c th ny, chng ta s khi qut
bng khi nin cc php di hnh v kt thc bng mt mnh m t y lp cc php
di hnh lm sng t bn cht kh n gin ca chng. y thng l s mu mc khi
trnh by mt lp v mt lp cc php bin i no trong cc lnh vc khc ca ton hc.
Mnh m t cc php di hnh y rt gn, rt n gin v c th suy ra trc
tip t mnh 1 trn. Nhng trc khi pht biu n, theo ti nn phn loi cc php
di hnh thnh cc php di hnh thun (l cc php di hnh bo ton nh hng) v cc
php di hnh ngc (thay i nh hng). iu ny cng gn ging nh vic phn bit
hai tam gic bng nhau thun v bng nhau nghch m hc sinh rt quen thuc. Nn
ti ngh rng vic phn loi cc php di hnh nh vy s khng gy ra bt c kh khn
no m tri li, n cn c th gip hc sinh hiu v cm nhn r rng hn v nh hng
(c th l chiu quay ca 1 tam gic) trong cc php bin hnh.
i vi cc php di hnh thun (quan trng nht v c xem xt k lng nht) ta
c s m t y sau:
Mnh 4. Mt php di hnh thun ch c th l mt php tnh tin hoc mt php
quay
i vi cc php di hnh nghch th kh khn hn 1 cht:
Mnh 5. Mt php di hnh nghch c th c biu din nh l tch mt php tnh
tin vi mt php i xng trc.
Trong phn bi tp ca b sch gio khoa Hnh Hc nng cao lp 11, dng tch ny
cng c xt n v c gi l php i xng trt. Theo ti, mnh 5 c th khng
nht thit phi trnh by hoc ch cn nhc qua v a ra phn bi tp. Nhng mnh 4
th nn pht biu nh mt li c kt ca phn cc php di hnh sao cho khi hc xong
phn ny, hc sinh c cm gic nm bt trn vn, r rng, khng cn cht g m h v cc
php di hnh.
III. ng trong m hnh.
Bn cnh vic vn dng cc php bin hnh, trong qu trnh gii quyt hoc tm ra cc
bi ton hnh hc, nhng hc sinh nhy bn c th pht hin ra nhng m hnh quen thuc,
nhng bi ton bit trc c lng trong hnh v ca mnh hoc c thay i kho
lo tr thnh nhng bi ton mi. iu ny cho thy rng nu chng ta chu kh bin
ho linh hot vi cc m hnh d l rt quen bit th vn c th c c nhng pht
hin mi va ton din, va su sc v mt vn no ang xem xt.
Xin ly mt v d c th v s dng php bin i i song thu thp c mt vi
bi ton mi. Chng ta bit rng nu cho mt gc Oxy th 2 ng thng d
1
v d
2
c
gi l i song nu nh d
1
ca d
1
ca php i xng qua ng phn gic trong d ca gc
Oxy cng phng vi d
2
. R rng php bin i i song bin 1 lp cc ng thng cng
phng vi d
1
thnh mt lp cc ng thng cng phng vi d
2
. (Mi ng thng trong
77
lp d
1
u i song vi mi ng thng ca lp d
2
).
iu kin i song thng c s dng rng ri di dng sau:
Cho A, C thuc Ox v B, D thuc Oy, lc AB i song vi C, D khi v ch khi t
gic ABCD ni tip.
By gi ta chn mt m hnh quen bit thc hin ng tc i song. Kt qu thu
c s th v v c phn no bt ng nu m hnh ny cng lin quan n hnh i xng
qua ng phn gic trong mt m hnh nh vy c th l bi tp nh sau:
V d 3. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). K hiu N l giao im ca cc
tip tuyn ti B v C ca (O). Lc , AN i xng vi trung tuyn AM qua phn gic
gc trong gc A (hay AN i song vi AM).
78
y l mt tnh cht hnh hc kh quen thuc trong mt tam gic v ta hy thc hin
mt php bin i i song cho n. Trc ht, ta dng ng thng B
i song vi BC
bng cch v mt ng trn qua B, C v cho ct AB, AC ti C
, B
. R rng theo cu trc

i song, nu k hiu M
, N
trong tam gic AB
l cc im c vai tr tng ng vi
M, N trong tam gic ABC th AM
cng phng vi AN cn AN
cng phng vi AM
tc l A, M
, N cng nh A, N
, M u thng hng v ta c c:
Bi ton 3. Cho tam gic ABC c A thay i cn B, C c nh. Mt ng trn thay
i i qua B, C v ct AB, AC ti C
, B
. Chng minh rng trung tuyn AM
ca tam gic
AB
lun i qua 1 im c nh.

Cn nu thay i hnh v i mt t nhm du tam gic ABC l cch lm php i
song kh l liu trn, ta c th pht biu li bi ton di dng sau:
Bi ton 3. Cho 2 ng trn (O) v (O
) ct nhau ti 2 im B, C v A l mt im
thay i trn (O). AB, AC ct ng trn (O
) ln lt ti C
, B
. Gi M
l trung im
B
. Chng minh rng AM
lun i qua mt im c nh.

R rng l AM
i qua giao im N ca cc tip tuyn ca ng trn (O) ti B v C.

Cch pht biu ny lm cho bi ton tr nn thanh thot hn ng thi cng kh hn mt
cht, nhng nu ta th nhn n vi con mt chuyn ng i song th qu thc l khng
c g phc tp c.
IV. Li kt
Thay cho li kt v s cn thit ca vic quan st cc i tng hnh hc di con mt
vn ng ca php bin hnh hoc ca php mt m hnh quen bit, xin php c ni
i iu v bi ton sau: Bi ton s 2 ca k thi Olympic Ton quc t (IMO) ln th 48
c t chc ti Vit Nam nm 2007.
79
Bi ton 4. Cho 5 im A, B, C, D, E sao cho ABCD l hnh bnh hnh v BCED
ni tip. l l mt ng thng i qua A, ct cnh BC v ng thng DC ti F, G. Gi s
EF = EG = EC, chng minh rng l l phn gic gc DAB.
Cch pht biu ny c phn no hi ri v c th lm cho th sinh t nhiu lng tng
trong vic nm bt yu cu v thc cht ca bi ton s l r rng v d chu hn nu
pht biu li:
Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD, l l mt ung thng i qua A, ct cnh BC v ng
thng DC ti F, G. Gi E l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic CFG. Chng minh rng
nu BCED ni tip th l l phn gic gc DAB.
Di con mt xy dng mt bi ton th y l l mt bi ton o. N c t ra t
bi ton thun kh nh nhng nh sau:
Nu l l phn gic gc DAB th t gic BCED ni tip
V vy, tng u tin l i chng minh o (v y cng l ca p n). Tuy nhin,
vic so snh gc nh bi ton thun s khng mang li kt qu, v th, cn chuyn sang
suy lun kiu phn chng: gi s l khng phi l phn gic (tc l tam gic CFG khng
cn, th s dn n mu thun. Cch gii ny t c cc th sinh lm theo v lm ng).
N cng khng p v khng lm r c bn cht ca hnh v. Trong kh nhiu cch gii
c tm ra, hai cch sau y l hay nht v iu l th l mt cch th s dng li nm
bt m hnh trong bi ton (cch gii 1), cn cch kia li da vo php bin hnh x l
vn (cch gii 2).
Cch gii 1. (M hnh ng thng Simson.)
H EI, EJ vung gc vi CF, CG nn IJ i qua trung im K ca AC v cng l trung
im BD. Mt khc, do t gic EBDG ni tip nn IJ chnh l ng thng Simson ca
im E i vi tam gic BDC. Suy ra EK vung gc vi BD nn tam gic EBD cn ti
E. T y khng kh suy ra tam gic CFG cn ti C v iu phi chng minh.
Cch gii 2. (Php bin hnh)
80
y s s dng php v t quay; so vi php quay, n cng khng khc bit lm v
cc kt qu nh mnh 1, 2 phn II u c th m rng tng t.
Xt php v t quay S bin on BC thnh on DG. Do FB/FC = CD/CA nn S
bin F thnh C. Suy ra S bin trung im I ca FC thnh trung im J ca CG. Theo
mnh tng t vi mnh 2, tm O ca S phi ng thi thuc ng trn ni tip
cc tam gic CBD v CIJ nn O trng vi im E. Suy ra tam gic EBD ng dng vi
tam gic EIJ nn tam gic EBD cn ti E v bi ton c gii quyt.
81
Tp hp tr mt v ng dng
Phm Hy Hiu - H.s trng PTNK HQG Tp HCM kho 07-10
I - Cc khi nim v nh ngha

Tr mt l mt khi nim topo. Do vy, nh ngha n mt cch y , ta s phi
hiu nh ngha ca mt mt s khi nim cao cp hn. Tuy nhin, bi vit ny ch khai
thc mt kha cnh rt nh v rt s cp ca khi nim tr mt, ch yu l ng dng cc
t tng y vo vic gii mt s bi ton s cp nn cc khi nim c a ra sau y ch
c ngha nn tng, khng cn phi hiu mt cch su sc.
nh ngha 1.1. Khng gian topo l mt cp (X, T) trong X l mt tp hp (c th
l tp hu hn hay v hn), cn X
1
, X
2
, . . . , X
n
, . . . l mt h cc tp con ca X (cng
c th l h hu hn hay v hn) tha mn ng thi cc iu kin sau:
1. T, X T.
2. Hp ca mt h bt k cc tp thuc T th cng thuc T. Tc l:
k N, k [T[, X
1
, X
2
, . . . , X
k
T : X
1
X
2
X
k
T
3. Giao ca hai tp hp bt k trong T cng thuc T. Tc l:
X
1
, X
2
T : X
1
X
2
T
T c gi l mt topo trn X. Cc tp hp con ca X nm trong T c gi l nhng
tp m, cn phn b ca chng trong X c gi l nhng tp ng ca X. Cc phn t
ca X c gi l cc im ca khng gian topo.
V d. X = 1, 2, 3, T = , 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3 cho ta X, T l mt khng gian topo
hu hn. Cn nu X = (N, T) = , T, H, N, trong T l tp hp cc s nguyn t, H
l tp hp cc hp s th (X, T) li cho ta v d v mt khng gian topo v hn.
nh ngha 1.2. Cho X l mt tp hp. nh x d : X X R c gi l mt hm
khong cch nu n tha mn ng thi cc iu kin sau y:
1. d(x, y) = 0 x = y..
2. d(x, y) = d(y, x) (tnh cht i xng)
3. d(x, y) + d(y, z) d(x, z), x, y, z X (bt ng thc tam gic).
82
nh ngha 1.3. Khng gian metric l mt cp (X, d) trong X l mt tp hp (hu
hn hay v hn) cn d l mt hm khong cch xc nh trn X. d c gi l metric ca
tp X. Trong nhiu trng hp, khi nh ngha v khong cch r rng, ngi ta ch cn
gi X l khng gian metric.
V d. Khng gian Eulicde ba chiu R
3
l mt khng gian metric vi metric ca n l
khong cch hnh hc thng thng.
Khng gian topo v khng gian metric u l nhng khi nim rt tng qut v tru
tng. T nh ngha trn, ta suy ra rng mi tp hp X u c th c nhng topo v
nhng metric khc nhau. Khi , mi cp gm X v mt topo T hay mt hm khong cch
T li cho ta cc khng gian topo hay khng gian metric khc nhau.
By gi ta n vi khi nim tr mt.
nh ngha 1.4. Cho B l tp con ca mt khng gian topo. Tp con A ca B c
gi l tr mt trong B nu B A, trong A l bao ng ca A. Hn na, nu A tr mt
trong khng gian topo X th n c gi l tr mt khp ni.
Ni mt cch nm na, ta hiu rng A tr mt trong B nu nh A B v A "kim sot"
mi phn t ca B. Trong bi vit ny, ta s ch quan tm n s tr mt trong nhng
khng gian metric. Khi , s tr mt c nh ngha mt cch trc quan hn nh sau:
nh ngha 1.4.1. Cho B l tp con ca mt khng gian metric X m trn xc
nh hm khong cch d. Tp con A ca B c gi tr mt trong B nu nh n tha mn
iu kin sau:
> 0, b B, a A : d (a, b) <
V d. Chng minh rng tp cc s hu t Q l tr mt trong R.
Chng minh
Xt mt s thc no . Theo nh ngha trn, ta phi chng minh rng:
> 0, r Q : [r [ <
Tht vy, nu Q th ta ch cn chn r = . Ngc li, nu / Q, xt biu din thp
phn v hn khng tun hon ca = a
0
.a
1
a
2
. . . a
n
. . . a
. Ta thy:
> 0, n N : > 10
n
Khi , chn r = a
0
.a
1
a
2
. . . a
n
a
n+1
Q, ta thy ngay [r [ < 10
n
< .
Vy c iu phi chng minh.
83
II - Cc bi ton ng dng
Sau y ta s trnh by mt s bi ton ng dng trc tip s tr mt hoc cc t
tng khc v s tr mt.
Bi ton 2.1. Cho a
n
n=0
v b
m
m=0
tha mn ng thi cc iu kin:
lim
n
a
n
= lim
m
b
m
= + v lim
m
(b
m+1
b
m
) = 0
Chng minh rng: a
n
b
m
[ m, n N
l tr mt trong R.
Li gii
Theo nh ngha, ta cn phi chng minh:
> 0, R, m, n N
: [a
m
b
n
r[ <
Tht vy, xt R v > 0 no . Do:
lim
m
(b
m+1
b
m
) = 0
nn N, n N, [b
n+1
b
n
[ < .
Mt khc, li v:
lim
n
a
n
= lim
m
b
m
= +
nn k : a
k
b
N
> 0.
Xt dy s: u
n
= a
k
b
N+n
, ta c:
[u
n+1
u
n
[ = [b
N+n+1
b
N+n
[ <
u
0
0
lim
m
b
m
= + lim
n
u
n
=
Suy ra ngay rng phi tn ti m sao cho < u
m
< + hay [a
k
b
N+m
[ < .
T y suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 2.2. Cho a
n
n=1
l dy s nguyn dng tha mn iu kin:
0 < a
n+1
a
n
<

a
n
, n N
Chng minh rng tp hp S l tr mt trong (0; ; 1) vi:

S =
a
k
a
l
[ k, l N
Li gii
84
Ln ny ta s chng minh nhn nh sau:
0 < x < y < 1, k, l N
: x <
a
k
a
l
< y
Tht vy, t gi thit suy ra a
n
l dy s nguyn dng tng nn lim
n
a
n
= +.
Suy ra rng x, y > 0, l N
:
a
1
a
l
< x v
1
a
l
< y x
Xt cc phn t ca dy s hu hn:
a
1
a
l
<
a
2
a
l
< <
a
l1
a
l
<
a
l
a
l
= 1
Khi , k = 1, 2, . . . , l 1 ta u c:
a
k+1
a
l
a
k
a
l
<
a
k
a
l
<
a
l
a
l
=
1
a
l
< y x
Hn na
a
1
a
l
< x nn phi tn ti k sao cho: x <
a
k
a
l
< y.
Bi ton c chng minh hon ton.
Bi ton 2.3. (nh l Kronecker) Cho l mt s v t. K hiu x| l s nguyn ln
nht khng vt qu x v x = x x|. Chng minh rng: n [ n N
l tr mt
trong (0, 1).
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s > 0.
Xt m, n Z, ta c nhn xt:
n + m =
n nu n (n + m) > 0
n nu n (n + m) < 0
nn ta ch cn chng minh n + m [m, n Z tr mt trong (0, 1).
Xt mt khong = (a, b) (0, 1), ta s chng minh rng m, n Z: n + m (a, b).
Tht vy, ta chia (0; ; 1) thnh mt s hu hn cc na khong
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
0
sao cho
di ca mi na khong u nh hn mt s thc dng m ta s la chn v sau.
Khi , v ta c th tm c v hn cc gi tr m, n sao cho n + m (0, 1) m li
ch c hu hn cc khong nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet th tn ti cc s nguyn dng
m
1
, m
2
, n
1
, n
2
sao cho cc s n
1
+m
1
v n
2
+m
2
thuc cng mt khong
k
no . Ta
c:
0 < (n
1
n
2
) + (m
1
m
2
) <
85
By gi chn tha mn:
<
b a
2
Ta c:
b a
(n
1
n
2
) + (m
1
m
2
)
>
b a
> 2
Do , s tn ti mt s nguyn k nm gia
a
(n
1
n
2
) + (m
1
m
2
)
v
b
(n
1
n
2
) + (m
1
m
2
)
Tc l:
a < k (n
1
n
2
) + k (m
1
m
2
) < b
By gi chn N = k (n
1
n
2
) v M = k (m
1
m
2
) th s N + M (a, b).
Vy ta kt lun n + m [m, n Z tr mt trong (0, 1).
nh l c chng minh hon ton.
Bi ton c nu ra tip theo l mt ng dng ca nh l Kronecker gn lin vi mt
cu chuyn bun ca ti, v cng l mt vn kh quen thuc i vi cc hc sinh Vit
Nam tng tham d k thi gii ton trn my tnh b ti Casio. Bn thn ti tng 2 ln
d k thi ny (v u trt ngay t vng loi) v mt dng bi ton nh sau: Hy tm mt
ly tha ca 2009 m bn ch s m u ca n trong h thp phn cng l 2009. Khi cn
n tp thi vng loi, cch lm chng ti c dy lm bi ton ny l m mm vi cc
ly tha ln 2009, do my tnh lun hin th cc ch s u tin. Ti khng chp nhn s
m mm y nn hi li thy ca mnh: "Tha thy, chc g c mt s nh vy?"
(Nu yu cu l "tn cng bng 2009" th vi kin thc v ng d, c l y tr thnh
bi ton quen thuc vi cc bn). Nhng by gi, vi nh l Kronecker, ti s khng nh
nim tin ca cc bn vo vic y.
Bi ton 2.4. Cho a N
, khng phi l mt ly tha ca 10 v d

1
, d
2
, . . . , d
n
l cc
ch s. Chng minh rng lun tn ti k sao cho a
k
m u bng d
1
d
2
. . . d
n
.
Li gii
Trc ht ta c nhn xt: s ch s ca m trong h thp phn chnh l log m |.
p dng nhn xt, ta thy iu kin cn v a
k
bt u bi d
1
d
2
. . . d
n
l:
a
k
10
klog a n
.d
1
d
2
. . . d
n
< 10
klog a n+1
a
k
10
klog a
<
1
10
n1
+
d
1
d
2
. . . d
n
10
n
klog a klog a| < log
1
10
n1
+
d
1
d
2
. . . d
n
10
n
86
klog a < log
1
10
n1
+
d
1
d
2
. . . d
n
10
n
=
p dng nh l Kronecker vi = log a (l s v t do gi thit a khng phi l ly
tha ca 10), ta thy klog a [ k N
tr mt trong (0, 1) nn:

> 0, k N
: klog a <
Bi ton c chng minh.
Qua cc bi ton nu trn, ta bt gp t tng ca vic gii quyt cc bi ton lin
quan n tr mt l t tng nhy bc. y l mt li suy ngh kh T Hp v c th
p dng vo trong nhng bi ton trn cc tp hu hn v ri rc ch khng ch c lp
cc bi ton lin quan n cc tp hp v hn nh nu trn. in hnh l bi ton sau y:
Bi ton 2.6. (Problem 2, bng A, VMO 1997) Cho s t nhin n > 1 v khng chia
ht cho 1997. Xt 2 dy s a
i
v b
j
c xc nh nh sau:
a
i
= i +
ni
1997
vi i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 1996
b
j
= j +
1997j
n
vi j = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n 1
Xt tt c cc s ca hai dy s trn vit theo th t khng gim, ta c dy s:
c
1
c
2
c
1995+n
Chng minh rng: c
k+1
c
k
< 2 vi mi k = 1, 2, . . . , 1994 + n.
Li gii
Ta c:
0 < a
1
< a
2
< < a
1997
= n + 1997
0 < b
1
< b
2
< < b
n
= n + 1997
Xt 2 trng hp:
1. Nu n < 1997 th:
a
i+1
a
i
= 1 +
n
1997
< 2
Hn na vi mi k = 1, 2, . . . , n+1995 th tn ti duy nht j sao cho a
j
c
k
< a
j+1
v
0 j n 1. Khi , c
k+1
a
j+1
v v th c
k+1
c
k
a
j+1
a
j
2
1. Nu n > 1997 th:
b
i+1
b
i
= 1 +
1997
n
< 2
87
Hn na vi mi k = 1, 2, . . . , n +1995 th tn ti duy nht j sao cho b
j
c
k
< b
j+1
v
0 j 1996. Khi , c
k+1
b
j+1
v v th c
k+1
c
k
b
j+1
b
j
2
Tm li, ta lun c c
k+1
c
k
2 vi mi k = 1, 2, . . . , n + 1995.
Bi ton c chng minh.
Bi ton 2.7. (Problem 3, IMO 2009) Cho s
n
n=1
l dy tng ngt cc s nguyn
dng tha mn iu kin: hai dy s: s
s
1
, s
s
2
, s
s
3
, . . . , s
sn
, . . . v s
s
1
+1
, s
s
2
+1
, . . . , s
sn+1
, . . .
u l cc cp s cng. Chng minh rng bn thn s
n
n=1
cng l mt cp s cng.
Li gii
Gi d v d
tng ng l cng sai ca hai cp s cng s

sn
n=1
v s
sn+1
n=1
.
Ta xt 2 trng hp:
1. d ,= d
:
Khi , ta gi s nh sp xp cc hng ca s
sn
ln trc s nguyn dng, cch u
nhau cc khong bng d, sau , bt u t s
s
1
+1
, ta li in cc s hng ca dy s
sn+1
ln trc s, cch u nhau cc khong bng d
. Ta k hiu s
sn+1
l khong cch t s
sn+1
n s hng gn nht ng trc trong dy s s
s
k
. Th th do d ,= d
, nn theo nh l
s d Trung Hoa th tn ti v hn n sao cho s
sn+1
= 0, hay 2 cp s cng ang xt c v
hn im trng nhau.
Mt khc, gi s u, v N
sao cho s
su
= s
sv+1
, th th do s
n
n=0
l dy tng ngt
nn s
u
= s
v
+ 1, suy ra u = v + 1, tc l s
v+1
= s
v
+ 1. Khi , nu tn ti mt b u
, v
khc sao cho s

s
u
= s
s
v
+1
th cng theo l lun trn, ta li phi c s
v
+1
= s
v
+ 1, v v
s
n
n=1
l dy tng ngt nn s
k+1
s
k
= 1 vi mi k t v n v
. V do tn ti v hn cc
b u
, v
nh th nn s
n
n=1
l mt cp s cng c cng sai d = 1. Nhng t y ta li
suy ra s
sn
v s
sn+1
c cng sai bng nhau (v bng 1). Mu thun.
1. d = d
:
Khi , vi mi s nguyn dng n ta u c: s
s
n+1
s
sn
= s
s
n+1
+1
s
sn+1
hay l
s
sn+1
s
sn
= s
s
n+1
+1
s
s
n+1
= vi mi n nguyn dng. Suy ra s
s
n+1
s
sn
= d , vi
mi n nguyn dng. Hn na, v s
n
n=1
l dy tng ngt nn [s
k
s
l
[ [k l[ vi mi
k, l nguyn dng. Do : d = s
s
n+1
s
sn
s
n+1
s
n
, vi mi s nguyn dng n. Ni
cch khc, dy s sai phn ca s
n
: u
n
= s
n+1
s
n
l dy s b chn. t: m = inf (u
n
)
v M = sup(u
n
) , th th m M. Th th tn ti cc ch s m
v M
sao cho
s
m
+1
s
m
= m v s
M
+1
s
M
= M. Do khong cch gia hai s hng lin tip gia
s
M
+1
v s
M
u khng ln hn M nn ta c d M
2
. Mt khc:
d = s
s
M
+1
s
s
M
= s
s
M
+M
s
s
M
mM
Vy mM d M
2
. L lun tng t vi s
m
+1
s
m
= m, ta cng c:
d = s
s
m
+1
s
s
m
= s
s
m
+m
s
s
m
mM
88
Nn mM d mM, t d = mM. Nhng iu xy ra c th tt c khong
cch gia cc s hng lin tip gia s
s
M
+M
v s
s
M
u phi bng m cng nh tt c cc

khong cch gia cc s hng lin tip gia s
s
m
+m
v s
s
m
u phi bng M. Vy:

M = s
M
+1
s
M
= m hay inf (u
n
) = sup(u
n
)
Vy u
n
n=1
l hng s, c ngha l s
n
n=0
l cp s cng.
Bi ton c gii quyt hon ton.
Tr mt l mt khi nim su sc ca Ton hc. Theo ti, ci hay l t nhng tng
mang tnh Gii Tch, ta c th ngh n nhng "bc nhy" kh tinh t trong T Hp, v c
l s c ng dng trong nhiu vn khc. Mong rng bi vit nh ny s c ch cho cc bn.
III - Bi tp rn luyn
Bi 3.1. Chng minh rng sinn [ n N
l tr mt trong (0; 1).

Bi 3.2. Cho f: R R l mt hm s cng tnh nhng khng tuyn tnh. Tc l hm
s tha iu kin f (x) + f (y) = f (x + y) , x, y R nhng khng tn ti c sao cho
f (x) = cx, x R
Chng minh rng (x, f (x)) [ x R tr mt trong R
2
.
Bi 3.3. Cho a N
v khng l ly tha ca 10 cn d
1
, d
2
, . . . , d
m
v d
1
, d
2
, . . . , d
n
l cc
ch s. Chng minh rng tn ti s nguyn dng k sao cho a
k
trong h thp phn m u
bng d
1
d
2
. . . d
m
v tn cng bng d
1
d
2
. . . d
n
.
Bi 3.4. (IMO 1997) Cho x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
R tha mn hai iu kin:
i=1
x
i
= 1 v [x
i
[
n + 1
2
, i = 1, 2, . . . , n
Chng minh rng tn ti mt song nh: : x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
tha
mn:
k=1
k (x
k
)
n + 1
2
Bi 3.5. (Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr) Cho tp hp M N
tha mn iu kin:
M ,= v m M,
x| M v 4x M
Chng minh rng M = N
(ta hon ton c th ni M tr mt trong N
).
89
IV - Ti liu tham kho
[1]. Ti liu tp hun i tuyn Vit Nam d thi IMO 2009.
[2]. Cc trang web: http://www.mathlinks.ro/, http://www.diendantoanhoc.net/.
K nim mt ngy gp li bn b: 31/7/2009
90
i iu v phong tro Olympic
Ton hc Vit Nam
Trn Nam Dng - Trng i hc KHTN, HQG Tp.HCM
Tm tt. Phong tro Olympic Ton hc Vit Nam nhng nm gn y c kh nhiu s

kin ni bt v nhng thay i. Bi vit ny trnh by mt s cm nhn v nh gi c nhn
ca tc gi v nhng s kin, nhng thay i . Bi cnh ca bi vit l 5 nm, t nm 2005
n nm 2009.
I - Olympic Ton quc t ln th 48: S kin ni bt nht
S kin ni bt nht ca giai on ny chnh l vic Vit Nam ng cai Olympic Ton
quc t ln th 48. Sau 33 nm k t ln u tin tham d Olympic Ton quc t vo nm
1974, Vit Nam tr thnh ch nh n tip bn b quc t.
Olympic Ton quc t ln th 48 c t chc rt tuyt vi. Bn b quc t khng
c iu g c th phn nn v cc iu kin n , v phng thi, cc chng trnh tham quan,
v l khai mc v b mc. S c mt ca Th tng Nguyn Tn Dng, Ph Th tng
Nguyn Thin Nhn l khai mc, ca ch tch nc Nguyn Minh Trit l b mc cho
thy s quan tm su sc ca Chnh ph, Nh nc v ton x hi i vi s kin ny.
V bn b quc t cng ht sc n tng trc lc lng chuyn mn hng hu ca
Vit Nam. Ban chm thi gm khong 70 ngi, trong hn 1 na v t nc ngoi gm
ton nhng GS, TS, nhng cu IMO, nhng ti nng tr Ton hc Vit Nam. Cc trng
ph on khi Lin X c cm thy mnh nh nh v n bn no cng c ni ting
Nga. Cc on khc cng rt thoi mi v i gim kho Vit Nam ni thnh tho cc th
ting Anh, Php, c.
Nhng ngy lm thi v chm thi qu l tuyt vi. Ngoi vic c giao lu vi bn
b quc t (h lun tuyt vi!), anh em gio kho cn c dp gp nhau, tay bt mt mng,
t cc th h lo lng nh H Huy Khoi, Nguyn Vn Mu, Ng Vit Trung, Nguyn
T Cng, Phm Ngc nh n nhng th h u tin d IMO: c Thi, V Kim
Tun, L B Khnh Trnh, L T Quc Thng ri cc th h tr gn y: o Hi Long,
Quang Yn, Bi Vit Lc, Nguyn Trng Cnh, L Hng Vit Bo, Trn Vnh Hng,
Nguyn Tin Khi. Tht him c dp anh em lm ton ca Vit Nam c dp t tp ng
vui nh vy. Rt cm n IMO 2007 v iu .
Tt nhin, vic i ng chm thi chuyn nghip qu, sc bn qu cng em n i iu
kh chu cho mt s bn b. Thng thng th Olympic Ton quc t, vic cho im
nh gi bi cng khng cn qu cht ch, c th chm chc nhng li nh, c th cho 1
91
im thay v 0 im (ch c im!). Tuy nhin, do qu qun trit tinh thn chuyn mn,
cc gim kho Vit Nam chm v cng chc tay.
Nhng c l bn b quc t s mau qun i nhng gin hn thi, v d sao th
chng ta cng lm rt tt trch nhim ca mnh. Cng bng cho tt c ch khng phi
cht tay ch ny, lng tay ch khc. iu ln cn ln nht i vi i ng anh em chuyn
mn v k IMO 2007 thc ra l thnh tch c phn vt tri ca i tuyn Vit Nam:
xp th 3 ton on vi 3 huy chng vng, 3 huy chng bc, ln u tin trong nhng
nm gn y xp trn on M. Ti sao li ln cn, Vit Nam cng tng t thnh tch
nh vy c m? Xin bn c xem tip phn sau.
II - Ct mc 2005
K thi chn i tuyn Vit Nam d IMO nm 2005 c l cng tri qua bnh thng
nh nhng k thi khc nu nh khng c s c thi. Sau khi k thi kt thc, khi BGK
bt u c triu tp chm th xut pht t mt s ngun tin, bo ch bt u ng
thng tin v s trng lp ca bi ton s 3, mt trong hai bi ton kh ca k thi, vi
thi hc sinh gii H Ni va nng hi xy ra.
Phn tch tip thi, gii chuyn mn tip tc pht hin ra rng bi ton 5 ca thi
VTST05 gn ging bi 4 ca k thi chn i tuyn Hn Quc nm 2000, cn bi 2 ca
thi VSTS05 l mt trng hp ring ca bi 6 ca thi chn i tuyn nm 1997 ca...
chnh Vit Nam.
Bo ch phn tch, m x kh nhiu v vn ny, chng ti xin php khng tip
tc phn tch y. Nguyn nhn c l cng d hiu: vic lm thi chn i tuyn quc
gia khng c quan tm mt cch ng mc v cc chuyn gia ra cng nh ban
chn chn gii php n gin: s dng li hoc xo nu li cc kt qu trong sch
bo. Nhng v u t qu t nn hay ng hn l b nguyn xi thi nn hu qu l b
trng . y khng nn bin h rng l t tng ln gp nhau gia cc ban ra :
chng qua l u ly t mt ngun hoc t cc ngun th cp.
Nguyn nhn th nh vy cn hu qu l c s kin tng. Ri mt gii php c a
ra l thi li cho 3 th sinh. Kt qu l i tuyn c mt thnh vin mi v mt thnh vin
c phi xp va li v nh. Tm l cc thnh vin i tuyn r rng l b nh hng, cng vic
bi dng i tuyn cng khng c chm lo chu o (do cc n lc u tp trung vo
vic . . . cha chy). Kt qu l ti k thi IMO 2005, i tuyn Vit Nam c thnh tch rt
khim tn: 3 huy chng bc, 3 huy chng ng, ng th 15 ton on. Thnh tch ny
c bit khim tn nu nh rng nhiu nm trc , on Vit Nam lun c huy chng
vng v lun xp v tr cao. c bit, nm 2003 on Vit Nam ln u tin c 2 th sinh
t im tuyt i (trong s 3 th sinh t thnh tch ny!), xp th t ton on v nm
2004, Vit Nam ot 4 huy chng vng, xp th t ton on. Nm 2002, Vit Nam
cng xp th 5 vi 3 huy chng vng.
Bt u t ct mc 2005, Vit Nam bt u chc chn ngoi Top 10. Nm 2005
v tr 15, nm 2006 v tr 13, nm 2008 v tr 12 v nm 2009 v tr 15. Ring nm
2007, khi IMO c t chc ti Vit Nam, do li th phong th, on Vit Nam xut
92
sc chia v tr th ba vi on Hn Quc.
III - Bt u phi git mnh
T trc n nay, d vn ni rng l thnh tch IMO khng phi l tiu chun nh
gi nn ton hc ca mt quc gia, nhng chng ta vn thng em cc thnh tch IMO
ca mnh ra so snh. Nhng n 5 nm gn y (khng tnh n nm 2007), chng ta
bt u thng xuyn xp sau Hn Quc, Nht Bn, i Loan, Thi Lan v c nm xp
sau c Singapore l nhng nc mi ra nhp phong tro Olympic v vi nm trc cn hc
hi chng ta.
iu ny bt buc chng ta phi git mnh. R rng c vn g trong phng tro
Olympic Ton ca chng ta. S c nm 2005 c l ch l mt nguyn nhn th yu, cn
bn cht c l nm ch khc. Chng ti s th a ra mt s nguyn nhn.
Th nht, v quan trng nht l ng c dy v hc ca chng ta hin nay l hng n
thnh tch ch khng hng n thc cht. Ngi ta nh gi mt thy gio, mt trng
hc bng s huy chng, s gii quc gia. Hc sinh cng hc ct c gii quc gia, ct
c i thi ton quc t. Ph huynh cng mong mi nh vy. t c ai nhm n mt ci
ch xa hn: tr thnh nh ton hc, tr thnh ni ting nh Terence Tao, tr thnh ngi
thnh t. V nhm n nhng ci ch gn, li khng c bi bn nn thch hc hiu qu
hn l hc cn bn, dy chiu thc hn l dy cng phu. V c bit, khng b qua
cc c hi c li th hn so vi bn khc nh lm vic vi nhng ngi c kh nng ra .
Thiu trung thc, thiu cng bng, chm sc n quyn li mt s nhm nh thay v
quyn li chung. l nhng iu s lm hng phong tro, nh mt ng lc thi ua
thc s trong cc bn hc sinh. Chng ti s tip tc phn tch v vn ny trong cc
mc sau. n lc phi dng cm c nhng thay i, cao trch nhim v danh d ca
nhng ngi c quyn ra thi, m rng i ng v cng khai tn tui cc tc gi. Hy t
nim tin v giao trch nhim cho h.
Th hai, nhng thay i ca B gio dc v quy ch thi HSG. Ri x hi s quen vi
vic hc sinh t gii quc gia khng cn c tuyn thng i hc. Suy cho cng, cng
khng phi l vn g quan trng lm. Hy cc trng H t nh gi v a ra quyt
nh ca mnh. Mt thay i khc, tuy c th ni l nh nhng thc s em n nhng
h lu kh ln. l vic B GD chuyn format thi 6 bi trong vng 2 ngy thnh 7 bi
trong vng 1 ngy.
H thng thi 2 ngy l mt h thng ht sc khoa hc v c p dng hu ht cc
k thi Olympic. Ti k thi HSG quc gia mn Ton, hnh thc thi 2 ngy, mi ngy 3 bi
cng c p dng t nm 1975 cho n ht nm 2006. Khng c ai phn nn v h
thng ny. L do ca cc nh ci cch a ra l tit kim kinh ph coi thi (?), cn l do
c s lng bi ton trong 180 pht l 7 bi l trnh nh hng ca tiu cc.
Bi vit ny khng i su tranh lun v ngha ca cc ci cch. Ch bit rng s hc
sinh t gii (k c gii KK) ca nm 2007 l 13% v nm 2008, con s tng ng l 8%.
Khng nhng th, kiu thi mi ny cn c thnh tch gt rt nhiu thnh vin i tuyn
93
quc gia ca nm trc ngay t vng 1. Theo nh gi ca chng ti, y cng l mt l
do khin i tuyn quc gia 5 nm gn y yu i r rt: t gii k thi HSG quc
gia (iu kin cn c th d k thi chn i tuyn Ton), hc sinh v cc thy gio bt
buc phi tn cng sc luyn k nng gii ton nhanh hay cn gi l luyn c bp
v h qu l khng cn thi gian tp trung cho nhng bi ton kiu IMO na.
IV. Gii php no?
Gii php chuyn t h thng 7 bi/ngy thnh 5 bi/ngy vi biu im d chu ca
nm 2009 y con s hc sinh t gii ln mc 34% (k c gii KK). Tuy nhin, vn
cha phi l gii php c bn. B lc ca k thi HSG quc gia vn cha tt khi vn loi i
kh nhiu hc sinh c kh nng ra khi k thi chn i tuyn, trong khi li dnh v cho
nhng hc sinh chn chu v bit lng sc mnh ch lm bi d. C l cc nh ci cch
nn ci cch thm mt ln na bng cch... quay li h thng c.
nng cao cht lng i tuyn, nn mnh dn c chnh sch m rng ca tham d
k thi chn i tuyn cho cc hc sinh: ngoi cc bn t gii 3 tr ln ca k thi HSG
quc gia nn c cch cho cc thnh vin i tuyn quc gia nm trc cn hc lp 12
tham d (v h khng cn phi thi HSG quc gia). iu ny v mt no c th khng
cng bng khi to li th cho cc em cu binh, nhng chnh iu ny mi gip c mt i
tuyn mnh, c chiu su.
Nn hc tp nhiu nc nh Nga, M, Rumani, Bulgaria... t chc thi HSG t cc lp
9, 10, 11. Tuy nhin khng phi l cho hc sinh lp 9, 10 hc trc chng trnh thi
chung vi lp 12, m c thi ring. Nh vy s c th pht hin c nhng ti nng
ngay t nhng lp di. S c c ch cho cc em t lp 10 tr ln tham gia k thi chn i
tuyn.
Mun lm c iu ny, d nhin cng tc chuyn mn ca ban ra , ban gim kho
s nng n hn. Tuy nhin, ng lo ngi v iu . Chng ta c rt nhiu bn tr ti nng,
xut thn t phong tro Olympic v sn sng ng gp cho phong tro. Ch cn tin tng
v giao ph cho h. V cng ng lo ngi nhng chuyn tiu cc ny kia, cng chng cn
phi nht cc chuyn gia trong tri 2, 3 tun lm g.
Tin n vic t chc cc cuc thi cm (cho vng HSG quc gia) v Tri tp hun (cho
cc hc sinh c d k thi chn i tuyn) tng cng giao lu v bi dng kin thc
v vn ho ton hc cho hc sinh.
V mt iu rt quan trng, c thy v tr phi cng hiu rng ng c ca vic d thi,
tham gia Tri tp hun khng ch nht nht t gii, lt vo i tuyn, m l c giao
lu, c hc hi ( nhng thy c gio gii v tm huyt nht), c cp nht nhng vn
mi nht, nng hi nht ca ton hc ng i (qua li ging ca cc nh ton hc ln).
V - Thay cho li kt
5 nm gn y c kh nhiu cc hot ng mi ca phong tro Olympic c trin khai
nh Tri h Hng Vng, k thi Olympic H Ni m rng, cuc thi ViOlympic, Vit Nam
ln u tin tham d k thi Ton quc t dnh cho SV . . . c bit l vic hng lot cc
94
din n v ton c khai trng cng vi nhiu hot ng a dng ca mnh. Nhng phi
tht lng m ni rng, a s cc hot ng ca phong tro Olympic hin nay c cht lng
cha cao, cha c chiu su. Khng k k thi HSG quc gia phn tch trn, cc k thi
nh Olympic sinh vin, Olympic 30/4, cuc thi gii ton trn bo Ton hc tui tr... u
thuc din phi ci t. Trong cc k thi do cc din n t chc cng cha c k thi no
vt qua c k th ba (tnh n nh v truyn thng) v vt qua c con s trm th
sinh d thi (quy m t chc) v vy tm nh hng rt hp.
c c mt s thay i tht s v lng v cht, c l nhng c gng ca mt vi
c nhn, mt vi nhm nh nhng ngi tm huyt vi phong tro l cha . Rt cn n
s tham gia ca cc t chc mnh hn, c uy tn cao v khoa hc v t chc nh Hi ton
hc Vit Nam, Vin Ton hc Vit Nam, cc trng i hc ln (c bit l hai trng H
Quc gia). n lc cc nh ton hc Vit Nam noi gng Kolmogorov, Gelfald, Arnold,
A.Gleason, Erdos, Lang xn tay o xung lm vic vi cc bn hc sinh ph thng.
95
o to chuyn ton ti HTHQG Lomonosov
inh Trung Ho, HTH Kazan - LB Nga
Tm tt. Nc Nga khng nhng ni ting vi ngun ti nguyn thin nhin nhiu hng
bc nht th gii m cn l ni sn sinh ra nhiu nh khoa hc kit xut, trong c nhng
nh ton hc. Hng nm on thi Olympic Ton quc t ca LB Nga lun chim v tr cao
trong bng xp hng. Khng t nhng ngi tng ot huy chng cc k thi ny tr thnh
nhng tn tui ln v li du n su sc trong s pht trin ca Ton hc, v d gn y
nht l hin tng G.Perelman, nh ton hc tr t Vin Ton Steklov Saint-Peterburg gii
quyt trn vn Vn Poincare lm in u gii ton hc my trm nm lin. Tt c nhng
iu khng phi l kt qu tc thi ca mt th h m l thnh cng ca nhiu th h
cc nh ton hc Nga v mt h thng o to khoa hc, t ph thng n i hc v sau i
hc.
Trong bi ny chng ta s tm hiu cc m hnh o to v nhng hot ng ngoi kha
ginh cho hc sinh chuyn ton ca trung tm ton hc hng u LB Nga l HTH Lomonosov
hay vit tt l MSU (Moscow State University).
I - Vi nt lch s
T nhng nm 30 ca th k trc ti Khoa Ton C ca MSU hnh thnh nhng
nhm chuyn ton nhm pht hin, bi dng nhng ti nng ton hc ph thng. Theo
thi gian nhng nhm hc ny thay i tn gi v nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. Cui nhng
nm 70 nhng nhm ny c t chc cho HS t lp 7-9 di tn gi "Trng dnh cho
nh ton hc nh". n 11/12/1981 mt trng duy nht cho nhng nh ton hc nh
c hnh thnh, mang tn "Tiu Khoa Ton C" (tip theo s gi tt l Tiu Khoa).
Ti y ngoi vic o to g chi cho cc k thi Olimpic ngi ta cn t mt mc tiu
khc: o to nhng ti nng tr ham m ton hc thnh nhng nh ton hc ti nng
trong tng lai. Trong nhng nm 80 Tiu Khoa pht trin mnh di s h tr ca khoa
Ton - C. Nhiu sch chuyn c cc nh ton hc hng u vit vi phong cch d
hiu i vi hc sinh. Tuy nhin tnh hnh kinh t chnh tr bt n nh vo cui nm 80
u nhng nm 90 nh hng ng k n hot ng ca khoa. T nm 1992 trn khoa
bt u thu tin hc ph (trc tt c hc sinh c dy min ph). iu lm
cho s lng hc sinh tham gia hc gim i ng k v nh hng khng ln n cht
lng o to. Ch n nhng nm u ca th k ny Tiu Khoa mi vc dy c sc
mnh vn c ca mnh. T nm 2003 n 2008 c nhiu sch chuyn c in n v
nhiu sch na s c tip tc in ra nhm phc v cho vic dy v hc. S lng hc vin
tng ln ng k, nhiu hc sinh t cc nc gn LB Nga cng n ng k hc ti Tiu
Khoa.
96
II - Chng trnh v phng thc o to
Trn Tiu Khoa c cc nhm cho hc sinh t lp 4 n 11. Cc nhm c t chc di
s h tr ca Khoa Ton C trng MSU v Cung thiu nhi ca thnh ph Moscow. Hc
sinh cc lp cui cp (t 9-11, Vit Nam l t 10-12) c hc thm chng trnh ton
cao cp c dy nm 1 ti cc khoa t nhin ca cc trng i hc, song song cn
c nhng bui ging v nhng mi lin h gia ton hc vi vt l, tin hc v lp trnh.
Hng nm Tiu Khoa phi hp vi cc trung tm ton hc khc ca LB Nga t chc cc
cuc thi u trc tip gia cc i tuyn v cc Hi tho khoa hc di dng Trng H
cho hc sinh t lp 5-11.
Cc bui hc ca tt c cc nhm hc u min ph. Nhng ai c nguyn vng u c
th tham gia ng k hc, thm ch khng c bui xt trnh u vo ca hc sinh.
Trn cc bui hc hc sinh s lm quen vi cc bi ton th v, chng hc cch suy lun
ng n v logic, hc cch cm nhn v con ng tm thy v p ca ton hc. Mi
nhm t lp 4 8 bao gm 15-30 ngi. Mi hc sinh s c pht mt t giy vi nhng
bi tp. Chng phi gii nhng bi ton ny v tho lun ring vi gio vin. Mi phng
hc cng lc c vi gio vin, nhng bi ton quan trng ca mi hc sinh s c tho
lun trn bng. Nhng bi tp ny c th tm thy trn trang web ca Tiu Khoa (hin
nhin bng ting Nga).
i vi nhng lp cui cp hng ngy t 16h45 n 18h30 s c nhng bi ging ring.
Nh s sp xp thi gian nh vy m mi hc sinh lp 9-11 mi ngy c th tham gia
chng trnh trn nhm hc ca mnh v c th theo di cc bi ging v ton. Mi bi
ging l mt chuyn , v hu nh tt c nhng chuyn ny khng lin h g vi nhau
v thm ch khng lin quan g ti bi tp trn lp. i lc nhng chuyn ni v nhng
tng v nhng kt qu kh, tuy nhin hiu nhng chuyn ny ch cn nhng kin
thc c bn trong chng trnh chung ph thng. Nhng bi ging nh vy c c bi
nhng nh ton hc hng u ca Moscow v chng c m ca cho tt c nhng ai c
nguyn vng.
Nhng hc sinh hon thnh kha hc vi kt qu xut sc v gii s c pht chng
ch chng nhn kt thc Tiu khoa. Nu hc sinh ch t c kt qu trung bnh th
ch c cp chng nhn kt thc kha hc.
Nhng hc sinh hc cng trng c iu kin hc cng nhau theo hnh thc nhm
"Hc sinh tp th". Nhm s c hng dn bi gio vin ca trng, nu nhiu hc sinh
c nguyn vng hc th c th chia thnh nhiu nhm, nhng s lng mi nhm khng
qu 15. Cc nhm dng ny ch yu hc theo chng trnh c dy song song ti Tiu
Khoa. V theo nhn xt ca cc gio vin th hnh thc hc tp nh vy mang n hiu
qu kh tt. Thng th nhng hc sinh ham thch ton sau 1-2 nm hc ti Tiu Khoa
s tip tc thi vo cc nhm chuyn ton v cc trng chuyn ton tip tc hc ton .
Mt hnh thc hc na l trao i th t. Hc sinh s nhn c cc bi tp theo nhng
chng trnh c son tho ca Tiu Khoa. Sau khi gii quyt chng hc sinh phi gi
li gii cho cc gio vin kim tra. Trong mt nm th mi hc sinh hon thnh t 6-9 bi
tp nh vy. Cc gio vin sau khi kim tra cc bi gii s ch ra nhng li v l lun hoc
97
tnh ton, nu c, sau h s ch cho hc sinh cch t sa nhng li . Nhng bi tp
cha gii c s nhn c nhng hng dn. Sau khi kim tra bi lm s c tr li
cho hc sinh. Nhng hc sinh nhn c im km cho bi tp no c th nhn c
cc nh gi v hng dn ca gio vin, sau tip tc hon thnh bi tp v gi cho
gio vin kim tra. Qu trnh s lp i lp li cho n khi hc sinh nhn c im
tha ng. Nhng hc sinh hon thnh c nhng bi tp bt buc s dc chuyn ln
lp trn trong nm hc mi. Hc nh vy th cc bi thi v kim tra ti lp gn nh khng c.
Hng nm Tiu Khoa c t chc Trng H cho hc sinh nhm phi hp ngh ngi v
t chc cc bi ging ton ( Nga c nhng khu vc c gi l Tri ngh cho hc sinh,
n h s cc trng s t chc cho hc sinh ca mnh n cc Tri ny vui chi, thng l
2-3 tun). Trng H l ni to iu kin hc sinh c th lm quen vi nhng tng
mi v nhng cu chuyn ton th v. Chng hc cch gii nhng bi ton kh v ng
thi c ngh ngi, trao i vi bn b trong Tiu Khoa. y chng s c nghe nhng
chuyn khc nhau, trong mt s chuyn l tip theo ca chng trnh c hc
ti Tiu Khoa. Nhng ch yu h tp trung gii quyt nhng bi ton khng mu mc v
nhng bi ton Olimpic. Nh thng l mi nhm hc khng qu 15 ngi, v theo thc
t cho thy trnh ca nhng nhm mnh kh cao.
Mt m hnh kh th v na hng nm din ra ti Khoa Ton C trng HTH
Kazan, l trng h Kvant v Hi tho khoa hc mang tn N.I.Lobachevskii ginh cho
hc sinh. M hnh trng h Kvant ging nh Trng H ti Tiu Khoa MSU. Hi tho
khoa hc mang tn N.I.Lobachevskii c t chc thng nin cho hc sinh t lp 9-11 ti
cc vng ven song Volga v nhng thnh ph khc ca LB Nga. Ti Hi tho cc hc sinh
(hoc cc nhm hc sinh khng qu 3 ngi) trnh by ming cc "cng trnh" nghin cu
ca mnh di s hng dn ca thy c ti trng ph thng hoc gio vin ton ca cc
trng i hc. Hi ng khoa hc l nhng nh khoa hc v nhng chuyn gia hng u
ca HTH Kazan v cc trng i hc khc ti Kazan. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn t chc cc
cuc ni chuyn trc tip gia hc sinh v nhng nh khoa hc ni ting, nhm tng thm
s am m ton hc ca tng hc sinh.
Ngoi ra, hng nm ti LB Nga cn rt nhiu hot ng tng t din ra ti nhiu vng
min khc nhau, v mc ch ca h vn l to sn chi b ch cho hc sinh yu ton. a
phn nhng nh ton hc xut sc ca LB Nga u tri qua nhng trng lp nh vy,
v khng t ngi trong s h vn gi nguyn phong cch . Trong nhiu cu chuyn k
v Kolmogorov th hng nm ng cng cc hc tr thng i ngh h cng nhau, v c sau
mi ln nh vy chc chn li c nhiu nh l ton hc c tm thy.
III - Mt vi nhn xt
Trong lch s ton hc rt nhiu ngi c nhng pht minh i t khi cn rt tr,
v d nh nh l Tikhonov (1906-1993) v tch cc khng gian topo c tm ra khi ng
l sinh vin nm 2 (nm khng mi 19 tui), cng trnh ca Kolmogorov (1903-1987)
v chui Fourier phn k hu ht khp ni lm cho tn tui ng ni ting th gii khi cn
l sinh vin (nm ng mi 19 tui), nh ton hc ni ting ngi Php E.Galois (1811
- 1832) trc khi hi sinh trong trn u sng li cho i nhng cng trnh ni ting
trong i s, cn ng vua ton hc Gauss (1777 - 1855) lc 19 tui c nhng cng trnh
98
kinh in bi ton chia gc bng compa v thc k, cn guyn l i ngu c Pontryagin
(1908-1988) tm ra khi cn l sinh vin v.v. Qua nhng v d trn xt thy nu hc sinh
c nim am m ton hc nu c o to bi bn h c th cng hin nhng cng trnh
i t khi cn rt tr. Tuy nhin cng c mt s trng hp th v nh M.M.Postnikov,
thi cn hc sinh ng rt km v ton, thm ch cn nhn im 2 mn ny, hoc nh
ton hc ni ting ngi n S.Ramanujan khng c o to c bn v ton nhng
ni ting vi nhng cng thc phc tp n nh ton hc ni ting ngi Anh G.H.Hardy
cng ni rng ng khng hiu t u m c c.
Mt iu c th nhn thy trong phng thc o to ca ngi Nga l mc ch
ca h c phn khng thin v o to g chi thi Olympic ton cc cp m mc tiu
chnh l o to ra nhng nh ton hc xut sc trong tng lai. Hc sinh ngoi vic hc
cch tip cn vi v p ca ton hc h cn rn luyn cch thc t gii quyt cc bi ton
kh v lm quen vi vic t nghin cu ton. Thc t cho thy cch o to nh vy mang
li hiu qu cao, m minh chng l nhiu tn tui ca nhng nh ton hc Moscow i
vo lch s ton hc nh nhng cha ca nhiu ngnh ton khc nhau hoc l nhiu ngi
tng ot gii thng Fields cao qu, y l cha ni n hng trm nh l quan trng
c pht minh bi ngi Nga.
Nhng nm gn y do nh hng ca iu kin kinh t v chnh tr rt nhiu nh ton
hc Nga chn con ng ra nc ngoi lm vic hon ton hoc thnh ging. Tuy vy nh
c o to bi bn trong nc th h tr cc nh ton hc Nga trong nc c nhng
thnh tch ni bc, m gn y nht l nh ton hc tr G.Ya.Perelman (b ng l Yakov
Perelman ni ting vi hng lot sch ton cho hc sinh ph thng) gii quyt trn vn
Gi thuyt Poincare lm in u gii ton hc trong my trm nm qua.
99
V cc k thi Ton dnh cho hc sinh c
L Nam Trng - Darmstadt, CHLB c
CHLB c c hai k thi Ton chnh l BWM (Bundeswettbewerb Mathematik k thi

Ton Lin bang) v Mathematik-Olympiaden in Deutschland (Olympic ton hc c).
I - K thi Ton Lin bang
i tng ca k thi
L mt cuc thi ton hc dnh cho cc hc sinh ph thng c nim yu thch ton hc.
K thi bao gm hai vng thi lm bi ti nh v vng thi cui cng, vng thi th ba l
mt cuc phng vn. K thi hng n cc hc sinh hc cc trng Gymnasium ( c
h thng gio dc ph thng khng ch n gin nh Vit Nam, cc hc sinh trng
Gymnasium c nh hng l s vo hc i hc, mt s lng hc sinh khc th c
nh hng trc l i hc ngh). Bng cc bi ton hp dn v i hi t duy mc ch
ca cuc thi l cho cc th sinh tp trung su vo ton hc trong mt thi gian di.
Ngoi nhng kin thc trong trng hc cuc th cng mun mang n cho cc th sinh
tnh tp trung v kin nhn.
K thi din ra nh th no?
Trong mi vng thi lm bi ti nh th c bn bi ton trong cc mng ton s cp
(Hnh hc, ri rc, s hc, i s) c t ra, tt nhin bi vng hai th bao gi cng kh
hn bi vng mt. Mi vng thi, cc th sinh phi t gii cc bi ton trong vng hai thng
ti nh v vit li gii.
Trong vng mt cuc thi cho php gii theo nhm: nhiu nht l ba th sinh lp thnh
mt nhm, bi gii c tnh cho c nhm. V nu c gii th mi ngi trong nhm u
c nhn, nu c vo vng hai th c nhm u c vo vng sau. Trong vng hai th
100
khng c php lm bi theo nhm na.
Trong vng ba, cn gi l vng phng vn (Kolloquium) th cuc thi khng cn l vic
gii cc bi ton na. Trong vng ny, mi th sinh s c mt cuc ni chuyn vi mt ngi
lm ton trong trng i hc trong thi gian mt ting. Da trn nhng cuc phng vn
ny ngi ta s chn ra cc th sinh ot gii. Ngoi ra y cng l mt dp cc th sinh
lm quen vi nhau qua cc hot ng ngoi kha. V cc th sinh cng c c hi nhn
c hc bng ca cc t chc.
C th thi gian ca k thi c din ra nh sau:
Thng 12 Vit v gi thi
n cui thng 2 Cc th sinh gii bi
1 thng 3 Kt thc vng 1 Vng 1
n cui thng 3 Chm bi v chn gii
u thng 6 Gi kt qu cho cc th sinh
u thng 6 Gi thi vng hai
n cui thng 8 Cc th sinh gii bi
1 thng 9 Kt thc vng hai Vng 2
n cui thng 10 Chm bi v chn gii
u thng 11 Gi kt qu cho cc th sinh
u thng 2 Phng vn Vng 3
Ai c th tham gia cc vng thi?
Tt c mi hc sinh tt c cc lp trong cc trng Gymnasium u c th tham gia
vng th nht. Cuc thi tp trung ch yu cc kin thc t lp 10 n lp 13. Tt c nhng
th sinh c gii vng 1 c php vo thi vng 2. Nhng ngi c gii nht vng
thi th 2 th c vo vng phng vn.
Phn thng l g?
Trong vng mt th c chng nhn cho cc gii nht, nh v ba.
Trong vng hai th gii thng cng nh vng mt nhng c thm tin thng n 160
EURO.
Trong vng ba th ch c mt gii duy nht, nhng ai c gii ny th bt u mt
chng trnh hc ca F orderung der Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes. Bn cnh cn
c nhn hc bng v nhiu tr gip cho hc tp.
Ngoi ra cn c nhng gii thng c bit khc.
S lng ngi ot gii cc vng c th khng b hn ch hoc l c ni trc.
101
Ai t chc cuc thi ny?
Cuc thi c t chc bi Bundesministerium f ur Blidung und Forschung v Stifterver-
band f ur die Deutsche Wissenschaft di s bo tr ca Bundespr asident. C quan trng
hc v vn ha mi bang h tr cho cuc thi v cc th sinh. thi v li gii cc bn c
th tm thy a ch:
http://www.bundeswettbewerb-mathematik.de/aufgaben/aufgaben.htm
II - K thi tuyn chn i IMO
K thi TST khng phi l mt k thi n l c t ra m l c xy dng t nhng
th sinh t gii trong cc cuc thi ton khc nhau.
Ai c th tham gia TST?
iu kin u tin c tham gia TST l phi tham gia thnh cng vng hai ca
BWM hoc l vng lin bang ca Olympic ton hc c hoc l mt huy chng bang
trong k thi Jugend forscht (tm dch: thanh nin nghin cu), mn chuyn ngnh Ton.
iu kin th hai l th sinh phi cn l hc sinh v khng ln hn 19 tui.
K thi din ra nh th no?
K thi TST din ra hng nm vo u thng 12 vi hai bi kim tra. Cc th sinh c
iu kin c mi tham gia cuc thi qua trng cc th sinh ang hc. Th sinh tham
gia t nguyn.
16 th sinh hai bi kim tra s c mi n nm seminar vo u thng 1 nm ti.
Nhng ging vin c kinh nghim s truyn th cc kin thc quan trng, cc k nng gii
ton trong cc seminar ny. Bn cnh l cc bi kim tra chn ra su ngi cui cng
ca i tuyn.
Seminar u tin bt u theo truyn thng l Rostock v din ra trong mt tun. Sau
l ba seminar vo cui tun gn Frankfurt am Main. S chun b quan trng nht cho
IMO l seminar cui cng. Trong vng 9 ngy cc hc sinh s c lm khch Mathematik-
ern weltweit hocgesch atzen Mathematischen Forschungsinstitut (http://www.mfo.de/)
Oberwolfach Schwarzwald. vin nghin cu ny din ra cc cuc gp g ko di mt
tun v cc vn ng i trong nghin cu trong ton hc, nhng ngi lm ton trn
ton th gii c mi n ch khng ch nc c. Hng nm seminar cui cng cng
i IMO lun c t chc song song vi mt cuc gp g do vin t chc, mt tri nghim
tuyt vi cho cc thnh vin i IMO.
thi cc bn c th tm thy y:
http://www.bundeswettbewerb-mathematik.de/imo/aufgaben/aufgaben.htm
102
III - Olympic ton hc c
Olympic ton hc l g?
Olympic ton hc ny l mt cuc thi hng nm m c trn 125.000 th sinh tham gia.
K Olympic c truyn thng t nm hc 1961/62. K Olympic to c hi cho tt c hc
sinh th hin kh nng ton hc ca mnh. Nhng hc sinh t lp 3 n lp 13 c t duy
logic, kh nng kt hp cng nh sng to trong ton hc. Vi cc lp di th mc ch
ca k thi l to ra hng th trong hc ton v ch trong vo t duy logic. lp trn th
yu cu cao hn cc kh nng ton hc v x l cc bi ton, kim th, khng nh v
pht trin.
Cc vng ca k thi
K Olympiad ny l mt k thi theo vng. Vi cc hc sinh t lp 3 n lp 7 th c
ba vng, vi cc hc sinh t lp 8 tr i th c 4 vng.
Vng 1, vng trng (Schulrunde): l mt cuc thi gii ton nh, cuc thi c tin
hnh vo thng 9 hng nm. thi c gi n tt c cc th sinh tham gia.
Vng 2, vng vng (Regionalrunde): vo gia thng 11 th cc th sinh qua vng
trng s tham gia mt bi kim tra. Vng ny c t chc tp trung v bao gm
nm bi ton.
Vng 3, vng bang (Landesrunde): din ra vo cui thng hai trung tm ca mi
bang trong vng hai ngy, mi ngy bn ting ri. Cc th sinh qua vng vng th
c tham gia vng ny.
Vng 4, vng lin bang (Bundesrunde): vo u thng ba hng nm bao gm th sinh
n t 16 bang. Hai ngy thi cho cc i, mi i gm khong 12 th sinh n t mt
bang. Vo mi bui sng mi i phi gii ba bi ton trong vng bn ting ri. Sau
l cc hot ng vui chi. Cui cng l l trao gii.
Tt c cc bi ton cho cc vng u c ng ti trn trang www.mathematik-
olympiaden.de trong thng 10 cho vng trng, thng 12 cho vng vng, thng 4 cho vng
bang v sau l vng lin bang. Hng nm u c xut bn mt cun sch tuyn tp
tt c cc thi v li gii km theo.
3 vng thi u tin c t chc bi cc trng, thnh ph v cc bang. Vng 4 mi
nm s c t chc mt bang c chn v bang s chu trch nhim t chc.
103
Ton cnh Ton Hc trong nn gio dc Php
inh Ngc Thch - CH Php
d dng hn cho vic tip cn bi vit, u tin ti xin gii thiu khi qut vi cc
bn ton cnh chung ca h thng gio dc Php-mt h thng gio dc kh gn gi v c
nhiu nt tng ng vi h thng gio dc nc ta.
Ngy nay, h thng gio dc Php lun lun c tp trung v t nn tng trn 3 yu
t chnh:
Ph cp gio dc l bt buc cho n 16 tui
Cc trng cng u min ph
Gio dc khng phn bit tn gio
Chnh ph Php lun coi gio dc l u tin hng u ca quc gia. H ban hnh nhiu
iu lut nhm qun l mt cch trit cuc sng hc ng, cc hot ng gio dc o
to ph thng cng nh bc i hc v vic nh gi h thng gio dc.
Tr em c th n trng ngay t khi 3 tui (vo cc trng mu gio) nhng ch bt
buc bt u t 6 tui. Bc tiu hc ko di trong 5 nm bao gm 5 cp ln lt l CP
(kha hc chun b), CE1, CE2 (kha hc c bn), CM1 v CM2 (kha hc trung bnh).
Gio dc tiu hc c chia lm 2 giai on l giai on rn luyn (CP-CE1) v giai on
o su (CE2-CM1-CM2). Gio dc mu gio v gio dc tiu hc to chung thnh gio
dc bc mt cho tr t 3 n 11 tui.
Gio dc bc hai ko di trong khong 7 nm tng ng t lp 6 n lp 12 nh nc
ta bao gm 2 giai on l trung hc c s (4 nm) v trung hc ph thng (3 hoc 4 nm).
Cui cp, hc sinh phi tri qua mt k thi tt nghip quc gia (le Baccalaurat). y l
iu kin tin quyt xc nhn kt qu phn u ca hc sinh trong c qu trnh gio dc
bc hai cng nh cung cp cho hc sinh quyn c th bc vo nhng chng trnh gio
dc cao hn.
Nhn chung nc Php c mt h thng gio dc tp trung vi mt c cu t chc tng
i phc tp m ton hc cng c mt vai tr nht nh. Ton cnh ton hc trong
nn gio dc Php m ti s trnh by vi cc bn di y khng i su vo tt c cc chi
tit nhng s c gng a ra mt ci nhn tng quan v chn thc nht c th v v tr ca
ton hc trong h thng gio dc Php cng nh mt ci nhn bao qut cc chng trnh
o to khc nhau.
104
I - Gio dc bc mt
Nh trnh by trn gio dc bc mt bao gm gio dc mu gio v gio dc tiu
hc c chia ra lm 3 giai on: giai on rn luyn u tin (3 nm mu gio), giai
on rn luyn c bn (2 nm u tiu hc) v giai on o su (3 nm cui tiu hc)
1.1. Mu gio
Khi nim ton hc cha c gii thiu nhng nhng a tr s c tri nghim di
hnh thc ngh v ton hc. Chng s t hnh thnh nhng hiu bit u tin v s, cc
hnh khi, cc i lng v pht trin nhng k nng lin quan n cu trc khng gian,
thi gian. Nhng hot ng gio vin a ra cng ng thi xy dng cho tr s pht trin
v suy ngh logic nh so snh, phn lp, sp xp, tng trng ha.
Cu trc khng gian th hin bng vic tr bit xc nh v tr vt, bit t chc
di chuyn, bit m t nhng im nhn khc nhau t v tr ca tr hay t v tr ca
mt ngi khc. S tin b trong qun l khng gian ca tr i km vi s gia tng
mt vn t vng thch ng.
Cu trc thi gian th hin da trn vic tr lm ch c 2 tng v tnh chu k
v v mt khong thi gian.
Lm vic vi cc hnh khi c t chc xoay quanh cc tr chi (ghp hnh, lp rp,
cc tr chi m t. . . ). Cc tr chi ny gip tr nh dng c nhng hnh khi
thng thng (tam gic, hnh vung, hnh trn. . . ) v mt vi cc c tnh ca chng
nh thng, cong, nhn. . .
Vic tip cn cc i lng (ch yu l di, khi lng, dung lng) c hng
n tr thng qua cc hot ng v so snh, phn lp v sp xp.
Nhng rn luyn u tin lin quan n s cho tr c cc nh khoa hc v tm
l v gio dc nghin cu k lng. Chng c t chc, lm quen vi tr thng qua
cu trc ca chui s m (t nht l n 30). S tr thnh cng c gip tr kim sot
s lng. Chng cho php ghi nh, d on kt qu ca mt vi hot ng lin quan
n s lng nh tng thm, gim i, phn chia. . . m khng thng qua tnh ton.
mi chnh l mc ch ca cc trng mu gio. S c din t bng ming, cc k
hiu biu din s to thnh mc tiu tip cn v sau.
1.2. Tiu hc
Trong giai on ny, hc sinh s c hc t 4,5-5,5 gi ton mi tun vi 4 u tin
hng u trong chng trnh ton:
Tp phn tch, gii quyt vn -y l ngun gc, nn tng chnh cho vic rn luyn
ton hc;
Tnh nhm-y c xem nh mt phn ca vic ghi nh nhng kt qu u tin
v mt phn khc lin quan n kh nng xy dng nhng kt qu khng nh c
(nhng tnh ton phi suy ngh);
105
Bit t chc vic gii quyt vn theo tng bc v mt s k nng lp lun cn
thit;
Kh nng trnh by lp lun mt cch chnh xc, bin lun cch lm v nhn bit
c nhng li sai trong bi gii.
Chng trnh ton bc tiu hc hng dn hc sinh xoay quanh 5 ch chnh: khai
thc nhng d liu s hc, s t nhin, tnh ton, khng gian v hnh hc, i lng v
php o.
Mc tiu quan trng ca ton hc bc tiu hc l gip hc sinh thnh tho vi cc
php ton cng, tr, nhn chia, so snh. . . trong h c s 10, bit xy dng bng, th.
Ngoi ra hc sinh cn bit nhng khi nim u tin v h quy chiu, thng hng, vung
gc, song song, so snh ln hai gc. X l c mt s dng hnh c bn nh hnh vung,
hnh ch nht, hnh tam gic, hnh thoi, hnh trn km theo mt s tnh cht hnh hc c
trng ca nhng hnh khi ny. Nm r mi quan h gia cc i lng di (cm2, dm2,
m2, km2) cng nh vic tnh ton din tch.
II - Gio dc bc hai
y l giai on quan trng pht trin su kh nng ton hc trong mi hc sinh.
Thi lng mn ton bc trung hc c s thay i nh theo tng khi lp nh khong
4H/1tun trong giai on quan st v ha nhp vi gio dc bc hai (lp 6), gim nh
3,5H/1tun vi khi lp 7 v 8 nhng 2 khi lp ny c 1H hnh trnh khm ph ton
hc rt th v mi tun v c nh 4H/1tun vi khi lp 9.
bc trung hc ph thng, thi lng ton khng c nh m ty theo chng trnh
hc hc sinh la chn theo hc. Nu nh tng ng nc ta, h trung hc ph thng chia
lm 2 loi l cc lp chuyn v cc lp thng th Php li c 3 hng chnh l hng
gio dc chung, hng k thut v hng gio dc ngh. ng vi mi hng gio dc khc
nhau, hc sinh nhn nhng loi bng tt nghip khc nhau. Trong 68% hc sinh tt
nghip mi nm, t l ln lt l: bng tt nghip chung: 34%, bng tt nghip k thut:
21%, bng tt nghip ngh: 13%.
Mi hng gio dc ny li c chia ra lm nhiu loi khc nhau:
Hng gio dc chung c 3 loi: Vn hc (L) (chng trnh gio dc ch yu l ting
php, trit hc v ting nc ngoi), khoa hc kinh t v x hi (ES) (chng trnh
gio dc ch yu da trn kinh t, x hi), Khoa hc (S) (chng trnh gio dc ch
yu da trn ton hc, vt l v cc mn khoa hc i sng)
Hng k thut bao gm 4 loi: Khoa hc v k thut chuyn su (STT), Khoa hc v
k thut cng nghip (STI), Y hc v khoa hc x hi (SMS), Khoa hc v k thut
phng th nghim (STL)
106
Khi lp Loi Thi lng ton/tun
Lp 10 Tt c 4h-5h
Lp 11 L 2h-5h
Lp 11 ES 3h-5h
Lp 11 S 5h
Lp 12 L 0h-3h
Lp 12 ES 4h-6h
Lp 12 S 5,5h-7,5h
Thi lng ton thng thng trong cc trng cp 3 theo hng gio dc chung
Chng trnh ton bc trung hc c s ch yu v hnh hc, s hc v hm s.
V hnh hc, hc sinh c hc cch chng minh mt bi ton hnh hc, v quan h
Pythagore, nh l Thals, cc php bin hnh, tnh tin, cc hm lng gic (sin, cos,
tan...), vector c gii hn vic tnh tng 2 vector, ta ca vector trong mt
phng, cc th nghim trn hnh khi...
V s hc, hc sinh c bt u bng cc mi quan h s hc c bn, gii phng
trnh, ly tha, s dng cng thc tnh ton s hc, tng qut ha t mt cng thc
n gin, gii quyt nhng vn s hc lin quan n lp trnh...
V hm s, hc sinh c tip cn vi kho st mt s hm n gin, v th gip
nghin cu nhng bi ton v chuyn ng u, vn tc trung bnh, phn trm, c
bit hc sinh s c gii thiu s qua v cc dy thng k...
Chng trnh ton bc trung hc ph thng phn b phc tp hn. Hc sinh theo cc
hng gio dc chung v hng k thut c chng trnh ton lp 10 khng khc nhau v
s thay i lp 11 v 12 ty theo chuyn ngnh chn la. Chng ta cng xem qua trng
lng ca ton hc trong k thi tt nghip:
Loi Thi gian lm bi H s
L 1,5h hoc 3h ty theo la chn Tng ng 2/38 hoc 4/34
ES 3h 5/37(+2 nu chuyn v ton)
S 4h 7/38(+2 nu chuyn v ton)
Chng ta thy r rng, ngay c vi nhng hc sinh ca khi khoa hc (S), mn ton
cng ch chim 20%.
S tht kh c th gii hiu chnh xc v y chng trnh ton hc cho tt c
cc loi khc nhau ca bc trung hc ph thng, y ti ch xin gii thiu ngn gn cc
chng chnh:
S v hm s bao gm v t nhin v biu din s, gi tr gn ng, k nng tnh
ton bng tay v bng my, s nguyn t, bc, gi tr tuyt i, khi nim hm v
kho st, cc hm cn bn, cng thc i s, phng trnh v bt phng trnh (ch
yu l bc nht), cc phng php gii i s v hnh hc...
Hnh hc bao gm hnh hc trong khng gian, cu trc khng gian v hnh hc gii
tch...
107
Thng k bao gm kho st s bin ng ca mt mu chn, m phng, thng k
m t...
Cc trng ngh:
Mc ch ch yu l gip hc sinh c mt s lnh ngh ti thiu. Thi lng mn ton
khng nhiu, ch khong 2h mi tun v xoay quanh cc vn nh cp s cng, cp s
nhn, cc hm thng dng, thng k m t, cc mn ton ti chnh, hnh hc vector, hnh
hc trong khng gian, lng gic, phng trnh v bt phng trnh bc 2, o hm-tch
phn, logarithme-ly tha, dy thng k 2 bin, phng trnh vi phn, xc sut.
Php vic dy ton bc ph thng phi ng u vi nhng thay i quan trng,
u tin l s cnh tranh vi s pht trin ca nhng mn hc khc, i hi vic dy ton
phi khng nh c v tr ca mnh trong chng trnh cng nh gi tr ngh nghip
trong tng lai.
Tr thnh mn hc quan trng, ton hc li i mt vi s gia tng tnh khng ng
nht ca hc sinh v phi tm cch thch ng vi tng trnh , s thch khc nhau. N
cng phi i mi v ch trng cng c cc mi quan h gia ton hc vi cc mn hc
khc cng nh gia ton hc vi x hi. Cng vi s pht trin khng ngng ca khoa hc
k thut, gio dc ton hc khng cn ch mang tnh l thuyt m cn c nhng hiu ng
trn thc hnh. Mt thc t ng bun l gii tr Php ngy cng mt dn nim tin vo
khoa hc v ton hc cn phi gp phn chng li iu ny. C nh vy nn ton hc ca
t nc sn sinh ra nhng a con ti nng nh variste Galois, Pierre de Fermat,
Jean-Pierre Serre. . . mi c th tip tc pht trin vng mnh.
Ti liu tham kho
Panorama des mathmatiques dans lducation fran caise, Jean-Luc Dorier (trng ban
gio dc ton Php) cng vi cc cng s.
108
Nht k IMO 2009
H Khng Duy, Phm Hy Hiu cc bn i tuyn IMO Vit Nam
Ngy 11/7/2009
11h30 ngy 11/7/2009, chic Boeing 777 ca hng hng khng quc gia Vietnam Air-
lines ct cnh, ch theo 6 thnh vin ca i tuyn, 4 thy quan st vin v 1 thy ph
on ri T quc ln ng. Ta hy chc h chin thng rc r trong ngy tr v.
Ngy 12/7/2009
10 ting bay trn my bay i vi nhng ngi ln u bay lu nh vy thc s l rt
mt mi nn hu nh cc s t ca chng ta u chm trong gic ng ngon lnh, tr nhng
ln b tip vin nh thc dy cho nhng ba n gia chuyn bay. Ngoi ra, chng ti cn
thy Duy c vi ln thc dy, bt n gh ca mnh ghi chp g vo quyn s tay
IMO report ca cu. 6h30p gi a phng, my bay h cnh xung sn bay Frankfurt - th
l c on n nc c! Th tc nhp cnh rt nhanh chng, v hu nh ch cn a
h chiu cho nhn vin hi quan l c. Tp trung ngh ngi c mt lt, mi ngi li
tay xch nch mang cc loi ba-l, va-li ln ng n bn tu. n ni, v cn 2h00 na
tu mi n, li c thy Khoi i trc thng bo rng khi ln tu s cm thy i cn
gi thc n trn tu li t nn thy Minh dn Hiu, Duy v Hng i ra hng McDonalds
gn ga tu mua hamburger cho mi ngi. Tu n, v ch dng li ng 3 pht. C
on tht s cm thy bt ng v s lm vic ng gi, chi tit n pht ca ngi c.
Tu chy t Frankfurt, bng qua Bonn, Koln, dc theo sng Reine v cui cng cng n
Bremen. Sut chuyn tu, lc u cn c vi ngi hng th chp nh phong cnh nhng
sau c 6 s t u chm vo gic ng, c l v cha kp thch nghi vi mi gi mi. Khi
tu n Bremen, on Vit Nam c n tip bi 2 c guide ngi c (xin t: h n
mc cc k dim da v hippy), cng mt chng guide Vit Nam (sau ny chnh l guide
ca on): L Trn Thi (Thai Le Tran), sau ny c on Vit Nam t cho ci tn Vit
Kiu: Tony Thi. Anh Thi sinh ra v ln ln c, tng v Vit Nam 3 ln nhng ni
ting Vit cng ch bp b. Anh Thi dn on n khch sn Inter City, nhn phng v
ngh ngi, v hn ngy hm sau lc 10h30 sng s c xe n n on Vit Nam vo trng
i hc Jacobs tp trung vi cc on khc. Chiu hm y on i n qun Mai-Mai
trong nh ga, c c ch qun ngi Vit tip i, cho ung nc ngt min ph, tht tnh
thy hi ngi nhng thc n qun ny rt ngon li r nn c on ha vi c ch qun
s quay li y sau khi thi xong. m y, ai cng ng ngon lnh v mt sau chuyn i di.
109
Ngy 13/7/2009
Ngy th nh trn nc c m ra vi ba n sng v cng kh chu. Ton b sa,
bnh m, ph mai, kh chu t mi n cch n. Cc s t d cm thy kh n nhng cng
phi c gng hon thnh nhim v n sng, nu khng s ph 14 Euro tiu chun n sng
ca B. 10h30, rt ng hn phong cch ca ngi c anh Thi c mt dn on
n i hc Jacobs. Cc s t c ch bng mt xe taxi n tri lnh, chun b cho mt
trn nh ln nht cuc i hc sinh ca h. n tng u tin l ng i c lm rt
mn, rt bng phng ch khng li lm, y g - voi nh Vit Nam, hn na hai bn
ng trng cy xanh nn d i vo lc gia tra, tri vn rt mt m. Xe i ngang qua
mt hi cng, nhng cnh ng rng ln vi ci xay gi ri li n nhng vt cy rng c
lt qua ca xe, v cui cng dng li trc ca trng i hc Jacobs ch n ca cuc
hnh trnh. on ly hnh l ri cng vo lm th tc check in. Th tc din ra khoa hc
v kh nhanh chng. Mi thnh vin u c pht 1 tm th ghi tn mnh, km theo v
c s dng min ph cc phng tin giao thng, bn campus ca i hc Jacobs, ba
l, nn v mt chic o trn in logo IMO 2009. Sau , on c pht cha kha phng.
ng di chuyn n cc khu nh kh di, v cc s t ca chng ta ln lt gp mt i
tuyn Canada, Singapore v cho hi h c vi cu. R rng l trnh ting Anh ca
i tuyn ta giao tip vi h! V phng, n nh ch ng v ngh ngi mt cht, c
i n khu nh ca thy Khc Minh n tra: ba n c c thc n chu nn d chu
hn nhiu so vi ba sng khch sn. Sau ba tra, c i c khong 3h30p ngh ngi,
v vo lc 6h00, anh Thi gi tt c cng ra sn tp th thao. (. . . ). Sau phn thi u th
thao chung Hi, Cng i chi tennis, Thnh v phng mt mnh cn Duy, Hng v Hiu
giao lu c vi i tuyn Mng C trong khi cng chi bng r vi h. on Mng
C gm cc thnh vin t 14 16 tui nhng li rt thch th trong vic v khoe vi
cc thnh vin ca chng ta. H hi Duy Cu c bit bt ng thc AM GM, Cauchy
Schwarz, Tchebychev khng?, lm cc cu Vit Nam ci thm. Cui cng, Duy v Hiu
i tm trong my tnh, chp vo USB tng cc bn Mng C bi vit v phng php EMV
ca Phm Kim Hng v On a class of 3 variable inequalites ca V Quc B Cn, cc
bn Mng C cng rt quen thuc vi 2 ci tn ny nn cm n rt nhiu. 7h00, c i
cng n ti. Cc ba n gn nh tr nn quen thuc v d chu hn nhiu cho cc s t
ca chng ta.
Ngy 14/7/2009
7h00, anh Thi nh thc i tuyn dy n sng v chun b cho l khai mc. Trong
khi ba tra v ba ti dn tr nn d chu th ba sng vn kh nut nh hm u
khch sn Inter City. n sng vi vng xong, 6 ngi quay v phng thay ng phc
ca i tuyn ri ra tp trung bn xe bus, chun b n ni lm l khai mc. i tuyn
Vit Nam ngi trn xe bus s 7 cng cc i Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand v
Iran. n tng nht trong s l i tuyn Iran vi 6 chng trai cao ln v gng mt
c nhiu nt rt ging ngi phng Ty. Cc chng trai Iran cng rt thn thin v ci
m, mi i tuyn Vit Nam cng chp nh vi h trc khi ln xe. ng nhin, h
khng qun li chc thi tt v c nhng k nim tht ng nh vi IMO 2009. Xe khi
hnh, i khong 30p th n ni lm l khai mc: mt a im trng b ngoi nh mt
qun bia, cn trng bn trong nh mt qun ru (nhn xt ca Duy). Chng trnh ca
110
l khai mc theo nhn xt ca cc s t ca chng ta th cng khng tt, c bit l tit
mc nhy hip hop lm mt i tnh trang trng ca bui l - c l iu ny hp vi phong
cch ca hc sinh nc ngoi hn chng? Nhng d sao i na, trong l khai mc cng
cn c tit mc tnh nhm nhanh bng cc mo mc, gip ngi trnh din c th nhn
nhm 987 vi 804 trong thi gian ngn. Vui v n tng nht trong tr chi tnh nhm
nhanh ny l ch ngi trnh din ni y thch thc: If I give this little problem to the
young mathematicians here, I bet there will be many results, v s tht, Hiu thy i
tuyn Hy Lp ngi ngay trn i tuyn Vit Nam tm c 6 kt qu i mt khc nhau
(!). Quan trng nht trong l khai mc l mn diu hnh ca cc nc tham gia. Phn
ny c t chc kh honh trng, tuy nhin v c n 104 nc tham d nn thi gian
cho mi nc l khng nhiu. C mt s nc mang linh vt ca mnh ln sn khu khi
diu hnh, c nc li chun b nhng qu bng giy trong ghi i iu v nc ca
h hay nhng ng xu ca nc y khi ln sn khu, nm xung pha di cho khn
gi. Ring on Vit Nam khng ng n iu ny nn ch tng cho bn b nm chu
nhng ci vy tay cho thn thin ri li quay v ch ngi. n tng nht c l l 6 c gi
ca cc tiu vng quc rp thng nht vi trang phc hi gio rt c trng, khng
ln vo u c. Sau l khai mc, xe ch tt c quay li k tc x ngh ngi. 6h00,
ba ti din ra cng ngn gn, v sau , khong 8h00, thy Minh gi tt c vo phng
ca Cng ri dn tht k v ni qui phng thi. T vic c mang nhng g vo phng
thi n vic phi lm bi nh th no, vit ln t giy no, cho bi lm vo phong b ra
sao n vic nu c thc mc v , phi t cu hi ra sao cho hp l, n c chin thut
lm bi, cch cu im nu khng lm c l sao, ri vic s dng 5 tm th More
paper, Water, Toilet, Question & Answer, Help nh th no, ngha ca chng, etc. Ngn
y vic m mt n 2h. n 10h00, thy Minh bo tt c cng v ng c sc mai lm bi.
Ngy 15/7/2009
Ngy thi th nht m ra cng bng mt ba n sng qua loa, sau tt c tp trung
ra xe bus n a im thi mt hi trng trng ging nh mt ci nh kho hi cng
nhng rng n mc c th cha c tt c cc th sinh. Hi trng chia lm 6 block, mi
nc c 1 th sinh ngi trong 1 block sao cho 2 ngi bt k cng mt nc khng bao gi
nhn thy c nhau mt bi ton sp xp kh y nh?! Gi thi n, cc s t bc
vo phng thi vi tm trng hi hp v cng khng km phn ho hc. Sau 4h30p, tt c
np bi, ra ngoi ca. thi ngy u gm bi 1 l 1 bi l thuyt s kh n gin, c l
l N1 ca Shortlist, bi 2 l mt bi hnh m v sau Hiu v Hng bo khng xng ng
lm thi IMO, ring Hiu khoe thnh tch l ch c , cha v hnh bit lm (!),
cn bi 3 l mt bi ton dy s, lin quan n cp s cng, c l l A6 hay A7, ng l
kh hc i vi nhng ngi khng quen. Tnh hnh lm bi ca i tuyn trong ngy th
nht, tt nht l Duy v Hng gii quyt trn vn c 3 bi, tip l Hiu v Cng: lm
trn vn 2 bi u v cn mt t ca bi 3 (nhng ngay sau , Cng pht hin thiu st
trong bi 1), Thnh v Hi hm u c l b run tay, lm bi khng tt, mi cu ch c
1 bi trn vn nhng cng c lm c mt cht nhng bi khc. Chic xe bus ch i
tuyn quay v trong nhiu tm trng khc nhau. Ba tra hm y din ra nhanh, ri tt
c li cng ng mt mch n gi n ti. n ti xong, thy Minh li gi 6 s t tp trung
li, dn d v chin lc lm bi ca ngy hm sau. u tin, thy ni rng 2 bn Duy
v Hng l ng c vin cho chic huy chng Vng, tuy nhin Hiu v Cng cng c th,
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cn Thnh v Hi nu hm sau c gng lm bi, vn c th gi c mu huy chng Bc.
Tuy nhin, iu quan trng, thy nhn mnh, l phi c chin thut lm bi hp l. Nu
khng, c th ta s nh mt li th ca ngy th nht, hoc c th, t li cng t hn.
Ri thy i vo cc vn chi tit hn, thy bo rng iu quan trng nht l hy coi nh
ngy th 2 mnh ch phi lm bi 4 v bi 5 qun mt s c mt ca bi 6 ko gp phi vn
kh, mt thi gian v mt li th. Thy cng cn dn rng ng nn xc nh t tng
l ngy th 2 thi s cn mt bi hnh na, v hnh vn l th mnh ca i tuyn Vit
Nam nm nay, hn na ngy th 2 chc chn phi c t hp (v ngy u cha c). Lc ,
c bn u thy s tht vng trn gng mt Hiu, nhng lin sau , Hiu pht biu
rt mnh dn: Tha thy, nu ngy mai bi 6 l hnh th em ngh chng ta vn c th
tp trung vo lm n, c khi cn tt hn l lm bi t hp nu n l bi 5 cha chc mnh
lm c. Thy Minh lp tc nhc nh cu v gng Phm t thnh vin i tuyn
nm trc: c coi l vua hnh trong gii hc sinh Vit Nam nhng vn phi cho thua
trc bi 6, nhc cu ng ch quan, hy nghe li thy th hn. Xong bui gio hun,
thy Minh khng qun chc cc s t ngy mai s lm bi tt hn ngy trc v chc tt
c ng ngon. m y ai cng ng sm, c l v lm bi cng thng hn d l khai mc chng?!
Ngy 16/07/2009
Ngy thi th nh cng bt u vi ba sng. Nhng ba sng hm y trm lng hn
hm trc, v khng ch c cc s t Vit Nam m ngay c cc on khc cng c nhng
tm trng khc nhau do ngy thi th nht mang li. Tng ming bnh m c nhai nhanh
nut l trong im lng, tt c ch nhn nhau, gn nh khng ni nng g. Nhng cui cng,
ting ci vang li xut hin khi Hiu v Duy pht hin ra Fan Zheng mt th sinh ngi
Trung Quc, c cch n ung ht sc lp d. Cu Fan Zheng y n bnh m ch qut b
ngoi, th khi n li ci mt xung, th khi n xong ch i ly li sa m khi quay
li gh ngi cng lc ng c l Trung Quc hun luyn cc thnh vin ca h k n
mc mi ngi u b : lm Ton th rt gii nhng ngoi ra chc khng bit lm g.
Chic xe bus i sn ngoi cng trng, ch cc s t n a im hm trc: h sn
sng i mt vi 3 bi ton ha hn s kh khn hn, v theo nhn xt ca thy Minh,
ngy u tin vn cn kh nh nhng. bi ngy th hai ng nh thy Minh d
on: c phn phc tp hn ngy u, n bt u bng mt bi hnh hc vi yu cu tnh
gc v mt cm by cho nhng k hay suy ngh vn n gin, nhng may mn thay,
trong ghi r tm cc gi tr c th c ca BAC nh mt li cnh bo rng c
th c nhiu nghim nn cc s t Vit Nam khng ai lm sai bi ny, ring ch c Hiu
l khng hi lng v cch lm ca mnh: cu khng tm c cch lm thun ty m phi
dng cch tnh ton, vic tnh ton ca cu di n 3 mt giy thi, hn na li rt phc
tp. Bi 5 l mt bi phng trnh hm trn tp s nguyn dng, c l tm A4 hay A5
ca Shortlist. Khi ra khi phng thi, c 6 ngi u bo co l lm c, nhng ngay sau
, Cng pht hin ra cu ng nhn ngay t bc u tin, v ra v s nghim hm,
trong khi p s l f(n) = n, cn Hng cng nhn ra bc qui np ca cu cha y .
Duy, Hiu, Hi, Thnh th u cha thy sai st g. Bi 6 thc s l mt vn ng ni:
bi ton Grasshopper (con chu chu), v sau c nh gi l bi kh th nh trong 50
nm IMO, ch thua bi 6 ca IMO 2007 ti Vit Nam. Bi 6 i tuyn Vit Nam tr
Duy ra khng ai c cht tng no cho li gii. Hiu c vit c vi ch linh tinh vo,
v sau ct thy Minh nhn xt Nhng g em vit u ng, nhng khng phi l li
gii. Ri khi phng thi, v nm c tt c kt qu lm bi ca mnh, cc s t Vit
112
Nam cn mang nhiu mu sc tm trng hn ngy th nht. V n k tc x, c i vui
mng gp li thy H Huy Khoi ngi trng on ln ng trc t ngy 10/7,
v b cch ly vi cc th sinh trong sut thi gian va qua. Thy Khoi cho bit tnh hnh
l ngy u tin, Duy chc chn c 21, Hng th c th 19 n 21, ty vo vic thy
c ci c vi jury khng, Hiu ngy u chc chn 15, Hi v Thnh u c th t 9
n 11, cn Cng c th 12 n 13, ty vo vic thy c bo v c hc tr trc
jury hay khng. Qu mt mi, c bn n vi ba tra, nhng thy Khoi v thy Minh
vo n cng, v cn ngi tho lun vi Duy v bi 6 ca cu. Lc ny Duy mi nhn
ra rng mnh xt cn thiu trng hp, v nhng trng hp cu thiu, tuy l mt phn
nh cc trng hp nhng li ri vo cc trng hp kh nn thy Khoi ni bi 6 cu ch
c cng lm l 4, ng nhin nh th l qu xut sc ri. Sau ba tra l mt gic
ng di qun bt nhng n tng v hai ngy thi, chun b cho nhng ngy vui chi,
tham quan du lch sp ti. (. . . ). Ba ti din ra cng nhanh chng v thy Minh dn sau
ba ti phi tp trung trnh by chi tit tnh hnh lm bi cho thy. Sau bui hp vi
6 s t m khng thu c thng tin g nhiu, tr vic pht hin ra thm mt s li ca
Hng bi 5, thy Minh ra v. Thy Khoi tip tc ngi li, ni v vic s phi chm bi
ra sao: th ra ngy hm sau s chm cc bi 1,4,3,6 tng ng vo lc 9h00 sng, 12h00,
3h00 chiu v 6h00 ti. Mi chuyn gn nh ng ng: Duy chc chn Vng, Hiu v
Hi chc chn Bc, Thnh ang gia ng v Bc cn Hng ang gia Bc v Vng,
ring Cng c nguy c phi nhn HM, nhng c l vn l ng theo thy Khoi ni.
Sau bui ni chuyn vi thy Khoi, m hc sinh li t tp trao i vi nhau. 11h30p,
chung in thoi li reo vang: thy Minh gi Hi, Cng v Hiu sang phng thy ni
li mt s ch trong bi lm. C 3 tm o khoc cho lnh ri chy i ngay. n ni,
thy Minh hi Cng cch lm cc bi ca cu ngy th 2. Lc ra khi phng thi, Cng
ni ngy 2 lm c 2 bi, nhng sau khi ni chuyn vi thy Minh, cu nhn ra bi 5
hon ton b i, cn bi 4 c l cu vt c cht t. C l lc ny Cng rt bun. V
phn Hi, bi 4 cu dng nh l Ceva sin nn khng thy r vic phi lm chiu o nh
th no, thy Minh s mt im nhng Hi trnh by li r rng mi th v xa c
ni lo y ca thy. Cu chuyn vui nht c l l ca Hiu: thy Minh ni rng tnh ton
ca cu khng bit ng khng, v cc thy th tch nhn t mi m khng a n
c dng cui cng nh cch lm ca cu. Lc , Hiu rt lo lng, lp tc chy v tm
laptop, bt Maple ln v. . . tnh li. Maple cho ra kt qu, ng nh biu thc ca cu,
nhng nhn rt d s. Lc ny, c Hiu v thy Minh u th pho nh nhm, yn tm v
bi lm. Ni chuyn vi thy Minh mt lc, c 3 c tha, cng v v ng say gic m y.
Ngy 17/07/2009
Ngy i chi d ngoi th nht. 10h sng, tt c cng n bo tng xut nhp cnh ca
bn cng Bremen mt hi cng ln nht th gii. Ni y lu tr thng tin v nhng t
nhp c, xut c ca ngi cc nc v c ngi c thng qua hi cng ny. Nh vo bo
tng Bremen haven (haven trong tic c ngha l hi cng) m tt c hiu thm v cuc
sng trn tu nh th no, tuy nhin cng c nhng iu rt nhm chn, c th l cuc i
ca nhng ngi khng ly g lm ni ting m nhp c, xut c nhng ngi hng dn
vin c bt c i tuyn phi nghe i nghe li. Tm li, vic tham quan bo tng Bremen
Haven ch th v trong khong 30p u, sau tt c u bc i chn nn. Tra, tt c
cc on c a vo mt phng rng v thong, ch ngi v n ti thc n c
pht em theo nh hm i d l khai mc. n chiu, tt c c vo tham quan bo tng
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thi tit (climate house). Ni y thu nh cc vng t khc nhau trn th gii vi a
hnh, kh hu, nhit , mi v. . . c trng ca tng vng v sp xp thnh vng theo
mt kinh tuyn to cho khch tham quan cm gic nh l c i vng quanh th gii.
Chuyn tham quan y nhn chung l th v, nhng mt mi v phi i b qua nhng chng
ng di, th, c nhng lc i vo vng m phng sa mc Sahara ca chu Phi, ct
bm vo giy lm giy trn, mt lc sau li n Nam Cc vi nhng tng bng tri ln,
lm cc thnh vin i tuyn nhiu ln sut trt ng. Ri khi climate house, on Vit
Nam phi tm mi mi gp c guide ca on mnh. Thy Minh v sau nhn xt L ra
guide l phi bm on, nhng guide Vit Nam chc ch lo bm cc ch guide xinh p
ca my on Trung Quc, Nht, Thi Lan thi. (. . . )
Ngy 18/07/2009
Ngy i chi d ngoi th hai. Hm nay khng b anh Thi gi dy sm nn c i u
ng n tn 10h00, hu qu l khng ai kp n sng m vn phi ln xe i vo trung tm
thnh ph Bremen. Hnh trnh ca i tuyn Vit Nam bt u t di mt chn cu,
ni c khu ch bn nhng mn second hand r tin, nhng thc ra trng cng cn hi
mi, c l vn cn mua c. Ch bn ch yu l cc in t v qun o, nhng cng
c mt s mn lu nim. Ti khu ch tri y, 2 nc lng ging Vit Nam v Cambodia
c m p nh k nim vi nhau. Ri ch tri, c i i n qung trng Bremen,
ni c tng tng Bismack ngi anh hng c cng thng nht t nc, vo thm nh
th Bremen v li quay li i do xung quanh qung trng. Thnh ph Bremen m m
ngay c trung tm vi nhng ngi nh hin ha bao quanh thp chung nh th cao
gn 100m. Nh th Bremen c 2 thp chung, u b tn ph v bom n trong i chin
th gii ln th 2, nhng mt thp c tu sa hon ton, cn thp kia vn ang ch
vo lng thnh quyn gp ca nhng ngi theo o. Bc vo trong nh th, chng ti
thy mi vm c chm tr rt tinh xo nhng hnh nh tn gio, n tng nht l bc
tranh v ba tic ly cui cng vi hnh nh Cha Jesus cng cc tng . Ra khi nh th,
on c anh Thi dn n trc biu tng ca thnh ph Bremen: con g trng ng
trn lng con mo, con mo ng trn lng con ch, v con ch ng trn lng con la.
Hnh nh y xut pht t cu chuyn c tch quen thuc Nhng nhc s thnh Bremen,
v tng truyn rng ai n cm vo 2 chn con la v c mt iu g th iu y s tr
thnh hin thc, th l c 6 thnh vin i tuyn tranh nhau nm ly chn la v chp
nh. Sau tit mc s chn la l vic i do ph. Mi ngi khng qun gh qua nhng
hng lu nim dc ng mua nhng hnh nh v Bremen, c bit l hnh nh 4 con
vt thing k trn. Vic mua bn c din ra ht sc lch s, k c i vi nhng hng
dc l ng nh th ny. Thm ch ngi bn hng khch t do la chn m khng
cn trng coi, khng lo b trm cp. n tra, mi ngi ngi trn nhng chic gh g by
gia qung trng Bremen n bnh c pht theo trong ti thc n t sng. 12h00
nhng hm y gi mnh nn ai cng cm thy lnh. Kh nht l Duy v lc sng ch quan
khng mang theo o khoc. n tra xong, anh Thi li dn mi ngi vo tim chocolate
Hachez mua chocolate v lm qu. y l nhn hiu t sn xut v t bn chocolate ni
ting v cht lng ti c, nhng gi thnh v th cng hi cao hn bn ngoi. 2h00, c
on quay ra xe bus quay v i hc Jacobs. Chiu hm y l bui tic barbercue ngoi
tri, v y l ln u tin mi ngi c chng kin ti nng ca Hiu v Duy: 2 cu
vng i vng li ly thc n, cui cng Hiu n 4 ming tht ln, 1 ming tht g cn
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Duy 3 ming tht ln, 1 ming tht g, mi ming u c din tch hn lng bn tay mt
cht, th hai cu ny cn ung Coca Cola lin tc v n thm bp rang, salad trc s
ng ngng ca khng ch i Vit Nam m c cc i xung quanh. Nhng cng phi cng
nhn, ba barbercue y l ba n ngon nht trong sut khong thi gian i hc Jacobs
ca on Vit Nam. Kt thc ba n, mi ngi v phng ngh, ring Hiu v Duy chy
n khu nh jury ang chm im xem trc kt qu. Hiu tht s bt ng v bi 4
cu c 7 im, bi v bn thn cu cng khng ng rng nhng tnh ton khng khip
ca mnh li c chp nhn, cn Duy va vui va bun v c 4 im bi 6: vui v
c 4 im, cao hn nhiu ngi, nhng bun v khng lm c trn vn. Th l Duy
chc n c 39/42 im, chc chn s lt vo top 10 v s cn hn rt nhiu thnh
vin ca i tuyn Trung Quc, v iu ny m cu cng hm h lm, c va i va k mi.
Ngy 19/07/2009
K nim 50 nm IMO. Mt bui l honh trng khng th qun c. Ngy 19 c bui
sng t do, v nh thng l, cc thnh vin ca chng ta s dng s t do y cho gic
ng ko di n 10h30 ca mnh, li b mt ba sng. Ba tra cng khng c g c sc,
v tt c u ang ngh n bui l kh c bit ca IMO 2009 ny. 12h00, tt c c mt
trn chuyn xe bus s 7 n ni lm l. Thy Khoi cng i vi on, cc trng on
khc cng th, thy bui l c coi trng n mc no. 30p sau, xe n ni. L k
nim 50 nm IMO c t chc mt ni trng nh nh ht ln ca thnh ph Bremen vi
nhng khch mi c bit l nhng ngi tng thi IMO t thnh tch cao v gi y
tr thnh nhng nh Ton hc ni ting trn th gii, trong c bit n nhiu nht
c l l Terence Tao Mozart ca Ton hc ginh huy chng Vng IMO tui 13,
c nhn gii thng Fields nm 2004 v hin ang l gio s ca i hc California, l
chuyn gia v l thuyt s, phng trnh o hm ring, l thuyt biu din v gii tch iu
ha, ngoi ra cn c Bela Bollobas, gio s i hc Cambridge v Memphis, l chuyn
gia v gii tch hm, t hp v l thuyt th, ngi u tin ginh 2 huy chng vng
IMO (1959 v 1961), Timothy Gowers, i hc Cambridge, l chuyn gia v t hp v
gii tch hm, huy chng vng IMO 1981 v c gii thng Fields nm 1998, Laszlo
Lovasz, huy chng Vng IMO 1963, Bc IMO 1966, chuyn gia v Ton ri rc v Tin hc
l thuyt, hin l ch tch Hi Ton hc th gii, Stanislav Smirnov, huy chng Vng
IMO 1986 v 1987, hin ang lm vic i hc Geneva, chuyn gia v Gii tch phc, h
ng v l thuyt xc sut, Jean-Christophe Yoccoz, huy chng Bc IMO 1973, huy
chng Vng IMO 1974, gii thng Fields nm 1994, l chuyn gia v h ng, l thuyt
s v gii tch phc, hin ang l gio s i hc Paris XI. L k nim bt u bng
cc bi pht biu ca cc quan chc cao cp, trong c Ch tch Hi ng trng on,
B trng B Gio dc v Nghin cu Lin bang, Hiu trng i hc Jacobs v i din
ca nh ti tr IMO 2009. Th v nht c l l qu trnh t chc cc k IMO t nm 1959
c k li kh t m: IMO cng bt u vi ch 7 nc tham d, v sau ngy cng
ln mnh, tr thnh mt s kin quan trng nh hin nay. Sau din vn ca cc quan chc
cp cao l phn giao lu gia cc nh Ton hc ni ting nu trn vi cc th sinh IMO
2009 thng qua cc bi thuyt trnh. C tng cng 6 nh Ton hc c mi din thuyt,
v c sau 2 ngi th li c mt khong thi gian ngh ngi. Trong khong thi gian y, cc
th sinh c cung cp bnh, nc ung v c c hi tip xc, giao lu vi cc thn tng
Ton hc ca mnh. Ngi din thuyt u tin l Terence Tao. Vi ti v cu trc v s
phn b ca cc s nguyn t y hp dn v phong cch ni cun ht ca mnh, Tao lm
115
cho c khn phng tp trung vo phn din thuyt ca mnh. Tuy ch l gii thiu s lc
cng nh c nhng nh gi kh hiu, c bit l phng php xc sut trong vic pht
hin mt s nguyn t, nhng iu ny cng li n tng trong nhiu IMOer hm nay,
kch thch h i theo con ng nghin cu. MC ca bui l cn ni Ti tin rng sau vi
chc nm na, ti IMO 60, 70, hay 100, mt trong s cc bn s ng trn sn khu, thuyt
trnh v nhng ti ring ca mnh. Phn giao lu vi cc nh Ton hc cng kh th v,
c bit l vi Terence Tao. Cc thnh vin Vit Nam cng khng b l c hi ny. Hiu,
Hng v Cng chen c qua m ng n gn Tao, xin ch k v chp nh lu nim
vi nh Ton hc ni ting ny. Kh cho Duy: rt ngng m Tao nhng li khng th tm
c ng gia m ng ngn ngt bao quanh Tao nh mt ngi sao nhc rock thc s (. . . )
Ngy 20/7/2009
Chuyn tham quan o Wangerooge di sn thin nhin ca c do UNESCO bnh
chn. V l do i o phi i bng thuyn, m thuyn th chy rt ng gi nn xe khng
th ch i bt c ai lu c c. Mt trong nhng nn nhn ca s nguyn tc y chnh
l thy Minh: thy n qu tr nn c xe nh quyt nh b thy li. Khng bit ti sao
m ti hm trc Hiu c nhm t thng bo nn thng tin vi c i rng ba n
sng s c pht trn xe, th l tt c cng ln ng m khng c g vo bng. Xe n
bn thuyn th gp phi mt trn gi ln, thi ci lnh ca bui sm mai vo su tn da
tht, khin c 6 thnh vin i tuyn u phi khoc o lnh kn ht c tay, ring Hiu
cn din thm m cho gi tp vo mt. Tt c nhanh chng ln thuyn cho ng gi
khi hnh. on Vit Nam c xp ngi cng mt ch nn tt c cng ta vo nhau v
vo. . . nhng chic ba-l IMO mu ta cho c cm gic lnh. Tu lt trn sng rt
m v n o sau khong 30p. C on li ln mt chuyn tu la ngn, thm khong
10p n ch tp trung, sau li phi i b thm khong 1h n c ch t chc
vui chi. l mt bi ct di, phng v rt mn. C l nh bi ct p th ny nn o
Wangerooge mi c chn lm di sn thin nhin ca UNESCO. Bi ct rng v thong,
hng cy xanh li tt xa pha sau nn nhng cn gi but c dp thi ct bay m mt,
mang theo ci lnh ct da t trong nc bin v c t khng kh. Tri li m u my sau cn
ma nn nh nng vn cha ln hn, cng lm tng thm ci lnh thu xng. Th m vn
c ngi nhy xung nc n tn bng, ri chi a, ht nc, nhy sng c. 11h30,
tt c cng xp hng i vo nh n, v mt ln na, Hiu lm mi ngi trm tr khi mt
mnh x l 5 a thc n y p. Nhng ln ny, cc thnh vin khc cng khng chu
thua km: Duy v Hng u n 4 a, Hi, Cng v Thnh cng mi ngi 2 a (trong
khi tiu chun l mi ngi ch c 1 a!). Sau ba tra th mt tri ln, khng kh cng
bt lnh. C i cng i do xung bi ct, chp nh v ngm cnh bin, ri sau khi
nhit xung quanh ln cao hn v cm thy bt lnh, tt c cng chi bng. Trong lc
i Vit Nam bng, cc i khc cng c nhiu tr th v nh xy lu i ct, o cc
h su xung ct bng cuc nha, ri nhng tr chi th dc nh lc vng, xoay bng v,
i xe p mt bnh u din ra si ni. Cc cuc vui chi din ra trong ting ci rn r
n tn 6h chiu th mi ngi cng quay ra bn tu ha, i ngc li bn thuyn quay
vo b. Trong lc trn tu i t bin v, mt cnh chim hi u bay xung rt thp, st vi
tng trn ca tu nn c mt cu ngi Nga a bnh m ln cho n qup ly trong s v
tay h reo si ni ca mi ngi xung quanh.
116
Ngy 21/7/2009
B mc IMO 2009. Ba sng ca i tuyn Vit Nam hm nay c ln k hoch r
rng v mi ngi vn khng qun c s nhm ln tai hi hm qua ca Hiu. 8h00, mi
ngi n sng xong, cng quay v phng khoc ln mnh chic o ng phc ca i tuyn
Vit Nam, chun b i nhn nhng tm huy chng rng r ca mnh. 10h00, xe bus khi
hnh n a im t chc l b mc v trao huy chng. l phng ha nhc Bremen,
mt khn phng sang trng v rng ln cha tt c cc th sinh v jury cng cc
quan st vin. Cc th sinh c sp xp ch ngi theo mu huy chng. Huy chng Vng
ngi trn cng, ri n Bc, sau l ng v ng sau na l nhng th sinh cn thiu
may mn nn cha ginh c tm huy chng IMO danh gi. Khi cc v khch mi c
mt ng , l b mc IMO c bt u bng din vn ca b B trng B Gio dc
v Nghin cu lin bang, sau n Hiu trng trng i hc Jacobs ri i din ca
nh ti tr. Ni tip sau cc bi din vn l mt mn o thut vt l kh th v vi vic
lm cho ngn la xoay trn v chy mnh ln trn cao, ri mn bn ra cc vng trn khi
t nhng chic my khng l t to, u thu ht c s quan tm v ng h ca khn
gi. Tip n l phn trao huy chng. y l giy pht hi hp v ng trn trng ca
tt c nhng th sinh c gng lm bi, v gi y sp c eo vo c tm huy chng
IMO danh gi. Cc huy chng c pht bt u t huy chng ng. Huy chng c
trao bng cch mi cc th sinh ln sn khu, cho khn gi ri quay li pha sau lng,
cc i biu c mi trao huy chng eo nhng tm bng khen danh gi y ln c h.
Trong s cc th sinh ginh huy chng ng c Raul Chavz ngi Peru nm nay 11
tui v l th sinh tr tui nht ti IMO 2009 tht tnh c, cu b bng tui thn ng
Terence Tao khi ln u ot huy chng ng IMO. C nhng cu bng a Raul can
solve an IMO problem but can not take a bath himself khin mi ngi phi ph ci. Khi
Raul ln nhn huy chng, c hi trng v tay nhit lit, hy vng cu b ny s ph c
k lc ca Terence Tao bng cch t c huy chng Vng ti IMO 2010 tip theo. 2 s
t Vit Nam: Cng v Thnh ln nhn huy chng ng sau cng, v trong nhng ngi
cng mu huy chng th huy chng li c pht theo th t t in ca tn nc, v
quay v ch ngi vui v vi chic huy chng ng trn c. Tip n l huy chng Bc. V
MC ca bui l cng l mt gio s Ton hc v c mi tham gia trao huy chng ng
nn trong lc y phi nh n mt MC khc, khi n huy chng Bc, MC chnh tr li
vai tr ca mnh khin cho vic eo cc huy chng vo c cc th sinh tr nn sinh ng
hn. ng lin tc ni nhng cu nh: Come on, turn around and receive your medals,
We are proud of you, etc, nhng khng bao gi ni lp li cu ni trc , khin cho
vic trao nhn huy chng din ra th v hn. Khi Hiu v Hi ln nhn huy chng Bc,
hai cu nh guide ca i Cambodia cm my nh bm gip vi kiu k nim. K n l
phn trao huy chng Vng vi nhiu hnh nh rt ng nh. Cng vi hnh thc nh c
nhng s lng th sinh c gi ln nhn trong mt t ch cn 5 th sinh. V MC tht
kho lo khi sp xp 6 th sinh: 3 ngi Hn Quc v 3 ngi Bc Triu Tin 2 t nc
chung ng bin gii ang chia ct nhau bi v tuyn 38 cng ln sn khu nhn gii.
Quc k 2 nc c cng ra cnh nhau l mt hnh nh rt p v mt chnh tr, ni
ln c m ha bnh hu ngh trong cng cuc ton cu ha, mt trong nhng mc tiu
ca IMO mun xy dng. Cui phn trao huy chng Vng, Duy v Hng cng ln nhn
huy chng, rt vui v. Phn honh trnh nht ca vic trao huy chng l i vi 3 th
sinh t im cao nht ca k thi: Dong Ji Wei (CHN), Makoto Soejima (JPN) v Lisa
Sauermann (GER). 3 th sinh c mi ring ln sn khu, v khi nhng tm huy chng
117
p nht c trao cho h, c hi trng cng ng ln v tay rt trnh trng. l mt
trng v tay di, c c s ngng m, c m v mt cht ganh t, nhng li nhng n
tng rt su sc trong lng tt c mi ngi. L trao gii kt thc, tip n l mt tit
mc ha tu ca dn nhc thnh ph Bremen: mt bn nhc hng trng ca Beethoven,
thi thc cc th sinh hng v tng lai ca mnh vi nhng c m p nht. Sau bi ha
tu li l mt bi ht opera bng ting c ca mt n ca s vi ging cao v rt truyn
cm nn d t ngi hiu, c hi trng vn im lng lng nghe v cm ng. L b mc
chnh thc kt thc bng vic trao c IMO cho nc ch nh tip theo. u tin, h pht
mt on video clip v Kazakstan, sau cc quan chc ca nc ny ln nhn c IMO
t nc c. Th l IMO 51 s c t chc ti thnh ph Astana y nng ca t nc
Trung Kazakstan. Nghi thc kt thc trong trang trng cng khp li bui l b mc. Tt
c cng ra xe bus quay v campus ca i hc Jacobs, khng qun chp nhng tm nh
vi chic huy chng nng hi va c eo vo c lm k nim. Theo thy Khoi nhn
xt, huy chng ca c lm khng c sc so v p nh huy chng ca nc ch nh
Ty Ban Nha nm trc, tuy nhin, d p hay khng, n cng ng qu v l kt tinh
ca nhng ngy thng c gng khng ngng ca cc thnh vin i tuyn. Ti ngy 21 l
ba n ti t bit, cng c t chc ngoi tri nh ba barbercue hm trc. Cc thnh
vin Vit Nam cng nh cc nc khc u khng tp trung vo n ung m ch yu l
i giao lu, tng cho nhau nhng mn lu nim t nc ca mnh, ri chp vi nhau
nhng tm nh ghi nh sut i v mt k nim p ti IMO. n khong 10h00, mt
night party c t chc vi nhng mn dancing n tng ca c cc ca s trn sn khu
ln nhng th sinh trn bi c. Cng, Duy v Hiu cng chen chc vo m ng, biu
din cc ng tc v cng va tp ca mnh, trng cng c hn lm. Mn dancing ko di
n tn hn 12h00 mi kt thc. Lc ny ban t chc cng b Miss v Mr IMO theo kt
qu bu chn. Miss IMO l mt bn n kh xinh p n t Venezuela vng quc ca
nhng hoa hu, cn Mr IMO cng n t Nam M, l Feliz ca Brazil mt ngi bn mi
quen ca i Vit Nam, c bit c v thn vi Hiu, v sau hai cu ny cn bt tay v
chp nh vi nhau. Khong 3h00, ba party tm bit nhau mi kt thc, chnh thc khp
li IMO 2009 vi bao khonh khc ng nh trong lng c nhng th sinh ln ban t chc.
H chia tay nhau v phng ngh v nhng ngi cn c hi tip tc khng qun ni nhng
li hn gp li rt t tin vi nhau. Sng ngy 22/7/2009, tt c cng ri i hc Jacobs,
kt thc chuyn i tt p.
118
Hnh trnh du hc ca cc sinh vin Ton
Lim Nguyn - Toronto, Canada
Nu nh i Mi l mt khi nim ci cch c nh hng ton din n i sng, x

hi, kinh t v chnh tr ca Vit Nam t nhng nm 1980 tr li y, th Du hc cng c
nh hng v ngha tng t i vi nn gio dc v vn ha ca nc nh. T mt mu,
vi 30 thnh vin ca diendantoanhoc.net, v ang l cc du hc sinh, nghin cu sinh
v ging vin nc ngoi, chng ta c th hnh dung c phn no hnh tnh du hc
ca hc sinh, sinh vin Vit nam qua hn mt phn t th k gn y.
I - Lin X hng v v du hc thi b m [1]
Khi nim du hc bt u hnh thnh ngay sau khi Vit Nam hon ton gii phng.
c i ra nc ngoi v du hc cc nc cng ha lin bang X Vit qu l mt thin
ng. Lin X c o to cho Vit Nam rt nhiu chuyn gia, nh qun l gii trn
mi lnh vc. Th h hc sinh, sinh vin Ton u i ca Vit Nam cng c may mn
c nui dng v pht trin t x s bch dng, v cho ti hin ti, hnh nh v mt
nc Nga hng v, vi bao k nim vn cn ng li trong nhiu th h du hc sinh Vit nam.
LBKTrnh, PHTip, LTQThng, TSn, PPt v TNDng thuc th h sinh vin
Ton, c o to t nhng trng i hc tin tin nht ca Nga, nh H Lomonosov,
HTH Leningrad. H tuy i theo nhng con ng khc nhau : ngi c nh trng c
i do H im cao, ngi th do mt trng thuc khi qun s ct c, hay do B ch
qun (nay l B GD T) c i. Song u c mt im chung l hc hnh chm ch v rt
t gic, mt phn v c s chn lc trong xt tuyn du hc, phn v nc mnh cn nhiu
kh khn nn lun phi c gng vn ln trong hc tp. n trng, sinh vin k tc
x, khong 4-8 ngi/phng, nghin cu sinh th tha mi hn, 2 ngi/phng, n nm
cui th c ring hon thnh lun n. Hc ph v tin phng u c min ph.
Ngoi ra, mi sinh vin u c khong 70 rp/ thng, nghin cu sinh c khong 85
rp/thng (sau ny tng ng l 90 rp v 120 rp) sinh hot ph mua sch, n ung
v gii tr.
Hc hnh, vui chi tha mi nhng ai cng nh nh, nh qu hng. Hi y, thng
tin lin lc u c hin i v a dng nh by gi. Khng email, khng cht, khng
dch v chuyn pht nhanh no, ch vit th tay, nhng cng nh m cung cch trnh
by ca h ci g cng mch lc, t hnh vn, chnh t, ng php n nt ch u u ra y.
Hin ti, h u tr thnh nhng nh khoa hc, nh chuyn mn trong lnh vc
ca mnh. C ngi vn theo ui nghip Ton, nh PHTip - gio s trng i hc
Florida; LTQThng - gio s trng i hc cng ngh Gatech, LBKTrnh - gio s trng
119
HKHTN HCM. C ngi chuyn sang lnh vc khc nh vt l, TSn - gio s trng
i hc Washington, hoc lnh vc cng ngh thng tin, nh tin s PPt, tin s TNDng
- ging dy trong trng i hc KHTN v qun l ti cng ty FPT. Nc Nga cng nh
khi ng u khng nhng nui dng h tr thnh nhng con ngi u t, m cn
li trong h nhiu du n kh qun. c bit, mi khi nghe n tn gi...Nga, L Na, hay
An Na, th k nim v mt t nc hng v y li tro dng trong h...
II - Nc c ti p, ni chp cnh nhng c m [2]
Th h ca PTHDng, TCng, HHTi tt nghip ph thng trung hc cng chnh
l thi im m mt lot cc nc ng u va sp , chng trnh gi hc sinh i du hc
ca chnh ph b gin on. Lc by gi cng cha thy ni nhiu v chuyn i hc cc
nc t bn. Thi thong cng c thy ngi ny, ngi kia i, nhng tin tc th kn mt, v
cng chng bit h kim u ra thng tin. Th l "yn tm" hc i hc trong nc. Hi
tht vng mt cht (sau nhng c gng cy ngy cy m ca bn thn v ca cha m),
nhng ri cng quen i v ha mnh vo vi nhng ngi bn mi, nhng th v v nhng
tr nghch ngm ca la tui khng cn l tr con na, nhng cng cha phi l ngi ln.
Nm i hc u tin qua i mt cch bnh lng, chi nhiu hn hc. Cui k ch " cu
tri khn pht" cho qua cn ko nhau i n mng. L c thng no trt v chui th
cng phai i n "gii hn" ngay. Tm li, c nm ch c lang thang v n mng. ng mt
ci, vo cui h, c tin B GDT s gi khong 25 sinh vin ca cc trng i sang c
du hc. Th l lao u vo hc ting Anh, c khong 2 thng th thi. Ti ( HHTi) my
mn nn cng u " vt" vo nhm c gi i. Th l t ti bt u phiu du trn
con ng du hc ca mnh.
T mnh Du hc
Ti c gi sang Perth, thnh ph th ph ca bang min Ty nc c.Bui u tin
n lp, c gio yu cu tng ngi ng ln gii thiu v bn thn. Ti n ni v v,
ti nghe tot m hi m chng hiu g. Mt lc sau, n phin mnh, ti lp bp t gii
thiu tn, ri ni vi c gio l t ny n gi mi ngi ni g ti chng hiu cht no
c. C gio ci v "dch" li cho ti bit tn tng ngi, nhng g h t ni v bn
thn. Th ra, ngoi ti, a c t nht cng l 3 nm ri. C my a, ting Anh cn
l ting m na. Sau nay ti mi c bit l c, trong k thi vo i hc c mn
ting Anh, v a no trt mn ny (nhng vn im vo trng) th phi qua mt
kho hc nh ti. T bui , ngy ngy ti n lp ngi nght mt ra nghe my a bn
cng lp ni chuyn vi nhau v vi c gio m chng hiu cu no. S nht l nhng gi
c v bnh lun tiu thuyt - Mi tun c gio cho c lp mt cun tiu thuyt v c,
tun sau th tho lun vi nhau v nhng g mnh c. Trong mt tun, ti ngi tra
t in ti au c mt cng ch c c khong 20 - 30 trang l cng. Sau khong mt
thng, ti nn qu nn "cho qua" lun mn ny .. ngha l hng ngy vn n lp, nhng
nghe v ng gt l chnh. Ti bit trt kho hc ny th khng c tip tc hc na m
b tr v nc ngay, nhng lc qu tht ti b qu nn "lm liu". Ti thc hin chnh
sch "chy ci" nh th c 2 tun th b c gio pht hin, v th l t , mi ngy
c u dnh ra 30 pht kim tra trc lp xem ti c nhng g. ng l mt cc hnh!
120
n nh l Hc
Thi sinh vin Vit nam c th ni l rt p. Ngoi tr mt s ngi, ngoi vic hc,
cn phi vt ln vi cuc sng, phn ln s cn li ginh rt nhiu thi gian cho vic hng
th. Sau mt k thi i hc ngn qu nhiu sc lc, ai cng c xu hng x hi mt cht
- nht l khi, ngoi cc k thi cui k ra, chng c g phi lo lng c. Thi sinh vin ca
du hc sinh khng hn l nh nhng d chu nh vy. Nhng m thc trng ngi phng
lab c l khng l chuyn l i vi bt k ngi du hc sinh no. Nht l i vi din du
hc sinh t tc, mi mn hc c tnh bng bao nhiu m hi nc mt ca cc bc ph
huynh, v th h khng c php trt v chui bt c mn no. nh vy, chng c
cch no khc ngoi vic lao u vo hc. Thm vo , Vit nam, cc trng i hc
tp trung hu ht cc thnh ph ln, ni m x hi xung quanh v cng si ng, c
bit bao chuyn din ra hng ngy thu ht s ch ca mnh. Trong khi , rt nhiu cc
trng i hc c t cc thnh ph ch khong trn di 50 nghn dn mi trng
xung quanh rt bnh lng v th, ngoi vic hc ra cng chng c my chuyn lm.
V b V hay .
Trong qu trnh du hc, nm u tin v nm cui cng l nhng nm vt v nht.
Nm u tin l khong thi gian thch nghi v thm him mi trng mi, x hi
mi quanh mnh. i vi nhng ngi ln u ri xa gia nh, y c th gi l bc
chp chng ca qu trnh tin ha, hc lm ngi. Nm cui cng, tuy khng cn phi
cht vt vi nhng ba n hng ngy, nhng li l khong thi gian phi i u vi nhng
quyt nh c nh hng ti c cuc i sau ny. Mt trong nhng vn ni cm nht
l vic v hay . n gin gi ghm trong 3 ch, nhng y l vn m bt c quyt
nh nh th no cng c mt hay mt d, nhng ci c v mt. C l ch nhng ai
tng tri qua nhng thng ngy t hi, dn vt, v lo lng mi hiu r c mt quyt
nh qu khng phi l mt iu d dng.
Ti tng tri qua nhng thng ngy lo lng v tng lai. Ln th nht, khi chun
b tt nghip i hc v ri Perth. Lc , nh mi ngi, ti np h s vo mt s ni
tip tc theo hc chng trnh sau i hc. Bn cnh ti cng ti kh nng tm
vic lm. Th ri, ti ng trc 3 s la chn: v lm vic cho mt cng ty c Vit nam,
li Perth tip tc hc cao hc, hoc sang Canada.
Kt qu...
Ti tip tc vi hnh trnh Ty du ca mnh trn t nc Canada. By gi do khng
cn b ng vi mi trng l na nn trong mt thi gian kh ngn, ti thch nghi vi
cuc sng mi. im khc bit u tin gia Canada v c (tt nhin ngoi ci lnh n
k d) l vic Canada c nh n cho sinh vin. Ti mng nh bt c vng. Mua ngay
meal plan cho mt hc k - Hng ngy, ti ba ch vic vc bng n nh n, no ri v.
My tun u tin sung sng phi bit mi ba, n th, cui bui cn c kem trng
ming. c mt thi gian, cng vic bt u bn rn, thi gian khng cn ch ng nh
trc. Lc i th bn m lc rnh li khng i. Th l nhiu ba ch kp chy vo nh n
nht vi my ming pizza ri chy i tip. Thm vo , khi bt u c nhin bn b (m
phn ln dn hc sau i hc khng n trong nh n), ti n li hay r ra ngoi n qun
121
Mi ln i nh vy thy tic khu phn n trong nh n ca mnh ( tr tin cho c hc
k ri). Sang hc k 2, ti quyt nh t nu ly. Quay li vi ni niu xoong cho khng
phi l iu th v cht no, v th ti n pizza v cc n sn khc l chnh. Cho ti
tn by gi, ti cng chng hiu mnh sng qua nhng nm thng bng g na.
Vic hc hnh cng sang mt bc ngot mi. Ln u tin lm quen vi vic nghin
cu. Ln u tin thc s cm thy c trch nhim i vi kin thc ca mnh, i din
vi nhng vn (trong hc tp) m trn tr trn trc hng thng tri vn khng gii
quyt c. Thi gian u, v khng phi ln lp nhiu, li cha bit cch sp xp lch
trnh cho bn thn, ti cm thy hc sau i hc tht thoi mi v rnh ri. Ti b ra
rt nhiu thi gian lang thang trong th vin v cc hiu sch ln. c khong na nm,
git mnh khi thy mnh cha lm c g my trong cng vic. Th l li cung cung lao
vo hc, hc ngy hc m. Cu hi ln nht trong thi gian ny lun l Hc g v hc
bao nhiu th ?. Dn dn, ti nhn ra rng hc chng bao gi l . iu quan trng
nht l bit cch sp xp thi gian lc no cng hc, nhng khng bao gi b qu ti
Tic rng khi nhn c ra chn l th ti tt nghip. 4 nm tri, nhiu lc thc
trng 2 m lin, nhiu lc li chi th ca c my tun. Cu ni m ti a thch nht c
l l cu Khi kin thc nh mt qu bng, v nhng g mnh cha bit l phn khng
gian bn ngoi. Qu bng cng to, phn b mt tip xc vi khng gian bn ngoi cng rng.
iu sai lm ln nht ca ti l trong thi k hc Canada ti khng v Vit nam ln
no. Ch 3 thng cui cng v c vic nh nn v n 2 ln. Ln u v li qu hng sau
gn 4 nm, nhn ra b m mnh gi i rt nhiu T dng thy nn nao trong lng,
cm gic nh c ai va cm ly rut mnh tht thnh vi ba nt ln bn trong. Cuc
i du hc sinh, hng ngy phi i din vi bao kh khn vt v, my khi c dp dng li
ngh xem mnh nh mt bao nhiu thi gian qu gi khng c bn cnh gia nh
v ngi thn ...
K t th h ca HHTi, nhiu lp sinh vin Ton khc nh NTPhng, NTun,
LAVinh, PGVAnh cng c thi gian du hc ti c, nhng trung tm ln nh ANU, H
Sydney, H Melbourne, H Queens v UNSW. Hin ti, a phn u ang hc tp v
nghin cu mt nc th ba. HHTi hin l gio s ton ti trng i hc Tulane, M.
NTPhng chuyn sang lnh vc khoa hc my tnh, v ang l nghin cu sinh hu tin
s ti trng i hc Toronto, Canada. NDTun sau khi bo v lun n tin s ton ti
trng i hc Paris Sud XI, cng c mt v tr nghin cu ti Vin nghin cu nng
cao Princeton, cng vi NBChu v NCGVng. Th h tr hn nh LAVinh, PGVAnh
u rt xut sc, "lp sng sau lp sng trc". Hin ti, LAVinh ang trong giai on
vit lun vn tin s trong lnh vc i s t hp v l thuyt th ti trng i hc
Harvard, cn PGVAnh hin ang lm nghin cu sinh trong lnh vc Khoa hc my tnh,
thuc trng i hc California ti Berkeley.
III - Khi du hc l la chn v Chu u l im n
Khi t nc bc vo thi k hi nhp, du hc cc nc chu u tr ln m ca
v thng thong hn rt nhiu. Ngoi ng u, c, Chu u tr thnh mt im n l
tng khi cc sinh vin c la chn im n trong thi gian hc i hc v c sau i
hc cho mnh. C nhiu l do du hc sinh la chn chu u [3]:
122
- Bng cp c cng nhn trn ton cu: Tham gia cc kha hc chu u, du hc
sinh khng phi lo lng v bng cp ca mnh v nh c s hp tc ca EU vi cc nc
khc trn ton th gii, bng cp ny c cng nhn ton cu. y ban Lin minh chu
u v 27 thnh vin lun cho n cc sinh vin chu , trong c cc sinh vin Vit Nam.
- H thng tch ly v chuyn giao tn ch nng ng v hiu qu: gip cc sinh vin t
c kt qu cao nht t vic hc tp nc ngoi, a ra nhng thc o v so snh cc kt
qu, thnh tu hc tp t c v chuyn h t vin o to ny sang vin o to khc.
H thng ny khng ch to iu kin pht huy tnh nng ng ca sinh vin v xy dng
cc chng trnh hc quc t m cn m bo s cng nhn v bng cp t c mi ni.
- Du hc sinh c th "kim" c bng cp kp, a quc gia: c cp bi 2 n 3 nc,
ty theo cc kha hc c thc hin nc ngoi. V d, mt sinh vin c c th la
chn theo hc kho o to Anh v tt nghip H Lan v nhn 2 n 3 chng ch
cc nc anh ta tham gia hc.
- Nhiu c hi ot hc bng: Hn 6.000 vin o to c m ra chu u cho tt c
cc sinh vin. t c hc bng l con ng quan trng cc sinh vin chu c th
n hc tp cc nc thnh vin ca EU v rt nhiu nc sn sng ti tr v ti chnh
cho cc sinh vin Vit Nam trong vic hc tp.
- Cc trng i hc chu u thng cung cp nhng dch v trn gi nh tm ch
, h tr ln k hoch cho vic hc tp... m bo sinh vin c th nhanh chng n nh
trong vic hc tp v cuc sng hng ngy.
- Ro cn v ngn ng khng cn l iu kh khn nht: i vi vic hon tt th tc
xin visa ca sinh vin Vit Nam, cc i din ngoi giao ca chu u s nhn cc h s
ny n gin ha vic xin visa v ty thuc vo ch n ca mi du hc sinh, du hc
sinh c th nhn visa Schengen c th i li trong khong 15 nc Schengen chu u
ch vi mt loi giy t.
Ngoi ra, v tnh hu ngh gia Vit Nam v nhiu nc trong khi lin minh chu
u, nn c nhiu lp sinh vin c hc tp v lm vic ti cc nc nh Php, Anh,
c, o v an Mch. Trong lnh vc ton hc, cng c khng t cc sinh vin tng
c nui dng v trng thnh t cc trung tp o to tin tin bc nht trn th
gii, nh PHHi, H Munich; NTZng, H Toulouse; NBChu, NTun, H Paris-Sud
XI; TCng, H Paris 6; PTHDng, NCGVng H Paris 7; NMinh, H EPFL;
PDHiu, TMAnh, H S phm ENS ; NQuang, LTHong, i hc bch khoa Paris,
Polytech; BVH , H London; BMHng, H Oxford, Anh Quc. Sau khi bo v lun n tt
nghip v lm postdoc ( hu tin s), mt s sinh vin ton li cng tc Chu u, s
cn li tip tc hnh trnh du hc ti mt vng t mi, mu m v ph nhiu l nc M.
IV - Nc M - Yes, you can!
Phn ln th h sinh vin Ton hc i hc ti chu u u tip tc con ng hc tp,
123
nghin cu bng vic ng k vo cc trng i hc ca M. y khng phi l iu ngc
nhin, bi v nc M l trung tm kinh t, gio dc hng u th gii, ni ti nng c
nui dng, pht trin v s dng mt cch hp l. Nhng ngi sao sng trong cng ng
ton hc non tr ca Vit Nam nh VHVn, LTQThng, NBChu, NTun, NCGVng,
PHTip, LQNm, NXLong, u khng nh c v tr ca minh, sau khi tri qua mt
qu trnh "xin vic" cnh tranh v cng khc khe. Th tng tng, mt v tr ph gio
s (assistant professor ) mt trng trong top 30 nh Rice University, m c ti hng
1000 h s ng k. iu ny chng t, cnh tranh trong mi trng hn lm hc vin
cc trng i hc ca M v cng khc lit. Vic nhng sinh vin Ton ca Vit Nam c
c chn gio s/ph gio s, nh VHVn, i hc tng hp Rutgers; LTQThng, i
hc cng ngh Gatech, PHTip, i hc Florida, hay gn y l LQ Nm, nghin cu sinh
hu tin s ti i hc Colombia, hay NXLong, ph gio s ton/thng k thuc trng i
hc Michigan Ann Arbor cng l nhng tm gng sng, c v tinh thn hc tp, phn
u ca cc sinh vin chuyn ngnh Ton hc Vit Nam.
Nu nh nhng nm trc, sinh vin ton thng chn Nga, c v Chu u lm bn
p tip cn vi cc trng i hc hng u ca M, th gi y, cng c nhng bn
tr t chun b cho mnh hnh trang trc tip chinh phc cc nh cao ny. PKHng,
PTThi, XBch l mt trong s nhng gng mt tiu biu . H chp nhn chm li 2
nm, chun b ting Anh, v lm cc bi thi vo i hc ca M. Kt qu, XBch
c nhn vo trng Stony Brook, PKHng c nhn vo trng i hc Stanford,
PTThi cng xut sc nhn c hc bng ca i hc cng ngh Massachusetts (MIT).
S lng cc nghin cu sinh Ton Vit nam hc tp ti M cng ngy mt tng ln, thnh
vin ca din n ton hc cng c mt s lng m c cc sinh vin . LTHong,
QYn, i hc UCLA; NTH, i hc UIUC; NHDng,i hc Stanford; NKhoa, i
hc California ti Berkeley; LHV Bo, LAVinh, i hc Harvard.
Mc d ang trong giai on khng hong kinh t, ti chnh, nhng nc M vn l
mi trng l tng cho nhng c nhn xut sc nht, mun vn ti nh cao ca tri
thc nhn loi; bi v y h c c hi cnh tranh v c st vi nhiu i th xng tm.
N cng l mt phn l do khin NBChu, NTun, NCGVng, NMinh chn M l
ni tip tc pht trin ti nng ca mnh. NMinh tt nghip chuyn ngnh ECE ti i
hc EPFL, Thy S v hin ti l ph gio s trng i hc UIUC. NBChu, NTun,
NCGVng sau thi gian nghin cu ti Vin nghin cu nng cao IAS, Princeton s tip
cn v tr gio s ti mt trong nhng trng tm c nh Berkeley hay Harvard.
C th thy, nn gio dc ca mi nc u c im mnh v im yu. Chuyn ngnh
Ton hc cc trng i hc M, bc hc tin s (sau i hc) cng khng ngoi l. u
im ca o to sau i hc M l [4]:
- Mi trng hc thut mang tnh cnh tranh cao v ci m: Chuyn gio s tr m
seminar, cc gio s gi u bc sn lng vc sch v xung ngi nghe ging cng vi cc
sinh vin, nh nhng hc vin bnh thng tr nn khng xa l. h, tinh thn hc hi
rt cao, sn lng tn vinh nhng ngi tr v li ch pht trin khoa, mc d bn thn h
cng u c km.
- o to kin thc nn tng cho PhD tt: hai nm u, tt c cc sinh vin u vn
124
phi take courses. Thm ch transfer hc tip PhD ca 1 trng, sau khi hc vi nm
PhD 1 trng khc ri vn phi hc li t u, thi li Q.E hon ton. Cho d thi v
pass trng c vn phi hc li bi v khng hc th khng thi c, mi GS cho thi Q.E
phong cch khc nhau, mng kin thc khc nhau.
- C hi nhp c v tm c vic lm ph hp vi ngnh hc cao hn nhiu nc chu
u. Song nhc im cng c nhiu, l:
- Thi gian hc PhD qu di v chng trnh hc qu nng: chng trnh hc Phd l 6
nm nhng trung bnh nghin cu sinh pht mt 6,7 nm mi c th tt nghip.
- Ri ro trong qu trnh hon thnh Phd ln: Rt him ngi tt nghip c PhD 2, 3
nm nh chu u, v thi gian lm PhD di hn s km theo cc ri ro cn tr vic hon
thnh v tt nghip.
V - Nhng con ng du hc khc ngoi IMO
Nu tinh , bn c th nhn ra, tt c cc nhn vt k trn u tng tham gia i
tuyn Ton quc t (IMO), v h khi cn l nhng hc sinh trung hc mang li vinh
quang cho nc nh. Nhng h khng ngng li th vinh quang "ngn ngi" , m vn
mit mi, tm ti, phn u i n nhng nh cao mi. Mt v tr ph gio s/gio s
s ngha hn rt nhiu so vi mt tm huy chng thi trung hc; mt danh hiu Polya
m VHVn hay hun chng Clay m NBChu t c l c m ca bit bao cc gio
s ton hc khc.
Tuy nhin, sau khi nhn ra c iu th bn cng ng nn qu hoang mang. Tham
gia cc cuc thi quc gia, olympic quc t ch l mt sn chi nh dnh cho mt s t
cc bn hc sinh ton u t. Vic c c cc danh hiu thi trung hc s d dng hn
trong vic ng k vo cc trng i hc nc ngoi, nhng iu khng ng ngha vi
vic tip cn cc trung tm khoa hc, cc trng i hc ln ca cc bn hc sinh khng
tham d cc cuc thi ny tr nn eo hp i. Cc nghin cu sinh nh Hnh,TVHng,
THung, TNMai l nhng v d in hnh cho th h sinh vin ton, (non-IMO) nhng kt
qu ca h cng lm cho nhiu sinh vin IMO ngng m. Hnh n vi khoa ton i
hc California ti Berkeley qua hc bng ca VEF; TVHng cng n nghin cu ti khoa
ton hng u th gii ny qua nhng n lc v kt qu m TVHng t c khi cn hc
trng KHTN HCM. Vi hai bi bo c ng trn Topol. Methods Nonlinear Anal. v
Proc. Amer. Math. Soc, TVHng thuc s t cc sinh vin i hc ton c bi ng trn tp
ch ton hc ln, ch s Impact Factor cao; v cng thuc vo s t i, may mn hn trong
s t cc sinh vin ton c bi bo khoa hc v c hc ti trng i hc California ti
Berkeley. Con ng nghin cu sinh ton ca THung, i hc Cornell c phn bt trng
gai hn, khi THung tng hc i hc ti M. Song cu chuyn m c sinh vin trng
i hc s phm Nng, mnh bo tm ti v n lc c 3 trng, Texas A&M
University (TA), University of Florida (Admission), Ohio University (Admission) nhn hc
qu rt ng khm phc. TNMai k" nm 2007, Mai tt nghip i hc xong th mi ngh
n i hc US. Phong tro apply grad trng Mai cha mnh. Mai cha bit nhiu v vic
apply vo hc ti US, trong khi chun b cho VEF 2008 th khng kp na nn Mai chn
apply t do. GRE, TOEFL iBT Mai cng ch t hc v thi trong 1 nm. Lc cng l
125
thng 10, 2008, Mai bit c c mt Leading mathematician t Php n dy lp Master
Vin Ton 3 tun nn Mai khng thi li TOEFL na v chn ra Vin hc tm c hi
LORs/lobby. V xa nn lc ra hc cc thy Vin gip rt nhit tnh. Cng bt ng,
Mai hc c 1 tun th c gio s Php ng cho LORs, sau GS cn dnh 2 ngy
th by v CN kim tra li lun vn tt nghip ca Mai. Lun vn khng lm c g mi,
Mai ch c lp chng minh c my b ca mt bi bo ng trn tp ch ca c. Lc
gi lun vn cho GS, Mai nh km thm CV (l lch) v 1 bn tm tt hng pht trin
lun vn m gio s hng dn c giao cho Mai lm. n chiu th 2, Mai ngi nghe GS
ging bi m rt hi hp v ti liu nh gio s kim tra. Cui bui hc th nim vui v a
khi GS n v ni rng "Im happy about those documents - ti kh thch th vi lun vn
ca em". Ngy hm sau GS c thm mt bui ni chuyn vi Mai. GS hi vi cu v lun
vn, Mai tr li c nn ng vui v hng dn thm mt hng pht trin na rt hay.
ng gi gii thiu Mai vo trng i hc Chicago v Taxes- Austin, l hai ch ng thn
thit. Mai bit kh nng ca mnh u nn t chi Chicago, cn Texas, cui cng mai
cng khng np h s v th gii thiu ca GS v trng ny Mai cha nhn c. Sai lm
ca Mai l khng xin LORs paper ngay lc GS ang cn Vin Ton, ang kh rnh
ri, ho hng mun vit LORs gip mnh. Sau ny c mt s trc trc xung quanh vic
request LORs, GS cha hiu nhiu v apply US, Mai thiu kinh nghim apply... Gio s
cng cao tui (77) nn Mai khng mun lm phin GS nhiu v vic LORs ny na. Mai
t contact, tm c strong lobby ca Prof TAMU, UF, OH v cng c c TAship.
Chc mt phn l con gi nn c u tin hn. Mt mt th CV, SOP, research plan ca
Mai cha mt ci LOR gin tip ca GS Php ri. Nn c th ni Mai c s gip
nhiu nht ca GS trong application ca mnh. V Mai rt bit n ng v iu ny." [5]
VI. Hnh trnh ca ring bn?
Cu chuyn du hc chc chn s cn nhiu chng mi, tnh tit mi khi nhng hc
sinh, sinh vin nh bn khng ngng tm ti v tip cn cc ngun tri thc mi. C th du
hc i vi mt s bn vn l mt vic xa vi, nhng tip cn n vi lung tri thc tin
b, gia thi i cng ngh thng tin, trong c cc mn khoa hc t nhin nh Ton
hc l mt iu g u c my xa xi. Hy bt u bng nhng bc i nh, c m
ln ca bn cng t c chp cnh, bay xa. V nh rng:
" Hy lun vn ti bu tri, v nu khng chm ti nhng ngi sao th bn cng s
gia nhng v tinh t..."
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Du hc Lin X thi "b m", Cng ty T vn Du Hc Baltic - Biesco v Mang-
duhoc.com,
http : //www.biesco.com.vn/apm/modules.php?name = News&file = article&sid = 1361,
truy cp ngy 17 thng 7 nm 2009.
[2] Tn mn du hc: H Huy Ti, ng trn mng Tri tim Vit nam online,
126
http : //ttvnol.com/forum/Duhoc/163396.ttvn , truy cp ngy 17 thng 7 nm 2009.
[3] 6 l do du hc Chu u: Trung tm t vn du hc ton cu ASCI,
http : //www.duhoctoancau.com/index.php?asci = t&c = post&cid = 3&id = 328.vip,
truy cp ngy 17 thng 7 nm 2009.
[4] Tho lun c nhn gia cc thnh vin ca trang web Vietphd.org
http : //vietphd.org/index.php , truy cp ngy 17 thng 7 nm 2009.
[5] Fall 2009: Kt qu admission v nhng kinh nghim : Bi vit ca rt nhiu nghin
cu sinh trong c TNMai, sau khi apply grad school thnh cng.
http : //vietphd.org/showthread.php?p = 35996#post35996 , truy cp ngy 17 thng
7 nm 2009.
127
Hc Ton c g?
Dch bi Lu Trng Lun
- Phan Thit
Gii thiu. Khng t ln cc thy c gio, k c nhng thy c kinh nghim nht, tm
huyt nht vi ngh, vn phi bi ri trc cu hi ca hc sinh, sinh vin Hc ton c g?,
Em s lm c nhng g khi c tm bng c nhn ton, thc s ton?. Bi vit di y
khng tr li cho nhng cu hi , nhng c th gip chng ta t tin hn vi cu tr li ca
mnh. Chng ti cm n GS Nguyn Tin Zng pht hin ra nguyn bn ting Anh ca bi
ny v anh Lu Trng Lun, mt gio vin ting Anh Phan Thit gip chng ti dch bi
vit sang Ting Vit.
Bng cp Ton hc mang li li ch g?
D nhin l cc k nng tnh ton ri, bn cn g phi thc mc ch.
Thc ra, theo trang web ca Khoa Ton H Warwick, th bn khng ch c c nhng
k nng tnh ton m cn t c mt s k nng thit yu khc na.
Nhng k nng v ton hc
L mt sinh vin ton hc, bn s hc tt c nhng mn chnh ca ton hc hin i:
i s, gii tch, hnh hc, thng k v ton ng dng. Trong ton kha hc ny, bn s
c hc:
Ngn ng ton hc v cc qui tc lp lun.
Cch pht biu mt mnh ton hc chnh xc.
Cch chng minh mt gi thuyt ton hc ng hoc sai.
Cch rt trch mt bi ton trong sch.
Cch s dng ton hc miu t th gii t nhin.
Nhng k nng phn tch
Mt khi c bng cp v ton hc, bn s khng bao gi chp nhn vic lp lun hi
ht. Ton hc mang li cho bn kh nng:
1. Suy ngh mch lc
Lu Trng Lun dch t nguyn bn ting Anh What Can You Gain From A Mathematics De-
gree?, ng trn trang trang web: http://www.maths.warwick.ac.uk/pydc/white/skills.html v c
GS. Nguyn Tin Zng gii thiu trn trang web http://zung.zetamu.com
128
2. Lu n tng chi tit
3. Lm ch nhng tng chnh xc v phc tp
4. Lp lun phc tp
5. Xy dng nhng l l l-gc v ch ra nhng l l phi l-gc
Cc k nng gii quyt vn
Bn s c giao cho v s nhng bi ton gii quyt trong sut kha hc. Tri
nghim ny s gip bn:
1. H thng mt vn bng nhng l l chnh xc, nhn dng c nhng vn then
cht
2. Trnh by mt gii php r rng, a ra nhng gi nh r rng
3. Hiu thu mt vn kh bng cch nhn vo nhng trng hp c bit hoc nhng
vn ph
4. Linh hot v tip cn cng mt vn bng nhiu quan im khc nhau
5. i ph vi vn mt cch t tin, ngay c khi cha c gii php r rng
6. Tm kim s gip khi cn
Cc k nng tm ti
Trong qu trnh hc, thnh thong bn s lm vo tnh hung c gng hiu c nhng
bi ton c v qu kh v c gii quyt nhng vn m thot u tng chng nh khng
th. Bn c th c giao vit nhng bi lun v nhng d n khin bn phi t mnh tm
hiu mt phm tr ton hc m bn cha bit g. Vic ny s bin bn thnh mt nh iu
tra nghip d, ln theo ting gi ca thng tin v ngun cm hng. Bn s c nhng tri
nghim:
1. Tra cu cc ghi chp v bi ging, gio trnh, cng nh sch tham kho
2. Xi tung th vin
3. Tm kim cc ngun thng tin tham kho
4. Rt ta thng tin t mi nh ton hc m bn gp (nhng sinh vin khc, sinh vin
tt nghip, ngi hng dn v nhng ging vin)
5. T duy
Cc k nng trao i thng tin
Mt bng cp ton hc s pht trin kh nng nm bt v trao i mc cao nhng
thng tin chuyn mn. Trong qu trnh nghe ging, bn s c yu cu sp xp v lu tr
mt khi lng ln thng tin ton hc dng ni cng nh vit. Nhng bi tp v nh,
v bt c bi lun hay d n no m bn thc hin, cng s i hi s trnh by mch lc
129
theo ngn ng ton hc. Trong qu trnh c km cp, bn s tham gia trao i nhng
kin v ton hc vi ngi gim st ca mnh v nhng sinh vin cng kha. Bn cn tham
gia tho lun cc vn ton hc qua vic i thoi vi cc ging vin v sinh vin cng
kha. nhng nm cui, bn c th c c hi ging dy nhng sinh vin cha tt nghip
khc. Qua nhng tri nghip ny, bn s hc c cch:
1. Lng nghe hiu qu
2. Vit tt cc vn ton hc
3. Vit lun v bo co
4. Thuyt trnh mt vn ton hc trc c nhm
Cc k nng vi tnh
IT l t vit tt ca Information Technology (cng ngh thng tin), bao hm ngha bt
c th g c lin quan n my vi tnh. Trong sut qu trnh hc, bn s c quyn s
dng cc tin ch cng ngh thng tin ca trng. Bn s c:
1. S dng e-mail v truy cp internet
2. Hc mt ngn ng lp trnh
3. Gii quyt cc vn bng phn mm ton hc
4. Hc k nng son tho vn bn, k c dng ch vit thng thng v dng k hiu
ton hc
Nhng thi quen lm vic tt
tr thnh mt sinh vin ton hc thnh cng, bn s phi:
1. T m v chu kh trong cng vic
2. T chc tt thi gian biu v ng hn
3. Lm vic di p lc, c bit l khong thi gian gn k thi
4. Lm vic c lp m khng cn gio vin h tr thng xuyn
5. Hp tc vi nhng sinh vin khc gii quyt cc vn chung
Nhng nt tnh cch hu ch
Mt gio s ton hc tng ni vi mi la sinh vin sp vo nm nht rng bng cp
ton hc s thay i h sut c cuc i. Vt ln thnh cng vi nhng tng kh hiu
v cc vn kh gii quyt s to nn:
1. Tnh qu quyt
2. Tnh kin tr
130
3. Tnh sng to
4. S t tin
5. Tnh thn trng trong t duy
131
Thy v Tr
Phan Thnh Nam
Knh tng cc thy gio Ton ph thng
ng trc Thy, tr nh nh li
ng rng mnh mi l mng
Hy vn thng, tri cn cao lm
Cht mm non ch ng ti nng
1
.
Thy dy rng hc Ton l gian kh
Bi kht khao chng th c b
Nh con thuyn i trn dng nc ngc
Vt thc ghnh mi ti b th.
Trc Ton hc Thy bit mnh hu hn
Hm thi gian chn bi hai u
Song Thy vn dy tr tin bc
V chn tri thng cch bi vc su.
Hn mt no ng tr rn bc
Vi bao ng r tng lai
Mt mnh c hai iu sai ng
Nhng i Thy ng chn chng cn hai
Chiu thu tm lng tr cng tm
Nhn bng Thy nghin c khng gian
ng Ton hc ta ng i mun hng
Vng li Thy: ng ngi nhng gian nan.
Nhn dp 20-11 nm 2001
Phan Thnh Nam, lp Ton K00-03, THPT Lng Vn Chnh, Ph Yn
Nghin cu sinh ti khoa Ton, H Copenhagen, an Mch

1
C cu th rng: "...Cht mm non c ng ti nng" (khng nh tn tc gi)
132

Ky Yeu Trai He Toan Hoc 2009

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Ky Yeu Trai He Toan Hoc 2009

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K yu Tri h Ton hc 2009

H Huy Khoi - Vin Ton hc Vit Nam

Gii thiu v Hi Ton hc Vit Nam

By gi l thi im Vit Nam ang nm th 12 k t ngy chnh ph ra quyt nh

S nguyn t c to ra l nhn ch khng phi cng, Gelfand cho rng cu

vi > 0 (nh nhng c nh) no . S s S m ch chia ht cho cc s nguyn

c nhiu nht 1/ tha s nguyn t; nh vy ta c th xc nh cc s gn

(S) := limsup#(S [1, N])/N l mt trn. Nu d

(S) c > 0 th S cha cp s

+ 1 nguyn t. chng minh (2), ta

theo mt ngha no ging tp ngu

bng cc k thut c in.

(A) ca A l dng th tn ti b nm (X, F, , T, E) nh trn sao

Mt lot bi ton trong s hc tng nh ngoi tm vi mi mi nm v trc, nay

p trn on thng [1, 1]

: G G vi cc tnh cht sau:

= 1 vi mi a G (k hiu php ton hai ngi l

vi vt 1 tha mn (S) = Tr(T

). C th sau mt thi gian sau u xut hin mt nh l Gleason hoc

Vi nm trc ti c dp c qua thm v lm vic ti Khoa Ton ca Vin nghin

Gii thiu. c s ng ca GS Nguyn Tin Zng, chng ti trch ng lot bi ca

L B Khnh Trnh - Trng i hc KHTN, HQG Tp HCM

I. Hnh hc tnh hay ng

Bi vit c trnh by ti Hi tho cc vn dy v hc Ton trng ph thng do trng i

cng nh cc cung trn (n) cha cc im nhn

ct nhau ti im Q, lc cc t gic ABOQ

CN) nn tm quay O c nh. Cui cng, do AM v

. Chng minh rng trung trc ca B

. R rng theo cu trc

trong tam gic AB

. Chng minh rng trung tuyn AM

lun i qua 1 im c nh.

. Chng minh rng AM

lun i qua mt im c nh.

i qua giao im N ca cc tip tuyn ca ng trn (O) ti B v C.

I - Cc khi nim v nh ngha

Chng minh rng tp hp S l tr mt trong (0; ; 1) vi:

, khng phi l mt ly tha ca 10 v d

tr mt trong (0, 1) nn:

tng ng l cng sai ca hai cp s cng s

ln trc s, cch u nhau cc khong bng d

khc sao cho s

u phi bng m cng nh tt c cc

u phi bng M. Vy:

l tr mt trong (0; 1).

(ta hon ton c th ni M tr mt trong N

Tm tt. Phong tro Olympic Ton hc Vit Nam nhng nm gn y c kh nhiu s

CHLB c c hai k thi Ton chnh l BWM (Bundeswettbewerb Mathematik k thi

Nu nh i Mi l mt khi nim ci cch c nh hng ton din n i sng, x

Knh tng cc thy gio Ton ph thng

Nghin cu sinh ti khoa Ton, H Copenhagen, an Mch

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